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  • Artikel  (3.653.825)
  • Springer  (3.528.076)
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  • 101
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    Hybrid Broadband Seismograms for Seismic Shaking Scenarios: An Application to the Po Plain Sedimentary Basin (Northern Italy) (2020)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-06-22
    Beschreibung: The densely populated Po Plain, a very deep sedi- mentary basin in northern Italy, is prone to heavy shaking during earthquakes. Seismic hazard assessment must account for local variation in wave amplification. Standard ground motion prediction equations may fail to picture the complexity of strong lateral gradients in seismic response, due to sharp structural heterogeneity. For this reason, there is an increasing demand for full waveform predictions for engineering applications. Here, we present an implementation of a hybrid broadband simulation based on the method of Mai et al. (Bull Seismol Soc Am 100(6):3338–3339, 2010), to obtain complete broadband seismograms of 0.1–10 Hz. With this method, low frequency (〈1 Hz) and high frequency (1–10 Hz) seismograms are simulated separately using a deter- ministic and a stochastic method, respectively. We apply the method to four events recorded within the Po basin, with magnitude ranging from Mw = 4.4 to Mw = 5.6. The low frequency (LF) simulation is performed using SPECFEM3D on a few test sub- surface velocity models. The three-dimensional velocity model MAMBo (Molinari et al. in Bull Seismol Soc Am 105(2A):753–764, 2015)—consisting of a detailed structural description of the basin, based on extensive active-source data, embedded within a regional 3D crustal model—provided the best results for broadband simulations that most closely corresponded with the observations. It performed better than an ambient noise tomography model with more accurate S-wave velocities but less well defined layer topographies, emphasizing the importance of first order velocity discontinuities. The high frequency (HF) seis- mograms are simulated using the multiple scattering approach of Zeng et al. (J Geophys Res Solid Earth 96(B1):607–619, 1991). The scattering coefficients are obtained by performing a non linear inversion for each station to find best fitting synthetic envelopes. HF energy is then combined at 1 Hz to match the amplitude and phase spectra of the LF signal. We are able to simulate full waveforms throughout the Po Plain, of which shaking duration matches observed data for stations located in the basin. Shaking amplitudes are generally overestimated in the low frequency simulation by the MAMBo velocity model. Updating the MAMBo velocity model with more accurate S-wave velocity information of the ambient noise tomography model should improve the fit in future simulations.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2181–2198
    Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Ground motion ; hybrid method ; sedimentary basin ; Seismic shaking scenario ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 102
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    Extensive surface geophysical prospecting for seismic microzonation (2021)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-06-22
    Beschreibung: This paper presents an overview of the geophysical activities for the seismic microzonation of 138 municipalities belonging to four Italian regions (Abruzzo, Lazio, Marche and Umbria) that were severely damaged by the seismic sequence of Central Italy (August 2016–January 2017). This study is the result of a collaborative effort between research Institutions and professional geologists with the support of local Administrations and the Italian Civil Protection Department and sets an unprecedented large-scale example of geophysical investigations supporting detailed seismic microzonation studies. This manuscript presents the methodological approach adopted for the geophysical activities, including the technical protocols and procedures, the best practices, the final products and the results supporting a detailed microzonation study of III level. The first step of the study was the collection and critical review of all available geophysical and geological information for planning the new geophysical surveys (specifically their type and location), in order to assess the subsoil geometry and the seismic characterization of the areas under investigation. Integration with the newly acquired geophysical data allowed the identification of zones with homogeneous local seismic hazard as well as the reference seismo-stratigraphy for each area, defining for each geological unit the ranges of the relevant properties in seismic amplification studies: layering and thicknesses, density, P-wave and S-wave seismic velocity. We also present a few representative case studies illustrating the geophysical investigation for different geomorphological situations. These examples, together with the findings of the entire project, are discussed to point out the strength points and the criticalities, as well as the necessary requirements in the application of geophysical methods to detailed microzonation studies.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 5475–5502
    Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Large-scale microzonation intervention ; Central Italy 2016 earthquake ; Extensive geophysical prospecting ; Site characterization ; Geophysical protocols of measurements ; Seismic Microzonation
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 103
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    Marine viruses: the beneficial side of a threat (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer, ISSN: 0273-2289
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-30
    Beschreibung: Marine viruses are ubiquitous, extremely diverse, and outnumber any form of life in the sea. Despite their ecological importance, viruses in marine environments have been largely ignored by the academic community, and only those that have caused substantial economic losses have received more attention. Fortunately, our current understanding on marine viruses has advanced considerably during the last decades. These advances have opened new and exciting research opportunities as several unique structural and genetic characteristics of marine viruses have shown to possess an immense potential for various biotechnological applications. Here, a condensed overview of the possibilities of using the enormous potential offered by marine viruses to develop innovative products in industries as pharmaceuticals, environmental remediation, cosmetics, material sciences, and several others, is presented. The importance of marine viruses to biotechnology should not be underestimated.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 104
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    Ocean Acidification and Oceanic Carbon Cycling (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Global Environmental Change, (Handbook of Global Environmental Pollution ;1), Dordrecht ; London, Springer, 973 p., pp. 103-110, ISBN: 978-94-007-5783-7
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-08
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 105
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    Towards multi-resolution global climate modeling with ECHAM6–FESOM. Part I: model formulation and mean climate (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Climate Dynamics, Springer, 44(3), pp. 757-780, ISSN: 0930-7575
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-01-27
    Beschreibung: A new climate model has been developed that employs a multi-resolution dynamical core for the sea ice-ocean component. In principle, the multi-resolution approach allows one to use enhanced horizontal resolution in dynamically active regions while keeping a coarse-resolution setup otherwise. The coupled model consists of the atmospheric model ECHAM6 and the finite element sea ice-ocean model (FESOM). In this study only moderate refinement of the unstructured ocean grid is applied and the resolution varies from about 25 km in the northern North Atlantic and in the tropics to about 150 km in parts of the open ocean; the results serve as a benchmark upon which future versions that exploit the potential of variable resolution can be built. Details of the formulation of the model are given and its performance in simulating observed aspects of the mean climate is described. Overall, it is found that ECHAM6–FESOM realistically simulates many aspects of the observed climate. More specifically it is found that ECHAM6–FESOM performs at least as well as some of the most sophisticated climate models participating in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. ECHAM6–FESOM shares substantial shortcomings with other climate models when it comes to simulating the North Atlantic circulation.
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  • 106
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    Summer sea ice concentration changes in the Weddell Sea and their causes (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Science: Bridging the Gaps between Disciplines Perspectives from a Multi-disciplinary Helmholtz Research School, SpringerBriefs in Earth System Science, Heidelberg, Springer, 138 p., pp. 42-45, ISBN: ISBN 978-3-642-32234
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-16
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 107
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    Zambezi continental margin: compartmentalized sediment transfer routes to the abyssal Mozambique Channel (2017)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marin Geophysical Research, Springer, 38(3), pp. 227-240
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-10
    Beschreibung: Sediment delivery to the abyssal regions of the oceans is an integral process in the source to sink cycle of material derived from adjacent continents and islands. The Zambezi River, the largest in southern Africa, delivers vast amounts of material to the inner continental shelf of central Mozambique. The aim of this contribution is to better constrain sediment transport pathways to the abyssal plains using the latest, regional, high-resolution multibeam bathymetry data available, taking into account the effects of bottom water circulation, antecedent basin morphology and sea-level change. Results show that sediment transport and delivery to the abyssal plains is partitioned into three distinct domains; southern, central and northern. Sediment partitioning is primarily controlled by changes in continental shelf and shelf-break morphology under the influence of a clockwise rotating shelf circulation system. However, changes in sealevel have an overarching control on sediment delivery to particular domains. During highstand conditions, such as today, limited sediment delivery to the submarine Zambezi Valley and Channel is proposed, with increased sediment delivery to the deepwater basin being envisaged during regression and lowstand conditions. However, there is a pronounced along-strike variation in sediment transport during the sea-level cycle due to changes in the width, depth and orientation of the shelf. This combination of features outlines a sequence stratigraphic concept not generally considered in the strike-aligned shelf-slope-abyssal continuum.
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  • 108
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    Animal Forests in the Chilean Fjords: Discoveries, Perspectives and Threats in Shallow and Deep Waters (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Animal Forests, Marine Animal Forests, Switzerland, Springer, 35 p., ISBN: 978-3-319-17001-5
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-26
    Beschreibung: The Chilean fjord region, situated between 42 and 56 °S, forms one of the most ragged shorelines and belongs to the ecologically and biogeographically least understood marine regions of the world. A labyrinth of fjords, channels, and islands extends over 240,000 km2 and creates a coastline of more than 80,000 km. Due to strong abiotic gradients, numerous habitats are created, which are further diversified by temporal dynamics (tidal cycle, seasonal changes in precipitation, temperature, radiation, etc.). The region is a biodiversity hotspot hosting unique and fragile ecosystems. Among the species living here, several are species forming habitats in the ecosystem. These organisms can reach high densities conforming the so-called marine animal forests. Examples are marine animal forests dominated by cold-water stony corals, gorgonians, hydrocorals, brachiopods, polychaetes, giant barnacles, sponges, and ascidians. Many of these communities have been discov- ered only recently. There is also a singular characteristic in this area: exceptionally low pH levels of the waters of Patagonian fjords provide the opportunity to study calcifying organisms in an environment with pH conditions in the same range as the ones predicted by the IPCC for the world oceans in 2100. Despite the scarce ecological and biogeographical knowledge of this area, it encounters an unparalleled economic development including high-impact industry-scale salmonid farming, ambitious infrastructure and industrialization projects, and increasing extractive activities. Baseline research on the abiotic and biotic environment of the region is needed to reach sustainability in the use of the marine resources. Management plans including the establishment of marine protected areas to preserve benthic diversity and ecosystem services are urgently needed.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 109
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    Aquatische Ökosysteme: Nordsee, Wattenmeer, Elbeästuar und Ostsee (2017)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Hamburger Klimabericht – Wissen über Klima, Klimawandel und Auswirkungen in Hamburg und Norddeutschland, Springer, 311 p., pp. 90-107, ISBN: 978-3-662-55378-7
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-09
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 110
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    Ballasting by cryogenic gypsum enhances carbon export in a Phaeocystis under-ice bloom (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer, 8(7703)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-02-14
    Beschreibung: Mineral ballasting enhances carbon export from the surface to the deep ocean; however, little is known about the role of this process in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. Here, we propose gypsum ballasting as a new mechanism that likely facilitated enhanced vertical carbon export from an under-ice phytoplankton bloom dominated by the haptophyte Phaeocystis. In the spring 2015 abundant gypsum crystals embedded in Phaeocystis aggregates were collected throughout the water column and on the sea floor at a depth below 2 km. Model predictions supported by isotopic signatures indicate that 2.7 g m−2 gypsum crystals were formed in sea ice at temperatures below −6.5°C and released into the water column during sea ice melting. Our finding indicates that sea ice derived (cryogenic) gypsum is stable enough to survive export to the deep ocean and serves as an effective ballast mineral. Our findings also suggest a potentially important and previously unknown role of Phaeocystis in deep carbon export due to cryogenic gypsum ballasting. The rapidly changing Arctic sea ice regime might favour this gypsum gravity chute with potential consequences for carbon export and food partitioning between pelagic and benthic ecosystems.
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  • 111
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    Oxygen fluxes beneath Arctic land-fast ice and pack ice: towards estimates of ice productivity (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer, ISSN: 0722-4060
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-14
    Beschreibung: Sea-ice ecosystems are among the most extensive of Earth’s habitats; yet its autotrophic and heterotrophic activities remain poorly constrained. We employed the in situ aquatic eddy-covariance (AEC) O2 flux method and laboratory incubation techniques (H14CO3−, [3H] thymidine and [3H] leucine) to assess productivity in Arctic sea-ice using different methods, in conditions ranging from land-fast ice during winter, to pack ice within the central Arctic Ocean during summer. Laboratory tracer measurements resolved rates of bacterial C demand of 0.003–0.166 mmol C m−2 day−1 and primary productivity rates of 0.008–0.125 mmol C m−2 day−1 for the different ice floes. Pack ice in the central Arctic Ocean was overall net autotrophic (0.002–0.063 mmol C m−2 day−1), whereas winter land-fast ice was net heterotrophic (− 0.155 mmol C m−2 day−1). AEC measurements resolved an uptake of O2 by the bottom-ice environment, from ~ − 2 mmol O2 m−2 day−1 under winter land-fast ice to~ − 6 mmol O2 m−2 day−1 under summer pack ice. Flux of O2-deplete meltwater and changes in water flow velocity masked potential biological-mediated activity. AEC estimates of primary productivity were only possible at one study location. Here, productivity rates of 1.3 ± 0.9 mmol O2 m−2 day−1, much larger than concurrent laboratory tracer estimates (0.03 mmol C m−2 day−1), indicate that ice algal production and its importance within the marine Arctic could be underestimated using traditional approaches. Given careful flux interpretation and with further development, the AEC technique represents a promising new tool for assessing oxygen dynamics and sea-ice productivity in ice-covered regions.
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  • 112
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    In-situ mechanical weakness of subducting sediments beneath a plate boundary décollement in the Nankai Trough (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Progress in Earth and Planetary Science, Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-11-12
    Beschreibung: The study investigates the in-situ strength of sediments across a plate boundary décollement using drilling parameters recorded when a 1180-m-deep borehole was established during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP)Expedition 370, Temperature-Limit of the Deep Biosphere off Muroto (T-Limit). Information of the in-situ strength of the shallow portion in/around a plate boundary fault zone is critical for understanding the development of accretionary prisms and of the décollement itself. Studies using seismic reflection surveys and scientific ocean drillings have recently revealed the existence of high pore pressure zones around frontal accretionary prisms, which may reduce the effective strength of the sediments. A direct measurement of in-situ strength by experiments, however, has not been executed due to the difficulty in estimating in-situ stress conditions. In this study, we derived a depth profile for the in-situ strength of a frontal accretionary prism across a décollement from drilling parameters using the recently established equivalent strength (EST) method. At site C0023, the toe of the accretionary prism area off Cape Muroto, Japan, the EST gradually increases with depth but undergoes a sudden change at ~ 800 mbsf, corresponding to the top of the subducting sediment. At this depth, directly below the décollement zone, the EST decreases from ~ 10 to 2 MPa, with a change in the baseline. This mechanically weak zone in the subducting sediments extends over 250 m (~ 800–1050 mbsf), corresponding to the zone where the fluid influx was discovered, and high-fluid pressure was suggested by previous seismic imaging observations. Although the origin of the fluids or absolute values of the strength remain unclear, our investigations support previous studies suggesting that elevated pore pressure beneath the décollement weakens the subducting sediments.
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  • 113
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    Spatial distribution and habitat preferences of demersal fish assemblages in the southeastern Weddell Sea (Southern Ocean) (2019)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer, ISSN: 0722-4060
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-04-10
    Beschreibung: Our knowledge on distribution, habitats and behavior of Southern Ocean fishes living at water depths beyond scuba-diving limits is still sparse, as it is difficult to obtain quantitative data on these aspects of their biology. Here, we report the results of an analysis of seabed images to investigate species composition, behavior, spatial distribution and preferred habitats of demersal fish assemblages in the southern Weddell Sea. Our study was based on a total of 2736 high-resolution images, covering a total seabed area of 11,317 m2, which were taken at 13 stations at water depths between 200 and 750 m. Fish were found in 380 images. A total of 379 notothenioid specimens were recorded, representing four families (Nototheniidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae), 17 genera and 25 species. Nototheniidae was the most speciose fam- ily, including benthic species (Trematomus spp.) and the pelagic species Pleuragramma antarctica, which was occasionally recorded in dense shoals. Bathydraconids ranked second with six species, followed by artedidraconids and channichthyids, both with five species. Most abundant species were Trematomus scotti and T. lepidorhinus among nototheniids, and Dol- loidraco longedorsalis and Pagetopsis maculatus among artedidraconids and channichthyids, respectively. Both T. lepi- dorhinus and P. maculatus preferred seabed habitats characterized by biogenous debris and rich epibenthic fauna, whereas T. scotti and D. longedorsalis were frequently seen resting on fine sediments and scattered gravel. Several fish species were recorded to make use of the three-dimensional structure formed by epibenthic foundation species, like sponges, for perching or hiding inside. Nesting behavior was observed, frequently in association with dropstones, in species from various families, including Channichthyidae (Chaenodraco wilsoni and Pagetopsis macropterus) and Bathydraconidae (Cygnodraco mawsoni).
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  • 114
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    Kongsfjorden as harbinger of the future Arctic: knowns, unknowns and research priorities (2019)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3The Ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, The Ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Cham, Springer, 566 p., pp. 537-562, ISBN: 978-3-319-46425-1
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-08
    Beschreibung: Due to its year-round accessibility and excellent on-site infrastructure, Kongsfjorden and the Ny-Ålesund Research and Monitoring Facility have become established as a primary location to study the impact of environmental change on Arctic coastal ecosystems. Due to its location right at the interface of Arctic and Atlantic oceanic regimes, Kongsfjorden already experiences large amplitudes of variability in physico/chemical conditions and might, thus, be considered as an early warning indicator of future changes, which can then be extrapolated in a pan-Arctic perspective. Already now, Kongsfjorden represents one of the best-studied Arctic fjord systems. However, research conducted to date has concentrated largely on small disciplinary projects, prompting the need for a higher level of integration of future research activities. This contribution, thus, aims at identifying gaps in knowledge and research priorities with respect to ecological and adaptive responses to Arctic ecosystem changes. By doing so we aim to provide a stimulus for the initiation of new international and interdisciplinary research initiatives.
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  • 115
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    Spread of the invasive shell-boring annelid Polydora websteri (Polychaeta, Spionidae) into naturalised oyster reefs in the European Wadden Sea (2020)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Biodiversity, Springer, 50(5), pp. 63, ISSN: 1867-1616
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-08-06
    Beschreibung: With globally growing aquaculture activities, the co-introduction of parasites alongside large-scale movements of commercial species poses an increasing risk for marine ecosystems. Here, we present the first record of the shell-boring polychaete Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943 in invasive Pacific oysters Crassostrea (Magallana) gigas (Thunberg, 1793) in the European Atlantic Ocean. In October 2014, mud blisters in the shells of wild Pacific oysters and specimens of a spionid polychaete were observed in close proximity to a commercial oyster farm at the island of Sylt (Germany) in the European Wadden Sea. Subsequent investigations indicated that these blisters only occurred near the farm and that no other mollusc species were affected. Morphological and molecular analysis identified the polychaete as Polydora websteri, a species that nowadays widely occurs around the globe, but likely is native to the Asian Pacific. Later sampling activities detected P. websteri also at other locations around Sylt as well as in the Dutch part of the Wadden Sea at the island of Texel. The number of polychaetes in the oysters was, however, relatively low and mostly below 10 individuals per oyster. Together, this evidence suggests that P. websteri is currently extending its range. As the introduction of P. websteri may have severe ecological and economic implications, this study aims to alert others to look for P. websteri at Western European coasts within farmed or wild Pacific oysters to further document its spread.
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  • 116
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    Atmospheric River Signatures in Radiosonde Profiles and Reanalyses at the Dronning Maud Land Coast, East Antarctica (2020)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Springer, 37(5), pp. 455-476, ISSN: 0256-1530
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-13
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are an important component of the hydrological cycle linking moisture sources in lowerlatitudes to the Antarctic surface mass balance. We investigate AR signatures in the atmospheric vertical profiles at theDronning Maud Land coast, East Antarctica, using regular and extra radiosonde measurements conducted during the Yearof Polar Prediction Special Observing Period November 2018 to February 2019. Prominent AR events affecting thelocations of Neumayer and Syowa cause a strong increase in specific humidity extending through the mid-troposphere anda strong low-level jet (LLJ). At Neumayer, the peak in the moisture inversion (up to 4 g kg−1) is observed between 800 and900 hPa, while the LLJ (up to 32 m s−1) is concentrated below 900 hPa. At Syowa the increase in humidity is lesspronounced and peaks near the surface, while there is a substantial increase in wind speed (up to 40 m s−1) between 825 and925 hPa. Moisture transport (MT) within the vertical profile during the ARs attains a maximum of 100 g kg−1 m s−1 at bothlocations, and is captured by both ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalysis data at Neumayer, but is strongly underestimated atSyowa. Composites of the enhanced MT events during 2009−19 show that these events represent an extreme state of thelower-tropospheric profile compared to its median values with respect to temperature, humidity, wind speed and,consequently, MT. High temporal- and vertical-resolution radiosonde observations are important for understanding thecontribution of these rare events to the total MT towards Antarctica and improving their representation in models.
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  • 117
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    YOUMARES 9 - The Oceans: Our Research, Our Future (2020)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Cham, Springer, 378 p., ISBN: 978-3-030-20389-4
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-06-12
    Beschreibung: This open access book summarizes peer-reviewed articles and the abstracts of oral and poster presentations given during the YOUMARES 9 conference which took place in Oldenburg, Germany, in September 2018. The aims of this book are to summarize state-of-the-art knowledge in marine sciences and to inspire scientists of all career stages in the development of further research. These conferences are organized by and for young marine researchers. Qualified early-career researchers, who moderated topical sessions during the conference, contributed literature reviews on specific topics within their research field.
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  • 118
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    Deglacial to Holocene variability in surface water characteristics and major floods in the Beaufort Sea (2020)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Communications Earth & Environment, Springer, 1(25), pp. 1-12
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-10-15
    Beschreibung: Surface water characteristics of the Beaufort Sea have global climate implications during the last deglaciation and the Holocene, as (1) sea ice is a critical component of the climate system and (2) Laurentide Ice Sheet meltwater discharges via the Mackenzie River to the Arctic Ocean and further, to its outflow near the deep-water source area of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Here we present high-resolution biomarker records from the southern Beaufort Sea. Multi-proxy biomarker reconstruction suggests that the southern Beaufort Sea was nearly ice-free during the deglacial to Holocene transition, and a seasonal sea-ice cover developed during the mid-late Holocene. Superimposed on the long-term change, two events of high sediment flux were documented at ca. 13 and 11 kyr BP, respectively. The first event can be attributed to the Younger Dryas flood and the second event is likely related to a second flood and/or coastal erosion.
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    YOUMARES 8 – Oceans Across Boundaries: Learning from each other (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Cham, Springer, 259 p., ISBN: 978-3-319-93284-2
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-06-12
    Beschreibung: This open access book presents the proceedings volume of the YOUMARES 8 conference, which took place in Kiel, Germany, in September 2017, supported by the German Association for Marine Sciences (DGM). The YOUMARES conference series is entirely bottom-up organized by and for YOUng MARine RESearchers. Qualified early career scientists moderated the scientific sessions during the conference and provided literature reviews on aspects of their research field. These reviews and the presenters’ conference abstracts are compiled here. Thus, this book discusses highly topical fields of marine research and aims to act as a source of knowledge and inspiration for further reading and research.
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    Opening of the Fram Strait led to the establishment of a modern-like three-layer stratification in the Arctic Ocean during the Miocene (2021)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3arktos, Springer, ISSN: 2364-9461
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-14
    Beschreibung: The tectonic opening of the Fram Strait (FS) was critical to the water exchange between the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean, and caused the transition from a restricted to a ventilated Arctic Ocean during early Miocene. If and how the water exchange between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic influenced the global current system is still disputed. We apply a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea-ice model to investigate stratification and ocean circulation in the Arctic Ocean in response to the opening of the FS during early-to-middle Miocene. Progressive widening of the FS gateway in our simulation causes a moderate warming, while salinity conditions in the Nordic Seas remain similar. On the contrary, with increasing FS width, Arctic temperatures remain unchanged and salinity changes appear to steadily become stronger. For a sill depth of ~ 1500 m, we achieve ventilation of the Arctic Ocean due to enhanced import of saline Atlantic water through an FS width of ~ 105 km. Moreover, at this width and depth, we detect a modern-like three-layer stratification in the Arctic Ocean. The exchange flow through FS is characterized by vertical separation of a low-salinity cold outflow from the Arctic Ocean confined to a thin upper layer, an intermediate saline inflow from the Atlantic Ocean below, and a cold bottom Arctic outflow. Using a significantly shallower and narrower FS during the early Miocene, our study suggests that the ventilation mechanisms and stratification in the Arctic Ocean are comparable to the present-day characteristics.
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    Dynamical processes in the Arctic atmosphere (2020)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Physics and Chemistry of the Arctic Atmosphere, Physics and Chemistry of the Arctic Atmosphere, Springer, pp. 1-51, ISBN: 978-3-030-33566-3
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-05
    Beschreibung: This book presents current knowledge on chemistry and physics of Arctic atmosphere. Special attention is given to studies of the Arctic haze phenomenon, Arctic tropospheric clouds, Arctic fog, polar stratospheric and mesospheric clouds, atmospheric dynamics, thermodynamics and radiative transfer as related to the polar environment. The atmosphere-cryosphere feedbacks and atmospheric remote sensing techniques are presented in detail. The problems of climate change in the Arctic are also addressed.
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    How Different Analysis and Interpolation Methods Affect the Accuracy of Ice Surface Elevation Changes Inferred from Satellite Altimetry (2020)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Mathematical Geosciences, Springer, 52, pp. 499-525, ISSN: 1874-8961
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-05-11
    Beschreibung: Satellite altimetry has been widely used to determine surface elevation changes in polar ice sheets. The original height measurements are irregularly distributed in space and time. Gridded surface elevation changes are commonly derived by repeat altimetry analysis (RAA) and subsequent spatial interpolation of height change estimates. This article assesses how methodological choices related to those two steps affect the accuracy of surface elevation changes, and how well this accuracy is represented by formal uncertainties. In a simulation environment resembling CryoSat-2 measurements acquired over a region in northeast Greenland between December 2010 and January 2014, different local topography modeling approaches and different cell sizes for RAA, and four interpolation approaches are tested. Among the simulated cases, the choice of either favorable or unfavorable RAA affects the accuracy of results by about a factor of 6, and the different accuracy levels are propagated into the results of interpolation. For RAA, correcting local topography by an external digital elevation model (DEM) is best, if a very precise DEM is available, which is not always the case. Yet the best DEM-independent local topography correction (nine-parameter model within a 3,000 m diameter cell) is comparable to the use of a perfect DEM, which exactly represents the ice sheet topography, on the same cell size. Interpolation by heterogeneous measurement-error-filtered kriging is significantly more accurate (on the order of 50% error reduction) than interpolation methods, which do not account for heterogeneous errors.
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    Successional processes in Antarctic benthic algae (2020)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Antarctic Seaweeds Diversity, Adaptation and Ecosystem Services, Antarctic Seaweeds, Cham, Switzerland, Springer, 397 p., pp. 241-264, ISBN: 978-3-030-39447-9
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-06-10
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    Late Quaternary sedimentation dynamics in the Beenchime‑Salaatinsky Crater, Northern Yakutia (2020)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3arctos, Springer, ISSN: 2364-9461
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-21
    Beschreibung: The Beenchime-Salaatinsky Crater (BSC) is located west of the Olenyok River in Northern Yakutia, ~ 260 km south-west of Tiksi and the Lena Delta. The age and origin (volcanic versus meteoritic) of this crater is poorly understood. The key scientific interest in re-visiting the BSC is the reappraisal of the Quaternary sedimentation dynamics for a better understanding of the sediment history and thickness in the basin. This aides for an assessment, if the site is prospective for a deeper drilling of a Quaternary (or Cenozoic) sediment archive. Soil pits and auger cores from slopes and lowland terrain in the basin were sampled and studied to infer sediment ages and transport dynamics. This also included a thermokarst lake placed in the centre of the basin. Studied properties include grain-size distribution, organic carbon and nitrogen contents (TOC and TN), heavy mineral compositions, δ13C of organic carbon, 14C ages from sediment, δ18O and δD from ground ice and waters, and lake bathymetry from GPR profiling, in addition. We conclude that the crater floor in the BSC is underlain by fluvial/alluvial sediments from the MIS 3 period. Thermokarst lake formation took place during the Holocene Thermal Maximum between 7600 and 6100 cal yr BP. The lake has been shrinking hereafter. Fluvial/alluvial sedimentation along the drainage pattern was active again between 5700 to 1500 cal yr BP, and it was flanked by the accumulation of peaty and organic-rich sediments and the formation of ice-wedge polygons.
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    Impact of Bio-inspired Structural Irregularities on Plate Eigenfrequencies (2021)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Vibration Problems. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 14th International Conference on Vibration Problems, Singapore, Springer, pp. 1117-1125, ISBN: 978-981-15-8049-9
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-18
    Beschreibung: Structures can be characterized by their natural vibration. If the associated eigenfrequencies correspond to external, exciting vibration frequencies, high vibration amplitudes can occur which might cause structural damage. Therefore, heavy and costly damping mechanisms are often employed to prevent high vibration amplitudes. Natural structures are often highly optimized. The silicate shells of marine plankton organisms, for example, serve already as inspiration for lightweight construction owing to their high stiffness and strength at low mass. Moreover, the irregularities of their honeycomb and lattice structures are expected to have a strong impact on the vibration characteristics. In this investigation, the eigenfrequencies of different plates with regular patterns were compared to irregular plates of Voronoi cells. The irregular Voronoi plates were designed using evolutionary strategic optimization. The results showed significantly higher first eigenfrequencies of the irregular structures compared to regular structures of the same mass.
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    Spatiotemporal variation of the bacterioplankton community in the German Bight: from estuarine to offshore regions (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Helgoland Marine Research, Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-10-24
    Beschreibung: Marine microbial biogeography has been studied intensively; however few studies address community variation across temporal and spatial scales simultaneously so far. Here we present a yearlong study investigating the dynamics of the free-living and particle-attached bacterioplankton community across a 100 km transect in the German Bight reaching from the Elbe estuary towards the open North Sea. Community composition was assessed using automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis and linked to environmental parameters applying multivariate statistical techniques. Results suggest that the spatial variation of the bacterioplankton community is defined by hydrographic current conditions, which separate the inner German Bight from the open North Sea and lead to pronounced differences in the coastal and offshore bacterioplankton community. However this spatial variation is overwhelmed by a strong temporal variation which is triggered by temperature as the main driving force throughout the whole transect. Variation in the free-living community was predominantly driven by temperature, whereas the particle-attached community exhibited stronger spatial variation patterns.
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    Monitoring glacier changes on the Antarctic Peninsula (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 717-741, ISBN: 978-3-540-79817-0
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-15
    Beschreibung: The Antarctic Peninsula has exhibited some of the most spectacular changes observed in glacial systems in recent decades. The events include disintegration of ice shelves, acceleration and thinning of glaciers, variations in the limits between glacier facies, and retreat of glacier fronts. However, due to the lack of both consistent systematic observations of the glacial systems and information on their boundary conditions, it is difficult to accurately predict the contribution of Antarctic Peninsula glaciers to sea level rise and further responses of these ice masses to climatic and oceanographic changes. In this context, the activities of the GLIMS Regional Center for the Antarctic Peninsula and its network of international collaborators are based on the use of various types of Earth observation imagery, mainly optical and radar data. Although a complete glacier inventory is still lacking, we present the results of changes in glacier frontal positions and boundaries of glacier facies as well as links to dynamical adjustments for various locations in the Antarctic Peninsula’s ice masses. Evaluation of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and reflection Radiometer (ASTER) digital elevation models generated for the Antarctic Peninsula is also discussed.
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    Antarctic Marine Animal Forests: Three-Dimensional Communities in Southern Ocean Ecosystems (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Animal Forests: The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots, Marine Animal Forests: The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots, Switzerland, Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-01-23
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    Sponge grounds as key marine habitats: a synthetic review of types, structure, functional roles, and conservation concerns (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Animal Forests: The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots, Marine Animal Forests: The Ecology of Benthic Biodiversity Hotspots, Switzerland, Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-01-23
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    Sushi und die Algenfarmen (2017)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Faszination Meeresforschung, Book, Berlin, Springer, 573 p., pp. 455-460, ISBN: 978-3-662-49713-5
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-01-20
    Beschreibung: Fast die Hälfte der gesamten weltweit durch Marikultur erzeugten Biomasse sind Makroalgen. Die unterschiedlich gelierenden Bestandteile ihrer Zellwände (Hydrokolloide) werden industriell genutzt. Offensichtlicher für den Verbraucher ist die Verwendung als Lebensmittel, z.B., die Rotalge Pyropia als Nori für Sushi. Es wird erklärt, warum diese Produkte teuer sind.
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    Export Production (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-03-06
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    Physiology of Euphausia superba (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Biology and Ecology of Antactic Krill, Advances in Polar Ecology, Springer, 30 p., pp. 145-174, ISBN: 978-3-319-29277-9
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-23
    Beschreibung: Since the 1920s, E. superba is one of the best studied species in the Southern Ocean in terms of their general biology. The main driver for this research focus has been the fisheries’ requirements for stock forecasting and conservation measures. Nowadays this is joined by concerns over climate change effects and the requirement to take a more holistic over view to understand food web structures. So far, however, we do not have a clear understanding of the physiological response of krill and hence their adaptability to cope with ongoing environmental changes, caused by the anthropogenic carbon emissions. This is due to the extreme lack of intense studies on krill physiology, especially of their larval stages in relation to their seasonal environment. A major aim of this book chapter is on the one hand to summaries how physiological functions such as lipid accumulation and utilisation, metabolic activity and growth change with ontogeny and season and to demonstrate which environmental factors are the main drivers for seasonal variability of these functions in adult and larval krill. On the other hand, we draw the attention to the importance of photoperiod (day length) as an entrainment cue for endogenous rhythms and clocks in the life cycle of krill. Furthermore, we give an overview of the current knowledge on the impact of elevated seawater temperature and ocean acidification on krill.
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    Lessons on Climate Sensitivity From Past Climate Changes (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Current Climate Change Reports, Springer, 2(4), pp. 148-158, ISSN: 2198-6061
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-10-01
    Beschreibung: Over the last decade, our understanding of cli- mate sensitivity has improved considerably. The climate system shows variability on many timescales, is subject to non-stationary forcing and it is most likely out of equi- librium with the changes in the radiative forcing. Slow and fast feedbacks complicate the interpretation of geolog- ical records as feedback strengths vary over time. In the geological past, the forcing timescales were different than at present, suggesting that the response may have behaved differently. Do these insights constrain the climate sensitiv- ity relevant for the present day? In this paper, we review the progress made in theoretical understanding of climate sensitivity and on the estimation of climate sensitivity from proxy records. Particular focus lies on the background state dependence of feedback processes and on the impact of tipping points on the climate system. We suggest how to further use palaeo data to advance our understanding of the currently ongoing climate change.
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    Haptophyta (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Handbook of the Protists, Handbook of the Protists, Springer, pp. 1-61, ISBN: 978-3-319-32669-6
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-17
    Beschreibung: Haptophyta are predominantly planktonic and phototrophic organisms that have their main distribution in marine environments worldwide. They are a major component of the microbial ecosystem, some form massive blooms and some are toxic. Haptophytes are significant players in the global carbonate cycle through photosynthesis and calcification. They are characterized by the haptonema, a third appendage used for attachment and food handling, two similar flagella, two golden-brown chloroplasts, and organic body scales that serve in species identification. Coccolithophores have calcified scales termed coccoliths. Phylogenetically Haptophyta form a well-defined group and are divided into two classes Pavlovophyceae and Coccolithophyceae (Prymnesiophyceae). Currently, about 330 species are described. Environmental DNA sequencing shows high haptophyte diversity in the marine pico- and nanoplankton, of which many likely represent novel species and lineages. Haptophyte diversity is believed to have peaked in the past and their presence is documented in the fossil record back to the Triassic, approximately 225 million years ago. Some biomolecules of haptophyte origin are extraordinarily resistant to decay and are thus used by geologists as sedimentary proxies of past climatic conditions.
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    Tolerance of Hyas araneus zoea I larvae to elevated seawater PCO2 despite elevated metabolic costs (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Biology, Springer, 160(8), pp. 1943-1953
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-01-16
    Beschreibung: Early life stages of marine crustaceans respond sensitively to elevated seawater PCO2. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms have not been studied well. We therefore investigated the effects of elevated seawater PCO2 on oxygen consumption, dry weight, elemental composition, median developmental time (MDT) and mortality in zoea I larvae of the spider crab Hyas araneus (Svalbard 79°N/11°E; collection, May 2009; hatch, December 2009). At the time of moulting, oxygen consumption rate had reached a steady state level under control conditions. In contrast, elevated seawater PCO2 caused the metabolic rate to rise continuously leading to a maximum 1.5-fold increase beyond control level a few days before moulting into the second stage (zoea II), followed by a pronounced decrease. Dry weight of larvae reared under high CO2 conditions was lower than in control larvae at the beginning of the moult cycle, yet this difference had disappeared at the time of moulting. MDT of zoea I varied between 45 ± 1 days under control conditions and 42 ± 2 days under the highest seawater CO2 concentration. The present study indicates that larval development under elevated seawater PCO2 levels results in higher metabolic costs during premoulting events in zoea I. However, H. araneus zoea I larvae seem to be able to compensate for higher metabolic costs as larval MDT and survival was not affected by elevated PCO2 levels.
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    Klimaflüchtlinge, Migranten und Invasoren (2017)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Faszination Meeresforschung-Ein ökologisches Lesebuch, Faszination Meeresforschung-Ein ökologisches Lesebuch, Berlin, Springer, 573 p., pp. 385-397, ISBN: 978-3-662-49713-5
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-02-16
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    Muschelbänke, Seegraswiesen und Watten an Sand- und Schlickküsten (2017)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Faszination Meeresforschung, ein ökologisches Lesebuch, Faszination Meeresforschung, Springer, pp. 261-272, ISBN: 978-3-662-49713-5
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-02-15
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    Das Phytoplankton im Überblick (2017)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Faszination Meeresforschung - Ein ökologisches Lesebuch, 2. Auflage, Berlin, Springer, 573 p., pp. 103-112, ISBN: 978-3-662-49713-5
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-01-26
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    Subfossil cladoceran from sediment in thermokarst lakes in northeastern Siberia, Russia and their relationship to limnological and climatic variables (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Paleolimnology, Springer, 52(1), pp. 107-119
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-10-22
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    Input of energy/underwater noise (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Handbook on Marine Environment Protection, Handbook on Marine Environment Protection, Berlin, Springer, 1024 p., pp. 463-485, ISBN: 978-3-319-60154-0
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-07-23
    Beschreibung: Underwater sound is ubiquitous throughout the world’s oceans. Evaluating its impact and relevance for the marine fauna is highly complex and hampered by a paucity of data, lack of understanding and ambiguity of terms. When comparing sound (an energetic pollutant) with substantial pollutants (chemical, biological or marine litter) two notable differences emerge: Firstly, while sound propagates instantaneously away from the source, it also ceases immediately within minutes of shutting off the source. Anthropogenic noise is hence per-se ephemeral, lending itself to a set of in-situ mitigation strategies unsuitable for mitigation of persistent pollutants. Secondly, while pollution with hazardous substances can readily be described quantitatively with few parameters (environmental concentration as the most important one), the description of sound and its impact on aquatic life is of much higher complexity, as to be evidenced by the issues multifaceted description following hereinafter.
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    Source rocks, reservoirs (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, Heidelberg, Springer, 2 p., pp. 792-792, ISBN: 978-94-007-6237-4
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-12-04
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    Response of branchial Na+/K+ ATPase to changes in ambient temperature in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus). (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3J Comp Physiol B, Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-07
    Beschreibung: The maintenance of ion and pH homeostasis despite changes in ambient temperature is crucial for ectothermic organisms. Thermal sensitivity of Na+/K+ ATPase mRNA expression, protein expression and activity was determined in gills of North Sea cod (NC) and Northeastern Arctic cod (NEAC), acclimated for 6 weeks at 4 and 10 °C and compared to field samples of North Sea cod (sNC), acclimatized to early spring (4 °C) and summer (18 °C) conditions. The same analyses were conducted in gills of the confamiliar whiting, acclimated at 4 and 10 °C. Branchial Na+/K+ ATPase capacities remained uncompensated at functional and protein levels in NC and NEAC at both acclimation temperatures. Na+/K+ ATPase mRNA expression in NEAC acclimated at 10 °C was about twofold higher compared to NC, indicating some population-specific differentiation at this level. Lower Na+/K+ ATPase capacities in gills of warm-acclimatized sNC at common assay temperatures indicate thermal compensation between seasonal extremes, and post-translational modifications contributed to this mitigation at high assay temperature. Together, cod compensates Na+/K+ ATPase capacities on the warm edge of the thermal window and below 4 °C, respectively. In contrast, whiting Na+/K+ ATPase capacities were cold compensated at 4 °C, supported by 1.5-fold higher mRNA and protein expression. Besides, capacities were lower in whiting compared to NC and NEAC at optimum temperature, which may be advantageous in terms of reduced maintenance cost, but at temperatures ≤4 °C, compensation may represent an energy trade-off to maintain homeostasis. The species-specific response of gadid Na+/K+ ATPase indicates certain threshold temperatures beyond which compensation of the pump is elicited, possibly related to the different biogeography of these species.
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    Towards multi-resolution global climate modeling with ECHAM6-FESOM. Part II: climate variability (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Climate Dynamics, Springer, 50, ISSN: 0930-7575
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-04-11
    Beschreibung: This study forms part II of two papers describing ECHAM6-FESOM, a newly established global climate model with a unique multi-resolution sea ice-ocean component. While part I deals with the model description and the mean climate state, here we examine the internal climate variability of the model under constant present-day (1990) conditions. We (1) assess the internal variations in the model in terms of objective variability performance indices, (2) analyze variations in global mean surface temperature and put them in context to variations in the observed record, with particular emphasis on the recent warming slowdown, (3) analyze and validate the most common atmospheric and oceanic variability patterns, (4) diagnose the potential predictability of various climate indices, and (5) put the multi-resolution approach to the test by comparing two setups that differ only in oceanic resolution in the equatorial belt, where one ocean mesh keeps the coarse ~1° resolution applied in the adjacent open-ocean regions and the other mesh is gradually refined to ~0.25°. Objective variability performance indices show that, in the considered setups, ECHAM6-FESOM performs overall favourably compared to five well-established climate models. Internal variations of the global mean surface temperature in the model are consistent with observed fluctuations and suggest that the recent warming slowdown can be explained as a once-in-one-hundred-years event caused by internal climate variability; periods of strong cooling in the model (‘hiatus’ analogs) are mainly associated with ENSO-related variability and to a lesser degree also to PDO shifts, with the AMO playing a minor role. Common atmospheric and oceanic variability patterns are simulated largely consistent with their real counterparts. Typical deficits also found in other models at similar resolutions remain, in particular too weak non-seasonal variability of SSTs over large parts of the ocean and episodic periods of almost absent deep-water formation in the Labrador Sea, resulting in overestimated North Atlantic SST variability. Concerning the influence of locally (isotropically) increased resolution, the ENSO pattern and index statistics improve significantly with higher resolution around the equator, illustrating the potential of the novel unstructured-mesh method for global climate modeling.
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    Escape performance of temperate king scallop, Pecten maximus under ocean warming and acidification (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Biology, Springer, 161(12), pp. 2819-2829, ISSN: 0025-3162
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2015-01-16
    Beschreibung: Among bivalves, scallops are exceptional due to their capacity to escape from predators by swimming which is provided by rapid and strong claps that are produced by the phasic muscle interspersed with tonic muscle contractions. Based on the concept of oxygen and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, the following hypothesis was tested: ocean warming and acidification (OWA) would induce disturbances in aerobic metabolic scope and extracellular acid-case status and impair swimming performance in temperate scallops. Following longterm incubation under near-future OWA scenarios [20 vs. 10 °C (control) and 0.112 kPa CO2 (hypercapnia) vs. 0.040 kPa CO2 (normocapnic control)], the clapping performance and metabolic rates (MR) were measured in resting (RMR) and fatigued (maximum MR) king scallops, Pecten maximus, from Roscoff, France. Exposure to OA, either alone or combined with warming, left MR and swimming parameters such as the total number of claps and clapping forces virtually unchanged. Only the duration of the escape response was affected by OA which caused earlier exhaustion in hyper- than in normocapnic scallops at 10 °C. While maximum MR was unaffected, warm exposure increased RMR in both normocapnic and hypercapnic P. maximus resulting in similar Q10 values of ~2.2. The increased costs of maintenance and the observation of strongly reduced haemolymph PO2 levels indicate that at 20 °C scallops have reached the upper thermal pejus range with unbalanced capacities for aerobic energy metabolism. As a consequence, warming to 20 °C decreased mean phasic force during escape performance until fatigue. The observed prolonged recovery time in warm incubated scallops might be a consequence of elevated metabolic costs at reduced oxygen availability in the warmth.
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    Ocean-Bottom Seismometer (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 1-16, ISBN: 978-3-642-36197-5
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-16
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    An Efficient Non-iterative Bulk Parametrization of Surface Fluxes for Stable Atmospheric Conditions Over Polar Sea-Ice (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Boundary Layer Meteorol., Springer, 166, pp. 301-325
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-02-15
    Beschreibung: In climate and weather prediction models the near-surface turbulent fluxes of heat and momentum and related transfer coefficients are usually parametrized on the basis of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST). To avoid iteration, required for the numerical solution of the MOST equations, many models apply parametrizations of the transfer coefficients based on an approach relating these coefficients to the bulk Richardson number Rib.However, the parametrizations that are presently used in most climate models are valid only for weaker stability and larger surface roughnesses than those documented during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean campaign (SHEBA). The latter delivered a well-accepted set of turbulence data in the stable surface layer over polar sea-ice. Using stability functions based on the SHEBA data, we solve the MOST equations applying a new semi-analytic approach that results in transfer coefficients as a function of Rib and roughness lengths for momentum and heat. It is shown that the new coefficients reproduce the coefficients obtained by the numerical iterative method with a good accuracy in the most relevant range of stability and roughness lengths. For small Rib , the new bulk transfer coefficients are similar to the traditional coefficients, but for large Ri b they are much smaller than currently used coefficients. Finally, a possible adjustment of the latter and the implementation of the new proposed parametrizations in models are discussed.
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  • 147
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    Exkurs: Unsicherheiten bei der Analyse und Attribution von Hochwasserereignissen (2017)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Klimawandel in Deutschland: Entwicklung, Folgen, Risiken und Perspektiven, Klimawandel in Deutschland: Entwicklung, Folgen, Risiken und Perspektiven, Berlin, Springer, 7 p., pp. 103-109, ISBN: 978-3-662-50396-6
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-01-29
    Beschreibung: Extremereignisse zeigen am augenfälligsten, wie verletzlich Deutschland gegenüber dem Klima und seinen Veränderungen ist. Betrachtet man Extremereignisse genauer, verursachten in den vergangenen 20 Jahren Hochwasser die größten Schäden (Ernst Rauch, Münchener Rückversicherungs-Gesellschaft, persönliche Mitteilung). In der Wissenschaft herrscht Einigkeit darüber, dass sich der zukünftige globale Wasserkreislauf durch steigende atmosphärische Treibhausgaskonzentrationen verändern wird (Kirtman et al. 2013). Doch selbst bei der vergleichsweise guten Datenlage für Deutschland ist es unsicher, ob sich die Auftrittsrate – die Anzahl an Ereignissen pro Jahr – von Hochwasser verändert (Trend), wie stark eventuell vorliegende Trends sind und wie stark der Klimawandel ursächlich einwirkt. Diese Zuschreibung der Ursachen wird als Attribution bezeichnet. Gleichzeitig bilden diese Informationen eine wichtige Grundlage für Entscheidungsträger, die über Mitigations- und Anpassungsstrategien befinden. Die damit verbundenen Unsicherheiten müssen daher möglichst transparent kommuniziert werden, um einen Umgang damit zu ermöglichen. Ihre Quellen und Ausmaße werden im Folgenden am Beispiel der Elbehochwasser ausführlich illustriert. Für die Elbe ist der Wissensstand aufgrund der guten Datenqualität und umfangreicher wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen relativ hoch. Für andere Flüsse (▶ Kap. 10) und andere Ereignistypen sind die Unsicherheiten zum Teil wesentlich größer.
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  • 148
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    Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Fjords and Coastal Embayments (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms, Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms, Springer, 16 p., pp. 187-203, ISBN: 978-3-319-7006
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-23
    Beschreibung: Coastal systems partially surrounded by land such as coastal embayments, estuaries and fjords have characteristics that affect the development of harmful algal blooms. Among these, shallow water depths and geophysical constraints from surrounding land masses favour stronger links between the water column and bottom sediments. Typical circulation patterns (e.g., in estuaries) can limit the exchange with offshore waters and favour cell retention. Sub-mesoscale and high-frequency processes are particularly important physical factors that influence pattern and persistence of HABs in coastal systems. Coupling with benthic nutrient fluxes or seed banks from the bottom is enhanced as the degree of physical robustness of coastal systems decreases. The links between bottom cyst distribution patterns and intensity or extension of HABs are still not fully understood. The importance of intra-specific diversity has been highlighted for many HAB species but tools are needed to assist in situ identification of these various life cycle stages. Alternative metabolic strategies, such as mixotrophy or reliance on organic nutrients and allelochemically mediated species interactions, can play a critical role in the development of HA blooms particularly in semi-confined coastal environments. Future work should address the influence of climate change and of coastal aquaculture on blooms of these harmful species in coastal environments.
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    A biodiversity survey of scavenging amphipods in a proposed marine protected area: the Filchner area in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer, ISSN: 0722-4060
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-10-04
    Beschreibung: An integrative inventory of the amphipod scavenging fauna (Lysianassoidea), combining morphological identifications with DNA barcoding, is provided here for the Filchner area situated in the south-eastern Weddell Sea. Over 4400 lysianassoids were investigated for species richness and relative abundances, covering 20 different stations and using different sampling devices, including the southernmost baited traps deployed so far (76°S). High species richness was observed: 29 morphospecies of which 5 were new to science. Molecular species delimitation methods were carried out with 109 cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI) sequences obtained during this study as well as sequences from specimens sampled in other Antarctic regions. These distance-based analyses (trees and the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery method) indicated the presence of 42 lineages; for 4 species, several (cryptic) lineages were found. More than 96% of the lysianassoids collected with baited traps belonged to the species Orchomenella pinguides s. l. The diversity of the amphipod scavenger guild in this ice-bound ecosystem of the Weddell Sea is discussed in the light of bottom–up selective forces. In this southernmost part of the Weddell Sea, harbouring spawning and nursery grounds for silverfish and icefishes, abundant fish and mammalian food falls are likely to represent the major food for scavengers. Finally, the importance of biodiversity surveys in the context of the establishment of a marine protected area in this region (Weddell Sea MPA) is highlighted and how future studies can contribute to a better understanding the ecological role of scavengers in this system is discussed.
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    Pinniped sounds in the polar oceans (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Listening in the Ocean, New York, Springer, pp. 257-308
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2018-02-13
    Beschreibung: New developments and applications of autonomous Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) technology in polar regions have come at time of increased interest in the Arctic and Antarctic due to predictions of global climate change. Information gained with autonomous PAM systems has provided new information on polar pinniped communication, mating systems, distribution, and the relationships between these species and their environment. Although new discoveries continue to be made, there is still much that remains to be learned about these species. This chapter is organized into a review of species specifi c information known prior to 2000, case studies describing new knowledge gained through the use of autonomous PAM systems since 2000, and future projection on how autonomous PAM systems can be used to address and fi ll data gaps related to polar pinnipeds.
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    Climate Change: Warming Impacts on Marine Biodiversity (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Handbook on Marine Environment Protection, Cham, Switzerland, Springer, 21 p., pp. 353-373, ISBN: 978-3-319-60156-4
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-02-09
    Beschreibung: In this chapter, the effects of temperature change—as a main aspect of climate change—on marine biodiversity are assessed. Starting from a general discussion of species responses to temperature, the chapter presents how species respond to warming. These responses comprise adaptation and phenotypic plasticity as well as range shifts. The observed range shifts show more rapid shifts at the poleward range edge than at the equator-near edge, which probably reflects more rapid immigration than extinction in a warming world. A third avenue of changing biodiversity is change in species interactions, which can be altered by temporal and spatial shifts in interacting species. We then compare the potential changes in biodiversity to actual trends recently addressed in empirical synthesis work on local marine biodiversity, which lead to conceptual issues in quantifying the degree of biodiversity change. Finally we assess how climate change impacts the protection of marine environments.
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    Knowledge Transfer by the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Building Bridges at the Science-Stakeholder Interface, Building Bridges at the Science-Stakeholder Interface, Springer, 133 p., pp. 73-78, ISBN: 978-3-319-75919-7
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-08-15
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  • 153
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    First detection of species of the potentially toxic genus Azadinium (Amphidomataceae, Dinophyceae) in tropical coastal waters of Brazil (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Brazilian Journal of Botany, Springer, 41(1), pp. 209-218, ISSN: 0100-8404
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-04-17
    Beschreibung: In fall 1995, during a survey in Abrolhos coral reef system (southwestern Atlantic, Brazil), significant densities (143–6174 cells L-1) of small thecate dinoflagellates were detected. Analysis of this material in scanning and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of four taxa assigned to the potentially toxic genus Azadinium: A. dexteroporum Percopo et Zingone, A. luciferelloides Tillmann et Akselman, A. cf. polongum Tillmann and Azadinium sp. The latter taxon showed external morphological features quite distinct from any Azadinium taxon yet described, but its formal description as a new species depends on more detailed analysis. Species of Azadinium have never been confirmed in Brazilian waters until now, although the toxins produced by these dinoflagellates, the azaspiracids, have been detected in Brazilian southern coast without recognition of their producing organisms. The highest densities of Azadinium spp. occurred at stations south of and over the Abrolhos Bank, which receive higher nutrient concentrations due to upwelling of deep and nutrient-rich water masses.
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    Sea-ice variability in the subarctic North Pacific and adjacent Bering Sea during the past 25 ka: new insights from IP25 and Uk′37 proxy records (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Arktos, Springer, 4(8), pp. 1-19, ISSN: 2364-9453
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-06-27
    Beschreibung: This study focusses on the last glacial–deglacial–Holocene spatial and temporal variability in sea-ice cover based on organic geochemical analyses of marine sediment cores from the subarctic Pacific and the Bering Sea. By means of the sea-ice proxy “IP25” and phytoplankton-derived biomarkers (specific sterols and alkenones), we reconstruct the spring sea-ice conditions, (summer) sea-surface temperature (SST) and primary productivity, respectively. The large variability of sea ice was explained by a combination of local and global factors, such as solar insolation, global climate anomalies and sea-level changes controlling the oceanographic circulation and water mass exchange between the subarctic Pacific and the Bering Sea. During the Last Glacial Maximum, extensive sea-ice cover prevailed over large part of the subarctic Pacific and the Bering Sea. The following deglaciation is characterized by a rapid sea-ice advance and retreat. During cold periods (Heinrich Stadial 1 and Younger Dryas) seasonal sea-ice cover generally coincided with low alkenone SSTs and low primary productivity. Conversely, during warmer intervals (Bølling/Allerød, Early Holocene) reduced sea-ice or ice-free conditions prevailed in the study area. At the northern Bering Sea continental shelf a late-Early/Mid Holocene shift to marginal sea-ice conditions is in line with the simultaneous wide-spread sea-ice recovery observed in the other Arctic marginal seas and is likely initiated by the lower Northern Hemisphere insolation and surface-water cooling.
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    Growth performance of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis) fed with commercial pike perch and trout diets (2018)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3International Aquatic Research, Springer, 10(1), pp. 57-63
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-09-28
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    Boundary-Layer Development and Low-level Baroclinicity during High-Latitude Cold-Air Outbreaks: A Simple Model (2017)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Springer, 162:91, pp. 1-26
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-10-20
    Beschreibung: A new quasi-analytical mixed-layer model is formulated describing the evolution of the convective atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) during cold-air outbreaks (CAO) over polar oceans downstream of the marginal sea-ice zones. The new model is superior to previous ones since it predicts not only temperature and mixed-layer height but also the height-averaged horizontal wind components. Results of the mixed-layer model are compared with dropsonde and aircraft observations carried out during several CAOs over the Fram Strait and also with results of a 3D non-hydrostatic (NH3D) model. It is shown that the mixed-layer model reproduces well the observed ABL height, temperature, low-level baroclinicity and its influence on the ABL wind speed. The mixed-layer model underestimates the observed ABL temperature only by about 10 %, most likely due to the neglect of condensation and subsidence. The comparison of the mixed-layer and NH3D model results shows good agreement with respect to wind speed including the formation of wind-speed maxima close to the ice edge. It is concluded that baroclinicity within the ABL governs the structure of the wind field while the baroclinicity above the ABL is important in reproducing the wind speed. It is shown that the baroclinicity in the ABL is strongest close to the ice edge and slowly decays further downwind. Analytical solutions demonstrate that the e-folding distance of this decay is the same as for the decay of the difference between the surface temperature of open water and of the mixed-layer temperature. This distance characterizing cold-air mass transformation ranges from 450 to 850 km for high-latitude CAOs.
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    The South Atlantic Anticyclone as a key player for the representation of the tropical Atlantic climate in coupled climate models (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Climate Dynamics, Springer, ISSN: 0930-7575
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-19
    Beschreibung: The key role of the South Atlantic Anticyclone (SAA) on the seasonal cycle of the tropical Atlantic is investigated with a regionally coupled atmosphere–ocean model for two different coupled domains. Both domains include the equatorial Atlantic and a large portion of the northern tropical Atlantic, but one extends southward, and the other northwestward. The SAA is simulated as internal model variability in the former, and is prescribed as external forcing in the latter. In the first case, the model shows significant warm biases in sea surface temperature (SST) in the Angola-Benguela front zone. If the SAA is externally prescribed, these biases are substantially reduced. The biases are both of oceanic and atmospheric origin, and are influenced by ocean–atmosphere interactions in coupled runs. The strong SST austral summer biases are associated with a weaker SAA, which weakens the winds over the southeastern tropical Atlantic, deepens the thermocline and prevents the local coastal upwelling of colder water. The biases in the basins interior in this season could be related to the advection and eddy transport of the coastal warm anomalies. In winter, the deeper thermocline and atmospheric fluxes are probably the main biases sources. Biases in incoming solar radiation and thus cloudiness seem to be a secondary effect only observed in austral winter. We conclude that the external prescription of the SAA south of 20°S improves the simulation of the seasonal cycle over the tropical Atlantic, revealing the fundamental role of this anticyclone in shaping the climate over this region.
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    Sapropels (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, Heidelberg, Springer, 2 p., pp. 746-747, ISBN: 978-94-007-6237-4
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-12-04
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    Clay minerals (2016)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, Heidelberg, Springer, 7 p., pp. 87-93, ISBN: 978-94-007-6237-4
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-12-04
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    Fishing for scavengers: an integrated study to amphipod (Crustacea: Lysianassoidea) diversity of Potter Cove (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) (2017)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Biodiversity, Springer, pp. 1-24, ISSN: 1867-1616
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-06-23
    Beschreibung: Amphipoda from the superfamily Lysianassoidea Dana, 1849 play an important role in Southern Ocean benthic food webs due to their high biomass, abundance and predominantly scavenging mode of feeding. Our knowledge on the lysianassoid fauna, even in well-studied areas of the Western Antarctic Peninsula, is incomplete. Here we report the findings of an integrated study of lysianassoid amphipods of Potter Cove, King George Island/Isla 25 de Mayo (KGI), combining morphological and molecular species identification (COI barcoding) methods, investigating more than 41,000 specimens from baited traps. For comparison, 2,039 specimens from the adjacent Marian Cove were analysed. Ten lysianassoid species were recorded in the deeper outer Potter Cove, whereas the inner cove (〈50 m) was dominated by a single species, Cheirimedon femoratus Pfeffer, 1888 (99.44% relative abundance). It is hypothesised that the impoverished lysianassoid fauna inside the meltwater-influenced inner cove represents a model for future conditions along the Western Antarctic Peninsula under conditions of increased glacial melting. Abyssorchomene charcoti (Chevreux, 1912) and Orchomenella pinguides Walker, 1903 were recorded in KGI waters for the first time. Furthermore, one new lysianassoid amphipod species of the genus Orchomenella Sars, 1890 is described: Orchomenella infinita sp. n. Seefeldt, 2017. First-time DNA barcode data was established for Cheirimedon femoratus, Hippomedon kergueleni Miers, 1875, Orchomenella rotundifrons K.H. Barnard, 1932 and Orchomenella infinita sp. n.
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    Effects of prolonged darkness and temperature on the lipid metabolism in the benthic diatom Navicula perminuta from the Arctic Adventfjorden, Svalbard (2017)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer, 40(7), pp. 1425-1439, ISSN: 0722-4060
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-10
    Beschreibung: The Arctic represents an extreme habitat for phototrophic algae due to long periods of darkness caused by the polar night (~4 months darkness). Benthic diatoms, which dominate microphytobenthic communities in shallow water regions, can survive this dark period, but the underlying physiological and biochemical mechanisms are not well understood. One of the potential mechanisms for long-term dark survival is the utilisation of stored energy products in combination with a reduced basic metabolism. In recent years, water temperatures in the Arctic increased due to an ongoing global warming. Higher temperatures could enhance the cellular energy requirements for the maintenance metabolism during darkness and, therefore, accelerate the consumption of lipid reserves. In this study, we investigated the macromolecular ratios and the lipid content and composition of Navicula cf. perminuta Grunow, an Arctic benthic diatom isolated from the microphytobenthos of Adventfjorden (Svalbard, Norway), over a dark period of 8 weeks at two different temperatures (0 and 7 °C). The results demonstrate that N. perminuta uses the stored lipid compound triacylglycerol (TAG) during prolonged dark periods, but also the pool of free fatty acids (FFA). Under the enhanced temperature of 7 °C, the lipid resources were used significantly faster than at 0 °C, which could consequently lead to a depletion of this energy reserves before the end of the polar night. On the other hand, the membrane building phospho- and glycolipids remained unchanged during the 8 weeks darkness, indicating still intact thylakoid membranes. These results explain the shorter survival times of polar diatoms with increasing water temperatures during prolonged dark periods.
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    Comparison of Integrated Geodetic Data Models and Satellite Radar Interferograms to Infer Magma Storage During the 19911993 Mt. Etna Eruption (2005)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-03
    Beschreibung: We compare the results obtained from the modelling of EDM, GPS, levelling and tilt data measured in the first part of the 19911993 eruption at Etna to the InSAR data acquired during the second part. The geodetic changes are very marked in the first half of the eruption and constrain a deflation source located at a few kilometers of depth ( 3 km b.s.l.), in agreement with other independent geophysical evidence. SAR data, available during the second part of the eruption, were analysed for different time intervals in the second part of the eruption. The interpretation of SAR interferograms reveals a large-scale but less marked deflation of the volcano that could be caused by a deeper source. This second source is in accord with a second deeper anomaly revealed by recent seismic investigations. The combination of geodetic data modelling and SAR images suggests a complex plumbing system composed at least of two possible storage regions located at different depths.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1345-1357
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): Geodesy ; SAR Interferometry ; ground deformation ; Mt. Etna volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques
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    Types of eruptions of Etna volcano AD 16702003: implications for short-term eruptive behaviour (2005)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Analysis of the historical records of Etnas eruptive activity for the past three centuries shows that, after the large 1669 eruption, a period of about 60 years of low-level activity followed. Starting from 1727, explosive activity (strombolian, lava fountaining and subplinian) at the summit crater increased exponentially to the present day. Since 1763, the frequency of flank eruptions also increased and this value remained high until 1960; afterward it further increased sharply. In fact, the number of summit and flank eruptions between 1961 and 2003 was four times greater than that of the pre-1960 period. This long-term trend of escalating activity rules out a pattern of cyclic behaviour of the volcano. We propose instead that the 16702003 period most likely characterises a single eruptive cycle which began after the large 1669 eruption and which is still continuing. On the basis of the eruptive style, two distinct types of flank eruptions are recognised: Class A and Class B. Class A eruptions are mostly effusive with associated weak strombolian activity; Class B eruptions are characterised by effusive activity accompanied by intense, long-lasting, strombolian and lava fountaining activity that produces copious tephra fallouts, as during the 2001 and 20022003 eruptions. Over the past three centuries, seven Class B eruptions have taken place with vents located mainly on the south-eastern flank, indicating that this sector of the volcano is a preferential zone for the intrusion of volatile-rich magma rising from the deeper region of the Etna plumbing system.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 732-742
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; Historical record ; Summit activity ; Flank eruptions ; Eruptive behaviour ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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    Changes in eruptive style during the A.D. 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption (Phlegrean Fields, Italy): the role of syn-eruptive crystallization (2005)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The Monte Nuovo eruption is the most recent event that occurred at Phlegrean Fields (Italy) and lasted from 29 September to 6 October 1538. It was characterized by 2 days of quasi-sustained phreatomagmatic activity generating pumice-bearing pyroclastic density currents and forming a 130-m-high tuff cone (Lower Member deposits). The activity resumed after a pause of 2 days with two discrete Vulcanian explosions that emplaced radially distributed, scoria-bearing pyroclastic flows (Upper Member deposits). The juvenile products of Lower and Upper Members are, respectively, phenocryst-poor, light-coloured pumice and dark scoria fragments with K-phonolitic bulk compositions, identical in terms of both major and trace elements. Groundmass is formed by variable proportions of K-feldspar and glass, along with minor sodalite and Fe-Ti oxide present in the most crystallized samples. Investigations of groundmass compositions and textures were performed to assess the mechanisms of magma ascent, degassing and fragmentation along the conduit and implications for the eruptive dynamics. In pumice of the Lower Member groundmass crystal content increases from 13 to 28 vol% from the base to the top of the sequence. Products of the Upper Member consist of clasts with a groundmass crystal content between 30 and 40 vol% and of totally crystallized fragments. Crystal size distributions of groundmass feldspars shift from a single population at the base of the Lower Member to a double population in the remaining part of the sequence. The average size of both populations regularly increases from the Lower to the Upper Member. Crystal number density increases by two orders of magnitude from the Lower to the Upper Member, suggesting that nucleation dominated during the second phase of the eruption. The overall morphological, compositional and textural data suggest that the juvenile components of the Monte Nuovo eruption are likely to record variations of the magma properties within the conduit. The different textures of pumice clasts from the Lower Member possibly reflect horizontal gradients of the physical properties (P, T) of the ascending magma column, while scoriae from the second phase are thought to result from the disruption of a slowly rising plug crystallizing in response to degassing. In particular, crystal size distribution data point to syn-eruptive degassing-induced crystallization as responsible for the transition in eruptive style from the first to the second phase of the eruption. This mechanism not only has been proved to profoundly affect the dynamics of dome-forming calc-alkaline eruptions, but may also have a strong influence in driving the eruption dynamics of alkaline magmas of intermediate to evolved compositions.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 601-621
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Phlegrean Fields ; Vulcanian explosion ; Degassing ; Groundmass crystallization ; Eruption dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 165
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    Intrusive Mechanisms at Mt. Etna Forerunning the July-August 2001 Eruption from Seismic and Ground Deformation Data (2005)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In this work we present seismological and ground deformation evidence for the phase preparing the July 18 to August 9, 2001 flank eruption at Etna. The analysis performed, through data from the permanent seismic and ground deformation networks, highlighted a strong relationship between seismic strain release at depth and surface deformation. This joint analysis provided strong constraints on the magma rising mechanisms. We show that in the last ten years, after the 1991–1993 eruption, an overall accumulation of tension has affected the volcano. Then we investigate the months preceding the 2001 eruption. In particular, we analyse the strong seismic swarm on April 20–24, 2001, comprising more than 200 events (Mmax = 3.6) with prevalent dextral shear fault mechanisms in the western flank. The swarm showed a ca. NE-SW earthquake alignment which, in agreement with previous cases, can be interpreted as the response of the medium to an intrusive process along the approximately NNW-SSE volcano-genetic trend. These mechanisms, leading to the July 18 to August 9, 2001 flank eruption, are analogous to ones observed some months before the 1991–1993 flank eruption and, more recently, in January 1998 before the February-November 1999 summit eruption.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1469-1487
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): Ground deformation ; volcano seismology ; Mt. Etna Volcano ; intrusive mechanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
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  • 166
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    Hydrothermal alteration of oceanic crust in the West Philichemistry investigationppine Sea Basin(Ocean Drilling Program Leg 195,Site 1201): inferences from a mineral (2006)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Secondary minerals of a 91 meters-thick sequence of pillow basalts cored during ODP Leg 195 (Site 1201, West Philippine Basin) were investigated to reconstruct the hydrothermal alteration history and regime. The basement was first buried by red clays, and then by a thick turbidite sequence, thereby isolating it from seawater. The basalts are primitive to moderately fractionated, texturally variable from hypocrystalline and spherulitic to intersertal, sub-ophitic and intergranular. Relic primary minerals are plagioclase, clinopyroxene and opaques. Hydrothermal alteration pervasively affected the basalts, generating secondary clay minerals (mostly glauconite, minor Al-saponite and Fe-beidellite, Na-zeolites, minor alkali-feldspar and calcite. The secondary mineral paragenesis and mutual relationships suggest that the hydrothermal alteration occurred under zeolite-facies conditions, at temperatures 100-150 C. The main phase of alteration occurred under oxidizing conditions, with a high seawater rock ratio, in an open-circulation regime, at temperatures of 30-60 C, with precipitation of abundant glauconite and iddingsite. A later stage of alteration occurred at ca. 70 C, with precipitation of abundant Na-zeolites and minor calcite, in a more restricted circulation regime as a consequence of basement burial under the sedimentary cover, which supplied an altered, Ca-rich and Magma-sulfate-poor water causing precipitation of almost pure calcite.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 87-112
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): west Philippine ; Mineral chemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry
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    A quantitative model for volcanic hazard assessment (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Volcanic hazard assessment is a basic ingredient for risk-based decision-making in land-use planning and emergency management. Volcanic hazard is defined as the probability of any particular area being affected by a destructive volcanic event within a given period of time (Fournier d’Albe 1979). The probabilistic nature of such an important issue derives from the fact that volcanic activity is a complex process, characterized by several and usually unknown degrees of freedom that are often linked by nonlinear relationships (e.g. Bak et al. 1988). Except in sporadic cases, the result of this complexity is an intrinsic, and perhaps unavoidable, unpredictability of the time evolution of the volcanic system from a deterministic point of view.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): model ; volcanic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: book
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  • 168
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    Ground-motion scaling in the Western Alps (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In order to empirically obtain the scaling relationships for the high-frequency ground motion in the Western Alps (NW Italy), regressions are carried out on more than 7500 seismograms from 957 regional earthquakes. The waveforms were selected from the database of 6 three-component stations of the RSNI (Regional Seismic network of Northwestern Italy). The events,MW ranging between 1.2 and 4.8, were recorded within a hypocentral distance of 200 km during the time period: 1996–2001. The peak ground velocities are measured in selected narrow-frequency bands, between 0.5 and 14 Hz. Results are presented in terms of a regional attenuation function for the vertical ground motion, a set of vertical excitation terms at the reference station STV2 (hard-rock), and a set of site terms (vertical and horizontal), all relative to the vertical component of station STV2. The regional propagation of the ground motion is modeled after quantifying the expected duration of the seismic motion as a function of frequency and hypocentral distance. A simple functional form is used to take into account both the geometrical and the anelastic attenuation: a multi-variable grid search yielded a quality factor Q( f ) = 310 f 0.20, together with a quadri-linear geometrical spreading at low frequency. A simpler, bilinear geometrical spreading seems to be more appropriate at higher frequencies (f 〉 1.0 Hz). Excitation terms are matched by using a Brune spectral model with variable, magnitude-dependent stress drop: at Mw 4.8, we used σ = 50MPa. A regional distanceindependent attenuation parameter is obtained (κ0 = 0.012 s) by modelling the average spectral decay at high frequency of small earthquakes. In order to predict the absolute levels of ground shaking in the region, the excitation/attenuation model is used through the Random Vibration Theory (RVT) with a stochastic point-source model. The expected peak-ground accelerations (PGA) are compared with the ones derived by Ambraseys et al. (1996) for the Mediterranean region and by Sabetta and Pugliese (1996) for the Italian territory.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 315-333
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Attenuation ; Ground motion ; Western Alps ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
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  • 169
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    Hydrogeochemistry and water balance in the coastal wetland area of "Biviere di Gela" (Italy) (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In the study area physical and chemical factors control the composition of surface and groundwaters, which in turn determine the water quality of the “Biviere di Gela” lake. These factors combine to create diverse water types which change their compositional character spatially as rainfall infiltrates the soil zone, moves down a topographically defined flow path, and interacts with bedrock minerals. Low-salinity waters, which represent the initial stage of underground circulation, start dissolving calcium carbonate from the local rocks. The progressive increase in salinity, characterized by substantially higher Ca, SO4, Na and Cl concentrations, suggests that dissolution of CaSO4 and NaCl is an important process during water–rock interactions. The “Biviere di Gela” lake is often separated into two units (Lago Grande and Lago Piccolo). “Lago Grande” water is generally of Na-SO4-Cl-type, whereas “Lago Piccolo” water is of Na-Cl-SO4-type. Their total content of dissolved salts varies with season, the amount of rainfall, and inflow of ground and drainage water. Over time, an increasing trend towards greater salinity and also sudden changes in the relative abundances of Cl and SO4 have been recorded for the “Lago Grande.” The isotope composition of the lake water appears to be affected by inflow of ground and surface waters and also by evaporative loss. The nitrate content of waters from the recharge basin is of particular concern because it contributes to lake eutrophication. The trace element contents do not evidence the presence of any significant metal contamination of lake waters, although a future potential hazard of metals bioaccumulation by the aquatic biota must be taken into consideration. Finally, a water balance for the basin shows that a drop in precipitation of about 20% might be critical for lake survival.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): wetland area ; hydrogeochemistry ; environmental geochemistry ; isotope geochemistry ; water balance ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.02. Hydrological processes: interaction, transport, dynamics
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  • 170
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    Detection of earthquake clusters on the basis of waveform similarity: an application in the Monferrato region (Piedmont, Italy) (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In August 2000 and July 2001 two seismic sequences, characterized by mainshocks with Ml (local magnitude) respectively 5.1 and 4.8, occurred in the Monferrato region (Italy). The regional seismic network of North-western Italy (RSNI) recorded more than 250 foreshocks and aftershocks. The routine locations, obtained from the Hypoellipse code, show a seismic activity concentrated in a circular area, of a radius of about 15 km, located near Acqui Terme, and randomly distributed in depth. Location errors, due to an uneven azimuthal station distribution of the regional seismic network, prevent recognition of the geometry of the active zone. Waveform analysis revealed the presence of several multiplets. In order to discriminate and successively relocate them, an automatic cross-correlation procedure was applied. Normalized cross-correlation matrixes, for the RSNI stations which recorded almost 90% of considered events, on the basis of a signal to noise ratio analysis, were computed using only S wave time windows. The use of a relocation procedure, based on the double-difference method which incorporates ordinary absolute travel-time measurements and/or cross-correlation differential travel-times, allowed us to overcome the constraints of the uneven distribution of stations giving a quite different frame of seismicity. The improved locations showed that the seismic activity is mainly arranged along a NE-SW oriented volume, at a depth range of 8–20 km, involving the basement crystalline units. This orientation is confirmed by the analysis of the focal mechanisms: most focal solutions show a strike slip component with one of the nodal planes consistent with the main orientation of the seismic events.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1-22
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): earthquake clusters ; waveform ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
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  • 171
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    Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review (2007)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Measurement of effusion rate is a primary objective for studies that model lava flow and magma system dynamics, as well as for monitoring efforts during on-going eruptions. However, its exact definition remains a source of confusion, and problems occur when comparing volume flux values that are averaged over different time periods or spatial scales, or measured using different approaches. Thus our aims are to: (1) define effusion rate terminology; and (2) assess the various measurement methods and their results. We first distinguish between instantaneous effusion rate, and time-averaged discharge rate. Eruption rate is next defined as the total volume of lava emplaced since the beginning of the eruption divided by the time since the eruption began. The ultimate extension of this is mean output rate, this being the final volume of erupted lava divided by total eruption duration. Whether these values are total values, i.e. the flux feeding all flow units across the entire flow field, or local, i.e. the flux feeding a single active unit within a flow field across which many units are active, also needs to be specified. No approach is without its problems, and all can have large error (up to ∼50%). However, good agreement between diverse approaches shows that reliable estimates can be made if each approach is applied carefully and takes into account the caveats we detail here. There are three important factors to consider and state when measuring, giving or using an effusion rate. First, the time-period over which the value was averaged; second, whether the measurement applies to the entire active flow field, or a single lava flow within that field; and third, the measurement technique and its accompanying assumptions.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1-22
    Beschreibung: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Lava ; Instantaneous effusion rate ; Time-averaged discharge rate ; Eruption rate ; Monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 172
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    Double origin of hydrothermal convective flux variations in the Fossa of Vulcano (Italy) (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-03
    Beschreibung: Soil-temperature measurements can provide information on the distribution of degassing fissures, their relationship to the internal structure of the volcano, and the temporal evolution of the system. At Vulcano Island (Italy) heat flux from a 〈3 km-deep magma body drives a hydrothermal system which extends across the main Fossa crater. This heat flux is also associated with variable magmatic gas flow. A high density map of soil-temperatures was made in 1996 at a constant depth of 30 cm on the central and southern inner flanks of the Fossa crater. These measurements extended over an area covering about 0.04 km2, across which the heat flux is predominantly associated with a shallow boiling aquifer. The map shows that hot zones relate to structures of higher permeability, mainly associated with a fissure system dating from the last eruptive cycle (1888-90). From 1996 to January 2005, we studied the evolution of the heat flux for the high temperature part of the map, both by repeating our measurements as part of fourteen visits, during which temperatures were measured at a constant depth, and using data from permanent stations which allowed soil-temperatures to be continuously measured for selected vertical profiles. These data allowed us to calculate the heat flux, and its variation, with good precision for values lower than about 100 W m-2, which is generally the case in the study area. Above 100 W m-2 although the heat flux value is underestimated its variations are recorded with an error less than 10%. During the period 1996-2004 two increases in the thermal flux were recorded. The first one was related to the seismic crisis of November 1998 which opened existing or new fissures. The second, in November 2004, was probably due to magma migration, and was associated with minor seismic activity.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: on line first
    Beschreibung: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): hydrothermal flux ; soil temperature ; monitoring ; seismic activity ; Vulcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 173
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    BET_EF: a probabilistic tool for long- and short-term eruption forecasting (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a Bayesian event tree model for eruption forecasting (BET EF). The model represents a flexible tool to provide probabilities of any specific event at which we are interested in, by merging all the relevant available information, such as theoretical models, a priori beliefs, monitoring measures, and any kind of past data. BET EF is based on a Bayesian procedure and it relies on the fuzzy approach to manage monitoring data. The method deals with short- and long-term forecasting, therefore it can be useful in many practical aspects, as land use planning, and during volcanic emergencies. Finally, we provide the description of a free software package that provides a graphically supported computation of short- to long-term eruption forecasting, and a tutorial application to the recent MESIMEX exercise at Vesuvius.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: on line first
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): Eruption forecasting ; Long- and short-term volcanic hazard ; Bayesian inference ; Event tree ; Fuzzy sets ; MESIMEX ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 174
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    Joint geophysical observations of ice stream dynamics (2007)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Ice streams play a major role in the ice mass balance and in the reckoning of the global sea level; they have therefore been object of wide scientific interest in the last three decades. During the 21st Italian Antarctic Expedition, in the austral summer 2005-06, we deployed a joint seismographic and geodetic network in the area of the David Glacier, Southern Victoria Land. This campaign followed a similar experiment carried out in the same area during the austral summer 2003-04 with the deployment of a seismographic network that recorded significant microseismicity beneath the David Glacier, primarily occurring as a few small clusters. In the latest 2005-06 deployment, 7 seismographic stations and 3 GPS geodetic receivers operated continuously for a period of 3 months (November 2005-early February 2006) in an area of about 100x150 km2 around the David Glacier. We have carried out several analyses using the combined data sets. These included the examination of the temporal evolution in earthquake magnitude and location and also the contemporaneous observation of both seismic activity and surface kinematics of the ice stream to possibly correlate the recorded microseismicity with the movement of the glacier, affected by the Ross Sea tides. Here we present some details of the two temporary networks and preliminary results and implications.
    Beschreibung: Submitted
    Beschreibung: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Ice dynamics ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.05. Ice dynamics
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: book chapter
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  • 175
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    Iron Sulfides (2007)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Iron sulfides are generally quoted as minor magnetic minerals and the interest of paleomagnetists for this family of minerals progressively developed only during the last 10 – 15 years. This was due partly to the fact that their occurrence was originally believed to be restricted to peculiar geological environments (i.e. sulfidic ores, anoxic sulfate-reducing sedimentary environments) and partly to their metastability with respect to pyrite (FeS2), which is paramagnetic. Magnetic iron sulfides were therefore not expected to carry a stable remanent magnetisation and to survive over long periods of geological time in sedimentary environments. However, their occurrence as main carriers of a remanent magnetisation stable through geological times has been increasingly reported in recent years from a large variety of rock types, primarily as a result of more frequent application of magnetic methods to characterize the magnetic mineralogy in paleomagnetic samples. The recognition of the widespread occurrence of magnetic iron sulfides as stable carriers of natural remanent magnetisations in rocks propelled specific researches on their fundamental magnetic properties.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 454-459
    Beschreibung: 2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): iron sulfides ; greigite ; pyrrhotite ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism
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  • 176
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    A Strong Motion Attenuation Relation for Earlywarning Application in the Campania Region (Southern Apennines) (2007)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: For early-warning applications in particular, the reliability and efficiency of rapid scenario generation strongly depend on the availability of reliable strong ground-motion prediction tools. If shake maps are used to represent patterns of potential damage as a consequence of large earthquakes, attenuation relations are used as a tool for predicting peak ground-motion parameters and intensities. One of the limitations in the use of attenuation relations is that these have only rarely been retrieved from data collected in the same tectonic environment in which the prediction has to be performed. As a consequence, strong ground motion can result in underestimations or overestimations with respect to the recorded data. This also holds for Italy, and in particular for the Southern Apennines, due to limitations in the available databases, both in terms of distances and magnitude. Moreover, for “real-time” early-warning applications, it is important to have attenuation models for which the parameters can be easily upgraded when new data are collected, whether this has to be done during the earthquake rupture occurrence or in the post-event, when all the strong motion waveforms are available. Here we present a strong-motion attenuation relation for early-warning applications in the Campania region (Southern Apennines), Italy. The model has a classical analytical formulation, and its coefficients were retrieved from a synthetic strong-motion database created by using a stochastic approach. The input parameters for the simulation technique were obtained through the spectral analysis of waveforms of earthquakes recorded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) network for a magnitude range Md (1.5,5.0) in the last fifteen years, and they have been extrapolated to cover a larger range. To validate the inferred relation, comparisons with two existing attenuation relations are presented. The results show that the calibration of the attenuation parameters, i.e., geometric spreading, quality factor Q, static stress drop values along with their uncertainties, are the main concern.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 133-152
    Beschreibung: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): A Strong Motion ; Earlywarning ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: book chapter
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  • 177
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    Rare earth element fractionation in magmatic Ca-rich garnets (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Igneous garnets have the potential to strongly fractionate rare earth elements (REE). Yet informations on partition coefficients are very scant, and criteria for distinguishing between hydrothermal and magmatic garnets are ambiguous. To fill this gap, we present trace element and isotopic data for two types of Ca-rich garnets from phonolites (Mt. Somma- Vesuvius). Both Ca-garnet populations are different in their style and dynamics of fractionation: one population is progressively strongly depleted in HREE from core to rim, reflecting REE fractionation in the host phonolite via earlier-crystallized garnets. Such examples for extreme changes in HREE in garnets are only known for hydrothermal grandites by REE-bearingfluids. The second garnet population is homogeneous and formed in a closed system. Near-flat patterns between Sm and Lu confirm experimental data indicating lower D(Sm)/D(Lu) for Ca-rich garnets than for e.g. pyrope-rich garnets. It follows: DGrt/PhMelt for La = 0.5, Sm = 48 and Yb = 110.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 55-74
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Grandite ; Ca-rich garnets ; Andradite ; Rare earth elements ; Fractionation ; Partition coefficient ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.07. Rock geochemistry
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 178
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    Development and Testing of an Advanced Monitoring Infrastructure (ISNet) for Seismic Early-warning Applications in the Campania Region of Southern Italy (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In the framework of an ongoing project financed by the Campania Region, a prototype system for seismic early and post-event warning is being developed and tested, based on a dense, wide dynamic seismic network (ISNet) and under installation in the Apennine belt region. This paper reports the characteristics of the seismic network, focussing on the required technological innovation of the different seismic network components (data-logger, sensors and data communication). To ensure a highly dynamic recording range, each station is equipped with two types of sensors: a strong-motion accelerometer and a velocimeter. Data acquisition at the seismic stations is performed using Osiris-6 model data-loggers made by Agecodagis. Each station is supplied with two (120 W) solar panels and two 130 Ah gel cell batteries, ensuring 72-h autonomy for the seismic and radio communication equipment. The site is also equipped with a GSM/GPRS programmable control/alarm system connected to several environmental sensors (door forcing, solar panel controller, battery, fire, etc) and through which the site status is known in real time. The data are stored locally on the hard-disk and, at the same time, continuously transmitted by the SeedLink protocol to local acquisition/analysis nodes (Local Control Center) via Wireless LAN bridge. At each LCC site runs a linux Earthworm system which stores and manages the acquired data stream. The real-time analysis system will perform event detection and localization based on triggers coming from data-loggers and parametric information coming from the other LCCs. Once an event is detected, the system will performs automatic magnitude and focal mechanism estimations. In the immediate post-event period, the RISSC performs shaking map calculations using parameters from the LCCs and/or data from the event database. The recorded earthquake data are stored into an event database, to be available for distribution and visualization for further off-line analyses. The seismic network will be completed in two stages: • Deployment of 30 seismic stations along the southern Apennine chain (to date almost completed) • Setting up a carrier-class radio communication system for fast and reliable data transmission, and installation of 10 additional seismic stations.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 325 - 341
    Beschreibung: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Monitoring Infrastructure ; Early-warning Applications ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: book chapter
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  • 179
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    Site effects study in the Serravalle village (NE Italy) by means of spectral ratios analyses relatively to multiple reference sites (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The area of Serravalle, sited in the northern part of the town of Vittorio Veneto (TV), NE Italy, has been the target of a seismic microzonation campaign. 10 seismic stations have been deployed for a 7 months period to record in continuous mode. Three stations were installed on bedrock outcrops and seven on sedimentary sites with variable cover thickness. Spectral analyses have been performed on the collected data-set using the Generalized Inversion Technique (GIT, e.g. Andrews, 1986). In particular, spectral ratios have been calculated for each station relatively to the average of the three reference, bedrock sites. The spectral ratios provide quantitative estimates of the seismic motion amplifications which occur in each of the monitored sites. Two sites show high values of amplification, 5 times larger than signal amplitude at the reference sites, in correspondence of well discernible peak frequencies of 5 Hz. Results for the other stations show smaller amounts of site amplification spreading over a broad range of frequencies. Sites where the highest amplifications were recorded all lie on the left bank of the Meschio River and in areas farther away from its outlet into the plain correlating with the presence of thick layers of Quaternary deposits.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 31-49
    Beschreibung: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): spectral ratios ; reference sites ; site effects ; earthquake grounf motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 180
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    Unbekannt
    Mainshocks and aftershocks of the 2002 molise seismic sequence, southern Italy (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In October and November 2002, the Molise region (southern Italy) was struck by two moderate magnitude earth- quakeswithin 24 hours followed by an onemonth long aftershocks sequence. Soon after the ?rstmainshock (October 31st, 10.32 UTC, Mw 5.7), we deployed a temporary network of 35 three-component seismic stations. At the time of occurrence of the second main event (November 1st, 15.08 UTC, Mw 5.7) the eight local stations already installed allowed us to well constrain the hypocentral parameters. We present the location of the two mainshocks and 1929 aftershocks with 2 〈 ML 〈 4.2. Earthquake distribution reveals a E-trending 15 km long fault system composed by two main segments ruptured by the two mainshocks. Aftershocks de?ne two sub-vertical dextral strike-slip fault segments in agreementwith themainshock fault plane solutions. P- and T -axes retrieved from170 aftershocks focal mechanisms show a coherent kinematics: with a sub-horizontal NW and NE-trending P and T -axes, respectively. Fora small percentage of focal mechanisms (~10%) a rotation of T axes is observed, resulting in thrust solutions. The Apenninic active normal fault belt is located about 80 km westward of the 2002 epicentral area and signi?cant seismicity occurs only 20-50 km to the east, in the Gargano promontory. Seismic hazard was thought to be small for this region because neither historical earthquake are reported in the Italian seismic catalogue or active faults were previously identi?ed. In this context, the 2002 seismic sequence highlights the existence of trans-pressional active tectonics in between the extensional Apenninic belt and the Apulian foreland.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 487-494
    Beschreibung: 1.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Molise seismic sequence ; strike slip fault system ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 181
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    Observations of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Central Apennines Seismic Region (2008)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In recent years, continuous radio-noise recording is in use at many geophysical observatories, in order to detect possible earthquake precursors and/or coseismic signals. The recordings obtained indicate that electromagnetic radiation (e.g., in the range of 10-40 kH) can indeed be treated as seismic precursor. We present here the examples of successful prediction observation, which we have obtained in the Central Apennines region at the l'Aquila Observatory (Polish-Italian cooperation). A short discussion on relation between the evolution of stresses (dislocation dynamics) and electromagnetic emission supplements this paper.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 43-53
    Beschreibung: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): electromagnetic radiation ; dislocation dynamics ; Central Apennines ; seismic precursors ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 182
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    Survey on fluoride, bromide and chloride contents in public drinking water supplies in Sicily (Italy) (2008)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Six hundred and sixty-seven water samples were collected from public drinking water supplies in Sicily and analysed for electric conductivity and for their Cl-, Br- and F- contents. The samples were, as far as possible, collected evenly over the entire territory with an average sampling density of about one sample for every 7600 inhabitants. The contents of Cl- and Br-, ranging between 5.53 and 1302 mg/l and between 〈 0.025 and 4.76 mg/l respectively, correlated well with the electric conductivity, a parameter used as a proxy for water salinity. The highest values were found both along the NW and SE coasts, which we attributed to seawater contamination, and in the central part of Sicily, which we attributed to evaporitic rock dissolution. The fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.023 to 3.28 mg/l, while the highest values (only 3 exceeding the maximum admissible concentration of 1.5 mg/l) generally correlated either with the presence in the area of crystalline (volcanic or metamorphic) or evaporitic rocks or with contamination from hydrothermal activity. Apart from these limited cases of exceeding F- levels, the waters of public drinking water supplies in Sicily can be considered safe for human consumption for the analysed parameters. Some limited concern could arise from the intake of bromide-rich waters (about 3% exceeding 1 mg/l) because of the potential formation of dangerous disinfection by-products.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 303-313
    Beschreibung: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): drinking water quality ; fluoride ; bromide ; chloride ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 183
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    On the suitability of 1 s geophone for ambient noise measurements in the 0.1–20Hz frequency range: experimental outcomes (2008)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Following the ongoing debate about suitability of short-period sensor for seismic noise measurements at frequencies lower than 1Hz, in this study we compare recordings from two different seismometers (Güralp CMG-3ESPC and Mark L4C-3D) installed side by side in the GeoForschungsZentrum laboratory. The comparison carried out in terms of Power Spectral Density and coherency analysis shows an excellent agreement between the shortperiod and the broad-band recordings in the frequency band 0.2–20 Hz. Therefore, this result highlights that with a calibrated short-period sensor one can obtain the same results that would be obtained by using a broad-band seismometer in the band of engineering interest.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 141-147
    Beschreibung: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Short-period sensor, Broad-band sensor, Noise measurements ; Coherency analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 184
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    A Glimpse into the Seismicity of the Ionian Islands between 1658 and 1664 (2008)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Mostly based on traditional catalogues, without further research, several modern parametric catalogues are nevertheless straightforward, without question marks, and easily misleading (chronology, epicentre, epicentral intensity, not to speak of magnitude). The example of an Ionian time-window (1658-1664), with several major events, shows that the historical seismicity of the Ionian Islands, often thought to be well-known, actually needs a more or less drastic revision. A wealth of sources was collected, mostly from the Archives of the Republic of Venice, then ruling the main three islands of the Ionian Archipelago; it was ascertained that there are no important chronological gaps in the surviving documentation. Similarly outstanding, and in fact at the basis of a more balanced and precise view of one of the events in this time-window, are the souvenirs of Christoff von Degenfeld, a German nobleman at the service of the Republic of Venice. His manuscript, discovered at the library of Karlsruhe (Germany) in 1992, has been consulted again in the original, on the occasion of the preparation of this paper. Some question marks remain on the distributions of macroseismic effects of the earthquakes within this time-window, and this is due to the lack of information concerning the mainland. For this reason this study does not propose epicentres and, of course, magnitudes. An unusually long documentary appendix is provided, with the hope that it might contribute in discouraging authors of parametric earthquake catalogues from hasty exploitation and interpretation of often unreliable current catalogues.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 43-91
    Beschreibung: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Historical seismology ; Ionian Islands 1658-1664 ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: book chapter
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  • 185
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    The contribution to IHY from the COST296 Action MIERS: Mitigation of Ionospheric Effects on Radio Systems (2009)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The objective of the COST296 Action MIERS (Mitigation of Ionospheric Effects on Radio Systems) is to develop an increased knowledge of the effects imposed by the ionosphere on practical radio systems, and for the development and implementation of techniques to mitigate the deleterious effects of the ionosphere on such systems (http://www.cost296.rl.ac.uk). The COST296 Community contributes to the international efforts of IHY with scientific and outreach activities as well. After the realization of a web site hosted by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), developed also to promote the ionospheric physics to the open public, the COST296 Community supported an initiative addressed to the pupils of the primary school of several European Countries: the realization of a school-calendar dedicated to the Sun and to the Sun-Earth connections.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 63-67
    Beschreibung: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): E/PO ; Space weather ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 186
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    The fidelity of melt inclusions as records of melt composition (2008)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: A series of experiments created melt inclusions in plagioclase and pyroxene crystals grown from a basaltic melt at 1,150 C, 1.0 GPa to investigate diffusive fractionation during melt inclusion formation; additionally, P diffusion in a basaltic melt was measured at 1.0 GPa. Melt inclusions and melts within a few 100 microns of plagioclase– melt interfaces were analyzed for comparison with melt compositions far from the crystals. Melt inclusions and melt compositions in the boundary layer close to the crystal–melt interface were similar, but both differ significantly in incompatible element concentrations from melt found greater than approximately 200 microns away from the crystals. The compositional profiles of S, Cl, P, Fe, and Al in the boundary layers were successfully reproduced by a two-step model of rapid crystal growth followed by diffusive relaxation toward equilibrium after termination of crystal growth. Applying this model to investigate possible incompatible element enrichment in natural melt inclusions demonstrated that at growth rates high enough to create the conditions for melt inclusion formation, *10-9–10-8 m s-1, the concentration of water in the boundary layer near the crystal was similar to that of the bulk melt because of its high diffusion coefficient, but sulfur, with a diffusivity similar to major elements and CO2, was somewhat enriched in the boundary layer melt, and phosphorus, with its low diffusion coefficient similar to other high-field strength elements and rare earth elements, was significantly enriched. Thus, the concentrations of sulfur and phosphorus in melt inclusions may over-estimate their values in the bulk melt, and other elements with similar diffusion coefficients may also be enriched in melt inclusions relative to the bulk melt.
    Beschreibung: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery grant; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica and Vulcanologia, Italy
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 377-395
    Beschreibung: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Melt inclusions ; Phosphorus diffusion ; Crystal growth ; Diffusive Fractionation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 187
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    A case-study of complex gas–water–rock–pollutants interactions in shallow groundwater: Šalek Valley (Slovenia) (2009)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The complex geochemical interactions in the groundwater of the industrial area of S ˇ alek Valley (Slovenia) between natural and anthropogenic fluids were studied by means of major (Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3 -, Cl- and SO4 2-) and trace elements’ (As , Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Se and V) abundances, geochemical classification and statistical analysis of data. Cation abundances indicate mixing between a dolomitic end-member and an evaporitic or geothermal end-member. Anion abundances indicate mixing between bicarbonate waters and either sulphateenriched waters (suggesting hydrothermalism) or chlorinerich waters. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed the extraction of seven factors, which describe, respectively: water–rock interaction mainly on dolomitic rocks; redox conditions of water; Cd–Zn enrichment in chlorinerich waters (probably from industrial wastes); hydrothermal conditions in waters close to major faults; Pb and Cu pollution; V and K enrichments, indicating their common organic source; the role of partial pressure of CO2 dissolved in water, which is highest in three wells with bubbling gases. Average underground discharge rates of solutes from the Valley range between 0.09 t/a (V) and 1.8 9 104 t/a (HCO3 -) and indicate how natural fluids can significantly contribute to the levels of elements in the environment, in addition to the amount of elements released by human activities.
    Beschreibung: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy and Ministry of Superior Instruction, Science and Technology of Slovenia. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 75-89
    Beschreibung: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): groundwater ; Slovenia ; geothermal systems ; Principal Component Analysis ; pollution ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 188
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    The Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA): processing of strong-motion data (2009)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The Italian strong-motion database was created during a joint project between Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV, Italian Institute for Geophysics and Vulcanology) and Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC, Italian Civil Protection). The aim of the project was the collection, homogenization and distribution of strong motion data acquired in Italy in the period 1972-2004 by different institutions, namely Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica (ENEL, Italian electricity company), Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente (ENEA, Italian energy and environment organization) and DPC. Recently the strong-motion data relative to the 23th December 2009, Parma (Mw=5.4 and Mw=4.9) and to the 2009 L’Aquila sequence (13 earthquakes with 4.1Mw6.3) were included in the ITACA database (beta release). The database contains 7038 waveforms from analog and digital instruments, generated by 1019 earthquakes with magnitude up to 6.9 and can be accessed on-line at the web site http://itaca.mi.ingv.it. The strong motion data are provided in the unprocessed and processed versions. This article describes the steps followed to process the acceleration time series recorded by analogue and digital instruments. The procedures implemented involve: baseline removal, instrumental correction, band pass filtering with acausal filters, integration of the corrected acceleration in order to obtain velocity and displacement waveforms, computation of acceleration response spectra and strong motion parameters. This procedure is applied to each accelerogram, is realised to preserve the low frequency content of the records.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 5.2. TTC - Banche dati di sismologia strumentale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): strong-motion ; processing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 189
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    Web-based macroseismic survey in Italy: method validation and results (2010)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: A new method of macroseismic surveys, based on voluntary collaboration through the Internet, has been running at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) since July 2007. The macroseismic questionnaire is addressed to a single non-specialist; reported effects are statistically analysed to extrapolate a probabilistic estimate of Mercalli Cancani Sieberg and European Macroseismic Scale intensities for that observer. Maps of macroseismic intensity are displayed online in almost real time and are continuously updated when new data are made available. For densely inhabited zones, we have received reports of felt effects for even very small events (M=2). Six earthquakes are presented here, showing the ability of the method to give fast and interesting results. The effects reported in questionnaires coming from three towns are carefully analysed and assigned intensities are compared with those derived from traditional macroseismic surveys, showing the reliability of our web-based method.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1.11. TTC - Osservazioni e monitoraggio macrosismico del territorio nazionale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Earthquakes ; Macroseismic intensity ; Questionnaire ; Macroseismic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 190
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    Large-eddy simulation of pyroclastic density currents (2010)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: We investigate the dynamics of turbulent pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) by adopting a 3D, Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase flow model, in which solid particles are treated as a continuum and the grain-size distribution is simplified by assuming two particulate phases. The turbulent sub-grid stress of the gas phase is modelled within the framework of Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) by means of a eddy-viscosity model together with a wall closure. Despite the significant numerical diffusion associated to the upwind method adopted for the Finite-Volume discretization, numerical simulations demonstrate the need of adopting a Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) model, while revealing the complex interplay between the grid and the SGS filter sizes. We also analyse the relationship between the averaged flow dynamic pressure and the action exerted by the PDC on a cubic obstacle, to evaluate the impact of a PDC on a building. Numerical results suggest that the average flow dynamic pressure can be used as a proxy for the force per unit surface acting on the building envelope (Fig. 5), even for such steeply stratified flows. However, it is not possible to express such roportionality as a constant coefficient such as the drag coefficient in a steady-state current. The present results indeed indicate that the large epistemic and aleatory uncertainty on initial and boundary conditions has an impact on the numerical redictions which is comparable to that of grid resolution.
    Beschreibung: Unpublished
    Beschreibung: (10)
    Beschreibung: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Beschreibung: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Large-Eddy Simulation ; pyroclastic density currents ; numerical simulation ; multiphase flows ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: book chapter
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  • 191
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    Effects of increased CO2 levels on monsoons (2010)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration provided warmer atmospheric temperature and higher atmospheric water vapor content, but not necessarily more precipitation. A set of experiments performed with a state-of-the-art coupled general circulation model forced with increased atmospheric CO2 concentration (2, 4 and 16 times the present-day mean value) were analyzed and compared with a control experiment to evaluate the effect of increased CO2 levels on monsoons. Generally, the monsoon precipitation responses to CO2 forcing are largest if extreme concentrations of carbon dioxide are used, but they are not necessarly proportional to the forcing applied. In fact, despite a common response in terms of an atmospheric water vapor increase to the atmospheric warming, two out of the six monsoons studied simulate less or equal summer mean precipitation in the 16xCO2 experiment compared to the intermediate sensitivity experiments. The precipitation differences between CO2 sensitivity experiments and CTRL have been investigated specifying the contribution of thermodynamic and purely dynamic processes. As a general rule, the differences depending on the atmospheric moisture content changes (thermodynamic component) are large and positive, and they tend to be damped by the dynamic component associated with the changes in the vertical velocity. However, differences are observed among monsoons in terms of the role played by other terms (like moisture advection and evaporation) in shaping the precipitation changes in warmer climates. The precipitation increase, even if weak, occurs despite a weakening of the mean circulation in the monsoon regions(‘‘precipitation-wind paradox’’). In particular, the tropical east-west Walker circulation is reduced, as found from velocity potential analysis. The meridional component of the monsoon circulation is changed as well, with larger (smaller) meridional (vertical) scales.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): carbon dioxide forcing ; monsoon precipitation ; coupled model experiments ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.02. General circulation
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 192
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    The ITalian ACcelerometric Archive (ITACA): processing of strong-motion data (2011)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-02-03
    Beschreibung: The Italian strong-motion database was created during a joint project between Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV, Italian Institute for Geophysics and Vulcanology) and Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC, Italian Civil Protection). The aim of the project was the collection, homogenization and distribution of strong motion data acquired in Italy in the period 1972–2004 by different institutions, namely Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica (ENEL, Italian electricity company), Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, l’Energia e l’Ambiente (ENEA, Italian energy and environment organization) and DPC. Recently the strong-motion data relative to the 23th December 2009, Parma (Mw = 5.4 and Mw = 4.9) and to the April 2009 L’Aquila sequences (13 earthquakes with 4.1 ≤ Mw ≤ 6.3) were included in the Italian Accelerometric Archive (ITACA) database (beta release). The database contains 7,038 waveforms from analog and digital instruments, generated by 1.019 earthquakes with magnitude up to 6.9 and can be accessed on-line at the web site http://itaca. mi.ingv.it. The strong motion data are provided in the unprocessed and processed versions. This article describes the steps followed to process the acceleration time series recorded by analogue and digital instruments. The procedures implemented involve: baseline removal, instrumental correction, band pass filtering with acausal filters, integration of the corrected acceleration in order to obtain velocity and displacement waveforms, computation of accel- eration response spectra and strong motion parameters. This procedure is applied to each accelerogram and it is realised to preserve the low frequency content of the records.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1175-1187
    Beschreibung: 5.2. TTC - Banche dati di sismologia strumentale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: open
    Schlagwort(e): Strong motion ; processing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 193
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    A syn-eruptive ground deformation episode measured by GPS, during the 2001 eruption on the upper southern flank of Mt Etna (2005)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Ground deformation occurring on the southern flank of Mt Etna volcano during the JulyAugust 2001 eruption was monitored by GPS measurements along an EW profile crossing the fissure system. This profile was measured eight times during the eruption, using the 'stop and go' semi-kinematic technique. Horizontal and vertical displacements between GPS surveys are reported for each station. The most significant event is a deformation episode occurring during the first week of the eruption, between 2527 July. Displacements were measured on benchmarks close to the eruptive fissure and the tensile 1989 fracture. Data inversions for measured displacements were performed using the Okada model. The model shows the narrowing of the 2001 dyke accompanied by a dextral dislocation along an east-dipping fault, parallel to the 1989 fracture.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 336-341
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): GPS ; Ground deformation ; Modelling ; Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 194
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    A multi-disciplinary study of the 200203 Etna eruption: insights into a complex plumbing system (2005)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: The 200203 Mt Etna flank eruption began on 26 October 2002 and finished on 28 January 2003, after three months of continuous explosive activity and discontinuous lava flow output. The eruption involved the opening of eruptive fissures on the NE and S flanks of the volcano, with lava flow output and fire fountaining until 5 November. After this date, the eruption continued exclusively on the S flank, with continuous explosive activity and lava flows active between 13 November and 28 January 2003. Multi-disciplinary data collected during the eruption (petrology, analyses of ash components, gas geochemistry, field surveys, thermal mapping and structural surveys) allowed us to analyse the dynamics of the eruption. The eruption was triggered either by (i) accumulation and eventual ascent of magma from depth or (ii) depressurisation of the edifice due to spreading of the eastern flank of the volcano. The extraordinary explosivity makes the 200203 eruption a unique event in the last 300 years, comparable only with La Montagnola 1763 and the 2001 Lower Vents eruptions. A notable feature of the eruption was also the simultaneous effusion of lavas with different composition and emplacement features. Magma erupted from the NE fissure represented the partially degassed magma fraction normally residing within the central conduits and the shallow plumbing system. The magma that erupted from the S fissure was the relatively undegassed, volatile-rich, buoyant fraction which drained the deep feeding system, bypassing the central conduits. This is typical of most Etnean eccentric eruptions. We believe that there is a high probability that Mount Etna has entered a new eruptive phase, with magma being supplied to a deep reservoir independent from the central conduit, that could periodically produce sufficient overpressure to propagate a dyke to the surface and generate further flank eruptions.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 314-330
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): Multi-disciplinary study ; Mount Etna ; 2002–03 eruption ; Eccentric eruptions ; Flank activity ; Etna feeding system ; Volcanic processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 195
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    An Anisotropic Attenuation Law of Macroseismic Intensity Performed on Virtual Intensity Distribution of Seismogenic Zones (2005)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: An anisotropic attenuation law, based on an anisotropic characterization of intensity distribution for seismogenic zones, is proposed. This approach, that distinguishes itself for its consistency to the observed data, initially reconfigured by filtering procedures, is particularly suitable for seismic hazard evaluation.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 707-714
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): Attenuation law ; virtual intensity distribution ; seismic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
    Format: 523 bytes
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  • 196
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    Internal structure of Ustica volcanic complex (Italy) based on a 3D inversion of magnetic data. (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: A ground magnetic study of Ustica Island was performed to provide new insights into subsurface tectonic and volcanic structures. The total-intensity anomaly field, obtained after a data-reduction procedure, shows the presence of a W–E-striking magnetic anomaly in the middle of the island and another two intense anomalies, which seem to continue offshore, in the southwestern and the northeastern sides, respectively. The detected anomalies were analyzed by a quadratic programming (QP) algorithm to obtain a 3D subsurface magnetization distribution. The volcano magnetization model reveals the presence of intensely magnetized volumes, interpreted as the feeding systems of the main eruptive centers of the island, which roughly follow the trend of the main regional structural lineaments. These findings highlight how regional tectonics has strongly affected the structural and magmatic evolution of the Ustica volcanic complex producing preferential ways for magma ascent.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 869-879
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Magnetic survey ; Ustica Island ; Inverse magnetic modeling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.04. Magnetic and electrical methods
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 197
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    Space-time combined correlation between earthquakes and a new, self-consistent definition of aftershocks (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Seismicity is recognized to be a complex natural phenomenon either in space, time and energy domains: earthquakes occur as a sudden energy release after a strongly variable time period of stress accumulation, in locations not deterministically defined, with magnitude range spanning over several orders. But seismicity is certainly not a pure random process: spatial locations of events clearly display correlations with tectonic structures at all scales (from plates borders to small faults settings); on the other hand time evolution is clearly linked with strongest shocks occurrence and energy distribution displays hierarchical features. Although it is still not possible to propose deterministic models for earthquakes, well established statistical relations constrain seismicity under very specific and intriguing relations.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 259-279
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: book chapter
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  • 198
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    Contribution of the SISCam Web-based GIS to the seismotectonic study of Campania (Southern Apennines): an example of application to the Sannio-area (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: In this article the implementation and potential of the Seismotectonic Information System of the Campania Region (SISCam) are described, in particular an application of this Web-based GIS system to the seismotectonic analysis of the Sannio area (Southern Apennines) is performed. WEB-GIS technologies greatly contribute to both the environmental monitoring and the disaster management of areas affected by high natural risks. Specifically the SISCam system has been developed with the aim of providing easy access and fast diffusion, through Internet technology, of the most significant geological, geophysical, and territorial data relative to the Campania Region. The Sannio area has been selected as our application example because it is among the most active seismic regions in Italy. This portion of the Southern Apennines which was hit by the June 5, 1688 strong earthquake (MW = 6.7, CPTI 1999) and by some low- and moderate-energy seismic sequences (1990–1992, 1997), is characterized by a complex inherited tectonic setting and low-tectonic deformation rates that hide the seismogenic sources position. Since this case study turned out to be complicated, the use of the SIScam WEB-GIS has become indispensable because it allowed us to visualize, integrate and analyze all the data available, in order to obtain an accurate and direct picture of the seismotectonic setting of the area. Moreover, a different approach of data analysis was necessary, due to the lack of up-todate neotectonic and structural data; therefore, the operation of this GIS system enabled us to process and generate some original informative layers, through image analysis, such as new structural lineaments represented on a map of the potential active faults of the area, which has been the final result of our application, as a contribution to new knowledge about the local seismic risk parameters.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: on line first
    Beschreibung: 5.4. TTC - Sistema Informativo Territoriale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Web-based GIS ; Seismotectonic data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 199
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    Reviews on books, internet and scientific media (2007)
    Springer
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: There is a strong movement by many universities, libraries and organizations to participate in the open access movement in order to provide fast, up-to-date, easily accessible, permanent and free-of-charge sources of information for users of scholarly research. Although many publishers and journals may allow authors to archive their work under certain conditions (there may be copyright restrictions in making an e-print freely available); other publishers are more restrictive. Open access repositories may make research available even prior to a peer-reviewed printed publication, as well as unpublished material. Here lies the challenge to discern between refereed (post-print) and non-refereed (or preprint) material.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 923-926
    Beschreibung: 5.7. TTC - Biblioteche ed editoria
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: partially_open
    Schlagwort(e): Open access repositories ; ePIC ; Earth-prints ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 200
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    Review of Microgravity Observations at Mt. Etna: A Powerful Tool to Monitor and Study Active Volcanoes. (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04
    Beschreibung: Microgravity observations at Mt. Etna have been routinely performed as both discrete (since 1986) and continuous (since 1998) measurements. In addition to describing the methodology for acquiring and reducing gravity data from Mt. Etna, this paper provides a collection of case studies aimed at demonstrating the potential of microgravity to investigate the plumbing system of an active volcano and detect forerunners to paroxysmal volcanic events. For discrete gravity measurements, results from 1994– 1996 and 2001 are reported. During the first period, the observed gravity changes are interpreted within the framework of the Strombolian activity which occurred from the summit craters. Gravity changes observed during the first nine months of 2001 are directly related to subsurface mass redistributions which preceded, accompanied and followed the July-August 2001 flank eruption of Mt. Etna. Two continuous gravity records are discussed: a 16-month (October 1998 to February 2000) sequence and a 48-hour (26–28 October, 2002) sequence, both from a station within a few kilometers of the volcano’s summit. The 16-month record may be the longest continuous gravity sequence ever acquired at a station very close to the summit zone of an active volcano. By cross analyzing it with contemporaneous discrete observations along a summit profile of stations, both the geometry of a buried source and its time evolution can be investigated. The shorter continuous sequence encompasses the onset of an eruption from a location only 1.5 km from the gravity station. This gravity record is useful for establishing constraints on the characteristics of the intrusive mechanism leading to the eruption. In particular, the observed gravity anomaly indicates that the magma intrusion occurred ‘‘passively’’ within a fracture system opened by external forces.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 769-790
    Beschreibung: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Beschreibung: reserved
    Schlagwort(e): Mt. Etna ; microgravity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.05. Gravity variations
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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