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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A segment of rye chromosome 1 enhances growth and embryogenesis of calli derived from immature embryos of wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 148-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: wheat ; rye ; embryogenesis ; growth ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) from Secale cereale var. Imperial on the growth and differentiation of callus cultures from wheat Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring immature embryos was analysed. This chromosome arm was found to stimulate both embryogenesis and the rate of growth of calli. Recombinant lines carrying segments of 1RS were used to delineate the regions of 1RS responsible for the tissue culture effects. The enhancement of embryogenesis and the stimulation of growth were shown to be associated with two distinct genetic regions of the chromosome arm; the former is located between the centromere and the Sec 1 locus, while the latter is situated in the immediate vicinity of the Sec 1 locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232047
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of elevated CO2 on growth and photosynthesis in Agrostis canina L. ssp. monteluccii adapted to contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentrations (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 110 (1997), S. 169-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Agrostis canina ; CO2 vents ; photosynthesis ; lignification ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to characterise growth and photosynthetic capacity in plants adapted to long-term contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentrations (C a). Seeds of Agrostis canina L. ssp. monteluccii were collected from a natural CO2 transect in central-western Italy and plants grown in controlled environment chambers at both ambient and elevated CO2 (350 and 700 μmol mol−1) in nutrient-rich soil. Seasonal mean C a at the source of the plant material ranged from 610 to 451 μmol CO2 mol−1, derived from C4 leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C). Under chamber conditions, CO2 enrichment stimulated the growth of all populations. However, plants originating from elevated C a exhibited higher initial relative growth rates (RGRs) irrespective of chamber CO2 concentrations and a positive relationship was found between RGR and C a at the seed source. Seed weight was positively correlated with C a, but differences in seed weight were found to explain no more than 34% of the variation in RGRs at elevated CO2. Longer-term experiments (over 98 days) on two populations originating from the extremes of the transect (451 and 610 μmol CO2 mol−1) indicated that differences in growth between populations were maintained when plants were grown at both 350 and 700 μmol CO2 mol−1. Analysis of leaf material revealed an increase in the cell wall fraction (CWF) in plants grown at elevated CO2, with plants originating from high C a exhibiting constitutively lower levels but a variable response in terms of the degree of lignification. In vivo gas exchange measurements revealed no significant differences in light and CO2 saturated rates of photosynthesis and carboxylation efficiency between populations or with CO2 treatment. Moreover, SDS-PAGE/ LISA quantification of leaf ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) showed no difference in Rubisco content between populations or CO2 treatments. These findings suggest that long-term adaptation to growth at elevated CO2 may be associated with a potential for increased growth, but this does not appear to be linked with differences in the intrinsic capacity for photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050146
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The establishment, growth, phenology and longevity of two species of Helianthemum in the Negev Desert Highlands, Israel (1987)
    Springer
    Oecologia 71 (1987), S. 486-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Helianthemum ; growth ; flowering ; age ; drought response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hills of the Negev highlands, west of Sede Boqer, are typically covered by various half-shrub communities, including the deciduous species of Helianthemum vesicarium Boiss., an Irano-Turanian element that grows only on north facing slopes, and H. ventosum Boiss., a Saharo-Arabian element which grows on both slopes but mainly on those facing south. Upon irrigation, plants of H. vesicarium preserve their natural rhythm of activity during winter and remain deciduous throughout the summer. On the other hand, under a similar irrigation treatment, the growth and flowering season of H. ventosum is modified and is extended well into the summer. Thus, H. ventosum shows a high phenological plasticity, while H. vesicarium seems to be very conservative. The different response of the two species to an improved water regime may partly explain the differences in their natural habitats: H. vesicarium on the more humid north facing slopes and H. ventosum mostly on the more arid and extreme south facing ones. Plants of both species which grow near boulders attain larger sizes and denser stands than those on the slopes. Age analysis based on xylem ring counts of 859 plants of the two natural populations showed that the plants did not exceed 14 years and most of them reached the age of some 5 years only. In general more seedlings are established during rainy year-clusters than during dry ones. However, no direct correlation between seedling establishment and the annual rainfall of specific years could be found. The rapid turnover of plants in the stands of both species of Helianthemum resembles the behavior of desert annuals rather than that of most desert shrubs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379286
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fourier analysis of vertebral shape change due to growth and selection for large and small body size (1988)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 44 (1988), S. 776-777 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Fourier analysis ; growth ; selection ; size ; shape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fourier analysis of videodigitised outlines of mouse vertebrae from two stocks, a pseudo-longitudinal series of mice aged 25–60 days and one selected for large or small body size over many generations shows that the shape changes due to normal growth are not similar to those produced by selection for body size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01959162
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An extremely cadmium-sensitive strain ofChlorella (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 1621-1621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chlorella ; cadmium ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Growth of 14 strains from fiveChlorella species is rather insensitive towards cadmium. One strain (211-1a) ofC. saccharophila, however, was found to have a sensitivity towards this toxic heavy metal about 100 times higher than that of the other strains ofC. saccharophila.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01964839
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of increase in muscle fibers in fishes in relation to size and growth (1985)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 41 (1985), S. 353-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Teleost fish, freshwater ; muscle, white myotomal ; myotomal muscle ; muscle fibers ; fish size ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dynamics of increase of white myotomal muscle fibers of four species of freshwater teleosts (Salmo gairdneri, Pimephales notatus, Esox masquinongy andE. americanus vermiculatus) from three families (Salmonidae, Cyprinidae, Esocidae) representing a variety of maximum attainable sizes and growth rates, have been investigated. There are at least three major differences in these dynamics, and there appears to be an association between the ability of a fish species to attain large size (and grow fast) and its ability to recruit new fibers into this predominant tissue of the myotomal mass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02004500
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and the average duration of larval life in the southern hemisphere lamprey,Geotria australis Gray (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1170-1173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lampreys ; Geotria australis ; ammocoetes ; larval life ; growth ; metamorphosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The average duration of larval life in the anadromous lamprey,Geotria australis (the sole representative of the Geotriidae) is estimated as 41/4 years. Compared with other lampreys, the ammocoetes ofG. australis have a slow growth rate, increase in length during the year preceding metamorphosis and typically enter metamorphosis at a small mean length (〈100 mm) and weight (〈1.2 g).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01941297
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship of prodigiosin condensing enzyme activity to the biosynthesis of prodigiosin and its precursors inSerratia marcescens (1987)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 397-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Serratia marcescens ; growth ; prodigiosin ; prodigiosin condensing enzyme ; secondary metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prodigiosin condensing enzyme (PCE) activities were present inSerratia marcescens wild type 08, mutants OF, WF and 9-3-3. Their specific activities exhibited different maxima and at different times during the late log phase or the early stationary phase of cell growth. The levels of prodigiosin and its precursors also showed a significant increase at this period. The results support that prodigiosin and/or its precursors are secondary metabolites. The ubiquity of the PCE activity in mutants deficient in prodigiosin biosynthesis suggest that this particular enzyme may also be present in non-pigmented clinical isolates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01940425
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological responses inCaenorhabditis elegans to high magnetic fields (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 284-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Alternating high magnetic fields ; eddy current ; magnetic flux concentration ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; growth ; reproduction ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Here we describe a device for testing possible influences of high magnetic fields on biological processes, by which alternating-current magnetic stimuli as high as 1.7 T can be administered. Experiments with a simple multicellular organism, the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, revealed that intermittent exposure to the magnetic fields modestly inhibited the animal's reproduction as well as its post-embryonic development, and caused a marked but transient derangement in its locomotory behavior. Available evidence indicates that alternating high magnetic fields can elicit both chronic and acute biological effects, but that the effects may be well tolerated or compensated for by the living organism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01931113
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioenergetic factors controlling in vitro phosphorylation of LHIα (B870) polypeptides in membranes isolated from Rhodobacter capsulatus (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 165 (1996), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Protein phosphorylation ; ATP-Pi exchange ; Light-harvesting complexes ; Reaction center ; Photosynthesis ; Photomorphogenesis ; Membrane ; growth ; Polypeptide insertion ; Phospho-amino esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Membranes of Rhodobacter capsulatus strain U43 (pTX35) showed qualitatively very similar phosphorylation patterns under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro, it was irrelevant whether the phosphate source was orthophosphate or ATP. Inhibitors of electron transport did not inhibit light-harvesting complex I (LHIα) (B870) polypeptide phosphorylation, except for o-phenanthroline, which was strongly inhibitory. Redox conditions regulated the amount of protein phosphorylated; external redox potentials between +200 and +300 mV promoted the reaction. Phosphorylation was inhibited by uncouplers such as carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone and nigericin plus valinomycin plus potassium ions. Inhibitors of the H+-ATPase were also inhibitory when the phosphate source was [32P]Pi or [γ-32P]ATP. From these results, it was concluded that an operative reaction center, a coupled membrane, and external redox potentials higher than +200 mV are required for optimum LHIα phosphorylation. We also demonstrated that phosphorylation of LHIα polypeptide occurs before insertion into the membrane and that phosphate is preferentially incorporated into specific domains within the cytoplasmic membrane. Intracytoplasmic membranes, identified here as light membranes, were found to contain a dephosphorylated LHIα polypeptide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050306
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth pattern and maturation in arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) of Lake Walenstadt, Switzerland (1989)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 296-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Arctic char ; growth ; maturation ; reoligotrophication ; Lake Walenstadt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Within one decade the yield in arctic char fishery of Lake Walenstadt (Switzerland) has dropped from 1.7 kg · ha−1 to 0.7 kg · ha−1. In the same period growth decreased by about 15%. The fish considered as “degenerated dwarfed chars” by fishermen are supposed to mature in very young ages. The change of the growth pattern can be related to reoligotrophication of the lake and impoverishments of the food source. Compared to other arctic char populations in Switzerland maturation takes place at least one year later.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877173
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The exceptional growth of the Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.) in Lake Geneva (1993)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 76-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Sa velinus alpinus ; growth ; Lake Geneva ; latitude ; eutrophication ; fish density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth rate of the Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus (L.), is exceptionally high in Lake Geneva; one of the highest every recorded. This can be explained by three factors: (1) the Arctic charr of Lake Geneva is the most southerly indigenous population in the world, (2) the trophic resources are important because of the eutrophication of the lake, (3) the fish density is low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877260
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of macroelements by the helophytePhalaris arundinacea L. (1994)
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 70-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Macrophytes ; growth ; assimilation ; macroelements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Helophytes are often incorporated into biological wastewater treatment plants. In favourable situations, they can take up large amounts of nutrients. One helophyte, the reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), is fast growing when supplied with sufficient light and nutrients. Experiments were carried out under natural climatic conditions in small plastic tanks filled with sand with regular additions of a balanced and concentrated nutrient solution. In the growing season (May–October), plant production reached 10.5 kg m−2 of dry biomass, of which 66% was in the aerial parts. Maximum nutrient uptake capacity was reached just after flowering and before senescence (beginning of October): 49% N, 34% P, 52% K and 34% Mg of the input was fixed in the aerial parts, which are easily harvestable. The corresponding values for the below ground parts were 12%, 10%, 11% and 11% respectively. Excretion of K and Mg has been observed when nutrients are translocated to the storage organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877436
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grapevine leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves influenced by the grape leafhopper,Empoasca vitis (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 289-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Vitis vinifera ; Empoasca vitis ; leafhopper ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; stomatal conductance ; mesophyll conductance ; growth ; yield ; fruit quality ; starch ; carbohydrate reserves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The impact of the grape leafhopper,Empoasca vitis, on leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves of the grapevines,Vitis vinifera L., was studied. Gas exchange was measured on the discolored (red) and the green parts of infested main leaves and on leaves from uninfested vines. Photosynthesis and mesophyll conductance were severely reduced on main leaves showing leafhopper feeding symptoms. The stomatal conductance of the red leaf section of infested main leaves was lower than on undamaged control leaves. Additionally, the red leaf section of infested main leaves showed lower transpiration rates when compared to the green parts of the same leaves and to undamaged control leaves. Gas exchange processes of lateral leaves were not affected by leafhopper feeding. Leafhopperload on main leaves was correlated to visual damage symptoms. At 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf up to 40% of the main leaf area of the infested plants was discolored from the borders towards the center. Lateral leaves showed no feeding symptoms. Shoot diameter, pruning weight and carbohydrate reserves in the wood were not affected by leafhoppers. Lateral leaf area growth was significantly stimulated on plants infested by leafhoppers. No decrease in yield and fruit quality with leafhopper-loads up to 71.8 leafhopper-days per leaf were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382000
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of the ecdysteroid agonists RH 5849 an RH 5992, alone and in combination with a juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxyfen, on larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ecdysteroid agonists ; juvenile hormone analogue ; Spodoptera exigua ; growth ; moulting ; metamorphosis ; imaginal discs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Biological activity assays with RH 5849 and RH 5992 indicated that both compounds affected growth and development of last-instar larvae ofSpodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a dose-dependent manner. Within the first 24 h after treatment by continuously offering leaves dipped in a water solution of ≥50 mg/l RH 5849 and ≥0.5 mg/l RH 5992, symptoms of a prematurely induced larval moult and head capsule apolysis were visible. Intoxicated larvae died shortly afterwards, showing signs of unsuccessful ecdysis. LC50-values of RH 5849 and RH 5992 for fifth-instarS. exigua larvae were 110 and 2.5 mg/l, respectively. Pyriproxyfen alone affected the larval stage and disturbed normal metamorphosis. One supernumerary larval instar occurred occasionally. LC50-value for pyriproxyfen was 1.7 mg/l. Larvae simultaneously treated with RH 5849 or RH 5992 and pyriproxyfen, continued to grow until they attained a size and weight about 2–3 times that of the controls. This growth was accompanied by at least one and sometimes two supernumerary moults. Concerning thein vivo imaginal wing disc growth and development, only in larvae treated with 10 and 50 mg/l RH 5849 or 0.5 mg/l RH 5992, tracheole migration was observed earlier than in the controls. When applying 300 mg/l RH 5849 or 3–7 mg/l RH 5992, the discs remained small and no signs of tracheole migration were observed. In larvae simultaneously treated with RH 5849 or RH 5992 and pyriproxyfen, tracheole migration was not prematurely induced and a pupal cuticle was produced in the discs of larvae, undergoing a supernumerary moult. No clear signs of evagination were observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383546
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature, multiple allelochemicals and larval age on the performance of a specialist caterpillar (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 335-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: alkaloid ; developmental time ; early instars ; growth ; Manduca sexta ; molting duration ; phenolics ; plant-herbivore interactions ; thermal regime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To understand the mechanisms underlying plant-insect herbivore interactions, it is necessary to examine the simultaneous effects of temperature, food quality and larval age. We examined the simultaneous effects of three allelochemicals (tomatine, rutin and chlorogenic acid) on the performance of first and second instar Manduca sexta larvae under two representative thermal regimes 21 : 10°C and 26 : 15°C for spring and summer, respectively. Thermal regime and allelochemicals interacted to influence the time from egg hatch to ecdysis to the third instar. On average, it took about half as much time to reach the third instar at 26 : 15°C as it did at 21 : 10°C. Separately, tomatine and rutin had a negative effect on developmental time from egg hatch to the third instar, but their simutaneous effects were not additive. Chlorogenic acid significantly reduced the negative effect of tomatine. The magnitude of the allelochemical effect was larger at the cooler thermal regime compared to the warmer regime. For instance, chlorogenic acid by itself had no effect at the 26 : 15°C regime, but at the 21 : 10°C regime it significantly shortened total developmental time. The effect of chlorogenic acid on stadium duration was distinctly different for the two instars. Chlorogenic acid shortened stadium duration of first instar larvae. However, depending on thermal regime and the presence of tomatine, chlorogenic acid had a negative, positive or neutral effect on stadium duration of second instar larvae. Molting duration of second instar larvae was shortened by a half day at the warmer thermal regime but was not affected by the allelochemicals. Final larval weight was influenced by rutin and chlorogenic acid. Caterpillars fed diets containing 20 μmoles of rutin were on average 10% lighter than those fed plain diet, whereas those fed diets containing 20 μmoles of chlorogenic adic were on average 7% heavier. However, the effect of chlorogenic acid depended on thermal regime. Overall, our results indicated that: 1) temperature and food quality can interact to influence insect performance and 2) these effects are influenced by larval age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186292
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance in the wild crop relatives Avena macrostachya and Hordeum bogdani to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Avena macrostachya ; Hordeum bogdani ; resistance ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; growth ; excretion ; amino acids ; leaf anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumè Lors d'examens systématiques antérieurs, Avena macrostachya (Bal. ex Coss. & Dur.) et Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) ont présenté une résistance élevée au puceron Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Lorsqu'ils avaient un choix comprenant de l'avoine et de l'orge cultivés, les pucerons ailés ont atterri en nombres moins importants sur les espèces sauvages. Les résultats étaient cependant variables dans le complexe avoine. La production de nymphes et le poids des adultes étaient plus élevés sur espèces cultivées, ainsi que la durée du développement était plus longue sur les espèces sauvages. A partir du troisième stade, l'excrétion de miellat a été significativement plus faible sur les espèces résistantes. En général, le miellat y contenait moins de 1% d'acides aminés bien que sur H. vulgare il en contînt 3,5%. Les pourcentages d'acides aminés libres du miellat étaient semblables sur toutes les plantes (5,2–7,6%), à l'exception de H. vulgare sur lequel les pucerons excrétaient 22% des taux ingérés. Les acides aminés excrétés en fortes quantités sur les différentes plantes, comprenaient l'asparagine, l'acide γ-aminobutyrique, l'acide glutamique et la glycine. Des coupes de tissus n'ont révélé aucun obstacle mécanique clair à la pénétration des stylets. Les possibilités d'utiliser ces espèces sauvages comme source de résistance aux pucerons dans la sélection de l'avoine et de l'orge ont été examinées.
    Notes: Abstract In previous screening tests the two wild crop relatives Avena macrostachya (Bal., ex Coss. et Dur.) and Hordeum bogdani (Wil.) demonstrated a high degree of resistance to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). In a choice situation using wild and cultivated oats and barley, alate aphids settled in lower numbers on the wild species. The results were, however, variable in the Avena combination. Nymph production was significantly higher, development time shorter and adult weight higher on the cultivated varieties. From the third instar and onwards the excretion of honeydew was significantly lower on the resistant plants. In general the honeydew contained less than 1% free amino acids although excreta from H. vulgare contained 3.5%. The percentage of free amino acids found in the honeydew was similar for all plant species (5.2–7.6%) except for H. vulgare, on which the aphids excreted 22% of the amounts ingested. Amino acids excreted in high proportions on all plants included asparagine, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, and glycine. Tissue sectioning did not reveal any obvious mechanical barriers to stylet penetration. The potential use of these wild species as sources for aphid resistance breeding in oats and barley is considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376401
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acyrthosiphon pisum performance in response to the sugar and amino acid composition of artificial diets, and its relation to lucerne varietal resistance (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 283-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Medicago sativa ; resistance ; amino acids ; sucrose ; phloem sap ; artificial diet ; ingestion ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Sur des milieux holidiques se différenciant par leur concentration en acides aminés ou en saccharose ou par leur spectre en acides aminés et copiant la sève de deux variétés de luzerne (sensible et résistante) nous avons étudié différents paramètres biologiques d'un biotype d'Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de résistance à ce puceron. Que ce soit pour le reproduction et la survie des adultes ou pour la croissance et le développment larvaire, nous montrons l'influence spécifique de la concentration en saccharose et en acides aminés ainsi que celle du spectre en acides aminés des régimes artificiels. Ces différences de performances de A. pisum peuvent en partie être expliquées par les différences d'ingestion. Néanmoins pour des rapport saccharose/acides aminés identiques et pour des niveaux d'ingestion égaux, il existe selon les milieux de grandes différences de taux de reproduction et donc d'efficacités métaboliques. Les milieux copiant la sève de variétés sensible et résistante permettent jusqu'à présent d'expliquer une partie des observations faites sur végétal, mais démontrent que l'ignorance de certains facteurs phagostimulants présents dans la plante empêche une interprétation complète des effets observés.
    Notes: Abstract In order to understand the mechanisms of resistance of two lucerne cultivars (susceptible ‘Resistador’ and resistant ‘Lahontan’ clones) to a French biotype of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, several biological parameters of this aphid were investigated on sap-copied holidic diets differing either by their amino acid or sucrose concentrations or by the relative proportions of some amino acids. We recorded the quantitative influence of nutrient levels and amino acid profiles on adult survival and reproduction, as well as on larval growth and development. The differences in A. pisum performances on artificial diets may partly by explained by variable ingestion rates, but also by differences in metabolic efficiency of the ingested nutrients, which greatly depends on amino acid composition. Although holidic diet experiments partially confirm the biological assays of resistance on plants, they also point out a lack in our understanding of the factors present in the sap which are involved in phagostimulation in vivo, thus preventing a complete interpretation of observed resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376409
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    Azadirachtin inhibits secretion of trypsin in midgut of Manduca sexta caterpillars: reduced growth due to impaired protein digestion (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 47-54 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Azadirachtin ; Manduca sexta ; growth ; feeding efficiency ; nitrogen utilisation ; proteinase ; trypsin ; allelochemicals ; antifeedant ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When given by injection to tobacco hornworm caterpillars, Manduca sexta, the allelochemical azadirachtin inhibits growth without reducing food intake. The growth reducing effect of azadirachtin is therefore in this case independent of the compound's well-known antifeedant effect. The cause of this reduced rate of growth is an increase in the costs associated with growth. These increased costs are largely a consequence of a decrease in the efficiency of utilisation of dietary nitrogen. This is associated with a drastic reduction in the activity of midgut trypsin. Azadirachtin has no effect on the activity of trypsin in vitro. Thus azadirachtin directly or indirectly inhibits the production of trypsin by the enzyme-secreting cells of the midgut wall; it is suggested that this is the cause of the increased costs and reduced rate of growth. The interesting parallel between this plant defence strategy and that of direct inhibition of herbivore proteinases by allelochemical proteinase inhibitors is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350345
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    Oviposition plant preference and offspring performance in the comma butterfly: correlations and conflicts (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 141-144 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Polygonia c-album ; Nymphalidae ; host-plant selection ; growth ; size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194743
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    Effects of bean and wheat α-amylase inhibitors on α-amylase activity and growth of stored product insect pests (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 237-244 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: amylase inhibitor ; red kidney bean ; hard red winter wheat ; growth ; insects ; beetles ; plant resistance ; stored products ; protease inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect α-amylase inhibiting and/or growth inhibiting activities of proteinaceous inhibitors from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined. The bean inhibitor was most effectivein vitro against α-amylases from the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and the confused flour beetle (T. confusum), followed by those from the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). The insect enzymes were from two- to 50-fold more susceptible than human salivary α-amylase. When the inhibitors were added at a 1% level to a wheat flour plus germ diet, the growth of red flour beetle larvae was slowed relative to that of the control group of larvae, with the bean inhibitor being more effective than the wheat inhibitor. Development of both the red flour beetle and flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes pusillus) was delayed by 1% bean inhibitor, but development of the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) was not affected by either the bean or wheat inhibitor at the 1% level. Rice weevil adults fed a diet containing 1% bean or wheat inhibitor exhibited more mortality than weevils fed the control diet. When the wheat amylase inhibitor was combined with a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, and fed to red flour beetle larvae, a reduction in the growth rate and an increase in the time required for adult eclosion occurred relative to larvae fed either of the inhibitors separately. The bean inhibitor was just as effective alone as when it was combined with the protease inhibitor. These results demonstrate that plant inhibitors of insect digestive enzymes act as growth inhibitors of insects and possibly as plant defense proteins, and open the way to the use of the genes of these inhibitors for genetically improving the resistance of cereals to storage pests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382258
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    Effects of natural and synthetic neuroactive substances on the growth and feeding of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 443-451 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: beta-carboline alkaloid ; Trichoplusia ni ; harmane ; harmaline ; amitriptyline ; imipramine ; monoamine oxidase inhibitor ; tricyclics ; growth ; feeding behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we investigated the effects of two naturally occurring beta-carboline alkaloids and two synthetic tricyclic antidepressants on the growth and food consumption of fifth instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In artificial diets at high concentrations (3,000 ppm), harmane, amitriptyline, and imipramine reduce growth and feeding; harmane reduced feeding consistently at a lower concentration (200 ppm). In animals other than insects, beta-carboline alkaloids inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and thus affect rates of disposition of serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmitters. Because brain serotonin levels are associated with variation in rates of carbohydrate and protein intake in insects, the effects of beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion on dietary self-selection behavior were examined. Choosing between diets lacking carbohydrate but containing protein and diets lacking protein but containing carbohydrate, larvae consumed a greater proportion of diet containing protein but lacking carbohydrate in the presence of harmane than in its absence. These results are consistent with beta-carboline alkaloid-mediated persistence of serotonin in the brain due to MAO inhibition. Alternatively, these results could reflect alkaloid-mediated peripheral inhibition of sucrose taste receptors influencing ingestive behaviors. That beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion is associated with changes in feeding behavior is consistent with a possible defensive role for these compounds in plant foliage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343467
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    The folliculostatins of two dipteran insect species, their relation to matrix proteins and prospects for practical applications (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 1-9 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect endocrinology ; ecdysone ; juvenile hormone ; reproduction ; growth ; inhibin ; oostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The first insect folliculostatic peptide was isolated from vitellogenic ovaries of the mosquitoAedes aegypti. This decapeptide directly inhibits trypsin biosynthesis in the gut, and indirectly ovarian development. The factor was named Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor or TMOF by its discoverers. From the fleshfly Neobellieria bullata 2 folliculostatins have been isolated, the hexapeptide Neb-TMOF and the 19-mer Neb-colloostatin. The available data suggest that at least 2 of the 3 folliculostatins originate from matrix (like) proteins present in the ovary, a hitherto unknown source of hormones. Furthermore, one of the folliculostatins (Neb-TMOF) is a potent inhibitor of ecdysone biosynthesis by larval ring glands of fleshflies. The discovery of the dipteran folliculostatins, which do not show any resemblance to inhibins of vertebrates, may significantly contribute to a better understanding of the hormonal control of growth in insects and perhaps, in other animals as well. None of the 3 folliculostatins is blocked at its N- or C-terminus. This, in combination with the pleiotropy of their effects and the narrow species specificity make such peptides prime candidates for, testing their potential in insect pest control by means of molecular biological methods.
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    Effects of potassium levels over the range occurring in host plants on the growth of an insect herbivore (Manduca sexta) (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 59-72 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Consumption ; food utilization efficiencies ; growth ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Manduca sexta ; Nicotiana tabacum ; potassium ; tobacco hornworm ; water regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Third instar tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta L.: Sphingidae) on low dietary potassium had a lower relative growth rate than individuals on diets with potassium concentrations reflecting those in host-plants, due to decreased consumption rate, lower efficiencies of conversion of ingested and digested food (ECI and ECD), and a prolonged growth/feeding phase. Furthermore, these larvae, when placed on a diet with a moderate potassium concentration through the fourth stadium, ended up being smaller due to lower ECI and less biomass gained, and had a prolonged growth phase, which suggest an irreversible cost of the previous low potassium diet. Third instar hornworms on high potassium diets had lower ECI and ECD, and they had a prolonged growth phase. These individuals, when placed on a moderate potassium diet in the fourth stadium, gained less biomass, than those previously offered hostplant-like-potassium diets. Body potassium concentrations (% dw) at the end of the third stadium were similar among treatment groups. With increasing potassium concentrations in the diet, utilization efficiencies of potassium decreased and potassium concentrations in the frass increased. Correspondingly, water content (% fw) of the newly-molted fourth instar larvae declined with increasing potassium, indicating a passive loss of water during potassium excretion. Low and high dietary potassium reduced survivorship of third instar larvae; fourth instar caterpillars previously fed the low potassium diet also had poor survivorship. We conclude that, within the normal range of potassium concentrations in the hostplants, caterpillar performance is largely unaffected by potassium concentration, but that potassium-poor and potassium-rich diets, such as those hornworms may sometimes experience, can reduce growth and survivorship.
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    Antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone and its analogs against larvae of Pieris brassicae (1989)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Antifeedant ; insecticide ; bisabolangelone ; analog ; feeding ; growth ; molting ; mortality ; sesquiterpenoid ; development ; phago-stimulant ; Pieris brassicae L. ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Angelica silvestris L. ; Umbelliferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bisabolangelone und drei Analoge wurden unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen auf ihre frasshemmende Wirkung in Raupen von Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) geprüft. Die Resultate von Zweifach-Wahlversuchen zeigten, dass sowohl die frasshemmende als auch die insektizide Wirkung von Bisabolangelone in den Analogen stark reduziert ist oder ganz verloren ging. Weitere Untersuchungen mit niedrigen Bisabolangelone-Dosen zeigten, dass das Fehlen von wohlschmeckender Nahrung zu einer drastischen Reduktion der Nahrungsaufnahme und des Wachstums der Raupen sowie zur Verhinderung der Häutung und zu hoher Mortalität führt. Deformationen, wie sie von bisabolangelone-behandelten Vorratsschädlingen gemeldet wurden, konnten bei P. brassicae nicht beobachtet werden.
    Notes: Abstract Bisabolangelone and three analogs were assayed, under laboratory conditions, for their antifeedant activity against Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) larvae. The results of dual-choice studies revealed that the potent antifeedant activity of bisabolangelone is greatly reduced or lost in the analogs. Insecticidal activity observed in the former was not detected either. Further studies using the lower rates of bisabolangelone showed that the absence of a preferable food resulted in a drastic reduction in feeding and growth, and produced high mortality and inhibition of molting. No developmental deformities reported in stored product insects treated with bisabolangelone were observed in P. brassicae during our studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00162857
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    Influence of larval dietary supply on the food consumption, food utilization efficiency, growth and development of the lacewingChrysoperla carnea (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Chrysoperla carnea ; food consumption ; growth ; development ; efficiency of food utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the common green lacewing,Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), were fed either an optimal or a suboptimal number of eggs of the mothAnagasta kuehniella (Zeller) in the first and/or second larval instar, or in all three larval instars. Parameters for the duration, growth, and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance (ECI) of each instar were established for seven different dietary regimes. Larvae that had a suboptimal food supply in the first instar had a significantly longer developmental time, gained significantly less weight, and had a slightly lower ECI in that instar larvae. Suboptimally-fed second less, but remained only slightly longer in that instar and had a similar ECI to optimally-fed second instar larvae. The developmental time of suboptimally-fed third instar larvae was similar to that of optimally-fed larvae of that stage. Whereas the growth of the former was significantly less than that of larvae optimally fed in that instar, the ECI of the former was significantly higher. Despite the relatively smaller size of larvae fed suboptimally in the first and/or second instar, when such larvae were subsequently supplied with an overabundance of prey eggs, they consumed approximately the same number of eggs during the remainder of their larval life as did larvae whose food supply had not been restricted previously. When larvae were allowed to consume different numbers of eggs in their third instar, their gain in weight and therefore the weights attained by the resulting adults (based on the weights of 3-day-old cocoons) had a highly significant positive correlation with the number of eggs consumed in this instar.
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    Invertebrate phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipases C and their role in cell signaling (1995)
    Springer
    Invertebrate neuroscience 1 (1995), S. 199-206 
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    ISSN: 1439-1104
    Keywords: phospholipase C ; inositol phosphate ; invertebrate vision ; olfaction ; growth ; differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: abstract Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC) is a family of enzymes that occupy a pivotal role in one of the largest classes of cellular signaling pathways known. Mammalian PLC enzymes have been divided into four major classes and a variety of subclasses based on their structural characteristics and immunological differences. There have been five invertebrate PLC-encoding genes cloned thus far and these fall within three of the four major classes used in categorizing mammalian PLC. Four of these invertebrate genes have been cloned fromDrosophila melanogaster and one is fromArtemia, a brine shrimp. Structural characteristics of the invertebrate enzymes include the presence of highly conserved Box X and Box Y domains found in major types of mammalian PLC as well as novel features. Two of the invertebrate PLC genes encode multiple splice-variant subtypes which is a newly emerging level of diversity observed in mammalian enzymes. Studies of the invertebrate PLCs have contributed to the identification of the physiological functions of individual isozymes. These identified roles include cellular processes such as phototransduction, olfaction, cell growth and differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02211021
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    Altitudinal variations in germination and growth responses ofReynoutria japonica populations on Mt Fuji to a controlled thermal environment (1993)
    Springer
    Ecological research 8 (1993), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: altitudinal gradient ; development ; germination ; growth ; Reynoutria japonica ; thermal environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The authors examined altitudinal variations in the thermal responses of seed germination and seedling growth inReynoutria japonica (=Polygonum cuspidatum) under controlled environmental conditions. Seed populations were collected from different altitudes on Mt Fuji in Japan. The mean seed weight of the upland populations (above 1500 m) was significantly (1.5-fold) heavier than that of the lowland populations (below 1400 m). Under the lowest temperature regime of 15/10°C (day/night) the upland populations showed a significantly higher percentage and speed of germination than the lowland populations; this was not significant under higher temperature regimes. These results indicate that the germination traits of the upland populations on Mt Fuji are favorable for colonization in their cold habitats (low temperature and short growing season). Growth and shoot development were compared between the seedlings grown from seeds collected at altitudes of 700 and 2420 m. The upland seedlings showed a significantly larger biomass and leaf area than the lowland seedlings at 15°C, but there was no difference at 25°C. The difference in biomass at 15°C was attributed to the difference in seed weight. The upland seedlings produced a significantly larger number of branches with smaller and more numerous leaves at both 15°C and 25°C. these developmental traits of the upland seedlings were considered to represent the adaptation of the life form to upland environments. It was concluded that theR. japonica populations along an altitudinal gradient on Mt Fuji can be classified into two ecotypes, whose distribution border lies at an altitude of about 1400–1500m. In this study, the seed weight and germination traits of twoR. japonica seed populations collected in Chiba Prefecture were briefly compared with those of the lowland populations on Mt Fuji.
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    Patterns and propensities in reproduction and growth of marine fishes (2000)
    Springer
    Ecological research 15 (2000), S. 101-106 
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    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: comparative ecology ; growth ; marine fish ; patterns ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A number of strong regularities characterize certain very basic biological parameters in marine fishes. For example, the ovulated eggs of fish usually measure approximately 1 mm in diameter. The small, relatively uniform size of the eggs means that almost all fish larvae experience environmental variability at very similar scales, which itself establishes strong constraints for, and links between reproduction and recruitment. Additional constraints emerge from seawater being a poor medium for respiration, which establishes further linkages between growth and mortality. These constraints have produced strongly convergent features, and thence the patterns in reproduction and growth of marine fishes that are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.2000.00321.x
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    Biomass relationship to growth and phosphate uptake ofPseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli andAcinetobacter radioresistens in mixed liquor medium (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1996), S. 364-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: biornass ; growth ; phosphate uptake ; Pseudomans fluorescens ; Escherichia coli ; Acinetobacter radioresistens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The ability ofPseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli andAcinetobacter radioresistenns to remove phosphate during growth was related to the initial biomass as well as to growth stages and bacterial species. Phosphate was removed by these bacteria under favourable conditions as well as under unfavourable conditions of growth. Experiments showed a relationship between a high initial cell density and phosphate uptake. More phosphate was released than removed when low initial cell densities (102–105 cells ml−1) were used. At a high initial biomass concentration (108 cells ml−1), phosphate was removed during the lag phase and during logarthmic growth byP. fluorescens. Escherichia coli. at high initial biomass concentrations (107 cells ml−1), accumulated most of the phosphate during the first hour of the lag phase and/or during logarithmic growth and in some cases removed a small quantily of phosphate during the stationary growth phase.Acinetobacter radioresistens, at high initial cell densities (106, 107 cells ml−1) removed most of phosphate during the first hour of the lag phase and some phosphate during the stationary growth phase.Pseudomonas fluorescens removed phosphate more thanA. radioresistens andE. coli with specific average ranges from 3.00–28.50 mg L−1 compared to average ranges of 4.92–17.14 mg L−1 forA. radioresistens and to average ranges of 0.50–8.50 mg L−1 forE. coli.
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    L'élevage de deux coccinelles Harmonia axyridis et Semiadalia undecimnotata à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella tués aux rayons ultraviolets (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 235-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coccinellidae ; Harmonia axyridis ; Semiadalia undecimnotata ; Aphids ; Acyrthosiphon pisum ; Pyralidae ; Anagasta kuehniella ; growth ; reproduction ; breeding ; natural prey ; unnatural prey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aphidophagous coccinellids Harmonia axyridis and Semiadalia undecimnotata were reared on eggs of the pyralid moth, Anagasta kuehniella during three generations previously killed by exposure to ultra violet radiation. Incidentally, these eggs are used for the mass production of Trichogramma. For H. axyridis larvae, this prey has the same nutritional value as the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (control). In adults, it causes an increase in reproductive activity which persisted during three generations. Decreased egg fertility is compensated for by stimulated oviposition. However, regardless of generations, the number of larvae produced per female per day remained equal to or became larger than the control. When the adults are transferred to aphid prey after 15 days of oviposition on the substitution food, a high level of fecundity is maintained and egg fertility improved, particulary during the last two generations. In S. undecimnotata, a specific aphid predator, preying on substitute prey is associated with prolonged pre-imaginal development and increased mortality, the latter affecting up to 50% of the larvae during the third generation. In adults, it induces a deterioration of the reproductive capacities (fecundity, fertility) which however seemed to improve during the third generation. Substitute prey has negative effect on these adults. At present, only H. axyridis might be considered for temporary mass production, as suggested by the results obtained at the end of the first generation.
    Notes: Résumé Les coccinelles aphidiphages Harmonia axyridis Pallas et Semiadalia undecimnotata Schneider (Coccinellidae) ont été élevées pendant trois générations à l'aide d'oeufs d'Anagasta kuehniella Zell. (Pyralidae) tués par une exposition à un rayonnement ultraviolet. Chez la première espèce, cette proie de substitution présente une valuer alimentaire comparable si ce n'est pas supérieure à celle du puceron Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Ces résultats permettent d'envisager, dès à présent, une production massive dans ces conditions trophiques. La mise en place d'un élevage continu dépend de l'évolution sur un grand nombre de générations de certains paramètres biologiques notamment de la fertilité des femelles. Chez la seconde espèce, une telle application paraît impossible pour l'instant.
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    The influence of OH groups on the growth of rhodium on alumina: a model study (2000)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 68 (2000), S. 19-24 
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    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: aluminum oxide ; hydroxyl groups ; rhodium ; growth ; scanning tunneling microscopy ; infrared spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate how the presence of surface hydroxyl groups on oxide surfaces affects the interaction with the supported metal, we have modified a well-ordered alumina film on NiAl(110) by Al deposition and subsequent exposure to water. This procedure yields a hydroxylated alumina surface as revealed by infrared and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy, we have studied the growth of rhodium on the modified film at 300 K. Clear differences in the particle distribution and density are observed in comparison to the clean substrate. While, in the latter case, decoration of domain boundaries as typical defects of the oxide film governs the growth mode, a more isotropic island distribution and a drastically increased particle density is found on the hydroxylated surface. From infrared data, it can be deduced that the growth is connected with the consumption of the hydroxyl groups due to the interaction between the metal deposit and the hydroxylated areas. This finding is in line with photoemission results published earlier.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019058714724
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    Sources of Sectoral Growth in an Economy Wide Context: The Case of U.S. Agriculture (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of productivity analysis 8 (1997), S. 293-310 
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    ISSN: 1573-0441
    Keywords: growth ; USagriculture ; externalities ; spill-overs ; public R and D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth in U.S. agriculture is linked to the non-farm economy through domestic terms of trade and factor market adjustments. With almost stable input growth, the relatively large contributions from growth in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are passed on to intermediate and final consumers in the form of declining real prices for primary farm products. The resulting net growth in the real value of farm output (GDP) is relatively low (0.25% per annum). The decomposition of TFP suggests that public agricultural stock of knowledge and infrastructure are “robustly” associated with TFP growth, while spill-overs from private agricultural and economy wide research and development (R and D) are positive but, relatively small.
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    The transition from physical infrastructure to infostructure: infrastructure as a modernising agent in Singapore (1999)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 49 (1999), S. 279-288 
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    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: globalisation ; growth ; information technology ; infrastructure ; knowledge ; modernisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study examines the modernising role played by infrastructure and the transition of emphasis from physical infrastructure to knowledge-based infostructure as a source of economic growth in Singapore, noting the factors behind the change in strategy. Occupying a strategic sea route location and serving a resource-rich hinterland, Singapore inherited from the old British empire a well-established infrastructure when it achieved self-government in 1959. Since 1965, Singapore's development has been led by a pro-business developmentalist government, and strongly linked to technological advances in the West on which it also relies heavily for its exports and multinational corporation investments. From the 1980s, the government has launched a series of pro-IT plans to prepare the city-state's transition to an `intelligent island', and a regional hub for high-technology, and international financial transactions, a full-swing state-initiated strategy to leap from a semi-peripheral economy to be part of the developed core, and enhance its status to that of a world city. Despite barriers, some positive results have been observed. In terms of IT's spatial effect, it is largely overshadowed by the predeterministic long-term plans of the state's powerful planning authority.
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    Zinc and human development: A review (1975)
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    Human ecology 3 (1975), S. 43-57 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: zinc ; nutrition ; growth ; central nervous system malformations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract In the last few years, considerable evidence has been obtained regarding the importance of zinc in human nutrition. Zinc is an important component of many metalloenzymes and is also required for metabolism of nucleic acids and synthesis of protein. Human requirements for zinc vary at different times in development, but appear to be particularly high during embryonic life, during periods of rapid growth, and during pregnancy. Although zinc is widely distributed in foods, a number of types of diets appear to be deficient or marginal in terms of available zinc. In addition, there is physiological loss of zinc in bleeding and sweating which may lead to low levels of body zinc. A syndrome characterized by markedly retarded growth and sexual development that occurs in the Middle East has been shown to be due to zinc deficiency. This syndrome is reviewed. It is thought that the zinc deficiency syndrome is only one end of a continuum of growth-related problems associated with low levels of physiologically available zinc. In rats, zinc deficiency during pregnancy has been shown to lead to congenital malformations in a large percentage of the offspring. A number of these malformations involve the central nervous system. We have suggested that epidemiological data support the possible importance of maternal zinc deficiency as an etiological factor in human CNS malformations. These data are discussed.
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    The determination of the age and growth of SE Asian mangrove seedlings from internodal counts (1999)
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 3 (1999), S. 251-257 
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    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: Avicennia alba ; growth ; internodal sequences ; mangrove age determination ; Rhizophora apiculata ; Sonneratia caseolaris ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of periodic changes in the length of the internodes of the seedlings of SE Asian mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris) growing in the Pak Phanang estuary (Nakhon Si Thammarat, SE Thailand) was confirmed. The annual nature of these periodic changes was verified through comparisons with the observed average number of internodes produced by plants tagged for one year. The cycles in the sequence of internodal length of the seedlings had an average (± SE) period of 16.0 ± 0.78 internodes for Avicennia alba, 25.0 ± 1.2 internodes for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 8.29 ± 0.40 internodes for Rhizophora apiculata. These values are remarkably close to, and not significantly different (t‐test, P 〉 0.05) from the average (± SE) annual number of internodes of 17.6 ± 0.8 for Avicennia alba, 28.8 ± 2.1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 8.03 ± 0.36 for Rhizophora apiculata produced in a year by tagged plants. In addition, the average (± SE) growth of the tagged plants was 0.39 ± 0.018 cm day-1 for Avicennia alba, 0.24 ± 0.015 cm day-1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 0.091 ± 0.0036 cm day-1 for Rhizophora apiculata. These estimates were very close to those (0.45 ± 0.06 cm day-1 for Avicennia alba, 0.32 ± 0.01 cm day-1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 0.13 ± 0.005 cm day-1 for Rhizophora apiculata) derived as the product of the mean number of internodes produced per day, calculated from the inferred number of internodes produced per year, and the mean length of the internodes of the plants. These findings indicate that the use of regular, annual changes in the length of the internodes of mangrove seedlings can be used reliably to determine their age and to estimate their growth rate.
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    Growth and Characterization of TlBaCaCuO Thin Films (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of superconductivity 11 (1998), S. 135-138 
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    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: Superconductor ; thallium ; Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O ; film ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We discuss two methods tor the ex-situ furnace growth of pure TIBaCaCuO superconducting thin films on LaAlO3(100) substrates. The traditional approach of “crucible processing” is used to grow high-quality films of several of the TIBaCaCuO phases. “Two-zone processing” promises greater thermodynamic control, yet film properties from optimized films are not as good as those grown from crucibles. The transport kinetics of Tl-oxide vapor from a source to the film surface appears to be a dominant factor. The best results are from single-phase Tl-1212 and Tl-2212 thin films. Tc's are high and sharp, Jc's 〉 1 × 107 A/cm2 at 5 K, and surface morphologies are relatively smooth.
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    Multifractal percolation and growth in intermittent media (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 87 (1997), S. 607-611 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Scaling ; percolation ; growth ; intermittency ; moments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Havlin-Bunde multifractal hypothesis for the probability density of a random walker is used to obtain the scaling law of thepth-order correlation function of the concentration (for percolation) and of the height (for growing surfaces) differences:c p (r)=〈|Θ(x+r)−Θ(x)| p 〉∼r ς p in intermittent media. It is shown that near the transition to homogeneity σ p =A p In(p/p o)(whereA andp 0 are some constants). Good agreement with recent experiments and computer simulations of different authors is established.
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    On critical phenomena in interacting growth systems. Part I: General (1994)
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    Journal of statistical physics 74 (1994), S. 91-109 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Random process ; local interaction ; critical phenomena ; invariant distribution ; growth ; eroder ; convexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Components which are placed in a finite or infinite space have integer numbers as possible states. They interact in a discrete time in a local deterministic way, in addition to which all the components' states are incremented at every time step by independent identically distributed random variables. We assume that the deterministic interaction function is translation-invariant and monotonic and that its values are between the minimum and the maximum of its arguments. Theorems 1 and 2 (based on propositions which we give in a separate Part II), give sufficient conditions for a system to have an invariant distribution or a bounded mean. Other statements, proved herein, provide background for them by giving conditions when a system has no invariant distribution or the mean of its components' states tends to infinity. All our main results use one and the same geometrical criterion.
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    Growth and macromolecular content of the dimorphic fungus Aureobasidium pullulans and the effect of hydroxyurea and other inhibitors (1988)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 54 (1988), S. 75-84 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Aureobasidium pullulans ; Pullularia pullulans ; dimorphism ; growth ; macromolecules ; hydroxyurea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The growth kinetics and the macromolecular content of the yeast and ethanol-induced hyphal forms of Aureobasidium pullulans were studied. During the morphological transition from yeasts to hyphae, both the protein and RNA content decreased significantly, the mycelial form containing only 76% of the amount of protein in the yeasts, and 38% of the RNA. The DNA was the only component tested whose level increased during the transition. Among several compounds inhibiting macromolecular synthesis, only hydroxyurea showed a remarkable effect on the morphology of A. pullulans, inducing the mycelial morphology. The macromolecular composition of hydroxyurea-treated cultures changed with time in a way similar to that of the ethanol-Tween 80-ammonia medium, and to that of carbon-starved cultures, without ethanol or glucose.
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    Life cycle and parasitic interaction of the lizard-parasitizing mite Ophionyssus galloticolus (Acari: Gamasida: Macronyssidae), with remarks about the evolutionary consequences of parasitism in mites (2000)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 24 (2000), S. 597-613 
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    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Gallotia ; Lacertidae ; Ophionyssus ; parasitic mites ; ontogeny ; growth ; Canary Islands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wild-caught specimens of the lacertid lizard Gallotia galloti eisentrauti from the Canary Island of Tenerife were checked for ectoparasites. The parasitic gamasid mite Ophionyssus galloticolus Fain and Bannert (2000) was very abundant on these lizards. Additionally, parasitism by larvae of two species of Trombiculidae (Prostigmata: Parasitengona) was observed. O. galloticolus was reared in the laboratory on its natural host in order to investigate its life cycle, reproductive biology, and development. The life history of O. galloticolus is documented in detail and compared to literature data of other Ophionyssus species. O. galloticolus was found to be similar to other species of the same genus with respect to the duration of development, the precopulatory association of protonymphs, and the arrhenotokous development of eggs. However, it seems to be more tolerant towards low relative humidity and longer starvation periods than other Ophionyssus species. Evolutionary transformations of the life-history pattern of this genus and other parasitic mites in comparison to its predatory precursors involve a reduction or partial suppression of ontogenetic instars in order to decrease mortality during host-seeking phases, and a compensating increase in growth capacity of the remaining feeding instars facilitated by replacement of sclerites through elastic cuticle or by growth of new cuticle unrelated to a moult (neosomy).
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    Hydrates in the ocean and evidence for the location of hydrate formation (1996)
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    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: amorphous silica ; carbon dioxide ; clathrates ; growth ; hydrates ; hypothesis ; natural gas ; nucleation ; ocean ; sodium dodecyl sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract There is substantial evidence that the oceans of the world will pose the most important challenges in the area of hydrate formation. This work indicates three areas of concern for hydrate formation in the ocean: (1) deposits of natural gas in ocean hydrates, which will serve as an energy resource and environmental concern in the next tnillenium, (2) a recent proposal for the ocean storage of carbon dioxide in the form of hydrates, and (3) the prevention of hydrate formation in ocean pipelines. To address such applications, fundamental knowledge on the site of hydrate formation was determined. Results are presented for quiescent, high-pressure experiments done in a sapphire tube to determine the site of hydrate formation in deionized water and in mixtures with amorphous silica and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Visual (microscope aided) results are presented for formation with a typical gas mixture and with carbon dioxide.
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    Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis and growth in plant pathogenic fungi in vitro (1996)
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    Mycopathologia 133 (1996), S. 95-103 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: phytopathogenic fungi ; growth ; polyamines ; polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors ; difluoromethylornithine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Polyamine (PA) biosynthesis inhibitors, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), methylglyoxal bis-(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) and bis-(cyclohexylammonium) sulphate (BCHA) have been tested for their effects on colony diameters at different intervals after inoculation of four plant pathogenic fungi (Helminthosporium oryzae, Curvularia lunata, Pythium aphanidermatum and Colletotrichum capsici). All these inhibitors, except DFMA had strongly retarded the growth of four fungi in a dose- and species-dependent fashion, and H. oryzae and C. lunata were found to be most sensitive to the effects of PA inhibitors. P. aphanidermatum and C. capsici were relatively insensitive and required rather high concentrations of inhibitors to get greater inhibition of mycelial growth, except DFMA which had stimulatory effect on the growth of these two fungi. However DFMA had greatly suppressed the growth of H. oryzae and C. lunata. The effect was generally more pronounced with MGBG than with DFMO and BCHA, and 1 mM Put completely prevented the inhibitory effects of 1 and 5 mM DFMO. Analysis of free and conjugated PAs in two sensitive fungi (H. oryzae and C. lunata) revealed that Put was present in highest concentrations followed by Spd and Spm and their levels were greatly reduced by DFMO application, and such inhibitions were totally reversed by exogenously supplied Put; in fact, PA titers were considerably increased by 1 mM Put alone and in combination with 1 mM DFMO. These results suggest that PA inhibitors, particularly DFMO and MGBG may be useful as target-specific fungicides in plants.
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    A vitamin-free minimal synthetic medium forCryptococcus neoformans (1996)
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    Mycopathologia 133 (1996), S. 139-142 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Cryptococcus neoformans ; growth ; medium ; physiology ; thiamine ; vitamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The use of a simple synthetic medium is essential for study on the growth and physiology ofCryptococcus neoformans. In the present study, a minimal synthetic liquid medium (MSM) was tested for the growth of 23C. neoformans strains. This medium contained a low concentration of glucose, ammonium sulphate and inorganic salts with a pH value of 4.5, but no amino acids or vitamins. The strains were starved for 4 days to eliminate nutrients which might have been carried over from their pre-culture medium. Then, they were inoculated in the MSM at an initial OD of 0.020 at 550 nm and incubated at 37 °C for 20 days. Cell growth was generally monitored daily by measuring the absorbance at 550 nm. The medium supported the growth of the strains tested and gave an average final OD of 0.500. The results obtained indicate thatC. neoformans may be autotrophic with respect to vitamins and in particular to thiamine. The MSM medium is easy to prepare and store. It is highly reproducible and useful for studies on the growth and physiology ofC. neoformans.
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    The growth of Epidermophyton floccosum and E. stockdaleae at different temperatures (1990)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 112 (1990), S. 157-163 
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    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Epidermophyton floccosum ; E. stockdaleae ; growth ; incubation temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ability of 17 strains of genus Epidermophyton (15 strains belonging to Epidermophyton floccosum, one to E. floccosum var. nigricans and one to E. stockdaleae) to grow at different temperatures (4 °C, 25 °C, 28 °C, 31 °C, 34 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C) was stated. The strains were inoculated on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and regularly controled over a period of 14 days when the plates were incubated at 25 °C, 28 °C, 31 °C, 34 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C, and over a period of 70 days when the temperature was 4 °C. The optimal growth of E. floccosum was observed at 28 °C and 31 °C, and no signs of growth were recorded neither at 4 °C nor at 40 °C. The optimal development of E. stockdaleae was observed at 25 °C and 28 °C. This species grew from 4 °C to 31 °C.
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    A growing 2D spherulite and calculus of variations Part II: A 2D spherulite of polypropylene in a linear temperature field (1991)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 269 (1991), S. 695-703 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: 2D spherulire ; growth ; linear temperature field ; calculus of variations ; theory and experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A 2D spherulite grows in a linear-temperature field from a nucleus of polypropylene at (0,0). The growth lines and the growth fronts are computed by the calculus of variations. The agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory
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    A growing 2D spherulite and calculus of variations Part I: A 2D spherulite in a linear field of growth rate (1991)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 269 (1991), S. 689-694 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: 2D spherulite ; growth ; field of growth rate ; calculus of variations ; linear growth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We propose to take the calculus of variations in order to compute the shape of a growing 2D spherulite in an uniaxial field of growth rate. We are concerned with the growth line (a path that is traveled in the shortest possible time from nucleus to a point (x1, y1), where a molecule just crystallizes) and the growth front (the times between spherulite and supercooled material). The Euler differential equation—a result of the calculus of variations—is derived for all uniaxial growth ratesv (x). Here we especially investigatev(x)=px+q.
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    Crystallization of polymers in variable external conditions (1996)
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    Colloid & polymer science 274 (1996), S. 209-217 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Crystallization ; nucleation ; growth ; non-isothermal crystallization ; thermal nucleation ; athermal nucleation ; transient effects ; relaxation times
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A new model of crystallization kinetics in variable external conditions has been developed. The model concerns situations when temperature, pressure, stress, change in time. Compared to earlier models, the present treatment includes transient and athermal effects, proportional to the rate of change of the external conditions. The model can be used for simulation of crystallization in industrial processes (injection molding, fiber spinning, film blowing). The present paper offers general theoretical fundamentals of the model. Applications concerning more specific cases will be published separately.
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    Experimental study of shear-induced crystallization of an impact polypropylene copolymer (1996)
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    Colloid & polymer science 274 (1996), S. 197-208 
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    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Shear-induced crystallization ; nucleation ; growth ; overall kinetics ; polymer ; polypropylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The crystallization kinetics of polypropylene was observed during shear and after shear experiments under isothermal condition. The crystallizations were performed in a plate-plate and a fiber pull-out device. The nucleation density, the crystalline growth and the overall kinetics were measured and compared with data obtained in a similar way but during static experiments. The morphologies are spherulitic and formed from nuclei which seem to be randomly distributed. α-phase spherulites are always observed but with a nucleation density and a growth rate which depend on shearrate. The nucleation density is strongly enhanced by shear and acts as the main factor on the overall kinetics. The overall kinetics can be analyzed with a two-step Avrami model, where an Avrami exponentn 1 with a very high value is always observed first after shear and a more usual parametern 2 for the subsequent crystallization period. This high value ofn 1 seems to be related to the strong enhancement of nucleation density. The growth rate increases with the shear-rate, but the basic growth mechanisms do not seem to be modified. For crystallizations after shear the growth rate decreases with a long-time delay after shear but not down to the static value. The effect is characteristic of a partial relaxation of chain orientation after shear but with a very unusual time constant.
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    Convergence across industrialised countries (1890–1989): new results using time series methods (1999)
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 23-44 
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    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Cointegration ; convergence ; growth ; Kalman filter ; JEL classifications: C22 ; O47 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Kalman filter convergence tests are applied to annual GDPs per head to 16 industrialised countries from 1890 to 1989. Results favour convergence towards the US with a structural break following the Second World War. Estimates suggest that steady-states were higher after the war and that speeds of convergence are different across countries. The Kalman filter method dismissed the no convergence hypothesis more often than its ADF counterpart. This could explain the apparent contradiction in earlier empirical work on similar data sets (cross-section methods tended to favour convergence while time series methods were unable to dismiss the no convergence hypothesis.)
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    Einflüsse purinreicher Ernährung auf Gewichtsentwicklung, Kataboliten im Blutplasma und den Harnsäuretransport von Erythrozyten — eine Modellstudie an Hunden (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: purinreiche Nahrung ; Wachstum ; Metaboliten ; Harnsäuretransport ; Hund ; purine-rich diet ; growth ; metabolites ; uric acid transport ; dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a nutritional tolerance study 36 young dogs were fed over 52 weeks high or low purine diets at an average paired feeding intake of 0.6 and 80 mg purine-N/MJ per day. The high purine diet resulted in a significant decrease of growth rate by −23 % (Beagles) and −38 % (Dalmatians) and of feed efficiency (−29 and −42 %). The fasting levels of allantoin, uric acid and uracil in blood plasma were significantly increased. During the experiment a metabolic adaptation to the high purine diet decreased the plasma concentrations of uric acid, uracil and in part of allantoin. The high purine diet effected a significant increase of Km (2.5-fold) and of Vmax (1.6-fold) of uric transport through the erythrocyte membrane. The results documented disadvantageous effects of high purine nutrition during juvenile development.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer Verträglichkeitsstudie erhielten 36 junge Hunde über 52 Wochen eine purinreiche oder purinarme Diät mit durchschnittlich 6 bzw. 80 mg Purin-N/MJ pro Tag bei gruppengleicher Aufnahme („paired feeding“). Die Hochpurin-Diät führte zu einer signifikanten Verminderung der Gewichtsentwicklung um −23% (Beagles) bzw. −38% (Dalmatiner) und der Futterverwertung (−29 bzw. −42%) sowie zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Nüchternwerte von Allantoin, Harnsäure und Uracil im Blutplasma. Während der Versuchsdauer machte sich eine metabolische Adaptation an die Hochpurin-Diät mit signifikanter Erniedrigung von Harnsäure, Uracil und teils auch Allantoin im Plasma bemerkbar. Die Hochpurin-Diät bewirkte eine signifikante Zunahme der Km (2,6fach) und Vmax (1,6fach) des Harnsäuretransports durch die Erythrozytenmembran. Die Ergebnisse belegen nachteilige Effekte purinreicher Ernährung während der Jugendentwicklung.
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    Effects of porcine somatotropin on the chemical body composition and fat quality in growing-finishing pigs (1997)
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 294-298 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Body composition ; fat ; growth ; somatotropin ; pig ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Fett ; Wachstum ; Somatotropin -Schwein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 78 männlichen Kastraten und weiblichen Schweinen der Kreuzung Pietrain x (Deutsches Edelschwein x Deutsche Landrasse) wurden Untersuchungen zum Einfluß einer porcinen Somatotropin (pST)-Behandlung während des Wachstums auf die chemische Körperzusammensetzung der Tiere, das Adipozyten-Wachstum und das Fettsäure-Profil des Rückenspecks untersucht. Die intramuskulären Injektionen (1 oder 3 mg pST) wurden täglich ab durchschnittlich 65 kg Lebendgewicht bis zum Schlachten verabreicht. Nach der pST-Behandlung wurden bei den Kastraten in allen untersuchten Merkmalen signifikante Unterschiede festgestellt, während sich bei den weiblichen Tieren nur leichte Reaktionen zeigten. Das pST verursachte eine Zunahme des Wasserund Proteingehaltes bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung des Lipidgehaltes besonders in den fettreichen Körperteilen der Tiere. Im Rückenspeck war der Gehalt an ungesättigten Fettsäuren erhöht und der Fettzelldurchmesser erniedrigt.
    Notes: Summary Seventy eight growing-finishing pigs (male castrates and females) of the cross-breed Pietrain x (Large White x German Landrace) were used to investigate the effects of pST treatment on the chemical composition of the body, the growth of adipocytes, and the fatty acid profile of the backfat. Intramuscular injections (1 or 3 mg pST) were administered daily from an average weight of 65 kg up to slaughter. After pST treatment significant changes in all studied characteristics were observed in barrows, whereas the females exhibited very small responses. The pST caused an increase of water and protein contents and a simultaneous decrease of lipid content especially in body parts rich in fat. Furthermore, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased and the fat cell diameter decreased in the backfat.
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    Nutrient intake and protein metabolism: responses to feeding (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
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    Lipaemia and liver composition in pregnant rats consuming olive oil and olive oil used for frying (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 205-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Frying ; growth ; liver lipids ; lipaemia ; olive oil ; pregnancy ; rat ; Fritierung ; Wachstum ; Leberfett ; Olivenöl ; Schwangerschaft ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Informartionen über den Zusammenhang zwischen der Aufnahme von Fett, das zum Fritieren benutzt wurde, und dem Fetthaushalt während Perioden starken Körperaufbaus zu haben, wurde der Einfluß der Aufnahme von frischem Olivenöl (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen, 2 %; Ölsäure 78,9 mg/100 mg Öl, und Linolsäure 7 mg/100 mg Öl) und von Olivenöl, das 15 mal in Folge für das Fritieren von Kartoffeln benutzt worden war (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen 9 %; Ölsäure 75,8 mg/100mg Öl und Linolsäure 6,2 mg/100mg Öl) während der Gravidität, untersucht. Dazu wurden trächtige Wistar Ratten in zwei Gruppen geteilt, die beide eine isokalorische Diät bekamen, deren Fettanteil 15 % von frischem (unbenutztem) (P1) bzw. fritiertem (benutztem) (P2) Olivenöl stammte mit nicht trächtigen Ratten verglichen. Die Gravidität erhöhte (p〈0,01) die Futteraufnahme, das Körpergewicht, die Gewichtszunahmen und die Futterverwertung. Die Ölqualität beeinflußte dagegen diese Parameter nicht. Während der Gravidität stiegen die Serumwerte der Triglyceride (TG) (p〈0,01) und des Cholesterins (TC) (p〈0,05) an, während die der Phosphatide (PH) sanken (p〈0,01). Ein signifikanter Effekt der Ölqualität und eine Wechselwirkung zwischen Gravidität und Öl wurde für TG und PH festgestellt. Das Gewicht und der Fettgehalt der Leber der trächtigen Ratten stiegen signifikant an (p.〈0.05), Leber TC, TG und PH stiegen während der Gravidität (ungefähr um das 3-fache der Ausgangswerte), aber es traten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der Aufnahme von benutztem und nicht benutztem Öl (P2 vs P1) auf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Aufnahme von leicht verdorbenem Olivenöl als alleinige Fettquelle der Nahrung keine besonderen Folgen für die Gravidität hat, was die Gewichtszunahme der Mütter und der Feten, die Lipämie und die Zusammensetzung des Leberfetts betrifft.
    Notes: Summary The effect of the consumption of unused olive oil (polar content, 2 %; oleic acid, 78.9 mg/100 mg oil, and linoleic acid 7 mg/100 mg oil) and olive oil used discontinuously for frying potatoes 15 times (polar content, 9 %; oleic acid, 75.8 mg/100 mg oil and linoleic acid 6.2 mg/100 mg oil) was studied in pregnant rats with the aim of better understanding the relationship between the consumption of fat used in frying and lipid metabolism during periods of intense anabolism. Trials were performed in pregnant Wistar rats, divided into 2 groups and fed isocaloric diets in which the fat content (15 % wt/wt) consisted of unused olive oil (P1) or oil previously used for frying (P2), and the results were compared with those of nonpregnant rats fed unused olive oil (NP1) and olive oil used for frying (NP2). Pregnancy increased (p〈0.01) food intake, body weight, weight gain, and food efficiency ratio (P2 vs NP2 and P1 vs NP1, respectively), but the treatment of oil included in the diets did not alter these parameters. Gestation significantly increased the serum triglyceride (TG) (p〈0.01) and total cholesterol (TC) (p〈0.05) concentrations and diminished that of phospholipids (PH) (p〈0.01). A significant effect of the type of oil consumed and a pregnancy x oil interaction on Tg and PH levels was observed. The weight of the liver and its fat content increased significantly (p〈0.05) as a result of pregnancy. Liver TC, TG, and PH increased (approximately 3 times the original values) during gestation, but no significant differences due to the intake of used or unused oil (P2 vs P1) were observed. The results indicate that the consumption of moderately altered olive oil, as the sole source of fat, does not alter the effect of pregnancy on the mothers' weight gain, lipaemia, and hepatic fat composition to any important degree.
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    Partitioning of fat and protein in energy retention of growing animals (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
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    Fertility, growth and the financing of public education and health (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: H42 ; J 13 ; O 11 ; Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573073
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    Immigration, assimilation and growth (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 273-291 
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    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: F22 ; O3 ; J61 ; Key words: Immigration ; assimilation ; growth ; diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper analyzes the welfare effects of immigration and its subsequent effect on ethnic diversity in a model featuring human capital spillovers which depend on the degree of ethnic heterogeneity, variation rates of time preference across individuals and endogenous levels of immigration and assimilation. In the model, an increase in ethnic diversity reduces the spillovers effect for the majority. Nonetheless, immigration can be welfare improving for the majority ethnic group even if it increases the degree of diversity as long as it raises the average human capital level and/or growth rate by increasing the proportion of people with low rates of time preference. However, if an economy is too homogenous, it will not be able to attract immigrants. Finally, if the level of immigration is not too high, then immigration also raises the net benefits to assimilation which leads to a more homogenous economy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050069
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    Endogenous fertility, mortality and growth (1998)
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 517-534 
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    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; mortality ; growth ; JEL classification: J13 ; O41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Economic and demographic outcomes are determined jointly in a choice-theoretic model of fertility, mortality and capital accumulation. There is an endogenous population of reproductive agents who belong to dynastic families of overlapping generations connected through altruism. In addition to choosing savings and births, parents may reduce (infant) deaths by incurring expenditures on health-care which is also provided by the government. A generalised production technology accounts for long-run endogenous growth with short-run transitional dynamics. The analysis yields testable time series and cross-section implications which accord with the empirical evidence on the relationship between demography and development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050082
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    Fertility, growth and the financing of public education and health (1996)
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    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome. JEL classification: H42, J13, O11
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573073
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    Education funding and regional convergence (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of population economics 13 (2000), S. 403-424 
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    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: O41 ; F22 ; Key words: Altruism ; education ; growth ; convergence ; capital mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this paper is to discuss the process of regional convergence within the framework of an overlapping generations model in which the engine of growth is the accumulation of human capital. In particular, we consider different education funding systems and compare their performance in terms of growth rates and pace of convergence between two heterogeneous regions. The analysis suggests that the choice of a particular education system incorporates a possible trade-off between long run growth rate and short run convergence. In such choice, the initial capital stock and the extent of regional human capital discrepancy appear as central variables.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050144
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    The nutritional ecology of larvae of Alsophila pometaria and Anisota senatoria feeding on early- and late-season oak foliage (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notes: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
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    Assessment of Hg2+ toxicity to a N2-fixing cyanobacterium in long- and short-term experiments (1992)
    Springer
    BioMetals 5 (1992), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Hg2+ toxicity ; cyanobacterium ; Nostoc calcicola ; growth ; photopigments ; nucleic acids ; photosynthesis ; membrane integrity ; nutrient uptake ; enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Toxicological responses of the filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteriumNostoc calcicola Bréb. towards Hg2+ were studied to enumerate the decisive lethal events. In low-dose, long-term experiments (0.05–0.25 μm Hg2+, 10 days), photoautotrophic growth was severely inhibited with concurrent loss of photosynthetic pigments (phycocyanin〉chlorophyll α〉carotenoids) and nucleic acids. The termination of growth after a day 4 exposure to 0.25 μm Hg2+ has been attributed to the complete inhibition ofin vivo photosynthetic activity in the cyanobacterium (O2 evolution〉14CO2 incorporation). The elevated Hg2+ concentrations irreversibly damaged the cell membrance as observed under light microscopy, and as indicated by the leakage of intracellular electrolytes and phycocyanin. In high-dose, short-term experiments (0.5–20.0 μm Hg2+, up to 6 h), thein vivo activities of selected enzymes (glutamine synthetase 〉 nitrate reductase 〉 nitrogenase) were less inhibited by Hg2+ than the uptake of nutrient ions (NH 4 + 〉NO 3 − 〉PO 4 3− ).
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    Effect of copper on cellular processes in higher plants (1997)
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    Photosynthetica 34 (1997), S. 321-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: genetic apparatus ; growth ; oxidative enzymes ; photosynthetic apparatus ; senescence ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Copper (Cu) is a heavy metal which in recent studies has been attributed an increasing role in metabolic processes of plant cells. It is an indispensable component of oxidative enzymes or of particular structural components of cells. At elevated concentrations, Cu can act strongly on chromatin, the photosynthetic apparatus, growth, and senescence processes. The mechanisms of the metal toxicity depending largely on the growth stage of treated plants are presented in this review.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006818815528
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    Influence of dietary soybean trypsin inhibitors and DL-ethionine on sulfur amino acid adequacy of diets for young rats (1992)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 42 (1992), S. 337-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Trypsin inhibitors ; ethionine ; Wistar rats ; growth ; sulfur amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Weanling male Wistar rats were fed 20% protein diets based on casein or either of two combinations of soy protein isolate and ground raw soy providing three levels of soybean trypsin inhibitors (SBTI; 0,448 and 808 mg of trypsin inhibited per 100g of diet respectively). DL-ethionine was included at three levels (0,0.05% and 0.10%) with each level of SBTI. After 4, 8 and 12 weeks ofad libitum feeding, diets containing SBTI without DL-ethionine were associated with decreases in weight gain, feed efficiency, serum cholesterol and serum urea nitrogen. Higher levels of triglycerides, glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and altered serum free amino acid levels were also found. Increased dietary levels of DL-ethionine also resulted in deficits in growth and feed efficiency, decreased serum cholesterol, increased SGPT and similar alterations in serum free amino acids. Combination of dietary SBTI with DL-ethionine resulted in even greater growth deficits and serum cholesterol decreases as well as increases in SGPT and serum triglycerides and changes in serum free amino acid levels. Methionine deficiency in the young rats fed SBTI and DL-ethionine was indicated by the changes in serum amino acids and growth deficits. Moderation of some effects over the 12 week test period suggested decreased methionine requirements in the older rats.
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    Effects of raw soy flour feeding in weanling pigs: comparison with rats and monkeys (1985)
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 35 (1985), S. 331-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: raw soy flour ; heated soy flour ; casein ; growth ; pancreatic enzymes ; RNA ; DNA ; rats ; pigs ; monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Feeding of raw and heated soy flour (RSF & HSF) for 4 or 8 weeks to weanling swine was compared with feeding of casein diets. There was essentially no growth in pigs fed RSF, whereas body weight increased 4.5 fold over 8 weeks with either casein or HSF. No change in pancrease weight as percent body weight was found in any group in either experiment. Both total pancreatic RNA and DNA were decreased in RSF groups, although RNA and DNA/mg pancreas were increased by the RSF diets. Total pancreatic protein, as well as protein/mg, were decreased in RSF-fed pigs compared to casein and HSF. Pancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and amylase, and fecal trypsin were decreased in RSF-fed pigs to varying degrees compared to either HSF or casein. HSF and casein performance was equivalent in all parameters measured. Results of these experiments are compared with results of feeding similar diets to rats and monkeys.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092202
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    Growth, liver composition, and calcium balance of rats fed sorghum supplemented with two levels of beans (1987)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 37 (1987), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: sorghum-based diets ; growth ; calcium balance ; rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A 35-day experimental study consisting of 28-day growth and 7-day calcium (Ca) balance periods was conducted to assess the effects of fibre and N ratios on growth and Ca balance of rats. Growth and Ca balance of rats (45–80 g) fed mixtures of cooked (CS) and uncooked (RS) sorghum and dehulled (DB) and undehulled (UB) bean were studied. The diets contained 10% protein. Casein served as the control protein. The control group ate more food except for the group fed the CS:DU (60:40) diets (P〈0.05) had higher values for all parameters tested than the test groups. There were increases in food and Ca intakes, fecal Ca, weight gain, protein efficiency ration (PER), liver weight and composition except for the low moisture value for the CS:DS (60:40) group when N ratios were changed from 80:20 to 60:40. These results appear to indicate that fiber and N ratio had significant effects on growth liver composition and calcium balance of the rats.
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    Effect of high protein rice on nitrogen retention and growth of preschool children on a rice-based diet (1981)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 31 (1981), S. 97-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: children ; growth ; high protein rice ; nitrogen retention ; rice-based diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of high protein milled rices (IR480-5-9 and IR2153-338-3, 10% protein) on the nitrogen retention and growth of preschool Indian children was assessed in two feeding trials in a residential home. The children were offered, ad libitum, a rice-based diet in four meals daily without vitamin and mineral supplement. The children in the experimental group were given the high protein rice; those in the control group were given a local rice (7% protein). The groups had similar percent apparent digestibility and retention of dietary nitrogen. Statistically significant differences in increase in height and weight between the two groups were not consistently observed at the end of 4.5 to 5 months or 1 year. Possible factors contributing to these results are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01094034
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    Effect of incorporating ragi (Eleusine Coracana) husk in semisynthetic diets (1983)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 33 (1983), S. 279-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Ragi husk ; N-retention ; growth ; body composition ; feed efficiency ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of including ragi husk in the diet, at the 8 per cent level, on growth and body composition of pair-fed albino rats was studied. Even on equal food intake by both control as well as the experimental animals, the incorporation of ragi husk promoted better growth, nitrogen retention and protein efficiency ratio. Protein content of the carcass and liver of rats fed diets containing ragi husk was higher than the control group. The growth response of rats fed ragi husk appeared to increase with the content of nitrogen in the husk.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01094753
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    The effect of fluidized bed combustion residue on the composition and nutritional quality of food crops for hamsters and rats (1985)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 35 (1985), S. 359-374 
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    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: fluidized bed ; minerals ; balance trials ; growth ; organs ; hamster ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Food crops (corn, oats, soybeans, vegetables) were grown on soils treated with fluidized bed combustion residue (FBCR) or hydrated lime. The composition of the foods and their nutritional quality were evaluated in growth, balance and carcass composition studies with growing hamsters and rats. Application of FBCR had little effect on elemental concentrations of dietary components. Weight gains in hamsters over a 6 week period were higher on FBCR than on lime-treated corn diets, but there were no differences due to FBCR in gains of hamsters on the oats diets or in rats on either of the cereal based diets. Apparent retention of nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, sulphur and magnesium was determined by balance and by carcass analysis. Differences in mineral retention between FBCR and lime treatments were generally small and inconsistent. Analysis of the whole body of hamsters showed lower concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc and copper with FBCR compared to lime-treated corn diets; little difference in body composition was found in the rat. There was no significant accumulation of heavy metals in liver, kidney, bone, serum or hair (of rats only) and no significant differences in concentrations of elements in organs due to application of FBCR to soils on which the dietary components had been grown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091781
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    Comparison of Development and Life History in Pan and Cebus (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 18 (1997), S. 683-701 
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    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: capuchins ; chimpanzees ; growth ; reproduction ; weaning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined growth and development in capuchins and chimpanzees in relation to weaning, onset of reproduction, and reproductive life span. Striking differences are evident in neurobehavioral status at birth (more mature in capuchins), the relative duration of infancy (longer in chimpanzees), and the proportional weight of the infant at the time of weaning (greater in capuchins). Although capuchins and chimpanzees spend a similar proportion of life in a weaned but reproductively immature state, chimpanzees spend so much more of their lives as nursing infants that reproductive output per individual is much lower than in capuchins. Discussion centers around tolerated transfers of food (food-sharing) as a potential adaptation to limited foraging success by immature foragers. Perhaps food transfers from adult to infant, which is a more prominent feature of behavior in chimpanzees than in capuchins in natural environments, allow a very small weanling chimpanzee to survive.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026339712071
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    Effects of Cd2+ on the physiological state and photosynthetic activity of young barley plants (1997)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 34 (1997), S. 293-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: amino acids ; 14C photoassimilation ; dark respiration rate ; growth ; Hordeum vulgare ; photoassimilates ; proteins ; transpiration rate ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Obzor) were grown as a water culture in a climatic room. One part of them was subjected to a long-term Cd2+ stress - 12 d with 5.4×10−5 M Cd. The Cd2+ stress inhibited formation of the photosynthetic apparatus and its capacity for 14C photoassimilation, decreased the content of soluble proteins, increased the dark respiration rate and the free amino acids content, disturbed plant water relations, as well as the distribution of 14C within primary photoproducts of the treated barley plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006805010560
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    Uniconazole (S-3307) Induced Protection of Abelmoschus Esculentus L. Against Cadmium Stress (1999)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 36 (1999), S. 597-599 
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    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: biomass ; chlorophyll ; detoxification ; growth ; Hill reaction activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Abelmoschus esculentus L. uniconazole brought about a marked decrease in cadmium-induced loss of chlorophyll and Hill reaction activity, but it did not completely prevent cadmium toxicity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007052423238
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    Photosynthetic and Transpiration Rates of Soybean as Affected by Different Irradiances During Growth (1998)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 35 (1998), S. 573-578 
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    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: Glycine max ; growth ; leaf nitrogen content ; mesophyll conductance ; specific leaf area ; stomatal conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diurnal variation of net photosynthetic (PN) and transpiration (E) rates in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Fukuyutaka] plants grown under 100, 50, or 25 % of full sun irradiance (I100, I50, I25 plants) were compared. In the morning, activities of the plants were measured at irradiances under which they grew. However, during the afternoon, all the plants were tested under full irradiance. The lower the growth irradiance, the lower PN, E, and mesophyll conductance values were found. Stomatal conductance was considerably lower in I25 plants only. Both the increase in specific leaf area (SLA) and the decrease in nitrogen content per leaf area unit contributed to the PN reduction of soybean plants grown under low irradiances. Though E of the plants grown under different irradiances differed less markedly than PN, the water use efficiency declined from I100 to I25.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006935125111
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    Amelioration of NaCl Stress by Triadimefon in Soybean Seedlings (1998)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 41 (1998), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: amino acids ; Glycine max ; growth ; nucleic acids ; proline ; proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract NaCl stress decreased root growth, shoot length and dry matter production of Glycine max seedlings. It has also caused accumulation of proline and amino acids and decreased protein and nucleic acid contents of the seedlings. Addition of triadimefon to NaCl stressed seedlings partially restored the growth and increased the protein, amino acid, proline and nucleic acid contents of the seedlings. The root biomass production under combination of triadimefon and NaCl was even larger than control. Thus triadimefon can ameliorate the effect of NaCl stress in soybean.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001737221832
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    Effect of Salinity on Water Relations, Sodium Accumulation, Chlorophyll Content and Proteolytic Enzymes in a Wild Wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 42 (1999), S. 97-104 
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    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: aminopeptidase ; carboxypeptidase ; growth ; ×Haynaldoticum sardoum ; proteinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of 50 to 200 mM NaCl on two lines (CP with solid stem and CV with hollow stem) of ×Haynaldoticum sardoum was studied. NaCl significantly reduced root and shoot fresh and dry masses, root length and less markedly shoot length of CP and CV plants. The sodium accumulated in the leaves in relation to the concentration of NaCl and length of the treatment; CP leaves contained twice as much sodium as CV leaves. The leaf chlorophyll a/b ratio was not affected by NaCl. NaCl decreased the leaf water and osmotic potentials. The pressure potential increased due to the increased concentration of dissolved solutes in the leaf, particularly sodium. The proteinase and exopeptidase activities increased during NaCl treatment.
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    Effect of parasitism byAscogaster reticulatus [Hym.: Braconidae] on growth of the host,Adoxophyes sp. [Lep.: Tortricidae] (1992)
    Springer
    BioControl 37 (1992), S. 327-332 
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Ascogaster reticulatus ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; host regulation ; growth ; Ascogaster reticulatus ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; contrôle de l'hôte ; croissance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons examiné l'interaction du développement entre le parasitoïde ovolarvaire,Ascogaster reticulatus et son hôte,Adoxophyes sp. Avant l'émergence de la larve parasitoïde de dernier stade de la chenille hôte de 4e stade, le poids de l'hôte parasité diminue de 22% par rapport à son poids maximal. Le poids final d'une larve hôte représente 27% du poids maximal d'un hôte sain de 5e stade. La prise de nourriture est significativement réduite chez les chenilles parasitées de 3e et 4e stade comparée à celle de chenilles saines. Au 4e stade larvaire, une chenille parasitée consomme 28% de moins de milieu artificiel et produit moins d'excréments qu'une chenille saine. Le taux de croissance des larves endoparasitoïdes augmente beaucoup après que l'hôte ait mué au 4e stade. Le volume du parasitoïde est multiplié par 40 durant le 4e stade de l'hôte.
    Notes: Abstract The developmental interaction between the egg/larval parasitoid,Ascogaster reticulatus Watanabe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its host,Adoxophyes sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) was examined. Prior to the egress of a final-instar parasitoid larva from the 4th-instar host larva, host weight decreased by 22% from the maximum weight. The final body weight of a host larva was 27% of the maximum weight of a healthy 5th-instar host. Food consumption was significantly reduced in both 3rd-and 4th-instar parasitized larvae compared with healthy ones. In the 4th instar, a parasitized larva consumed 28% less artificial diet and produced less frass than a healthy larva. The growth rate of the endoparasitoid larvae greatly increased after their host's molt to the 4th instar. Parasitoid larval volume increased 40 fold in the 4th-instar host.
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    Effects of local source-sink manipulations on fruits and leaves of young pear trees (1998)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 41 (1998), S. 623-627 
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    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: growth ; leaf area removal ; fruiting spur ; Pyrus communis ; ringing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of modifying local source-sink relations on fruit and leaf characteristics of young pear trees were evaluated during the 1997 - 1998 growing season. The following treatments were applied: early spur ringing (ESR) from 27 days after full bloom (DAFB), late spur ringing (LSR) from 97 DAFB, early 15 % spur leaf area removal (ELAR) and late 15 % spur leaf area removal (LLAR). ESR and LSR significantly inhibited fruit growth, suggesting that the fruiting spurs were not fully autonomous in their carbon economy. ELAR and LLAR had little effect on fruit size; sink strength was demonstrated here, since the presence of the fruit caused an efficient transfer of photoassimilates. ESR treatment decreased specific leaf mass (SLM) by 23.84 % when measured 94 DAFB. ELAR did not significantly influence SLM. Treatments had no marked influence on fruit quality.
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    Carbon Translocation as Affected by Shade in Saplings of Shade Tolerant and Intolerant Species (1999)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 42 (1999), S. 631-636 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: allocation pattern ; 14C-sucrose ; Cecropia pachystachya ; growth ; Hymenaea courbaril ; Myroxylon peruiferum ; Schizolobium parahyba ; tropical tree species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carbon translocation was affected by shade in different tropical tree species differing in successional status and degree of shade tolerance. Plants of the early-successional shade-intolerant species Cecropia pachystachya and Schizolobium parahyba and of the late-successional shade-tolerant species Myroxylon peruiferum and Hymenaea courbaril were grown under full sun (FS) and natural shade treatments (NS) and assessed for [14C]-sucrose translocation. Most of the 14C was retained in the fed leaf after a 24 h translocation period. Under FS, the growing apical part of the plant was the most intense sink for most species. Shade affected growth and sink intensity differently in early and late successional species. Growth was more markedly affected in the early species. Whereas these continued to invest carbon into the growing apical part of the plant under shade conditions, the late successional species invested relatively more into other sinks.
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    Effect of Increasing Concentrations of Lead and Cadmium on Cucumber Seedlings (2000)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 43 (2000), S. 441-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; Cucumis sativus ; growth ; proline ; soluble proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of lead and cadmium on biomass accumulation of cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L.) as well as the contents of abscisic acid (ABA), free proline and soluble proteins in leaves were studied. Seedlings were subjected to lead nitrate or cadmium bromide in low concentrations (1 – 5 µM) for 1, 4 or 7 d, and then to the action of the same substances in high concentrations (500 – 1000 µM). The pretreatments of the seedlings with heavy metals in low concentrations enabled them to tolerate the subsequent high concentrations of cadmium and lead without injury. The plant responses to heavy metal treatment were accompanied by the accumulation of ABA, free proline and soluble proteins in leaf tissues.
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    Hyperaccumulation of Lead by Roots, Hypocotyls, and Shoots of Brassica juncea (2000)
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 43 (2000), S. 603-606 
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    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Keywords: growth ; Indian mustard ; lead uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different concentrations of lead nitrate (10−5 to 10−3 M) on root, hypocotyl, and shoot growth of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. var. megarrhiza), and the uptake and accumulation of Pb2+ by its roots, hypocotyls, and shoots were investigated. Lead had no significant inhibitory effect on the root growth at concentrations of 10−5 to 10−4 M during the entire treatment, while at 10−3 M, Pb slightly inhibited the root and shoot growth. B. juncea has ability to take up Pb from solutions and accumulate it in its roots, and transport and concentrate it. The Pb contents in the parts of plants treated with 10−3 M Pb were greater than those of untreated plants, by factors of 230 in the roots, 170 in the hypocotyls, and 3 in the shoots.
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    Characteristics of growth and hematopoiesis in early postnatal development of rats exposed periodically to cold (1976)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 81 (1976), S. 303-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: postnatal development ; exposure to cold ; growth ; hematopoiesis ; acceleration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Erythropoiesis was observed to develop earlier in month-old rats which had developed during periodic exposure to cold than in control animals. This was reflected in a shorter period of physiological anemia. The circulating blood volume of the experimental animals was greater at all times of the investigation. As a result of the improvement to the blood supply of the organs and tissues, growth and development of the experimental rats were accelerated and the resting energy expenditure was more economic than in control rats of the same age.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00804901
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    Effect of fluctuating electromagnetic fields on growth and carcinogenesis (1980)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 90 (1980), S. 1591-1593 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: electromagnetic field ; fluctuation ; growth ; carcinogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00834104
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    Effect of fetal hypoxia and hyperoxia on growth and functional activity of the adrenal cortex (1976)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 82 (1976), S. 1782-1784 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: fetus ; growth ; adrenal cortex ; motor responses ; hypoxia ; hyperoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The content of lipids, cholesterol, and ascorbic acid in the adrenal cortex was investigated in rabbit fetuses developing under conditions of normal gestation and during exposure in the last third of pregnancy to hypoxia and hyperoxia. During exposure to hypoxia (of moderate degree) activation of the adrenal cortex was reflected by a marked decrease in the content of lipids, cholesterol, and ascorbic acid. The total weight of the fetal muscle mass was increased under these circumstances. During exposure to hyperoxia the adrenal cortex was inactivated, as reflected in a marked increase in the content of the above-named substances. The total weight of the fetal muscle mass was reduced.
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    Adrenergic mechanisms of regulation of motor response in early postnatal rats (1984)
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 98 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: motor response ; growth ; catecholamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00804282
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    Allozyme heterozygosity and development in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar (1998)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 19 (1998), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Salmo salar ; protein-coding loci ; heterozygosity ; growth ; sexual maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr was monitored during the first year in a fresh-water hatchery environment to test whether multilocus heterozygosity (computed for six allozyme loci: s AAT-4*, IDDH-1*, IDDH-2*, IDPH-3*, s MDH-3,4* andm MEP-2*) is associated with growth (body mass, fork length) and maturity status (mature male parr). The length frequency distribution of population was unimodal in September, but was clearly bimodal by December. UMG fish tended to be more heterozygous and had higher growth rates than LMG fish. The heterozygosity of UMG fish and mature male parr (MMP) did not differ significantly but MMP showed lower growth rates than UMG. There were positive correlations between the number of heterozygotic loci and the fork length, weight or growth rates of individuals.
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    The effects of elevated winter temperature and sub-lethal pollutants (low pH, elevated ammonia) on protein turnover in the gill and liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (1998)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 19 (1998), S. 377-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: rainbow trout ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; growth ; protein synthesis ; protein degradation ; RNA ; temperature ; pH ; ammonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Appetite, growth, and protein turnover (synthesis, growth and degradation) of liver and gills were measured in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed to satiation, and exposed for 90 days to elevated winter temperatures (+2 °C above ambient) and either low pH (5.2) in softwater or 70 μM total ammonia (TAmm) in hardwater. All fish increased in weight during the experiments, but those exposed to +2°C grew significantly more than those at ambient temperature due to a stimulation of appetite. During the relatively constant temperature of the first 75 days, +2 °C caused a significant increase in the rates of protein synthesis and degradation in the liver of hardwater-acclimated fish, as a result of an increase in RNA translational efficiency (KRNA). The elevated temperature also induced an increase in gill protein synthesis in softwater-acclimated fish but in this case the underlying mechanism was an increase in Cs, the capacity for protein synthesis (RNA:protein) rather than in KRNA. The addition of 70 μM TAmm had no effect on protein turnover in either liver or gills of hardwater-acclimated fish. Low pH inhibited protein growth in the liver of softwater-acclimated fish at day 90 under both temperature regimes. This inhibition was effected via a decrease in protein synthesis at control temperature but via an increase in protein degradation when the fish were exposed to both low pH and +2 °C. From these results we conclude that a simulated global warming scenario has potentially beneficial rather than detrimental effects on protein turnover and growth of freshwater fish during winter.
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    Effects of varying rearing temperatures on expression of different trypsin isozymes, feed conversion efficiency and growth in Atlantic salmon (shape Salmo salar L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 19 (1998), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon ; trypsin isozymes ; isozyme expression ; rearing temperatures ; feed conversion efficiency ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hatching and start-feeding temperatures affected the expression of different trypsin isozymes in the pyloric caeca of Atlantic salmon. Hatching temperature of 10 °C induced the expression of the common isozyme TRP-2*100, and of 6 °C induced the variant TRP-2*92 (p$〈$0.01). In contrast, start-feeding temperature of 12 °C significantly (p$〈$0.0001) influenced the expression of the variant TRP-2*92, compared to 6 °C. The frequencies between different trypsin isozyme patterns were not changed at later stages under varied rearing temperatures. The frequency distribution between Atlantic salmon without and with trypsin variants was about 0.4:0.6. The trypsin isozyme TRP-2*92 was the major variant in Norwegian salmon, while the trypsin variant TRP-1*91 was dominant in Scottish salmon, at frequencies of 0.47 and 0.42, respectively. The presence of both the common and either variant trypsin isozymes were important for feed utilization and growth at varying rearing temperatures. Trypsin isozymes are functionally sensitive to different temperatures. The expression of the common trypsin isozyme TRP-2*100 is important when the water temperature is $〉$ 8 °C, while it is important for the expression of the variant TRP-2*92 when the water temperature is $\leq$ 8 °C, especially below 6 °C. The variant TRP-1*91 was observed to perform effectively at a wider temperature range than the variant TRP-2*92, but not at temperature $\leq$ 6 °C. Genetic variation in trypsin isozyme pattern is a primary factor affecting food conversion efficiency and growth under different rearing temperatures.
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    Environmental effects on feed utilization (1986)
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 2 (1986), S. 131-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; environmental influences ; salinity ; oxygen ; temperature ; growth ; protein synthesis ; feed utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both external and internal factors affect the response of fish to variations in dietary quantity and quality. An attempt is made to review major, recent studies on the series of intermediate steps (intake, digestion, metabolism, excretion and retention) involved in the global response of fish to environmental changes. Among these external factors, greater attention is however devoted to those that are the most important natural effectors within the aquatic environment: temperature, ambient oxygen and salinity. The changes brought about by a change in temperature at different levels of nutrient utilization have been studied to a great extent in the recent past. As temperature affects in the first instance, the voluntary food intake, a discussion on current nutrient requirement data should preferably be dealt with in absolute terms. While critical levels of oxygen below which growth is hindered are sufficiently defined for many species, precise data on the direct effects of oxygen deficiency on nutrient utilization are still fragmentory. With regard to salinity, a distinction between stenohaline and euryhaline species and a knowledge of the physiological mechanisms corresponding to their life cycles are required before attempting comparative analyses. Within euryhaline species, best performances are noted at salinities isotonic to the internal medium. Despite accumulating evidence on the effects of cyclical phenomena, the chronobiological approach to fish culture remains practically unexplored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02264081
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    Nutrition, hormones and growth (1986)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 2 (1986), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: androgens ; growth ; hormones ; insulin ; nutrition ; protein ; steroids ; triiodothyronine ; thyroxine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A review is presented relating to the effects of hormones on food intake and nutritional state and also of the effects of food intake and nutritional state on hormone activity. These interactions and their effect on fish growth are described. Growth hormone, thyroid hormones, insulin, and gonadal steroids have all been implicated in the normal growth processes of fish and their metabolic actions have been related to the nutritional state of the animal. Furthermore, variations in plasma levels and hormone application appear to affect food intake and food conversion. Anabolic steroids and their possible involvement in aquaculture practice has been an area of active investigation for the past few years. The current situation is reviewed, particularly regarding relevance to protein intake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02264082
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  • 90
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    In vivo rates of protein synthesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts determined using a stable isotope flooding dose technique (1999)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 20 (1999), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: growth ; mass spectrometry ; 15N-phenylalanine ; protein synthesis ; stable isotope technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In vivo rates of protein synthesis in fish have predominantly been measured using a single flooding dose injection of a solution containing 3H-Phenylalanine as a tracer. However, use of a radiolabelled tracer restricts the application of this technique to controlled laboratory conditions. In this study, the flooding dose technique was used to successfully measure in vivo rates of protein synthesis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts utilising a stable isotope labelled amino acid, L-[15N]-Phenylalanine, as an alternative tracer. Methodologies are presented allowing the 15N enrichment in the free amino acid pool and in body protein to be measured using mass spectrometry. In this study, the fractional rates of protein consumption (kr), synthesis (ks) and growth (kg) of Atlantic salmon smolts (37 ± 1.4 g) were measured as 4.7, 3.3 and 1.6% day−1 respectively. Protein synthesis retention efficiency (kgks) and protein growth efficiency (kgkr)were calculated as 48.5 and 34.0% respectively. The ks, kgks and kgkr values obtained in this study were found to be within the range of values available in the literature for juvenile salmonid fish of a comparable size. The use of L-[15N]-Phenylalanine provides an alternative tracer to radiolabelled amino acids for measuring in vivo rates of protein synthesis in fish using the flooding dose' technique and also allows studies of fish protein metabolism to be carried out in environmentally sensitive (field and laboratory) conditions where the use of radiolabels is prohibited.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007724012975
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  • 91
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    Maintenance ration, protein synthesis capacity, plasma insulin and growth of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with genetically different trypsin isozymes (1999)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 21 (1999), S. 223-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon ; growth ; individual feed consumption rate ; plasma insulin ; protein synthesis capacity ; trypsin isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Growth was found to be associated with the changes of trypsin activity in the pyloric caecal tissues and the level of plasma insulin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). A decrease in trypsin activity accompanied by an increase in plasma insulin was detected one month before an enhanced growth was observed. There were significant relationships between weight specific consumption rate, plasma insulin levels and fish growth. The correlation of weight specific consumption rate was higher with growth rate (R2=0.7, p〈0.0001) than with plasma insulin concentration (R2=0.4, p〈0.0001). When the comparison was made between Atlantic salmon carrying and lacking the trypsin variant TRP-2*92, the fish with the variant had lower maintenance ration (p〈0.05), higher capacity for protein synthesis in the white muscle (p〈0.02), and a greater ability to utilize the feed at a restricted ration than the fish without the variant. In Atlantic salmon lacking the variant, both plasma insulin concentrations and growth rates were significantly lower (p〈0.05) in the fish fed 0.5% bw day−1 than those fed 1% bw day−1. Whilst the growth rates of TRP-2*92 salmon fed the different rations became similar one month after similar levels of plasma insulin were observed between them. The TRP-2*92 salmon may be defined as a high protein growth efficiency fish with low protein turnover rate. Genetic variation in trypsin isozyme pattern affects feed utilization, plasma insulin levels and growth in Atlantic salmon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007804823932
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  • 92
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    The effect of food competition and relative size of group members on growth of juvenile gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata (2000)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 22 (2000), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: food competition ; growth ; size matching ; Sparus aurata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of food competition and relative size of group members on growth of sea bream, Sparus aurata were tested in groups composed of four fish. Each group consisted of a medium sized test fish (approximately 250 mg) and three fish larger or smaller than the test fish. In the first experiment food competition was addressed directly by contrasting its presence with its absence. Neither food competition nor relative size of school members had a significant effect on growth. However, there was a highly significant interaction between these two main effects. Under conditions of food competition the medium sized test fish had a three times higher specific growth rate when surrounded by small vs large fish. Under conditions of no food competition when the test fish were separated during feeding a similar but reverse pattern occurred due to differences in food conversion efficiency. In the second experiment, the effects of food quantity and relative size of group members were tested. Both main effects and their interaction were highly significant. Under conditions of low food competition (i.e., surplus food supply) fish grew again better when surrounded by larger fish as compared to their growth rate when surrounded by smaller ones. Size matching via a differential growth rate in a schooling species such as sea bream was suggested to increase the confusion effect by reducing the ability of a predator to focus on an odd sized fish. The implications of direct competition for food for the efficient culture of this species are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007885525902
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  • 93
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    Induction of mRNAs in response to acclimation of trout cells to different osmolalities (2000)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 22 (2000), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: CHD3 ; cell culture ; complement ; differential mRNA display polymerase chain reaction ; growth ; nucleolin ; protein kinase ; rainbow trout ; RTG-2 cell ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The direct effect of osmolality on growth and mRNA population were investigated in the rainbow trout cell line (RTG-2). These cells can grow in the media of osmolalities ranging from 200 to 600 mosmol kg-1. With two-dimensional electrophoresis, the in vitro translation of poly(A+) RNA isolated from these cells showed osmoresponsive changes in the population of translatable mRNAs. Using differential mRNA display polymerase chain reaction, however, we identified inducible cDNA products in hyper-osmotic and hypo-osmotic media as third component of complement, and as homologues of known genes: an atypical protein kinase regulated by the thyrotropin-dependent mitogenic pathway, nucleolin and CHD3. The remaining cDNAs have no significant homology in GenBank. Northern blots demonstrate that their mRNA levels were induced in hyper-osmotic and hypo-osmotic media, but not by other stresses. The expressed proteins of these mRNAs may be involved directly or indirectly in the adaptation of RTG-2 cells to different osmolalities probably through the osmotic signal transduction and adjustment in cellular metabolism to osmotic stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007843508043
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    Temperature influences on California rainbow trout physiological performance (2000)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 22 (2000), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: swimming velocity ; thermal tolerance ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; metabolism ; food consumption ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although thermal influences on the physiology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been widely studied, there is little information about the responses of different genetic strains to temperatures. The effects of water temperature (10, 14, 19, 22, and 25 °C) on food consumption rate, growth rate, gross conversion efficiency, resting routine oxygen consumption rate, upper critical thermal tolerance and critical swimming velocity were investigated in juvenile rainbow trout of the Eagle Lake (O. m. aquilarum) subspecies and the Mt. Shasta strain. No strain-related differences in conversion efficiency, oxygen consumption rates, thermal tolerance or swimming performance were observed in 1995 (19, 22, and 25 °C) or 1996 (10, 14, and 19 °C), but Mt. Shasta strain trout grew faster at highest temperatures than did Eagle Lake trout. Food consumption rates, growth rates, conversion efficiency, and oxygen consumption rates declined at the extreme temperatures (10 and 25 °C) in both Eagle Lake and Mt. Shasta trout. Swimming performance was temperature-independent between 10 and 19 °C (overall mean: 5.43 body lengths s−1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007805322097
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    Effects of dietary carnitine and lipid on growth and body composition of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops ♀× M. saxatilis ♂) (2000)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 22 (2000), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: Carnitine ; diet ; growth ; hybrid striped bass ; lipid ; Morone ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to investigate the effects of graded dietary levels and different types of carnitine on hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops ♀ × M. saxatilis ♂ %) fed different levels of lipid. An incomplete factorial design was utilized in which diets containing lipid at either 5 or 10% were supplemented with l-carnitine at 0, 500, or 1000 mg kg−1 diet, dl-carnitine at 1000 mg kg−1 diet, or carnitine chloride to provide 1000 mg carnitine kg−1 diet. Juvenile hybrid striped bass (3.3 g fish−1) were stocked into individual 38-l aquaria connected as a brackish water (6‰), recirculating system and fed each diet in triplicate for 9 weeks. Supplementation of the diet with 1000 mg carnitine kg−1 increased muscle carnitine from 35.5 to 47.7 μg g−1 tissue. Carnitine supplementation did not result in increased weight gain regardless of carnitine level or type; however, weight gain showed a significant (p〈0.05) response to dietary lipid with fish fed diets containing 10% lipid growing 34% more than fish fed diets with 5% lipid. The hepatosomatic index also was unaffected by diet, but the intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio was significantly elevated (5.1 vs 3.2%) in fish fed diets with 10% lipid compared to those fed diets with 5% lipid. Fish fed diets containing 1000 mg carnitine kg−1 had increased IPF ratio values at 4.7% compared to 3.9% for fish fed the basal diet. Liver lipid also was responsive to dietary treatment, increasing from 6.7 to 8.8% of wet weight as dietary lipid increased from 5 to 10%. The relative quantities of triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids in muscle and liver were not influenced by carnitine level, carnitine type or dietary lipid level. Supplementation of carnitine does not appear to be beneficial to hybrid striped bass based on either growth performance or body composition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007843223107
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    Effects of thyroid hormone supplementation of canola meal-based diets on growth, and interrenal and thyroid gland physiology of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (1987)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 3 (1987), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: canola meal ; rainbow trout ; thyroid hormones ; cortisol ; growth ; proximate analysis ; blood composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rainbow trout fed a 26% canola meal-based (CM) diet for 12 weeks at 15°C exhibited reduced growth, lower feed conversion, enlarged thyroid glands and lower plasma thyroid hormone (TH) levels than comparable fish fed equinitrogenous, equicaloric soybean meal-based (SB) diets. Supplementation of the SB diets with either T4 (20 mg/kg) or T3 (10 or 20 mg/kg) had no effect on the growth rate, feed conversion and thyroid histology of the trout. However, plasma T4 levels weredepressed in trout fed the T4- and high T3-supplemented SB diets. In trout fed T4- and T3-supplemented CM diets the growth rates and feed conversion were not significantly different from those of the SB-fed groups. Moreover, in the T4-supplemented group, plasma T4 levels were in the normal range. However, thyroid enlargement was evident in all the CM-fed fish, and plasma T3 levels were markedly elevated in groups fed the T3-supplemented CM diets. The data suggest that antithyroid components in the CM diets inhibited TH synthesis (but not their release), and impaired TH clearance from the circulation. There were no significant differences in plasma cortisol levels in the 8 treatment groups, nor were there differences in the histological appearance of the interrenal gland. However, when the data from SB- and CM-fed fish were pooled, plasma cortisol levels in the SB-fed fish were significantly lower than in the CM-fed animals. Glucosinolates at a level of 164 mg/kg diet were toxic to young trout, but the effect was ameliorated by dietary TH supplementation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183001
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    Effects of triiodothyronine and propylthiouracil on thyroid function and smoltification of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (1987)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 4 (1987), S. 121-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: salmon ; smoltification ; thyroid ; receptor ; thyroxine ; triiodothyronine ; propylthiouracil ; growth ; osmoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were fed diets containing triiodothyronine (T3; 4 or 12gmg), propylthiouracil (PTU; 1.5 or 6.0 mg/g), or both T3 (12μg/g) and PTU (1.5 mg/g) from January 10 to May 29. Plasma T4 and T3, concentrations were maintained within normal physiological limits in all groups of treated fish. Increases in plasma thyroxine (T4) occurred in late April in groups receiving the high dose of T3 or PTU, or the combination of T3, and PTU. Peaks of plasma T4 occurred in May in the other groups. Thyroid follicle epithelial cell height was increased in the groups in the following order: highest; PTU (6.0 mg/g), PTU (1.5 mg/g), PTU + T3, control, T3 (4gmg/g), T3 (12μg/g); lowest. In March specific binding of T3 by liver nuclei was not affected by treatment with T3 (12μg/g) but was decreased 30% by treatment with PTU (6.0μg/g). Body growth, food conversion efficiency, and pigmentary changes were increased by T3 (12μg/g), decreased dose-dependently by PTU, and unaffected by the other dietary treatments. All treatments altered body proximate composition. Food consumption and the ability to osmoregulate in seawater were decreased in fish fed 6.0 mg/g PTU, but were unaffected by the other dietary treatments. These results suggest that during smoltification: 1) Thyroid hormones may be involved in control of thyroidal function and body growth and pigmentary changes, 2) Hypo-osmoregulatory competence is not further stimulated by exogenous T3 and 3) PTU does not block T4 synthesis but may block T3, action by interfering with nuclear T3 binding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02110879
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    Interacting effects of diet and environmental temperature on biochemical parameters in the liver ofLeuciscus idus melanotus (Cyprinidae: Teleostei) (1988)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 (1988), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: ide ; adaptation ; nutrition ; temperature ; growth ; liver ; nucleic acids ; storage products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One year old golden ide (Leuciscus idus melanotus) were starved for 2 weeks at 20°C (time zero) and then they were fed either freeze-dried mosquito larvae (natural diet) or a commercial fish chow (artificial diet) at an ambient temperature of 14°C and 20°C, respectively. Growth parameters and biochemical data in the liver were measured at time zero and after 3 and 7 weeks of specific regimen. If compared to natural food, the artificial diet caused transient increase in anabolic activity of the liver, but prevented long-lasting hepatocyte proliferation (increase of total liver DNA). After 3 weeks on artificial diet, the body weight was significantly higher and the liver mass doubled compared to ide kept on the natural regimen; tissue DNA content indicated that the hepatocyte volume increased mainly by increased protein content and corresponding uptake of water; lipid and glycogen contents were increased by a factor of 3–6, and the RNA∶DNA ratio was increased accordingly. The growth of the ide, as reflected by the condition factor and hepatosomatic index (HSI), was virtually stopped when the artificial regimen was maintained for 7 weeks, whereas on natural food the condition factor was increased and liver weight and DNA were doubled. Growth of the fish maintained at 14°C was significantly lower than that of fish maintained at 20°C, though the total liver DNA was still increased on the natural regimen during the experiment. Less lipid was stored by fish maintained at 14°C, whereas protein and glycogen deposits were enlarged, if compared to fish maintained at 20°C. The specific activity of cytochrome oxidase in liver mitochondria and of NADPH cytochrome c reductase in the microsomal fraction were found independent of diet and ambient temperature. Oxidative capacity of hepatocytes (mitochondrial protein/mg DNA) remained unchanged, and microsomal protein/cell appeared reduced in response to the artificial food. However, reduction of cell number on this diet resulted in less total mitochondrial and microsomal protein in the organ. Golden ide liver is found to be a sensitive experimental model to characterize the mutual influence of diet and temperature on fish; the results are discussed with regard to the usage of golden ide as test fish for water pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874724
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    Effects of diet and feeding time on daily variations in plasma insulin, hepatic c-AMP and other metabolites in a teleost fish,Dicentrarchus labrax L. (1988)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 (1988), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: diets ; feeding time ; growth ; circadian rhythms ; insulin ; c-AMP ; lipids ; proteins ; carbohydrates ; teleost fish ; sea bass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile sea bass, 1.5 years old, of mixed sex, held on long photoperiods were fed early on the photoperiod and late on the photoperiod, using different diets. Fish fed natural diets showed a daily rhythmicity of plasma insulin, liver c-AMP, plasma glucose, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen content, however, fish fed a commercial diet did not show this daily rhythmicity except for plasma insulin levels. In addition, these fish had significantly lower levels of plasma insulin, liver c-AMP and plasma glycerol than the group fed on the natural diets at similar feeding times. The time of feeding also induced different rhythmicity patterns in hormones and metabolites as well as a significant change in their mean levels. These facts are discussed in relation with the pre-feeding activity and increased appetite exhibited by the fish fed late on the photoperiod and with their implications on fish culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874796
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  • 100
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    Thyroidal compensation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed canola meal (1988)
    Springer
    Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 (1988), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: canola meal ; rainbow trout ; glucosinolates ; thyroid hormones ; growth ; thyroid histology ; adaptation ; compensatory growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) were fed either a soybean mealbased (SM) or canola meal-based (CM) diet for up to 20 weeks. Plasma thyroxine (T4) and triiodothryonine (T3) levels were significantly lower in the CM-fed fish sampled after 12 weeks. However, there appeared to be some compensation after 12 and 20 weeks in that the thyroid hormone levels in trout fed the CM were not significantly different from those of the SM-fed fish. Nevertheless, there was marked thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the CM-fed fish sampled at 12, 16 and 20 weeks after commencement of the experiment. Moreover, the growth rate was significantly lower in the CM-fed fish in comparison to the SM-fed fish throughout the 20 week study period. Plasma T4 levels were similar in SM-fed fish sampled 12, 16 and 20 weeks after commencement of the experiment, but plasma T3 levels progressively increased over this period, as did the apparent activity of the thyroid tissue based on histological criteria. Fasting for up to 8 weeks resulted in the arrested growth of the SM-fed fish, and a loss in body weight of the CM-fed animals over the 8 week period of the fast. In addition, the plasma thyroid hormone levels in the fasted fish tended to be lower than in fish fed both the SM and CM diets prior to fasting, and there was histological evidence indicating a reduced activity of the pituitary-thyroid axis. However, thyroid hyperplasia and hypertrophy were still evident in the fasted fish previously fed the CM diet indicating that the adverse affects of CM diets are not completely reversible after 8 weeks. In fish fed the CM diet for 12 weeks and then the SM diet for up to a further 8 weeks (diet C-S) there was a compensatory increase in plasma thyroid hormone levels evident within 4 weeks after the change in diet, but no apparent decrease in thyroid hyperplasia or hypertrophy. In addition, in the fish fed the C-S diet there was a marked compensatory growth rate, and an increased feed: gain ratio; body weights of this group of fish were not significantly different from those of the SM-fed animals after 20 weeks of study, indicating a considerably higher growth rate over the last 8 week period.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874797
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