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  • Articles  (13)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (13)
  • Blackwell Science Ltd  (13)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Annual Reviews
  • Elsevier
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (13)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
  • 1920-1924
  • 2000  (13)
  • 1957
  • Geography  (13)
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  • Articles  (13)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004  (13)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959
  • 1920-1924
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of atmospheric methane in Northern European soils, comparison with other ecosystems, and uncertainties in the global terrestrial sink (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: This paper reports the range and statistical distribution of oxidation rates of atmospheric CH4 in soils found in Northern Europe in an international study, and compares them with published data for various other ecosystems. It reassesses the size, and the uncertainty in, the global terrestrial CH4 sink, and examines the effect of land-use change and other factors on the oxidation rate.Only soils with a very high water table were sources of CH4; all others were sinks. Oxidation rates varied from 1 to nearly 200 μg CH4 m−2 h−1; annual rates for sites measured for ≥1 y were 0.1–9.1 kg CH4 ha−1 y−1, with a log-normal distribution (log-mean ≈ 1.6 kg CH4 ha−1 y−1). Conversion of natural soils to agriculture reduced oxidation rates by two-thirds –- closely similar to results reported for other regions. N inputs also decreased oxidation rates. Full recovery of rates after these disturbances takes 〉 100 y. Soil bulk density, water content and gas diffusivity had major impacts on oxidation rates. Trends were similar to those derived from other published work. Increasing acidity reduced oxidation, partially but not wholly explained by poor diffusion through litter layers which did not themselves contribute to the oxidation. The effect of temperature was small, attributed to substrate limitation and low atmospheric concentration.Analysis of all available data for CH4 oxidation rates in situ showed similar log-normal distributions to those obtained for our results, with generally little difference between different natural ecosystems, or between short-and longer-term studies. The overall global terrestrial sink was estimated at 29 Tg CH4 y−1, close to the current IPCC assessment, but with a much wider uncertainty range (7 to 〉 100 Tg CH4 y−1). Little or no information is available for many major ecosystems; these should receive high priority in future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00356.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The net flux of carbon from agricultural soils in Canada 1970–2010 (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils influence soil quality and greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Land use, management practices, soil characteristics, and climate influence such changes. Using the Century model we estimated the rate of SOC change in agricultural soils of Canada for the period 1970 to 2010. This estimation was based on the estimated SOC change for 15% of the 1250 agriculturally designated soil landscape of Canada (SLC) polygons. Simulations were carried out for two to five crop rotations and for conventional and no-tillage. The results indicate that the agricultural soils in Canada, whose SOC are currently very close to equilibrium, will stop being a net source of CO2 and will become a sink by the year 2000. Rates of carbon change for the years 1970, 1990, and 2010 were estimated to be −67, − 39, and 11 kgC ha−1. The rate of decline in the carbon content of agricultural soils in Canada has slowed considerably in the 1990s as a result of an increase in the adoption of no-tillage management, a reduction in the use of summer fallowing, and an increase in fertilizer application. We estimate that the proportion of agricultural land storing SOC will have increased from 17% in 1990 to 53% by the year 2000.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00340.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling the recent historical impacts of atmospheric CO2 and climate change on Mediterranean vegetation (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: During the past century, annual mean temperature has increased by 0.75°C and precipitation has shown marked variation throughout the Mediterranean basin. These historical climate changes may have had significant, but presently undefined, impacts on the productivity and structure of sclerophyllous shrubland, an important vegetation type in the region. We used a vegetation model for this functional type to examine climate change impacts, and their interaction with the concurrent historical rise in atmospheric CO2. Using only climate and soil texture as data inputs, model predictions showed good agreement with observations of seasonal and regional variation in leaf and canopy physiology, net primary productivity (NPP), leaf area index (LAI) and soil water. Model simulations for shrubland sites indicated that potential NPP has risen by 25% and LAI by 7% during the past century, although the absolute increase in LAI was small. Sensitivity analysis suggested that the increase in atmospheric CO2 since 1900 was the primary cause of these changes, and that simulated climate change alone had negative impacts on both NPP and LAI. Effects of rising CO2 were mediated by significant increases in the efficiency of water-use in NPP throughout the region, as a consequence of the direct effect of CO2 on leaf gas exchange. This increase in efficiency compensated for limitation of NPP by drought, except in areas where drought was most severe. However, while water was used more efficiently, total canopy water loss rose slightly or remained unaffected in model simulations, because increases in LAI with CO2 counteracted the effects of reduced stomatal conductance on transpiration. Model simulations for the Mediterranean region indicate that the recent rise in atmospheric CO2 may already have had significant impacts on productivity, structure and water relations of sclerophyllous shrub vegetation, which tended to offset the detrimental effects of climate change in the region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00336.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of tropospheric CO2 and O3 enrichments and moisture variations on microbial biomass and respiration in soil (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Soil microbial biomass C (Cmic) is a sensitive indicator of trends in organic matter dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. This study was conducted to determine the effects of tropospheric CO2 or O3 enrichments and moisture variations on total soil organic C (Corg), mineralizable C fraction (CMin), Cmic, maintenance respiratory (qCO2) or Cmic death (qD) quotients, and their relationship with basal respiration (BR) rates and field respiration (FR) fluxes in wheat-soybean agroecosystems. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean (Glycine max. L. Merr) plants were grown to maturity in 3-m dia open-top field chambers and exposed to charcoal-filtered (CF) air at 350 μL CO2 L−1; CF air + 150 μL CO2 L−1; nonfiltered (NF) air + 35 nL O3 L−1; and NF air + 35 nL O3 L−1 + 150 μL CO2 L−1 at optimum (− 0.05 MPa) and restricted soil moisture (− 1.0 ± 0.05 MPa) regimes. The + 150 μL CO2 L−1 additions were 18 h d−1 and the + 35 nL O3 L−1 treatments were 7 h d−1 from April until late October. While Corg did not vary consistently, CMin, Cmic and Cmic fractions increased in soils under tropospheric CO2 enrichment (500 μL CO2 L−1) and decreased under high O3 exposures (55 ± 6 nL O3 L−1 for wheat; 60 ± 5 nL O3 L−1 for soybean) compared to the CF treatments (25 ± 5 nL O3 L−1). The qCO2 or qD quotients of Cmic were also significantly decreased in soils under high CO2 but increased under high O3 exposures compared to the CF control. The BR rates did not vary consistently but they were higher in well-watered soils. The FR fluxes were lower under high O3 exposures compared to soils under the CF control. An increase in Cmic or Cmic fractions and decrease in qCO2 or qD observed under high CO2 treatment suggest that these soils were acting as C sinks whereas, reductions in Cmic or Cmic fractions and increase in qCO2 or qD in soils under elevated tropospheric O3 exposures suggest the soils were serving as a source of CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00307.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allocation responses to CO2 enrichment and defoliation by a native annual plant Heterotheca subaxillaris (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Among plants grown under enriched atmospheric CO2, root:shoot balance (RSB) theory predicts a proportionately greater allocation of assimilate to roots than among ambient-grown plants. Conversely, defoliation, which decreases the plant's capacity to assimilate carbon, is predicted to increase allocation to shoot. We tested these RSB predictions, and whether responses to CO2 enrichment were modified by defoliation, using Heterotheca subaxillaris, an annual plant native to south-eastern USA. Plants were grown under near-ambient (400 μmol mol−1) and enriched (700 μmol mol−1) levels of atmospheric CO2. Defoliation consisted of the weekly removal of 25% of each new fully expanded, but not previously defoliated, leaf from either rosette or bolted plants. In addition to dry mass measurements of leaves, stems, and roots, Kjeldahl N, protein, starch and soluble sugars were analysed in these plant components to test the hypothesis that changes in C:N uptake ratio drive shifts in root:shoot ratio. Young, rapidly growing CO2-enriched plants conformed to the predictions of RSB, with higher root:shoot ratio than ambient-grown plants (P 〈 0.02), whereas older, slower growing plants did not show a CO2 effect on root:shoot ratio. Defoliation resulted in smaller plants, among which both root and shoot biomass were reduced, irrespective of CO2 treatment (P 〈 0.03). However, H. subaxillaris plants were able to compensate for leaf area removal through flexible shoot allocation to more leaves vs. stem (P 〈 0.01). Increased carbon availability through CO2 enrichment did not enhance the response to defoliation, apparently because of complete growth compensation for defoliation, even under ambient conditions. CO2-enriched plants had higher rates of photosynthesis (P 〈 0.0001), but this did not translate into increased final biomass accumulation. On the other hand, earlier and more abundant yield of flower biomass was an important consequence of growth under CO2 enrichment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00355.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity of three grassland communities to simulated extreme temperature and rainfall events (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Three grassland communities in New Zealand with differing climates and proportions of C3 and C4 species were subjected to one-off extreme heating (eight hours at 52.5°C) and rainfall (the equivalent of 100 mm) events. A novel experimental technique using portable computer-controlled chambers simulated the extreme heating events. The productive, moist C3/C4 community was the most sensitive to the extreme events in terms of short-term community composition compared with a dry C3/C4 community or an exclusively C3 community. An extreme heating event caused the greatest change to plant community species abundance by favouring the expansion of C4 species relative to C3 species, shifting C4 species abundance from 43% up to 84% at the productive, moist site. This was observed both in the presence and absence of added water. In the absence of C4 species, heating reduced community productivity by over 60%. The short-term shifts in the abundance of C3 and C4 species in response to the single extreme climatic events did not have persistent effects on community structure or on soil nitrogen one year later. There was no consistent relationship between diversity and stability of biomass production of these plant communities, and species functional identity was the most effective explanation for the observed shifts in biomass production. The presence of C4 species resulted in an increased stability of productivity after extreme climatic events, but resulted in greater overall shifts in community composition. The presence of C4 species may buffer grassland community productivity against an increased frequency of extreme heating events associated with future global climate change.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00344.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on soil bacterial communities (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The effect of elevated carbon dioxide levels on total bacterial communities was studied in a series of controlled and replicated model terrestrial ecosystems over a period of 38 weeks. The bacterial community was profiled using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction from DNA extracted directly from soil. Bacterial community DGGE profiles provided three major findings: (i) there was a high degree of profile similarity after ≈ 12 weeks (one plant generation); (ii) whilst overall DGGE profile was maintained over the 38 weeks (three plant generations), the banding patterns became more diverse with time; (iii) DGGE data provided no evidence for a shift in bacterial community structure resulting from exposure of the ecosystem to an increased atmospheric CO2 level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00320.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on whole canopy dark respiration of rice (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to test for direct inhibition of rice canopy apparent respiration by elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) across a range of short-term air temperature treatments. Rice (cv. IR-72) was grown in eight naturally sunlit, semiclosed, plant growth chambers at daytime [CO2] treatments of 350 and 700 μmol mol−1. Short-term night-time air temperature treatments ranged from 21 to 40 °C. Whole canopy respiration, expressed on a ground area basis (Rd), was measured at night by periodically venting the chambers with ambient air. This night-time chamber venting and resealing procedure produced a range of increasing chamber [CO2] which we used to test for potential inhibitory effects of rising [CO2] on Rd. A nitrous oxide leak detection system was used to correct Rd measurements for chamber leakage rate (L) and also to determine if apparent reductions in night-time Rd with rising [CO2] could be completely accounted for by L. The L was affected by both CO2 concentration gradient between the chamber and ambient air and the inherent leakiness of each individual chamber. Nevertheless, after correcting Rd for L, we detected a rapid and reversible, direct inhibition of Rd with rising chamber [CO2] for air temperatures above 21 °C. This effect was larger for the 350 compared with the 700 μmol mol−1 daytime [CO2] treatment and was also increased with increasing short-term air temperature treatments. However, little difference in Rd was found between the two daytime [CO2] treatments when night-time [CO2] was at the respective daytime [CO2]. These results suggest that naturally occurring diurnal changes in both ambient [CO2] and air temperature can affect Rd. Because naturally occurring diurnal changes in both [CO2] and air temperature can be expected in a future higher CO2 world, short-term direct effects of these environmental variables on rice Rd can also be expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00306.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ocean annual phytoplankton carbon and new production, and annual export production estimated with empirical equations and CZCS data (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Empirical equations are parameterized for use with chlorophyll a, derived from satellite ocean colour data, to calculate phytoplankton carbon production, phytoplankton new production, and export production. For environments in a high variance (HV) pigment statistical class, annual phytoplankton particulate organic carbon production (AIP) is linearly related to annual average in situ chlorophyll a within the near-surface layer. Linear relations were also obtained between AIP and annual new nitrogen production, and between AIP and particulate organic carbon annually exported from the euphotic zone for environments in that class. We found no relation between AIP and CSFC, or between the annual production variables, for oceanic environments characterized by low pigment variance (LV). Ratios of export production to AIP, called e, and new production to nitrogen annually used in phytoplankton production, called f, are widely used to express marine food web processes. The trends of these ratios with AIP differ between HV and LV environments. This is a result of differences in the coupling between nitrogen and carbon transfer in pelagic food webs, which contain different organism size classes in HV compared to LV environments. We applied the empirical equations to CZCS data to estimate global new and export production. The HV environments are responsible for about 40% of global ocean annual phytoplankton carbon production and 70% of global ocean annual new and export production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00286.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen accumulation and distribution in Danthonia richardsonii swards in response to CO2 and nitrogen supply over four years of growth (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Nitrogen-stressed microcosms of the C3 grass Danthonia richardsonii gained nitrogen from the environment when grown under ambient or enriched (359, ‘amb’ or 719 μL L− 1‘enr’, respectively) atmospheric CO2 concentrations over a 4-y period. This gain was apparent at all rates of supplied mineral N (2.2, 6.7 or 19.8 g N m− 2 y− 1– low-N, mid-N or high-N), although it was small at high-N. Small losses of N occurred from the microcosm as leachate, while gaseous losses of N were estimated to be between 10% and 25% of applied mineral N. Losses of applied mineral N were slightly lower under CO2 enrichment only at the highest rate of mineral N supply. Levels of 15N natural abundance in green leaf (δ15Ν) of − 2‰ (amb low-N) and of below − 4‰ (enr low- & mid-N) suggest that absorption of atmospheric NH3 may have been a source of some of the extra N in the low and mid-N treatments. Biological N2 fixation, of up to 2 g m− 2 y− 1 was hypothesized to form the remainder of the environmental N source. Microcosm C:N ratio was higher under CO2 enrichment. Nitrogen productivity of microcosm carbon gain (g C accumulated g− 1 leaf N day− 1) was increased (up to 100%) by CO2 enrichment at all rates of mineral N supply. Green leaf %N was reduced by CO2 enrichment, and there was less nitrogen in the green leaf pool under CO2 enrichment. Less, or the same amount of nitrogen was present in senesced leaf, surface litter and root under CO2 enrichment while more nitrogen was present in the soil in organic forms, and as NH4 +  at the highest rate of mineral N supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00276.x
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