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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-05-11
    Description: La salud de los corales es un tema de gran importancia en el Caribe y en Cuba, ya que estos ecosistemas marinos son vitales para la biodiversidad y la economía de la región. Los arrecifes de coral albergan una gran variedad de especies. Sin embargo, constituyen un ecosistema bajo amenaza debido a la combinación de diferentes factores, como el cambio climático, la contaminación, la sobrepesca y la acidificación del océano. El Caribe es considerado un “punto caliente” para las enfermedades, debido a la rápida aparición y virulencia de nuevos síndromes en la región en las últimas décadas. Cuba no se encuentra exenta de este panorama. Aun así, los estudios realizados han demostrado que los porcentajes de afectación por enfermedades son bajos y el número de enfermedades reportado para sus arrecifes también es bajo, en comparación a lo reportado para otros sitios del Caribe. Es por lo que este trabajo tiene como objetivo recopilar información actualizada sobre el estado de salud de los corales en el Caribe y en Cuba. La sistematicidad y la constancia en el monitoreo de los arrecifes constituye una urgencia en aras de conocer el estado de salud en que se encuentran, manejarlos de manera sostenible y así evitar daños irreparables que conlleven a su pérdida definitiva. Planes de conservación que combinen un manejo efectivo con iniciativas de ciencia ciudadana han demostrado ser sostenibles y beneficiosos, tanto para los arrecifes como para la sociedad.
    Description: The health of corals is a topic of great importance in the Caribbean and in Cuba since these marine ecosystems are vital for biodiversity and the economy of the region. Coral reefs house a wide variety of species. However, they constitute an ecosystem under threat due to the combination of different factors, such as climate change, pollution, overfishing and ocean acidification. The Caribbean is considered a "hotspot" for diseases, due to the rapid appearance and virulence of new syndromes in the region in recent decades. Cuba is not exempt from this panorama, even so, studies have shown that the percentages of disease affectation are low, and the number of diseases reported for its reefs is also low compared to what is reported for other Caribbean sites. This is why this work aims to collect updated information on the health status of the corals in the Caribbean and in Cuba. The systematicity and constancy in the monitoring of the reefs constitutes an urgency to know the state of health in which they are, manage them sustainably and thus avoid irreparable damage that leads to their definitive loss. Conservation plans that combine effective management with citizen science initiatives, have proven to be sustainable and beneficial for both reefs and society.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Arrecife de coral ; Blanqueamiento ; Cambio climático ; Enfermedades ; Bleaching ; Climate change ; Diseases ; Coral reef
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: 18-46pp.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-05-11
    Description: El desconocimiento de los procesos reproductivos y la talla de madurez sexual de las esponjas comerciales de baño (familia Spongiidae) en Cuba constituye, actualmente, una limitante para el adecuado manejo de la pesquería de estas especies. El objetivo de esta revisión fue compilar la información existente sobre reproducción de esponjas comerciales, experiencias de repoblación basados en sistemas de cultivo, y el establecimiento de tallas mínimas de captura. La información acumulada posibilitó identificar vacíos en el conocimiento regional, inferir tallas límite para regular la actividad extractiva en Cuba y elaborar una propuesta de medidas coyunturales que minimicen el riesgo del colapso en la pesquería cubana de esponjas. Se comprobó que urge la realización de estudios histológicos, citológicos y de supervivencia larval en las especies cubanas. Además, se corroboró que una talla mínima legal de 15 cm de diámetro mayor se corresponde con los estándares internacionales actualmente establecidos para esponjas comerciales de otras regiones y, por tanto, contribuiría a mejorar el rendimiento pesquero sin mayores afectaciones al potencial reproductivo de las poblaciones en explotación. Sin embargo, la extracción de esponjas menores (a 15 cm de diámetro mayor) podría hacer colapsar la población por generar fallas en el reclutamiento y afectaciones desconocidas en los procesos reproductivos poblacionales. La implementación definitiva del cultivo de esponjas a escala nacional es la solución más plausible y biológicamente aceptable para la obtención de las esponjas de pequeña talla, que satisfacen de mejor manera las actuales demandas del mercado internacional.
    Description: The lack of knowledge about the reproductive processes and the size of sexual maturity of commercial bath sponges (Family Spongiidae) in Cuba, currently constitutes a limitation to develop adequate management and conservation plans in the fishery of these species. This review aimed to summarize the existing information on the reproduction of commercial sponges, repopulation experiences based on farming systems, and the establishment of minimum capture sizes. These data helped to identify the main gaps in regional knowledge, to infer size limit to regulate extractive activity in Cuba, and to prepare conjunctural measures that minimize the risk of collapse in the Cuban sponge’s fishery. It was concluded that it is urgent the need of histological, cytological, and larval survival studies in Cuban species. In addition, it was confirmed that a legal minimum size of 15 cm in largest diameter corresponds to the international standards currently established for commercial sponges from other regions and, therefore, would contribute to improving fishing yield without further affecting the reproductive potential of populations in exploitation. However, the extraction of smaller individuals (with a largest diameter of 15 cm or smaller) could cause the population to collapse due to recruitment failures and unknown effects on population reproductive processes. The definitive implementation of sponge culture on a national scale is the most plausible and biologically acceptable solution for obtaining small-sized sponges, which better satisfy the current demands of the international market.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Pesca responsable ; Manejo pesquero ; Cultivo de esponjas ; Aspectos reproductivos ; Pesquería de poríferos ; Sustainable fishing ; Fisheries management ; Sponges farming ; Reproductive aspects ; Porifera fishery
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: 66-84pp.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-05-11
    Description: Historically, Physalis physalis (Linnæus, 1758) massive stranding events have been either infrequent or poorly documented. However, their occurrence can significantly affect human health and the stability of coastal ecosystems. This study analyzes a massive P. physalis stranding that affected Cuba’s NW coast in December 2022. During the event, eighty-five people were stung, with 38 having strong allergic reactions. To determine P. physalis abundance, we counted all colonies during the massive event along ~ 3 km coast within a 5 m strip. Density, dimorphic form (left/right-handed), and colony size were quantified using a 0,25 m2 quadrat placed every 50 m, 10 m from the shoreline. Over ten thousand beach cast colonies were recorded, making this the event with the highest mean colony density (29,3 per m2) ever reported. The massive stranding coincided with the lowest Arctic Oscillation index (-2,59) in the past 11 years during December, which led to northeasterly winds reaching up to 24 km/h, which might have favored the landings. Wind direction and speed, coupled with the dominance of left-handed colonies (71,4%), suggest the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre as a possible origin source of the bloom. The high prevalence of juvenile P. physalis colonies (68%) likely aligns with the autumn breeding season in the northern hemisphere. The potential causes of P. physalis blooms are still poorly understood. Systematic monitoring of the distribution and abundance of this species should be a research priority considering the potential risk to human health and the fact that the blooms could become more frequent on the Atlantic coasts due to its eutrophication and climate change.
    Description: Los varamientos masivos de Physalia physalis (Linnæus, 1758) han sido poco frecuentes o mal documentados. Sin embargo, pueden tener un impacto significativo en la salud humana y los ecosistemas costeros. En este estudio, analizamos un varamiento masivo en la costa NO de Cuba en diciembre de 2022. Durante el evento, 85 personas sufrieron picaduras y 38 experimentaron reacciones alérgicas graves. Para cuantificar la abundancia, se contó el número de colonias que vararon a lo largo de ~ 3 km de costa. Adicionalmente, se cuantificó la densidad, la forma dimórfica y el tamaño de las colonias utilizando cuadrantes de 0,25 m2 colocados cada 50 m a 10 m de la orilla. Se registraron más de diez mil colonias, convirtiendo este evento en el de mayor densidad media de colonias (29,3 por m2) reportada hasta la actualidad. El varamiento masivo coincidió con el Índice de Oscilación del Atlántico más bajo (-2,59) en los últimos 11 años durante diciembre, que provocó vientos del noreste de hasta 24 km/h, lo cual pudo favorecer los varamientos. La dirección y velocidad del viento, junto con la dominancia de colonias con velas orientadas a la izquierda (71,4%), sugieren que el Giro Subtropical del Atlántico Norte podría ser una posible fuente de origen de la floración. La prevalencia de colonias juveniles (68%) coincidió con la temporada de reproducción en el hemisferio norte. Las causas potenciales de las floraciones de P. physalis han sido poco estudiadas. El monitoreo sistemático de la distribución y abundancia de esta especie debe ser una prioridad de investigación, dado el riesgo potencial para la salud humana y la posibilidad de que las floraciones se vuelvan más frecuentes en las costas del Atlántico debido a su eutroficación y al cambio climático.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Beach cast ; Bloom ; Dimorphism ; Health risk ; Juvenile colonies ; Portuguese man-of-war ; Western Atlantic ; Varamiento ; Floración ; Dimorfismo ; Riesgo para la salud ; Colonias juveniles ; Fragata portuguesa ; Atlántico occidental
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: 85-94pp.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-05-11
    Description: Predation marks by drilling molluscs serve as evidence for feeding activity. This behaviour has been extensively studied to understand predator-prey relationships. The objective of this study is to characterise the mollusc drilling predation on gastropods from Playa Guardalavaca, Cuba. We examined the species richness and abundance of drilled and non-drilled shells and calculated predation rates and its relationship with prey size. To compare drilled and non-drilled shells, we used the median and interquartile range due to the asymmetric distribution of the measurements. Furthermore, we employed a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to compare the size distribution frequencies. A total of 114 morphospecies and nine species groups were identified. Five species were identified as new records for the area. A total of 5,795 shells were quantified, out of which 24.4% displayed drillholes. The most abundant species are not the most preyed upon, presenting a distinct pattern compared to bivalve assemblages in this and other locations. The highest predation rate was observed among individuals of medium size, may be attributed to the predators' ability to manipulate their prey. Smaller shells may not offer sufficient food resources, resulting in lower predation rates. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in predation related to shell size for six out of the 11 tested species. Potential predators were identified, some of which exhibit drillholes themselves. In general, drilling predation in gastropods from the studied area appears to be influenced by a combination of factors, including high species richness of both predators and prey, prey abundance, specialised feeding strategies of predators, and habitat diversity.
    Description: Las marcas de depredación por perforación de moluscos sirven de evidencia de la actividad alimentaria. Este comportamiento ha sido extensamente estudiado para comprender las relaciones depredador-presa. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar la depredación por perforación de moluscos gasterópodos de Playa Guardalavaca, Cuba. Se examinó la riqueza de especies y abundancia de conchas perforadas y no perforadas y se calculó la tasa de depredación y su relación con el tamaño de las presas. Para comparar las conchas perforadas y no perforadas se utilizó la mediana y el rango intercuartil dada la distribución asimétrica de las mediciones. Además, se empleó una prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para comparar las frecuencias de distribución de tamaño. En total 114 morfoespecies y nueve grupos de especies fueron identificadas. Cinco especies fueron identificadas como nuevos registros para el área. Se cuantificaron 5 795 conchas, de las cuales 24,4 % presentaron perforaciones. Las especies más abundantes no son las más depredadas, presentando un patrón distinto comparado con los ensambles de bivalvos en esta y otras localidades. La mayor tasa de depredación fue observada entre individuos de tamaño medio, atribuido a la habilidad de los depredadores para manipular sus presas. Conchas pequeñas podrían no ofrecer suficiente alimento, resultando en tasas de depredación menores. Los análisis estadísticos revelaron diferencias significativas de depredación en relación al tamaño de la concha en seis de las 11 especies evaluadas. Depredadores potenciales fueron identificados, algunos de los cuales también mostraron perforaciones. En general, la depredación por perforación en los gasterópodos del área estudiada parece estar influenciada por una combinación de factores, incluyendo la alta riqueza de especies de depredadores y presas, la abundancia de las presas, estrategias especializadas de alimentación de los depredadores y la diversidad de hábitats.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Biotic interactions ; Caribbean Sea ; Drillholes ; Feeding behaviour ; Gastropoda ; Mollusca ; Thanatocoenosis ; Interacciones bióticas ; Mar Caribe ; Perforaciones ; Comportamiento alimentario ; Tanatocenosis
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: 1-17pp.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-05-11
    Description: Existe una necesidad urgente de evaluar el estado de las poblaciones de peces de aguas costeras tropicales, donde la pesca se realiza sobre cientos de especies diferentes que viven en ecosistemas diversos y complejos. Utilizando un método basado en las capturas, originalmente empleado por la FAO para evaluar el estado de las pesquerías mundiales, este trabajo analiza el estado de las pesquerías de peces costeros de Cuba. El análisis de las series de capturas de 15 especies y grupos seleccionados, que se extiende por 50 años, muestra un pico máximo en 1975 y luego un decrecimiento significativo de las capturas (R2 = 0.7811). La evolución de cada fase de desarrollo de las pesquerías, utilizando dos criterios diferentes: el porcentaje del número de recursos en cada fase y el porcentaje de las capturas de cada recurso que se encuentra en cada fase, muestra el continuado incremento en la proporción de recursos plenamente explotados, sobreexplotados y colapsados, y atestigua la rapidez con que casi todos han llegado a sus límites máximos de explotación, con un decrecimiento total de un 47 %, que equivale a recursos plenamente explotados aunque próximos a la sobreexplotación. Como promedio, las capturas de todas las especies y grupos muestran una declinación próxima al 50 % y una tasa anual de declinación del 1.1 % anual. A pesar de los sesgos potenciales de utilizar solamente datos de captura, el elevado número de especies involucradas en la pesca comercial, la larga serie de datos y la metodología utilizada, proporcionan una información valiosa para los administradores pesqueros.
    Description: There is an urgent need to assess the status of fisheries in tropical waters, where fishing has targeted hundreds of species in complex ecosystems. Using a catch-based method, originally described by FAO to assess the status of global fisheries; the present study provides an assessment of most important species of Cuban coastal fishes. The analysis of a 50-year series of catch data, covering the 15 most important species and groups, shows a maximum peak in 1975 and after that, a highly significant decline of the catches (R2 = 0.7811). Using two different approaches to assess the declines, the percentage of stock numbers and the percentage of catches extracted from stocks of a given status, the evolution of the fisheries shows the continuous increase in the fraction of fully exploited, overexploited and collapsed stocks and testifies the rapidity than fishery resources reached its maximum level of exploitation, with an overall decrease of 47 %. This figure is equivalent to fully exploited resources, though they are very close to be overexploited. As an average, all species and groups show a decline close to 50 % and the annual rate of decline is high, of 1.1%. Despite the potential biases of using catch data, the large number of species involved in this analysis, the long data-series and the methodology being used, provides valuable information for fishery managers.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Métodos de evaluación ; Sobrepesca ; Manejo ; Pesquerías tropicales ; Sostenibilidad ; Stock assessment ; Overfishing ; Management ; Tropical fisheries ; Sustainability
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: 47-65pp.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-05-11
    Description: Diese Bergordnung wurde am 5. Januar 1517 von Maximilian I., Römisch deutscher Kaiser und König sowie Erzherzog von Österreich, für die Bergwerke in Österreich, der Steiermark, Kärnten und Krain erlassen. Die mit 271 Paragrafen sehr umfangreiche Bergordnung basiert auf dem Bergrecht von Iglau und der Bergordnung für Schwaz von 1490. Sie ist in acht Abschnitte gegliedert. Geregelt werden alle den Bergbau betreffende Maßnahmen. Angefangen über die Festlegung der Grubenmaße, die Rechte und Pflichten der Bergbeamten, Bergleute, Schmiede und Schmelzer, die Arbeitszeiten und Bezahlung, die Holzrechte bis hin zur Führung von Gerichtsprozessen über Streitigkeiten und deren Kosten.
    Description: source
    Keywords: Maximilian I. ; Österreich ; Steiermark ; Kärnten ; Krain ; Friesach ; Frohnleiten ; Glödnitz ; Meislding ; Obervellach ; Rottenmann ; Schladming ; Schrems ; Seckau ; St. Paul bei Hornburg ; St. Veit an der Glan ; Villach ; Waitschach ; Windisch Bleiberg ; Zeiring ; Zeltschach ; Schwaz ; Iglau/Jihlava ; Silberbergbau ; Bergordnung
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book , updatedVersion
    Format: 49
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-05-11
    Description: Tropical coastal benthic communities will change in species composition and relative dominance due to global (e.g., increasing water temperature) and local (e.g., increasing terrestrial influence due to land-based activity) stressors. This study aimed to gain insight into possible trajectories of coastal benthic assemblages in Raja Ampat, Indonesia, by studying coral reefs at varying distances from human activities and marine lakes with high turbidity in three temperature categories (〈31 °C, 31–32 °C, and 〉32 °C). The benthic community diversity and relative coverage of major benthic groups were quantified via replicate photo transects. The composition of benthic assemblages varied significantly among the reef and marine lake habitats. The marine lakes 〈31 °C contained hard coral, crustose coralline algae (CCA), and turf algae with coverages similar to those found in the coral reefs (17.4–18.8% hard coral, 3.5–26.3% CCA, and 15–15.5% turf algae, respectively), while the higher temperature marine lakes (31–32 °C and 〉32 °C) did not harbor hard coral or CCA. Benthic composition in the reefs was significantly influenced by geographic distance among sites but not by human activity or depth. Benthic composition in the marine lakes appeared to be structured by temperature, salinity, and degree of connection to the adjacent sea. Our results suggest that beyond a certain temperature (〉31 °C), benthic communities shift away from coral dominance, but new outcomes of assemblages can be highly distinct, with a possible varied dominance of macroalgae, benthic cyanobacterial mats, or filter feeders such as bivalves and tubeworms. This study illustrates the possible use of marine lake model systems to gain insight into shifts in the benthic community structure of tropical coastal ecosystems if hard corals are no longer dominant.
    Keywords: Benthic cover ; Biodiversity ; Coral reef ; Marine lake ; Anthropogenic pressures ; Raja ; Ampat (Indonesia)
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    UJ Press | UJ Press
    Publication Date: 2024-05-11
    Description: This book contributes to the discourse on language in South Africa with a specific focus on multilingualism and the public sector.
    Keywords: multilingualism ; public sector in South Africa ; language management method ; ethnographic ; psycho-sociolinguistic ; development sciences ; service delivery ; constitutional democracy ; legislative ; constitutionalism ; South Africa ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Policy Press | Policy Press
    Publication Date: 2024-05-11
    Description: Available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. Paul Spicker's new book takes the three founding principles of the French Revolution - Liberty, Equality, Fraternity - and examines how they relate to social policy today. The book considers the political and moral dimensions of a wide range of social policies, and offers a different way of thinking about each subject from the way it is usually analysed.
    Keywords: Equality ; Fraternity ; Liberty ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBA Social theory
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Routledge
    Publication Date: 2024-05-11
    Description: Archival Silences demonstrates emphatically that archival absences exist all over the globe. The book questions whether benign ‘silence’ is an appropriate label for the variety of destructions, concealment and absences that can be identified within archival collections. Including contributions from archivists and scholars working around the world, this truly international collection examines archives in Australia, Brazil, Denmark, England, India, Iceland, Jamaica, Malawi, The Philippines, Scotland, Turkey and the United States. Making a clear link between autocratic regimes and the failure to record often horrendous crimes against humanity, the volume demonstrates that the failure of governments to create records, or to allow access to records, appears to be universal. Arguing that this helps to establish a hegemonic narrative that excludes the ‘other’, this book showcases the actions historians and archivists have taken to ensure that gaps in archives are filled. Yet the book also claims that silences in archives are inevitable and argues not only that recordkeeping should be mandated by international courts and bodies, but that we need to develop other ways of reading archives broadly conceived to compensate for absences.Archival Silences addresses fundamental issues of access to the written record around the world. It is directed at those with a concern for social justice, particularly scholars and students of archival studies, history, sociology, international relations, international law, business administration and information science.
    Keywords: Political Science ; Censorship ; History ; Language Arts & Disciplines ; Library & Information Science ; Archives & Special Libraries ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBF Social and ethical issues::JBFV Ethical issues and debates::JBFV3 Ethical issues: censorship ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GL Library and information sciences / Museology::GLC Library, archive and information management
    Language: English
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