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  • 1
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    Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-06-26
    Description: Regulation of circadian period in humans was thought to differ from that of other species, with the period of the activity rhythm reported to range from 13 to 65 hours (median 25.2 hours) and the period of the body temperature rhythm reported to average 25 hours in adulthood, and to shorten with age. However, those observations were based on studies of humans exposed to light levels sufficient to confound circadian period estimation. Precise estimation of the periods of the endogenous circadian rhythms of melatonin, core body temperature, and cortisol in healthy young and older individuals living in carefully controlled lighting conditions has now revealed that the intrinsic period of the human circadian pacemaker averages 24.18 hours in both age groups, with a tight distribution consistent with other species. These findings have important implications for understanding the pathophysiology of disrupted sleep in older people.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Czeisler, C A -- Duffy, J F -- Shanahan, T L -- Brown, E N -- Mitchell, J F -- Rimmer, D W -- Ronda, J M -- Silva, E J -- Allan, J S -- Emens, J S -- Dijk, D J -- Kronauer, R E -- MO1-RR02635/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P01-AG09975/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM53559/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jun 25;284(5423):2177-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Sleep Disorders Section, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aging/*physiology ; Biological Clocks/genetics/*physiology ; Body Temperature ; Circadian Rhythm/genetics/*physiology ; Darkness ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/blood ; Light ; Male ; Melatonin/blood ; Middle Aged ; Sleep
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Is there an intrinsic period of the circadian clock? Response (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Czeisler, C A -- Dijk, D J -- Kronauer, R E -- Brown, E N -- Duffy, J F -- Allan, J S -- Shanahan, T L -- Rimmer, D W -- Ronda, J M -- Mitchell, J F -- Silva, E J -- Emens, J S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1174-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Sleep Disorders Section, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11536927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Clocks/genetics/*physiology ; Chronobiology Phenomena ; Circadian Rhythm/genetics/*physiology ; Darkness ; Humans ; Sleep
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Bright light induction of strong (type 0) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-06-16
    Description: The response of the human circadian pacemaker to light was measured in 45 resetting trials. Each trial consisted of an initial endogenous circadian phase assessment, a three-cycle stimulus which included 5 hours of bright light per cycle, and a final phase assessment. The stimulus induced strong (type 0) resetting, with responses highly dependent on the initial circadian phase of light exposure. The magnitude and direction of the phase shifts were modulated by the timing of exposure to ordinary room light, previously thought to be undetectable by the human pacemaker. The data indicate that the sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to light is far greater than previously recognized and have important implications for the therapeutic use of light in the management of disorders of circadian regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Czeisler, C A -- Kronauer, R E -- Allan, J S -- Duffy, J F -- Jewett, M E -- Brown, E N -- Ronda, J M -- 1-RO1-AG06072/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- 2-S07-RR-05950/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- 5-M01-RR00888/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Jun 16;244(4910):1328-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2734611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Biological ; *Phototherapy ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Spatial adaptation of short-wavelength pathways in humans (1980)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-02-01
    Description: Color-selective spatial adaptation of the short-wavelength, or blue-sensitive, pathway was demonstrated. The adaptation was orientation selective and strongly monocular. Adaptation was assessed by measuring visibility thresholds for monochromatic gratings in subjects adapted to high-contrast violet gratings designed to stimulate only blue-sensitive cones. The results showed spatially selective, adaptable channels within the short-wavelength pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stromeyer, C F 3rd -- Kronauer, R E -- Madsen, J C -- Cohen, M A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Feb 1;207(4430):555-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7352270" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Color Perception/*physiology ; Form Perception/physiology ; Humans ; Photoreceptor Cells/*physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Ultradian cortisol rhythms in monkeys: synchronized or not synchronized? (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kronauer, R E -- Moore-Ede, M C -- Menser, M S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Dec 1;202(4371):1001-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/102033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Haplorhini ; Hydrocortisone/*blood ; Light ; Macaca mulatta/blood ; *Periodicity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Apparent saturation of blue-sensitive cones occurs at a color-opponent stage (1978)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-10-13
    Description: Response saturation of blue-sensitive cone pathways was studied by measuring increment thresholds for violet test flashes on flashed violet fields in the presence of a steady yellow "auxiliary" field of constant radiance. Adding intense yellow field flashes to the violet field flash could eliminate or reduce response saturation (greatly reduce threshold), whereas "negative" yellow field flashes drove the mechanism to further saturation. The response saturation is thus not, in general, controlled exclusively by independent blue-sensitive cones but by spectrally opponent mechanisms that receive opposite-signed signals from blue-sensitive cones and from green-or red-sensitive cones. These results add to a growing number of studies that demonstrate that detection of signals from blue-sensitive cones is largely through a color-opponent pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stromeyer, C F 3rd -- Kronauer, R E -- Madsen, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1978 Oct 13;202(4364):217-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/694527" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Color Perception/*physiology ; Humans ; Photoreceptor Cells/*physiology ; *Vision, Ocular
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Bright light resets the human circadian pacemaker independent of the timing of the sleep-wake cycle (1986)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-08-08
    Description: Human circadian rhythms were once thought to be insensitive to light, with synchronization to the 24-hour day accomplished either through social contacts or the sleep-wake schedule. Yet the demonstration of an intensity-dependent neuroendocrine response to bright light has led to renewed consideration of light as a possible synchronizer of the human circadian pacemaker. In a laboratory study, the output of the circadian pacemaker of an elderly woman was monitored before and after exposure to 4 hours of bright light for seven consecutive evenings, and before and after a control study in ordinary room light while her sleep-wake schedule and social contacts remained unchanged. The exposure to bright light in the evening induced a 6-hour delay shift of her circadian pacemaker, as indicated by recordings of body temperature and cortisol secretion. The unexpected magnitude, rapidity, and stability of the shift challenge existing concepts regarding circadian phase-resetting capacity in man and suggest that exposure to bright light can indeed reset the human circadian pacemaker, which controls daily variations in physiologic, behavioral, and cognitive function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Czeisler, C A -- Allan, J S -- Strogatz, S H -- Ronda, J M -- Sanchez, R -- Rios, C D -- Freitag, W O -- Richardson, G S -- Kronauer, R E -- 1 R01-AG-04912-02/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- 1 R01-HD-20174-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- AFOSR-83-0309/PHS HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1986 Aug 8;233(4764):667-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3726555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Body Temperature ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/blood ; *Light ; Sleep/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural similarity and lifetimes of turbulence structures in fully developed pipe flow (1987)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 30 (1987), S. 3006-3018 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Cross correlation measurements of the longitudinal velocity fluctuations in fully developed pipe flow have been performed with a reference hot-wire probe at a distance y+1 =100 from the wall for five different y+2 locations (namely, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 600) of a second probe with zero longitudinal separation but nonzero transverse separations. The pipe flow Reynolds number is 69 000 based on the pipe radius and the centerline velocity. The covariant (Co) and quadrature (Quad) correlations, which have been determined for each of the seven frequencies ω+ used to constrain the longitudinal wavenumber k+x, have been Fourier transformed with the transverse wavenumber k+z, y+1, y+2, and ω+ as the independent variables. The data presented in this form enable similarity to be examined in terms of waves of different sizes and inclinations. By using a similarity variable k+y+, where k+=[k+2x k+2z]1/2, the relative phases determined from the Co and Quad correlations and the wave intensity function for various wave angles have been shown to collapse. These results support the similarity hypothesis that the phase and intensity of the turbulance components is scaled by wave size k+ and distance from the wall y+. The dimension over which a turbulence structure retains its coherence has been deduced from the correlation data for various wave angles. Two estimates for the lifetime of turbulence structures have been derived, one from the phase-shifting effects of shear contained in the relative phase data, and the other from spectral sheet thickness data. Their significance and implications have been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.866079
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How to estimate the low wavenumber turbulence frequency spectrum (1997)
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 23 (1997), S. 353-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract  An estimate of the low wavenumber component of surface turbulence shear stress as a function of frequency has been obtained through measurements of the correlations of the longitudinal component of turbulence velocity made close to the surface at y +=7. The data were acquired in a fully-developed turbulent pipe flow at a Reynolds number (based on centreline velocity and pipe diameter) of 268000, using two single hot-wire anemometer probes. A novel data analysis procedure has been introduced to establish the accuracy limits of the low wavenumber turbulence energy estimate for frequencies in the similarity regime of wall turbulence and the results are compared with other measurement techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003480050122
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colour is what the eye sees best (1993)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 361 (1993), S. 348-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Observers (indicated by their initials) fixated the centre of a bright, uniform yellow field (Fig. la) which was briefly modu-lated in luminance or colour. The small test spot fell on the central fovea where there are only long-wave (L) and middle-wave (M) cones5. The field was composed of red, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/361348a0
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