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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and coassociations of selected metals in seals of the Antarctic
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 83 (1994), S. 341-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: Antarctica ; distribution ; heavy metals ; inter-metal correlation ; seals
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90156-2
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Iron content and its relations to the sulphur and titanium contents of epiphytic and terricolous lichens and pine bark in Finland
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 84 (1994), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: air pollution ; bioindicators ; element ratios ; geochemical relations ; heavy metals
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90095-7
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy metal concentrations in sediments from Manila Bay, Philippines and inflowing rivers
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 86 (1994), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: Manila Bay ; heavy metals ; historical trend of pollution ; marine sediment ; riverine sediment
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90009-4
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Risk Assessment for Consumers of Mourning Doves (1998)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 18 (1998), S. 563-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Risk assessment ; mourning doves ; hunting ; radionuclides ; heavy metals ; lead shot ; cesium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Recreational and subsistence hunters and anglers consume a wide range of species, including birds, mammals, fish and shellfish, some of which represent significant exposure pathways for environmental toxic agents. This study focuses on the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Savannah River Site (SRS), a former nuclear weapons production facility in South Carolina. The potential risk of contaminant intake from consuming mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), the most popular United States game bird, was examined under various risk scenarios. For all of these scenarios we used the mean tissue concentration of six metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, selenium, chromium, manganese) and radiocesium, in doves collected on and near SRS. We also estimated risk to a child consuming doves that had the maximum contaminant level. We used the cancer slope factor for radiocesium, the Environmental Protection Agencies Uptake/Biokinetic model for lead, and published reference doses for the other metals. As a result of our risk assessments we recommend management of water levels in contaminated reservoirs so that lake bed sediments are not exposed to use by gamebirds and other terrestrial wildlife. Particularly, measures should be taken to insure that the hunting public does not have access to such a site. Our data also indicate that doves on popular hunting areas are exposed to excess lead, suggesting that banning lead shot for doves, as has been done for waterfowl, is desirable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:RIAN.0000005931.39844.35
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Are energy prices cyclical?
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 8 (1986), S. 227-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Business cycle ; Energy ; Price
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(86)90003-4
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Energy and the long cycles
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 5 (1983), S. 3-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Economics ; Energy ; Long cycles
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(83)90002-6
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    The energy constraint and development - Consistency and optimality over time
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 5 (1983), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Development strategies ; Energy ; Input-output
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(83)90003-8
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Energy use and structural changes - Factors behind the fall in Sweden's energy output ratio
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 4 (1982), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; GDP ; Sweden
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(82)90040-8
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Deforestation from the overexploitation of wood resources as a cooking fuel - A dynamic approach to pricing energy resources in Sudan
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 10 (1988), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Deforestation ; Dynamic optimization ; Energy
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(88)90031-X
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of energy taxes on the Kenyan economy - A CGE analysis
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 16 (1994), S. 205-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: CGE ; Energy ; Kenya
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(94)90034-5
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lifecycle analysis of gasoline expenditure patterns
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 16 (1994), S. 217-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Consumer behavior ; Energy ; Gasoline demand
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(94)90035-3
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production and high energy prices - A case of some Pan-Pacific countries
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 12 (1990), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; Pan-Pacific ; Production
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(90)90031-A
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nairobi households and their energy use - An economic analysis of consumption patterns
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 7 (1985), S. 265-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; Kenya ; Urban households
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(85)90048-9
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rational expectations, risk and efficiency in energy futures markets
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 13 (1991), S. 111-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Efficiency ; Energy ; Futures
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(91)90042-X
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Energy conservation in the UK
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 4 (1982), S. 83-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Conservation ; Energy ; UK
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(82)90025-1
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demand for energy in rural and urban centres of Ethiopia
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 13 (1991), S. 130-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Demand ; Energy ; Price
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(91)90045-2
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    The impact of disaggregated energy on productivity - A study of the US manufacturing sector, 1958-1985
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 14 (1992), S. 274-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; Productivity growth
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(92)90033-A
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deforestation from the overexploitation of wood resources as a cooking fuel
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 13 (1991), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Deforestation ; Dynamic optimization ; Energy
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(91)90039-3
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of energy prices - A housing market analysis
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 5 (1983), S. 100-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; Housing ; Prices
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(83)90016-6
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    The demand for energy - Evidence from a cross-country demand system
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 9 (1987), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; Income elasticities ; Own-price elasticities
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(87)90020-X
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Coordinated strategy for separate power systems - The case of Malaysia
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 12 (1990), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; Malaysia ; Power planning
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(90)90008-4
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  • 22
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    Measuring the validity and performance of energy models
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 4 (1982), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; Model survey ; Validation criteria
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(82)90015-9
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    An aggregate model for energy costs - National product interdependence
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 4 (1982), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Costs ; Energy ; Modelling
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(82)90018-4
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  • 24
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    On measuring the effects of higher energy prices
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 4 (1982), S. 218-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Economic effects ; Energy ; Prices
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(82)90001-9
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  • 25
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    A model for forecasting the economic and environmental impact of energy policy
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 6 (1984), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Economic forecasting ; Energy ; Environment
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(84)90013-6
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rational expectations, risk and efficiency in energy futures markets
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 13 (1991), S. 111-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Efficiency ; Energy ; Futures
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(91)90042-X
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demand for energy in rural and urban centres of Ethiopia - An econometric analysis
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 13 (1991), S. 130-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Demand ; Energy ; Price
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(91)90045-2
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
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    Regional employment impact of rapidly escalating energy costs
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 5 (1983), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Costs ; Employment ; Energy
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(83)90017-8
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  • 29
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    Optimal subsidies to new energy sources
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 9 (1987), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; Marginal cost pricing ; Subsidies
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(87)90025-9
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    Residential energy use - Analysis of disaggregate data
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 4 (1982), S. 74-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Data analysis ; Domestic ; Energy
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(82)90024-X
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
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    Optimal economic growth when CO"2 constraints are critical
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 14 (1992), S. 192-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: CO"2 emission ; Economic growth ; Energy ; Environment
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(92)90012-3
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  • 32
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    A thermodynamic approach to economics
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 4 (1982), S. 36-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Economics ; Energy ; Thermodynamics
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(82)90042-1
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  • 33
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    Regional energy input prices in Canadian manufacturing - An index number approach
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 9 (1987), S. 66-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; Indices ; Prices
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(87)90008-9
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  • 34
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    Intertemporal consumer surplus in lagged-adjustment demand models - An application to natural gas pricing
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 8 (1986), S. 2-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; Regulation ; Welfare economics
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(86)90020-4
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  • 35
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    Energy-capital substitutability/ complementarity - The dichotomy
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 12 (1990), S. 48-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Complementarity ; Energy ; Substitutability
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
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  • 36
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    Residential space heating - An analysis of energy conservation
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 5 (1983), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Domestic ; Energy ; Space heating
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(83)90008-7
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  • 37
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    Estimates of energy and non-energy elasticities in selected Asian manufacturing sectors - Policy implications
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 9 (1987), S. 115-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Demand elasticities ; Energy ; Manufacturing sector
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 38
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    Energy in the Greek economy - A total energy approach at the macro level
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 12 (1990), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; Greece ; Macro
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
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  • 39
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    Non-linear prices and energy demand
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 12 (1990), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Demand ; Energy ; Non-linear
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 40
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    Synthetic demand functions for solar energy
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 4 (1982), S. 225-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Demand functions ; Energy ; Solar
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 41
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    Structuring industrial energy use - A UK case study
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 4 (1982), S. 268-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; Industrial ; UK
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 42
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    The demand for energy in the large-scale manufacturing sector of Pakistan
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 12 (1990), S. 251-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Energy ; Manufacturing ; Pakistan
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(90)90015-8
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    Deforestation from the overexploitation of wood resources as a cooking fuel - A comment on the optimal control model of Hassan and Hertzler
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 13 (1991), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Deforestation ; Dynamic optimization ; Energy
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(91)90039-3
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    Analysis of the factors influencing energy consumption in industry - A revised method
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Energy Economics 9 (1987), S. 145-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0140-9883
    Keywords: Analysis ; Energy ; Industry
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-9883(87)90019-3
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    Interactions of bacteria with cadmium (1992)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 3 (1992), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioremediation ; cadmium ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium pollution arises mainly from contamination of minerals used in agriculture and from industrial processes. The usual situation is of large volumes of soil and water that are contaminated with low — but significant — concentrations of cadmium. Therefore, detoxification of the polluted water and soil involves the concentration of the metal, or binding it in a way that makes it biologically inert. Cadmium is one of the more toxic metals, that is also carcinogenic and teratogenic. Its effects are short term, even acute (diseases like Itai-itai), or long term. The long term effects are intensified due to the fact that cadmium accumulates in the body. This paper describes a study involving several hundred cadmium-resistant bacterial isolates. These bacteria could be divided into three groups—the largest group consisted of bacteria resistant to cadmium by effluxing it from the cells. The bacteria of the other two groups were capable of binding cadmium or of detoxifying it. We concentrated on one strain that could bind cadmium very efficiently, depending on the bacterial biomass and on the pH. This strain could effectively remove cadmium from contaminated water and soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129081
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    An integrated algal sulphate reducing high rate ponding process for the treatment of acid mine drainage wastewaters (1998)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 9 (1998), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: acid mine drainage ; algae ; heavy metals ; high rate algal ponds ; sulphate reducing bacteria ; waste stabilisation ponds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Acid mine drainage pollution may be associated with large water volume flows and exceptionally long periods of time over which the drainage may require treatment. While the use and role of sulphate reducing bacteria has been demonstrated in active treatment systems for acid mine drainage remediation, reactor size requirement and the cost and availability of the carbon and electron donor source are factors which constrain process development. Little attention has focussed on the use of waste stabilisation ponding processes for acid mine drainage treatment. Wastewater ponding is a mature technology for the treatment of large water volumes and its use as a basis for appropriate reactor design for acid mine drainage treatment is described including high rates of sulphate reduction and the precipitation of metal sulphides. Together with the co-disposal of organic wastes, algal biomass is generated as an independent carbon source for SRB production. Treatment of tannery effluent in a custom-designed high rate algal ponding process, and its use as a carbon source in the generation and precipitation of metal sulphides, has been demonstrated through piloting to the implementation of a full-scale process.The treatment of both mine drainage and zinc refinery wastewaters are reported. A complementary role for microalgal production in the generation of alkalinity and bioadsorptive removal of metals has been utilised and an Integrated 'Algal Sulphate Reducing Ponding Process for the Treatment of Acidic and Metal Wastewaters' (ASPAM) has been described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008352008353
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    Sulfur metabolism in higher plants: potential for phytoremediation (1998)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 9 (1998), S. 311-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: glucosinolates ; gypsum ; heavy metals ; phyto-extraction ; phytoremediation ; sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sulfur is a major nutrient for all organisms. Plant species have a high biodiversity in uptake, metabolization and accumulation of sulfur so that there are potentials to use plants for phytoremediation of sulfur-enriched sites. A survey of soils enriched with sulfur either naturally or by human activities shows that a surplus of sulfur is mostly accompanied with a surplus of other chemical elements which may limit phytoremediation because these co-occurring elements are more toxic to plants than sulfur. In addition, the accumulation of the other elements makes the plant material (phyto-extraction) less suitable for the use as fodder and for human consumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008250827209
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    Prospects for in vivo NMR methods in xenobiotic research in plants (1998)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 9 (1998), S. 411-422 
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    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: agrochemicals ; heavy metals ; NMR imaging ; NMR spectroscopy ; subcellular compartmentation xenobiotic metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The application of non-invasive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods in xenobiotic research is reviewed in relation to: (i) the characterisation of the effects of xenobiotics on the metabolism of plants and plant cell suspensions; (ii) the direct detection of xenobiotics and their degradation products in vivo; and (iii) the spatial localisation of xenobiotics and their derivatives at the subcellular and tissue levels. Novel information has been generated by in vivo NMR studies of both agrochemicals and heavy metals, but a lack of generality in the methods makes it difficult to extrapolate from one successful application to the next. In vivo NMR spectroscopy is shown to be informative when a xenobiotic perturbs metabolic pathways that are accessible to the technique, and it is useful for probing the partitioning of paramagnetic metal ions between the cytoplasm and the vacuole. The successful application of 19F NMR to the analysis of plant tissue extracts also suggests that in vivo 19F NMR spectroscopy may have a role in biotransformation studies of fluorinated xenobiotics. In contrast NMR imaging techniques have been little used for xenobiotic research in plants, and while the method has been shown to be capable of monitoring the uptake and translocation of paramagnetic ions in plants, the potential use of high resolution 1H and 19F NMR imaging for mapping agrochemicals in tissues is still in its infancy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008372107739
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    Heavy metal bioavailability in a soil affected by mineral sulphides contamination following the mine spillage at Aznalcóllar (Spain) (2003)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (2003), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioremediation ; heavy metals ; metal availability ; organic matter ; pyrite ; sulphide oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment, lasting 14 months, was carried out in order to assess the effect of organic amendment and lime addition on the bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soils. The experiment took place in a soil affected by acid, highly toxic pyritic waste from the Aznalcóllar mine (Seville, Spain) in April 1998. The following treatments were applied (3 plots per treatment): cow manure, a mature compost, lime (to plots having pH 〈 4), and control without amendment. During the study two crops of Brassica juncea were grown, with two additions of each organic amendment. Throughout the study, the evolution of soil pH, total and available (DTPA-extractable) heavy metals content (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb and Cd), electrical conductivity (EC), soluble sulphates and plant growth and heavy metal uptake were followed. The study indicates that: (1) soil acidification, due to the oxidation of metallic sulphides in the soil, increased heavy metal bioavailability; (2) liming succeeded in controlling the soil acidification; and (3) the organic materials generally promoted fixation of heavy metals in non-available soil fractions, with Cu bioavailability being particularly affected by the organic treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1024288505979
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    Analytical conceptual plan to reforest central Himalaya for sustainable development (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental management 15 (1991), S. 369-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Central Himalaya ; Sustainable development ; Deforestation ; Subsistence economy ; Ecosystem linkages ; Energy ; Agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Central Himalayan region is suffering from severe ecological problems as a consequence of deforestation and that threatens the subsistence population of the region. We analyze this problem and propose a plan for ecologically sustainable development for the region based on an analysis of the interrelationships of various ecosystems, particularly cropland and forest ecosystems, around which most human activities are concentrated. Each energy unit of agronomic yield leads to expenditure of about 12 energy units of forest/grazing land energy. Because with rapidly declining forest area, this form of agriculture is no longer sustainable and cannot be converted into a fossil fuel-based agriculture, we propose that agriculture in the mountain region has to be largely replaced with farm forests to revitalize the environment and to generate the basic needs of the subsistence economy of the hill population whose food grain needs can be met from the plains. We conclude by describing the advantages that are likely to accrue to the people for their long-term future. In terms of both energy and money, the value of resources collected from the forest to support agriculture in the present systems far exceeds the value of food grain that would be required to enable the proposed farm forest-based systems to function. At regional level, the proposed system would generate more energy than the existing systems, not only because the productivity of forest is about tenfold greater than that of cropland, but also because the proposed plan promotes recovery of various ecosystems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393883
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    Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental management 16 (1992), S. 495-503 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Agroecosystem ; Fodder ; Firewood ; Energy ; Agriculture ; Input ; Output ; Efficiency ; Forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394125
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    Environmental assessment of packaging: Sense and sensibility (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental management 17 (1993), S. 575-586 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Emissions ; Food ; Life-cycle analysis ; Packaging ; Waste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The functions of packaging are derived from product requirements, thus for insight into the environmental effects of packaging the actual combination of product and package has to be evaluated along the production and distribution system. This extension to all related environmental aspects adds realism to the environmental analysis and provides guidance for design while preventing a too detailed investigation of parts of the production system. This approach is contrary to current environmental studies where packaging is always treated as an independent object, neglecting the more important environmental effects of the product that are influenced by packaging. The general analysis and quantification stages for this approach are described, and the currently available methods for the assessment of environmental effects are reviewed. To limit the workload involved in an environmental assessment, a step-by-step analysis and the use of feedback is recommended. First the dominant environmental effects of a particular product and its production and distribution are estimated. Then, on the basis of these preliminary results, the appropriate system boundaries are chosen and the need for further or more detailed environmental analysis is determined. For typical food and drink applications, the effect of different system boundaries on the outcome of environmental assessments and the advantage of the step-by-step analysis of the food supply system is shown. It appears that, depending on the consumer group, different advice for reduction of environmental effects has to be given. Furthermore, because of interrelated environmental effects of the food supply system, the continuing quest for more detailed and accurate analysis of the package components is not necessary for improved management of the environmental effects of packaging.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393720
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    Modeling impacts of policy measures in the Polish Country Study (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental management 20 (1996), S. S31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Economy ; Energy ; Climate ; Greenhouse gas ; Model ; Cost ; Benefit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract As Poland has signed and ratified the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), proper methodology for modeling the response of the economic system to greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement measures should be developed. The scheme of the Polish Country Study modeling system as well as the modeling algorithm for creating GHG abatement scenarios at the country level are presented. The mechanism of encouraging GHG emission reduction by policy measures is considered. The problem is discussed both from micro- and macroeconomic perspectives. Analysis of externalities was found to be an important element of the Country Study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01204190
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    Firewood consumption in a Nepali village (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Firewood ; Social forestry ; Community forestry ; Deforestation ; Watershed management ; Energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract People's dependence on firewood as a primary source of energy is causing serious deforestation problems in many developing countries. Reliable information on firewood consumption rates is needed to develop afforestation plans and to control deforestation. This study compares three methods used to determine firewood consumption in a Nepali village. Cultural and environmental factors that affect firewood consumption in the village are also examined. Theweight survey proved to be the most accurate method used. The less precisedaily recall andannual recall surveys overestimated actual firewood consumption by factors of 1.76 and 1.95, respectively. Overestimates are attributed to both physical and social factors. In view of the good agreement between daily and annual recall surveys, and the much greater ease of conducting the latter, annual recall surveys are recommended as the most practical method of monitoring firewood consumption rates. Validating the survey with occasional weighed measurements is suggested as a means of improving accuracy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866966
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    Factors influencing voting by the united states congress on the national energy act (1980)
    Springer
    Environmental management 4 (1980), S. 375-380 
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    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Vote evaluation ; Energy ; U.S. National Energy Act ; Decision making
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A myriad of factors, both economic and political, influenced the voting by members of the United States Congress on the 1978 National Energy Act. Determinant factors considered in our analysis included the percentage of residents in the Congressman's district residing in the central city or on farms; the percentage of residents who belong to labor unions; the average level of education of the residents; oil, coal, and natural gas production in the state relative to total domestic production. The results, determined by means of logit analysis, indicate that the impact on low-income energy consumers, the effect on overall employment, the impact on farmers, and the benefits to energy interests, as well as ideology and the subjective perception that the need exists to do something about the energy situation in the United States, were all important explanatory factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01869649
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    China: Energy and environment (1983)
    Springer
    Environmental management 7 (1983), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: People's Republic of China ; Energy ; Air pollution ; Deforestation ; Environmental impact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Some of China's most prominent environmental problems are related to energy The air pollution of the cities and industrial centers is caused by the inefficient combustion of coal. Deforestation is due to a certain extent to the procurement of firewood. Further problems are caused by the ash and slag from coal combustion and the oil pollution of the sea. While most of China's air is still clean, pollution levels in the cities surpass by far those of German industrial towns, and the health effects are becoming apparent The problem of deforestation must be considered still more serious because it affects whole regions. Short-term effective solutions to the problems presented are not available
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866912
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    Soil sensitivity due to acid and heavy metal deposition in East Central Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 737-742 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; heavy metals ; cadmium ; soil contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous soil acidification and deposition of heavy metals is a major concern for forest and agricultural soils of the Black Triangle region of East Central Europe including southern former East Germany, northern Bohemia of the Czech Republic, and southern Poland. The objective of this project was to develop historical and future projections of acid and heavy metal deposition to soils (As, Cd, Pb, Zn) and to produce a preliminary map of soil sensitivity to cadmium pollution and uptake by crops. Ultimately, we wish to assess the relative hazard and recovery times of soils to metals deposition in the region. Emission and deposition data bases obtained from several models developed at IIASA were linked using the Geographical Information System ARC/INFO to produce soil maps of sensitivity to cadmium mobility based on metals deposition, soil type, soil texture, organic matter content, and acid deposition. RAINS 6.1 (Alcamo et al., 1990) was utilized to produce maps of acid deposition for EMEP grids (150 km x 150 km). The largest amount of acid load is deposited in southern East Germany. Sulfur deposition in that area was 10–12 gS/m2/yr in 1990, and S+N deposition exceeded 8000 eq/ha/yr. But the “hot spot” for metals deposition is further to the east, in the Silesia area of southern Poland. The TRACE2 trajectory model of Alcamo, Bartnicki, and Olendrzynski (1992) was used to estimate cumulative metals deposition since 1955 with scenarios to 2010. Pb has improved over Europe since 1970 when depositions in the Ruhr River Valley of West Germany exceeded 60 mg/m2/yr. But cadmium deposition in southern Poland (Katowice and Krakow) has now accumulated to 60–70 mg/m2 by atmospheric deposition alone. During base case simulations from 1955–87, approximately 1.8 mg/kg Pb and 0.12 mg/kg Cd have been added to the mixed plow-layer of ∼30 cm. If these emissions continue indefinitely, the accumulation of metals will become problematic for agriculture and the food chain.
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    Energy use, emissions, and air pollution reduction strategies in Asia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2277-2282 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Asia ; Acid Rain ; Energy ; Emissions ; Sulfur Deposition ; Critical Loads ; Sulfur Dioxide ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to Europe and North America, air pollution in Asia is increasing rapidly, resulting in both local air quality problems and higher acidic depositions. In 1989, an east-west group of scientists initiated a multi-institutional research project on Acid Rain and Emissions Reduction in Asia, funded for the past two years by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Phase I, covering 23 countries of Asia, focussed on the development of PC-based software called the Regional Air Pollution INformation and Simulation Model (RAINS-ASIA). A 94-region Regional Energy Scenario Generator was developed to create alternative energy/emission scenarios through the year 2020. A long-range atmospheric transport model was developed to calculate dispersion and deposition of sulfur, based upon emissions from area and large point sources, on a one-degree grid of Asia. The resulting impacts of acidic deposition on a variety of vegetation types were analyzed using the critical loads approach to test different emissions management strategies, including both energy conservation measures and sulfur abatement technologies.
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    Chemical characteristics of leachate from pulp and paper mill residuals used to reclaim a sandy soil (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 167-187 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Pulp and paper mill sludge ; nitrogen ; DOC ; heavy metals ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Primary sludge, secondary sludge, and wood ash from a pulp and paper mill were combined with sand to create a synthetic topsoil (C:N ratio of 18:1) to restore an abandoned gravel pit. Synthetic topsoil was applied to field microcosms at rates equivalent to 0, 2170, 4341, or 6511 kg N/ha; each was seeded with grass. Fifteen chemical constituents in leachate were measured during two field seasons. Cadmium, Ni and Zn were mobilized rapidly by soil disturbance. Chloride and SO4-S eluted rapidly from the sludge along with Na. Nitrate leached with Ca late in each field season when sludge N-mineralization and nitrification exceeded plant uptake and microbial immobilization. Ammonium elution was negligible. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was mobilized by decomposition of organic matter in the sludge, as were Mg and K. Copper eluted with DOC, probably as an organic ligand. Lead and ortho-P were below our detection limits. We concluded that a synthetic topsoil with a 30:1 C:N ratio applied at a rate of 2100-4300 kg N/ha should provide adequate plant nutrition while minimizing water quality hazards.
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    Feasibility of a counter-current extraction procedure for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 317-335 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Soil remediation ; extraction ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Effective remediation and sanitation technologies for soils contaminated with heavy metals are limited. We investigated the feasibility of a counter-current metal extraction procedure for the removal of selected heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ph, and Zn) from two contaminated soils. The process involved a decarbonation (removal of carbonates), acid solubilisation, washing, and liming step. Results from batch equilibration experiments simulating the counter-current process showed more than 85% of the Cd present to be removed. Removal efficiencies for Cu and Pb were limited to approximately 15%, this mainly due to resorption of these elements during the decarbonation step. As most Zn was found to be present in a more difficult acid-extractable solid phase, its extractability accounted for only 25%. While reaction (pH) conditions of both decarbonation and solubilisation determined removal efficiencies, washing the extracted soil with deionized water only slightly increased the amount of metals removed. Metal distribution among solid phases — exchangeable, carbonate, reducible, organically bound, and residual — was affected by the different treatments. The amount of metals contained in the exchangeable and residual fractions determined their extractability. Except for Cu, the reducible and organically bound fractions were less important. After solubilisation 13 to 70% of the metals were present in an exchangeable solid phase. This implicates that washing the solubilized soil with a salt may increase the extractability of metals, especially for Zn and Pb. Based on our results the process is critically evaluated and possibilities for optimization formulated.
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    Forms of Cu, Ni, and Zn in soils of sudbury, ontario and the metal concentrations in plants (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 531-542 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; smelting ; soil contamination ; plant contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Forms of Cu, Ni, and Zn in the contaminated soils of the Sudbury mining/smelting district were studied to assess metal mobility and plant availability. Soil, tufted grass (Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.), tickle grass (Agrostis scabra Willd.), dwarf birch (Betula pumila L. var. glandulifera Regel) and white birch (Betula paprifera Marsh.) leaf and twig samples were taken from 20 locations around three Cu-Ni smelters. The sampling sites were collected to cover a wide range of soil pH and soil Cu and Ni concentrations. The water-soluble, exchangeable, sodium acetate-soluble, and total concentrations of the metals in the soils were analyzed. The soils were contaminated with Cu and Ni up to 2000 µg g−1. Zinc concentrations were also elevated in some samples above the normal soil level of 100 µg g−1. The mobility of Cu and Zn, expressed as the proportion of metals in Fl and F2 forms, increased with soil pH decrease. A strong positive correlation was found between the soil exchangeable (F2) Ni and the soil pH. Concentrations of Cu and Ni in birch twigs showed a good linear relationship with exchangeable forms of the metals in soils. A highly significant correlation was also found between total Ni in soils and the metal content of the twigs. No significant correlation was found between Zn concentrations in the soils and plants. Birch twigs are a good indicator (better than leaves) of Cu and Ni contamination of the Sudbury soils. The mobile forms of Cu and Ni and low pH seem to be the main factors that will control the success of revegetation. Strong variability of the soil metal mobility requires any reclamation effort be site-specific.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282667
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    Solubility of heavy metals in a contaminated soil: Effects of redox potential and pH (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 543-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; solubility ; redox potential ; pH ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To assess the mobilities of Pb, Cd, and Zn from a contaminated soil, the effects of redox potential and pH value on metal solubilities were investigated. Both redox potential and pH were found to greatly affect heavy metal solubility in the soil. Results showed that the soil suspension under continuous oxygen aeration for 21 days resulted in increases of redox potential from 290 to 440 mV and pH value from 6.9 to 7.0, respectively. Soluble concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn varied with time, and were all lower than 1 mg kg−1. When the soil suspension was aerated with nitrogen, final redox potential was −140 mV and pH value of 7.1. The soluble metal concentrations were slightly higher than those aerated with oxygen. The equilibrium solubility experiments were conducted under three different pH values (3.3, 5.0, 8.0) and three redox potential (325, 0, −100 mV). Results showed that metals were sparingly soluble under alkaline conditions (pH = 8.0). Metal solubilities were higher when under slightly acidic conditions (pH = 5.0), and increased drastically when pH was kept at 3.3. When solubilities were compared under same pH values, it was observed that metal solubilities increased as redox potential decreased. Generally speaking, acidic and reducing conditions were most favorable for metal solubilization, and the effect of pH was more significant than that of redox potential. It was proposed that heavy metals were mostly adsorbed onto Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. The pH-dependent metal adsorption reaction and the dissolution of Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides under reducing conditions was the mechanism controlling the release of heavy metals from soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282668
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    Sulphur and heavy metal concentrations in Scots pine bark in northern Finland and the Kola peninsula (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 395-408 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; pine bark ; sulphur ; pH ; conductivity ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sulphur and heavy metal deposition in northern Finland (= in Lapland) and the Kola Peninsula were surveyed using Scots pine bark samples. Sulphur concentrations in bark close to the Kola smelters were on an average twice as high as on the Finnish side of the border. The Cu and Ni concentrations near the smelters were almost 100-fold the mean values in northern Finland. There was a marked decrease in the sulphur and heavy metal concentrations with increasing distance from the emission sources. The effects of emission from the Kola Peninsula were evident in Finland only close to the border, especially in the eastern parts of Inari (NE corner of Lapland) where the Cu and Ni concentrations were 2- to 6-fold those in western Lapland. The sulphur and heavy metal concentrations in most of northern Finland were low. However were the concentrations of Cr in bark in the SW corner of Lapland considerably high, due to the emissions from the Tornio refined steel plants.
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    The influence of heavy metals on carbon dioxide evolution from a typic xerochrept soil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 409-417 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: CO2 evolution ; heavy metals ; loading effect ; metal equivalent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory study the effects on soil respiration of trace metals (Ni, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn) added at loading rates ranging from 0 to 1000μg g−1 were determined. Differences in toxicity with respect to the type of metal salt added were also evaluated. The inhibitory effect on soil respiration differed considerably among the heavy metals and increased with the increasing loading rate. No linear relationships were found between the degree of inhibition and the levels of total and available metals. Toxicity evaluation at 20 and 50% inhibition of soil respiration showed Cu as the most toxic and Mn as the most tolerable metal. A ‘metal equivalent’ was calculated as the sum of the amounts of the available metals weighted to their relative toxicity with respect to the least toxic one: Mn equivalent=Mn+1.9Pb+2.1Ni+2.5Zn+6.7Cd+6.7Cu. The ionic potential of the heavy metals was found to be positively related to the percent inhibition of soil respiration. Chlorides and sulphates appeared to depress soil respiration more than nitrates, the latter counter-balancing the toxic effect of the heavy metals.
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    HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOILS IN AN OLD INDUSTRIAL AREA OF WALES, GREAT BRITAIN: SOURCE IDENTIFICATION THROUGH STATISTICAL DATA INTERPRETATION (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 85-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; heavy metals ; smelters ; factoranalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combined statistical and computergraphic approach is proposed for apportionment and attribution of soil contaminants in complex areas. The field test site lies north of Swansea, south Wales and contains two major pollutant sources, an active nickel refiner and (4 km away) the site of major base metal smelting in the nineteenth century (the Lower Swansea Valley reclamation study area). Soil samples (70 samples, 0–15 cm) were collected on a regular grid of 1000 m interval. They were extracted using 0.05 M diammonium EDTA and the extracts analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Soil pH and %organic content were also determined. Factor analysis yielded three groups which explained 73.8% of the data variance (1: Cd, Cu, %OM, Pb, Zn, Ni; 2: Cd, Zn, Mn, pH; 3: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe). Isoline plots were classifiable into the same three groups. It was concluded that factor 3 contained those elements associated with smelter emissions, factor 1 with contamination from the Lower Swansea Valley and in factor 2 pedogenetic processes control the occurrence of the elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026478427782
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    Pollutant exchange at the water/sediment interface in the venice canals (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 255-263 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; sediments ; pollution ; resuspension ; release processes ; bioavailability ; anthropogenic ; metal ; residual inetal ; geochemical phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The space-time distribution of some pollutants (Cu, Ph, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, V, Ni, Cr) in the sludge of the canals of Venice was studied. The contamination levels were comparable to, or higher, than those measured in the most polluted sediments of the Lagoon of Venice Sediments were collected by two different sampling techniques I ) collection of sediment cores (upper 5 cm) by a syringe-type corer, 2) collection by traps, placed on the bottom of the canal Traps pennitted the sampling of sediments essentially resuspended by overlying water turbulence This sediment fraction is subjected to variations of its physicochemical parameters (principally change of redox conditions) and therefore to pollutant exchange at the water/sediment interface The metals principally exchanged during sediment resuspension were Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu These metals have principally an anthropogenic origin and are bound to the most labile geochemical phases of the sediment (such as sulphides), which can be oxidised during sediment resuspension, releasing metals into the water Fe, Cr and Ni were only partially exchanged, while Mn and V were generally not exchanged, a significant fraction of these metals is of natural origin and is bound to the most refractory phases of the sediment.
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    LONG-TERM TRANSFORMATIONS AND REDISTRIBUTION OF POTENTIALLY TOXIC HEAVY METALS IN ARID-ZONE SOILS INCUBATED: I. UNDER SATURATED CONDITIONS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 399-423 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fractionation ; redistribution ; saturation ; kinetics ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Solid-phase transformations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn, added as soluble salts at several levels to two arid-zone soils, were studied over a period of one year. The soils were maintained under a saturated-paste regime and sampled periodically. A selective sequential dissolution procedure was employed to determine the changes in metal distribution among six operationally defined solid-phase fractions. A function, Uts was introduced to measure the fractional attainment of equilibrium of the soils following a perturbation. The direction and rate of redistribution of the added metals in the soils were affected by the nature of the metal, the soil properties and the metal loading level. Cd added to the soils was transferred from the exchangeable (EXC) into the carbonate (CARB) fraction. When soluble Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn were added at low loading levels, metals were transferred from the reducible oxides(RO) bound and easily reducible oxides (ERO) bound fractions and the EXC fraction, into the CARB fraction. However, at the higher loading level, metals were transferred from the EXC and CARB fractions into the organic matter bound (OM), ERO and RO fractions. The Uts function approached lower values as incubation continued but remained removed from 1. The overall flux of metals among fractions was the combined result of the readjustment of the metals in the native soil to changing conditions due to saturation, and the transfer of added soluble metals to the less labile fractions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026450118082
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    Effect of copper smelting air pollution on the mites (ACARI) associated with young scots pine forests polluted by a copper smelting works at Głogów, Poland. II. Soil mites (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 287-302 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acari ; bioindicators ; Gamasida ; heavy metals ; Oribatida ; Scots pine forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The soil mites were investigated in the areas covered with dead needles in young Scots pine forests (plant associationLeucobryo-Pinetum), polluted by a copper smelting works at Głogów, and in a control plot. The concentration of heavy metals, mainly copper and lead, was the lowest in the control plot, and increased towards the pollution source. A high concentration of these metals reduced the density of mites and species number of Oribatida and Gamasida, while small concentrations were associated with the increasing abundance of mites and species number of Oribatida. Among mites, the following categories were distinguished: a) sensitive to heavy metals, b) sensitive to a high concentration, but tolerant of small concentrations, and c) tolerant of these metals. The changed vertical distribution of mites in the most polluted soil was also observed, due to accumulation of heavy metals in the Of/h horizon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407467
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    Accumulation of inorganic and organic pollutants by biofilms in the aquatic environment (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 651-659 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: River sediments ; biofilms ; organic micropollutants ; heavy metals ; temporal variations ; biosorption ; accumulation processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a partly urbanized catchment to the south of Trier, Germany, short term variations in river sediment compounds as well as the bioaccumulation of pollutants on surface associated microbial coatings (biofilms) were investigated weekly during a period of six months. Concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and for microbial characterisation protein, carbohydrate and uronic acid were analyzed. Sorption processes on biofilms were determined by temporal variations in pollutants and microbial parameters and through the comparison of sorbed substances in biofilms and sediments. The results show, that sorption events on biofilms play an important and dynamic role in spring and summer for transport and accumulation of the investigated pollutants in the aquatic environment. The amount of pollutants sorbed on sediment particles is not only dependent on the particulate bound or solved pollutants in the river water, but is strongly controlled by the changing conditions of the biofilms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406904
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    The Influence of Age on Cadmium Concentrations in Seabirds (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 50 (1998), S. 159-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: age ; biomonitoring ; heavy metals ; seabirds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effects of age on cadmium concentrations was investigated in Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea, Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus, and great skuas, Catharacta skua. There was no evidence for the continued accumulation of cadmium with increasing adult age. Adult shearwaters did have higher concentrations of cadmium compared to young fledglings, but there was no significant difference between cadmium concentrations in adult and sub-adult gulls. In addition, the sample of great skuas were of known age (3–22 yrs old) and showed no evidence of increasing cadmium concentrations with adult age in liver or kidney. However, it is possible that age accumulation of cadmium in great skuas was masked by individual dietary preferences overriding the effects of increasing age. It is often assumed that cadmium concentrations continue to accumulate with increasing adult age, but seabirds may have evolved some as yet unknown mechanism for excretion or more rapid turnover of cadmium than previously thought. The implications of this for the use of seabirds as biomonitors is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005764008119
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    Studies on the Uptake of Heavy Metals by Various Plant Species on Chromite Minespoils in Sub-tropical Regions of India (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 55 (1999), S. 389-399 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; heavy metals ; mine spoils ; vegetation ; soil-plant relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The presence of heavy metals (Cr, Ni and Fe) in soil and accumulated by herbs, shrubs and trees regenerated naturally on the minewaste-dumps of Sukinda chromite mines (TISCO sector) were investigated. There was significant correlationship between Cr and Fe in the soil where a tree species (Catunaregam spinosa) occurred. Guazuma ulmifolia and Diospyros montana also did show significant correlation between leaf, stem and soil for Cr, Ni and Fe. Among the shrubs (Calotropis gigantea, Chromolaena odorata, Phyllanthus reticulatus and Woodfordia fruticosa) significant and positive correlations were obtained for Cr and Ni in soil and iron and nickel in leaf and chromium and nickel in stem. Among the annual herbs, whole plant of tephrosia purpurea and Borrevia articularis showed significant and positive correlation with chromium and nickel with the maximum correlation coefficient value. It was concluded that the above information would be useful in revegetation programmes in subtropical regions having seasonal rainfall.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005982915175
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    Metals in Feathers of Bonin Petrel, Christmas Shearwater, Wedge-Tailed Shearwater, and Red-Tailed Tropicbird in the Hawaian Islands, Northern Pacific (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 343-358 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: birds ; environmental pollutants ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Levels of environmental pollutants are usually higher in mainland and coastal areas than in offshore or oceanic islands due to higher inputs from agricultural and industrial sources. Levels of heavy metals are usually higher in adult than in young birds, because they have had longer to accumulate metals in their tissues, and/or because they may eat larger, more contaminated, prey. We examined the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in the adults and young of Bonin petrel (Pterodroma hypoleuca), Christmas shearwater (Puffinus nativitatis) and red-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) on Midway Atoll, and adult wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) on Midway Atoll and on Manana Island (off Oahu) in the northern Pacific. All birds were analyzed individually except for Christmas Shearwater chicks where samples were pooled to obtain sufficient quantities for analysis. Significant (p〈0.05) age-related differences were found for mercury, selenium, manganese and chromium in Bonin petrels, for selenium and mercury in Christmas shearwaters, and for chromium and mercury in Red-tailed Tropicbirds. Lead approached significance for all three species. Adults had higher levels than young except for chromium and manganese in the petrels and arsenic in all three species. There were significant interspecific differences in concentrations of all metals except arsenic for the adults nesting on Midway. Christmas shearwaters had the highest levels of all metals except mercury and chromium. Bonin petrels, the smallest species examined, had mercury levels that were over three times higher than any of the adults of the other three species. For wedge-tailed shearwaters, levels of chromium and lead were significantly higher, and manganese and selenium were lower on Midway than Manana. Knowledge of the foraging ranges and habits of these far-ranging seabirds is inadequately known, but does not currently explain the observed differences among species. We could not find a consistent pattern of differences between the burrow nesting species (Bonin petrel, Wedge-tailed shearwater) and the surface nesting tropicbirds. There was no consistent pairwise correlation between any metals across all species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006134125236
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    Heavy Metal Tolerance in Chromogenic and Non-Chromogenic Marine Bacteria from Arabian Gulf (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 321-330 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: agar diffusion assay ; Arabian Gulf ; chromogenic bacteria ; heavy metals ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A simple method – direct agar diffusion assay – was optimised for rapid assessment of heavy metal toxicity to marine chromogenic and non-chromogenic bacteria. The procedure involved spotting of a 10 microliter test solution on the seeded agar plate and incubation of the plates at 30°C to accelerate bacterial growth. Under optimum conditions, test results were obtainable within 12–18 hr instead of 96 hr incubation time generally required for a marine bacterial assay by conventional agar plate methods. A range of sixteen heavy metals, each at 5 different concentrations was tested. Toxicity was demonstrated by the formation of a clear zone of growth inhibition around the point of application. Toxicity of tested chemicals could be easily demonstrated at concentrations as low as 0.1 μg per spot on the agar plate. A dose dependent relation between metal concentration (μg/spot) and the diameter of the clear zone on agar plate was observed, suggesting potential of this method as an easy and economical tool in quantitative toxicology studies.
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    Litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in oak stands along an urban-rural land use gradient (1997)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 1 (1997), S. 117-131 
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    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: decomposition ; heavy metals ; litterbags ; nitrification ; nitrogen mineralization ; urbanization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We investigated litter mass loss and soil nitrogen (N)-transformation rates in oak stands along a 130-km, urban-rural transect originating in New York City to examine the relationship between changes in these parameters and previously documented differences in soil temperature, heavy metal and total salt concentrations, and soil biota. Reference litter from a rural site was placed in litterbags, and rates of mass loss and changes in N concentration in litter residues were measured over a 6-month period. Net N-mineralization and nitrification rates were measured in A horizon soils using laboratory incubations under constant moisture and temperature. Both mass loss (76%) and N release (65%) from litterbags reached their maximum in urban stands, whereas net N-mineralization rates were 2.3-fold higher than in rural A horizon soils. Litter fragmentation by earthworms and higher soil temperatures are potential causes of the higher mass loss rates observed in urban stands. The higher releases of N measured in the urban litterbags could be a result of their faster mass loss rates, exogenous inputs of N from atmospheric deposition, a relatively low heterotrophic demand for N, or a combination of these factors. The results of this study suggest that in comparison with rural stands, urban forests are characterized by comparatively high rates of litter decomposition, and may also be characterized by comparatively high rates of N mineralization. Additional studies are needed to test whether these effects are common to urban environments in general.
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    Copper in Scots pine forests around a heavy-metal smelter in south-western Finland (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1727-1732 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: copper ; element flux ; heavy metals ; Pinus ; soil pollution ; understorey vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Distribution and fluxes of copper within Pinus sylvestris stands were studied during 1992–1994 along a heavy-metal pollution gradient in south-western Finland. The stands are situated at distances of 0.5, 4 and 8 km from a copper-nickel smelter that started operating in 1945 at Harjavalta. According to the results, copper concentrations in the soil, in the understorey vegetation and in the trees increased steeply towards the smelter. Almost 50 years' accumulation of heavy metals in the soil has caused direct toxic effects to soil microbes, thus decreasing decomposition and nutrient mineralisation. During the past few years, sulphur and heavy metal emissions from the copper and nickel smelter have been radically decreased. However, the heavy metals which have been accumulating in the soil for decades continue to affect the vegetation for a long time through soil processes. Consequently, long-term accumulation in the soil has to be taken into account when determining the critical loads of forest ecosystems for heavy metals.
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    HEAVY METALS IN ALLOTMENT GARDENS CLOSE TO AN OIL REFINERY IN PŁOCK (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 61-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: allotment gardens ; dustfall ; ground water ; heavy metals ; oil refinery ; soil ; vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1984–1990 the following vegetables were grown: red beet, carrot and parsley in four allotment gardens of Płock city (Central Poland), situated near the refinery and petrochemical works. Cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, zinc and manganese concentrations were determined in the leaves and roots of vegetables. The heavy metal accumulation in the soil, dustfall (measure of air pollution), and ground water was determined. The quality of the vegetable yield, notably of the leaves, was low. This was mainly due to the excessive chromium and cadmium content in the leaves. Accumulation of heavy metals was relatively low in the soil, rather high in the ground water and variable in the dust.
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    ACCUMULATION OF CADMIUM AND ZINC FROM DIFFUSE IMMISSION ON ACID SANDY SOILS, AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL COMPOSITION (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; pollution ; sandy soils ; zinc smelter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sandy soils, in the border area of Belgium and the Netherlands (the Kempen region), are heavily contaminated by atmospheric deposition of cadmium and zinc from nearby smelters. Groundwater contamination by leaching from these low retention soils is subject of study. There are reports of high cadmium and zinc concentrations in groundwater in the area, but in most cases the direct sources are unknown. In an attempt to predict present or future risk of groundwater contamination by soil leaching, metal binding processes (retardation) were studied that are specific for these soil types under the existing acidifying conditions. From four fields nine contaminated profiles were sampled and analyzed for cadmium and zinc. Average concentrations of 131 μg g-1 zinc and 1.6 μg g-1 cadmium with maximum values of 2989 μg g-1 respectively 16.3 μg g-1 were found. In addition pH and contents of organic matter, aluminium, iron, and manganese were determined. The relative importance of these soil parameters for metal retardation is derived from the profiles. The data show that organic matter is the most important soil component for binding cadmium and zinc. Adsorption of cadmium and zinc on aluminium, iron and manganese (hydr) oxides appears to be of minor importance at low pH (〈5.5).
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    Accumulation of cadmium and zinc from diffuse immission on acid sandy soils, as a function of soil composition (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; pollution ; sandy soils ; zinc smelter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sandy soils, in the border area of Belgium and the Netherlands (the Kempen region), are heavily contaminated by atmospheric deposition of cadmium and zinc from nearby smelters. Groundwater contamination by leaching from these low retention soils is subject of study. There are reports of high cadmium and zinc concentrations in groundwater in the area, but in most cases the direct sources are unknown. In an attempt to predict present or future risk of groundwater contamination by soil leaching, metal binding processes (retardation) were studied that are specific for these soil types under the existing acidifying conditions. From four fields nine contaminated profiles were sampled and analyzed for cadmium and zinc. Average concentrations of 131μg g−1 zinc and 1.6μg g−1 cadmium with maximum values of 2989μg g−1 respectively 16.3μg g−1 were found. In addition pH and contents of organic matter, aluminium, iron, and manganese were determined. The relative importance of these soil parameters for metal retardation is derived from the profiles. The data show that organic matter is the most important soil component for binding cadmium and zinc. Adsorption of cadmium and zinc on aluminium, iron and manganese (hydr) oxides appears to be of minor importance at low pH (〈5.5).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407193
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    Partitioning of heavy metals in podzol soils contaminated by mine drainage waters, Dalarna, Sweden (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 39-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid mine drainage ; heavy metals ; jarosite ; soils ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The discharge of acidic mine drainage waters onto a hillslope in Dalarna, central Sweden, has lead to the contamination of the podzol soils with Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and sulfate. Samples from contaminated and reference soils have been collected for chemical and mineralogical analyses. Jarosite is identified by x-ray diffraction analysis as a precipitate in the upper horizons (A, E, B) of the contaminated soils, where the soil acidity (pHKCl∼2.6) promotes jarosite stability. The sequential chemical extraction of soil samples indicates that, in the reference A horizon, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn are bound primarily to cation exchange sites and organic matter. In the A horizon of the contaminated soils closest to the rock dump, metal partitioning is dominated by the Fe oxide fractions, despite the high organic matter content; Pb is almost completely bound to crystalline Fe oxides, possibly adsorbed to Fe oxides or occuring in a jarosite solid solution. In the reference B and C horizons, Cu, Ni and Zn are primarily adsorbed/coprecipitated in the Fe oxide fractions, while Pb remains with a large fraction bound to organic matter. In the Fe-rich B horizon of the contaminated soils, the partitioning of the metals in cation exchange sites and to organic matter has greatly increased relative to the reference soils, resulting from the mobilization of organo-metal complexes down the profile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407195
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  • 80
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    Heavy metals in allotment gardens close to an oil refinery in Płock (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 61-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: allotment gardens ; dustfall ; ground water ; heavy metals ; oil refinery ; soil ; vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1984–1990 the following vegetables were grown: red beet, carrot and parsley in four allotment gardens of Płock city (Central Poland), situated near the refinery and petrochemical works. Cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, zinc and manganese concentrations were determined in the leaves and roots of vegetables. The heavy metal accumulation in the soil, dustfall (measure of air pollution), and ground water was determined. The quality of the vegetable yield, notably of the leaves, was low. This was mainly due to the excessive chromium and cadmium content in the leaves. Accumulation of heavy metals was relatively low in the soil, rather high in the ground water and variable in the dust.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407196
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  • 81
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    Spatial and Temporal Variability of Total Non-Residual Heavy Metals Content in Stream Sediments from the Suquia River System, Cordoba, Argentina (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; TNR ; stream sediments ; Suquía River
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Suquía is a semiarid (rainfall, 700-900 mm y-1), medium-size (7700 km2) riversystem located in central Argentina. Its mountainous upper catchment includes pristine areas aswell as a variety of human settlements and a reservoir lake. A large city (Córdoba, ca. 1.3million inhabitants) and a terminal hypersaline lake are included in the middle and lower basin.Total non-residual (TNR) heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Fe) have been determined inriver bed sediments in two seasons (spring and autumn), seeking to establish the factors whichcontrol the temporal and spatial variability. The major findings were: a) concentrations of TNRmetals were, in general, higher during springtime than during autumn, particularly downstreamfrom the city of Córdoba; b) organic matter played a significant role as a controlling factorwherever it defined reducing conditions, lowering the concentrations of Mn and Fe hydrousoxides; c) a higher organic load (e.g., downstream the city) and more pronounced reducingconditions could be the causes for the increased Fe concentration, probably precipitated assulfides; d) organic matter exhibited a closer correlation with some TNR metals in autumn,probably caused by a larger capacity for complexation in the biologically-processed organicdebris; and, e) the existence of pristine areas in the drainage basin allowed for the calculation ofenrichment factors (EF) which show the significance of several environmental impacts in theSuquía system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022113330970
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    Sulphur and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Scots Pine Bark in Northern Finland and the Kola Peninsula (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 395-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; pine bark ; sulphur ; pH ; conductivity ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sulphur and heavy metal deposition in northern Finland (= in Lapland) and the Kola Peninsulawere surveyed using Scots pine bark samples. Sulphur concentrations in bark close to the Kolasmelters were on an average twice as high as on the Finnish side of the border. The Cu and Niconcentrations near the smelters were almost 100-fold the mean values in northern Finland. Therewas a marked decrease in the sulphur and heavy metal concentrations with increasing distancefrom the emission sources. The effects of emissions from the Kola Peninsula were evident inFinland only close to the border, especially in the eastern parts of Inari (NE corner of Lapland)where the Cu and Ni concentrations were 2- to 6-fold those in western Lapland. The sulphur andheavy metal concentrations in most of northern Finland were low. However were theconcentrations of Cr in bark in the SW corner of Lapland considerably high, due to the emissionsfrom the Tornio refined steel plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022160930526
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    The Influence of Heavy Metals on Carbon Dioxide Evolution from a Typic Xerochrept Soil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 409-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: CO2 evolution ; heavy metals ; loading effect ; metal equivalent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory study the effects on soil respiration of trace metals (Ni, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn)added at loading rates ranging from 0 to 1000 µg g-1 were determined. Differences intoxicity with respect to the type of metal salt added were also evaluated. The inhibitory effect onsoil respiration differed considerably among the heavy metals and increased with the increasingloading rate. No linear relationships were found between the degree of inhibition and the levels oftotal and available metals. Toxicity evaluation at 20 and 50% inhibition of soil respiration showedCu as the most toxic and Mn as the most tolerable metal. A ‘metal equivalent’ was calculated asthe sum of the amounts of the available metals weighted to their relative toxicity with respect tothe least toxic one: Mn equivalent = Mn + 1.9Pb + 2.1Ni + 2.5Zn + 6.7Cd + 6.7Cu. The ionicpotential of the heavy metals was found to be positively related to the percent inhibition of soilrespiration. Chlorides and sulphates appeared to depress soil respiration more than nitrates, thelatter counter-balancing the toxic effect of the heavy metals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022111323406
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  • 84
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    Ash from Cereal and Rape Straw Used for Heat Production: Liming Effect and Contents of Plant Nutrients and Heavy Metals (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 93-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: straw ash ; ashes ; bottom ash ; fly ash ; biofuel ; cereal straw ; rape straw ; straw combustion ; fertilizer ; plant nutrients ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The composition of 79 samples of straw ash from seven heating plants in Sweden wasanalysed with the aim of evaluating straw ash as a fertilizer and liming agent. The variation in ashcomposition was explained mainly by ash fraction (bottom ash vs. fly ash) and straw type (wheat,barley, rye, rape) but also by heating plant. Compared with concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cd inbottom ash, levels in fly ash were 10-90 times higher. Fly ash also contained more Cu and Kcompared with bottom ash. The Cd/P ratio was 0.03 in bottom ash and 0.6 g Cd/kg P in fly ash.Ash from rape straw had a higher Ca content and liming effect compared with ash from cerealstraw; e.g., the liming effect of rape ash was more than three times higher than that of wheat ash.The liming effect varied between 3.5 and 44% CaO and depended mainly on the Ca content. Theaverage P content was 1.7% (0.2-4.4%), with slightly higher concentration in rape ash than inwheat ash. The potential for using straw ash as a fertilizer and liming agent is discussed. Compared withcommercial fertilizers the use of bottom ash as a P fertilizer results in a lower addition of Cd.However, the total heavy metal content of straw ash poses a potential problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022179708289
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  • 85
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    Spatial and temporal variability of total non-residual heavy metals content in stream sediments from the Suquia River system, Cordoba, Argentina (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; TNR ; stream sediments ; Suquía River
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Suquía is a semiarid (rainfall, 700–900 mm y−1), medium-size (7700 km2) river system located in central Argentina. Its mountainous upper catchment includes pristine areas as well as a variety of human settlements and a reservoir lake. A large city (Córdoba, ca. 1.3 million inhabitants) and a terminal hypersaline lake are included in the middle and lower basin. Total non-residual (TNR) heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Fe) have been determined in river bed sediments in two seasons (spring and autumn), seeking to establish the factors which control the temporal and spatial variability. The major findings were: a) concentrations of TNR metals were, in general, higher during springtime than during autumn, particularly downstream from the city of Córdoba; b) organic matter played a significant role as a controlling factor wherever it defined reducing conditions, lowering the concentrations of Mn and Fe hydrous oxides; c) a higher organic load (e.g., downstream the city) and more pronounced reducing conditions could be the causes for the increased Fe concentration, probably precipitated as sulfides; d) organic matter exhibited a closer correlation with some TNR metals in autumn, probably caused by a larger capacity for complexation in the biologically-processed organic debris; and, e) the existence of pristine areas in the drainage basin allowed for the calculation of enrichment factors (EF) which show the significance of several environmental impacts in the Suquía system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404763
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    Heavy metal contaminated soils in an old industrial area of Wales, Great Britain: Source identification through statistical data interpretation (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 85-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; heavy metals ; smelters ; factor analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combined statistical and computergraphic approach is proposed for apportionment and attribution of soil contaminants in complex areas. The field test site lies north of Swansea, south Wales and contains two major pollutant sources, an active nickel refiner and (4 km away) the site of major base metal smelting in the nineteenth century (the Lower Swansea Valley reclamation study area). Soil samples (70 samples, 0–15 cm) were collected on a regular grid of 1000 m interval. They were extracted using 0.05 M diammonium EDTA and the extracts analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Soil pH and %organic content were also determined. Factor analysis yielded three groups which explained 73.8% of the data variance (1: Cd, Cu, %OM, Pb, Zn, Ni; 2: Cd, Zn, Mn, pH; 3: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe). Isoline plots were classifiable into the same three groups. It was concluded that factor 3 contained those elements associated with smelter emissions, factor 1 with contamination from the Lower Swansea Valley and in factor 2 pedogenetic processes control the occurrence of the elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407095
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    INCREASED CADMIUM AVAILABILITY TO CROPS ON A SEWAGE-SLUDGE AMENDED SOIL (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; contamination ; mobilization ; cadmium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of spatial distribution of sewage-sludge born cadmium on the experimental plot revealed positive correlation of total cadmium and organic matter. Soil pH fluctuated randomly on the field. ‘Bioavailable’ concentrations, as determined by NH4-acetate extraction, were closely correlated to the total cadmium levels, and only negligible effects of pH and/or organic matter fluctuations were recorded. Desorption model using modified Freundlich isotherm was applied to predict risks of cadmium solubilization at different conditions. Simulations revealed that the organic matter content within the ranges found at the experimental field cannot support a proper immobilization of cadmium at pH-range observed at the field. The phenomenon was explained by ineffective care for the soil in the past.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026407720823
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    Increased cadmium availability to crops on a sewage-sludge amended soil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 361-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; contamination ; mobilization ; cadmium ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of spatial distribution of sewage-sludge born cadmium on the experimental plot revealed positive correlation of total cadmium and organic matter. Soil pH fluctuated randomly on the field. ‘Bioavailable’ concentrations, as determined by NH4-acetate extraction, were closely correlated to the total cadmium levels, and only negligible effects of pH and/or organic matter fluctuations were recorded. Desorption model using modified Freundlich isotherm was applied to predict risks of cadmium solubilization at different conditions. Simulations revealed that the organic matter content within the ranges found at the experimental field cannot support a proper immobilization of cadmium at pH-range observed at the field. The phenomenon was explained by ineffective care for the soil in the past.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406068
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    Bivalves and heavy metals in polluted sediments: A chemometric approach (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 615-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Near-shore sediments ; heavy metals ; bioindicators ; bivalves ; benthic populations ; multivariate analysis ; multiple regression analysis ; predictive models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Copper, lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium, manganese, iron and nickel were determined in near-shore sediments in the harbour of Trieste (Northern Adriatic), in an area highly exposed to urban and industrial wastes, where severe alteration of benthic population was observed. A typical bivalve of this area,Corbula gibba, was used as bioindicator of sea-bottom pollution. Multivariate statistical analysis of the chemical data interpret concentrations and distributions of heavy metals in these sediments, attesting anthropogenic source for Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn. Using labile fractions of heavy metals in sediments as ‘predictors’, and length or bionnass of the bivalve as dependent variables, we obtained, by a multiple regression procedure, a predictive model showing the influence of metals on this benthic organism of this polluted area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406900
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  • 90
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    Heavy Metal Content in Xylem Sap (Vitis Vinifera) from Mining and Smelting Areas (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 50 (1998), S. 189-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: grapevines ; heavy metals ; mining ; smelting ; xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract No data are available on the content of heavy metals in the xylem sap of grapevines growing in contaminated areas. The aim of this work was to obtain data on the concentration of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu in the xylem sap of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivar Monica (ungrafted), growing near contaminated sites: a smelter, an abandoned and an active mine, and to investigate relationships between xylem sap mineral composition and the heavy metal content of the soil. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu in the sap were enhanced compared to that of the soil, ranging from 4.3 to 611.4 µg Pb $$g_{d.wt.}^{ - 1} $$]〉$$ , 801 to 6176 µg Zn $$g_{d.wt.}^{ - 1} $$]〉$$ , 2.5 to 45 µg Cd $$g_{d.wt.}^{ - 1} $$]〉$$ and 19.8 to 161 µg Cu $$g_{d.wt.}^{ - 1} $$]〉$$ . Dry matter of xylem sap was significantly related to the heavy metals content in xylem saps, but no significant relationship between the metals in sap and total and DTPA/TEA extractable metal fraction in soil was found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005854213903
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    Contrasting effects of sewage sludge and commercial fertilizer on egg to adult development of two herbivorous insect species (1994)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 3 (1994), S. 94-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: heavy metals ; old-fields ; municipal sludge ; blackfaced leafhopper ; Graminella nigrifrons ; Cicadellidae ; cabbage looper moth ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Municipal sewage sludge containing heavy metals had a toxic effect on the development of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), one of two herbivorous insects commonly found in an Ohio old-field which had been subjected to long-term sewage sludge application. Soils were removed in 1992 from an old-field following 11 years of heavy nutrient enrichment (1978 to 1988) with applications of either sewage sludge (Milorganite®) containing heavy metal contaminants or urea-phosphate fertilizer. Egg to adult development rate and survival of the blackfaced leafhopper, Graminella nigrifrons (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), and the cabbage looper was determined on maize (leafhopper) and broccoli (looper) seedlings grown in soils from sludge-treated, fertilizer-treated, or untreated control plots of the old-field. Fertilizer and sludgetreated soils had higher levels of N. P and organic matter, and a lower pH than the untreated control soils, while sludge-treated soils contained significantly higher concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Maize appeared to be unaffected by the three soil treatments, and survival and rate of egg to adult development of the leafhopper was not affected. Broccoli seedlings grown in both the high nutrient fertilizer and sludge soils were greener and larger than broccoli grown in control soils. However, the cabbage looper had significant larval and pupal mortality (25 to 40%) and prolonged egg to adult development on sludge-grown broccoli compared to control and fertilizer treatments. As assimilation into the food chain of heavy metals and other organic pollutants, such as PCBs, is in part a function of the interaction of soil chemistry and type of plant, the application of municipal sludges to old-fields needs to be carefully monitored, as contaminants may have significant developmental and behavioural effects on some secondary links in the old-field food chain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00143408
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    Validity of lowcost laboratory geochemistry for environmental applications (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 119-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: geochemical investigations ; geochemical validation ; heavy metals ; ICP-AES ; environmental monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A little known alternative to highcost environmental analysis, especially in Europe, is the use of commercially available, lowcost exploration geochemical laboratory analysis. To test for suitable accuracy and precision, both indicated parameters were monitored during several sample runs for environmental examinations at a selected commercial geochemical laboratory using various digestive methods and ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry). By evaluating duplicate samples and repeated measurements of internal standards and comparing the results with precision needed for environmental investigations, exploration geochemical analysis is found to be more than adequate for most elements and digestive methods in environmental applications. Accuracy is highest for total digestion ICP-AES analysis, with expectedly greater error margins for aqua regia digestion. Lowcost exploration geochemical analysis is an inexpensive analytical tool for screening, detailed investigations and monitoring of contaminated sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406160
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  • 93
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    Long-term transformations and redistribution of potentially toxic heavy metals in arid-zone soils incubated: I. Under saturated conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 399-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fractionation ; redistribution ; saturation ; kinetics ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Solid-phase transformations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn, added as soluble salts at several levels to two arid-zone soils, were studied over a period of one year. The soils were maintained under a saturated-paste regime and sampled periodically. A selective sequential dissolution procedure was employed to determine the changes in metal distribution among six operationally defined solid-phase fractions. A function,U ts was introduced to measure the fractional attainment of equilibrium of the soils following a perturbation. The direction and rate of redistribution of the added metals in the soils were affected by the nature of the metal, the soil properties and the metal loading level. Cd added to the soils was transferred from the exchangeable (EXC) into the carbonate (GARB) fraction. When soluble Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn were added at low loading levels, metals were transferred from the reducible oxides(RO) bound and easily reducible oxides (ERO) bound fractions and the EXC fraction, into the CARB fraction. However, at the higher loading level, metals were transferred from the EXC and CARB fractions into the organic matter bound (OM), ERO and RO fractions. TheU ts function approached lower values as incubation continued but remained removed from 1. The overall flux of metals among fractions was the combined result of the readjustment of the metals in the native soil to changing conditions due to saturation, and the transfer of added soluble metals to the less labile fractions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406176
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    PARTITIONING OF HEAVY METALS IN PODZOL SOILS CONTAMINATED BY MINE DRAINAGE WATERS, DALARNA, SWEDEN (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 39-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid mine drainage ; heavy metals ; jarosite ; soils ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The discharge of acidic mine drainage waters onto a hillslope in Dalarna, central Sweden, has lead to the contamination of the podzol soils with Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and sulfate. Samples from contaminated and reference soils have been collected for chemical and mineralogical analyses. Jarosite is identified by x-ray diffraction analysis as a precipitate in the upper horizons (A, E, B) of the contaminated soils, where the soil acidity (pHKCl ∼ 2.6) promotes jarosite stability. The sequential chemical extraction of soil samples indicates that, in the reference A horizon, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn are bound primarily to cation exchange sites and organic matter. In the A horizon of the contaminated soils closest to the rock dump, metal partitioning is dominated by the Fe oxide fractions, despite the high organic matter content; Pb is almost completely bound to crystalline Fe oxides, possibly adsorbed to Fe oxides or occuring in a jarosite solid solution. In the reference B and C horizons, Cu, Ni and Zn are primarily adsorbed/coprecipitated in the Fe oxide fractions, while Pb remains with a large fraction bound to organic matter. In the Fe-rich B horizon of the contaminated soils, the partitioning of the metals in cation exchange sites and to organic matter has greatly increased relative to the reference soils, resulting from the mobilization of organo-metal complexes down the profile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026461612610
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  • 95
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    Hydrochemistry of the aquifers in the Rio las Avenidas basin, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 185-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Avenidas basin ; Pachuca mines ; hydrochemistry ; hydrochemical facies ; heavy metals ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Groundwater in the Rio de las Avenidas sub-basin corresponds to the bicarbonate-sodium and bicarbonate-calcium hydrochemical facies, which result from the mineralization of water passing through alkaline rocks (andesites) which prevail in this basin. However, the presence of high concentrations of Na+ and K+ reveals the existence of an external inflow of these elements: the registered mean values are respectively 94.3 and 19.0 ppm, with the Tèllez and Tizayuca areas standing out with reported values of up to 142 ppm. As for the concentration of soluble water cations, we find in decreasing order: Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, along with the anions HCO3 −, Cl−, SO4 2−, CO3 −, which combine to form the NaHCO3, NaCl, Ca(HCO3)2, MgSO4 and KCl salts. The presence of biological contaminants, P and detergents in the groundwater indicates that it may have been contaminated by waste water. In addition to the contaminants mentioned above, large quantities of Pb, B, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Co were detected and although Fe, Pb, Zn, B, and Mn are closely related to the local lithology, the high concentrations of these elements along with the occurrence of Co, Cr, Cd, and Ni confirm the gradual degradation of the aquifers in the sub-basin. The water temperature indicates the existence of low temperature thermal processes in the area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407204
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    Electronic Resource
    HYDROCHEMISTRY OF THE AQUIFERS IN THE RIO LAS AVENIDAS BASIN, PACHUCA, HIDALGO, MEXICO (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 185-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Avenidas basin ; Pachuca mines ; hydrochemistry ; hydrochemical facies ; heavy metals ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Groundwater in the Rio de las Avenidas sub-basin corresponds to the bicarbonate-sodium and bicarbonate-calcium hydrochemical facies, which result from the mineralization of water passing through alkaline rocks (andesites) which prevail in this basin. However, the presence of high concentrations of Na+ and K+ reveals the existence of an external inflow of these elements: the registered mean values are respectively 94.3 and 19.0 ppm, with the Tèllez and Tizayuca areas standing out with reported values of up to 142 ppm. As for the concentration of soluble water cations, we find in decreasing order: Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+,along with the anions HCO3 -, Cl-, SO4 2-, CO3 -, which combine to form the NaHCO3, NaCl, Ca(HCO3 2, MgSO4 and KCl salts. The presence of biological contaminants, P and detergents in the groundwater indicates that it may have been contaminated by waste water. In addition to the contaminants mentioned above, large quantities of Pb, B, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cr, Co were detected and although Fe, Pb, Zn, B,and Mn are closely related to the local lithology, the high concentrations of these elements along with the occurrence of Co, Cr, Cd, and Ni confirm the gradual degradation of the aquifers in the sub-basin. The water temperature indicates the existence of low temperature thermal processes in the area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026452116613
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computing atmospheric transport and deposition of heavy metals over Europe: Country budgets for 1985 (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 343-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: long-range transport ; atmospheric deposition ; heavy metals ; country budgets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Heavy Metal Eulerian Transport (HMET) model has been used to calculate the exchange of As, Cd, Pb and Zn between European countries in 1985. The model was run separately for each emitter country and the computed deposition field was used to calculate the contribution of the emitter to each receptor country. The results of these computations are presented in the form of a country budget matrix for each metal. Accuracy of such computations is dependant on the size and linearity of the numerical method applied to the transport equation. Exchange of heavy metals due to atmospheric transport over Europe is significant. Approximately 30% to 90% of the heavy metals emitted from each country is deposited in other countries. The remaining mass is deposited in European seas, Atlantic Ocean and transported outside the model domain. The largest part of the emission from each country is deposited in the same country. The next largest fraction is transported to the nearest neighbors. The results indicate also a significant long range ransport of heavy metals to the Soviet Union. This is partly justified by the size and location of this receptor country, as well as, the prevailing meteorological conditions in Europe. However, this large transport to USSR is slightly overestimated due to some artificial properties of the numerical method applied to basic model equations. In addition to the country budget, export versus import and emission versus deposition of metals were analyzed for each country. The largest positive difference between export and import was found for Poland, German Federal Republic and Yugoslavia (As, Cd and Zn), and United Kingdom, Italy and Belgium (Pb). The Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia are the countries where import of all metals is significantly larger than export. When emission versus deposition of heavy metals is analyzed, the Soviet Union has much higher emissions than deposition of all metals compared to other European countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283567
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy Metals and Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Concentrations in the Red Fox in Relation to Some Biological Paramaters (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 54 (1999), S. 87-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: heavy metals ; organochlorines ; red fox
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Heavy metals and organochlorine contamination were analyzed in tissues of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from the Province of Siena (central Italy). Mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations were assessed in liver tissues and the data were analyzed for differences in relation to sex and age. Overall Hg, Cd and Pb mean values were 0.16, 0.62 and 0.64 μg g_1 d.w., respectively. HCB, DDT and PCB concentrations were assayed in fatty tissues and muscle. The highest levels of those pollutants were found in muscle (0.47, 1.16 and 20.2 μg g_1 lipid basis of HCB, DDTs and PCBs respectively), rather than in fat (0.23, 0.49 and 7.2 μg g_1 l.b. of HCB, DDTs and PCBs respectively). Pollutant accumulation was analyzed in relation to sex, age and sexual maturity of females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005974014029
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of Clams from Fishing Areas as an Approximation to Coastal Quality Assessment (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 54 (1999), S. 229-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: coastal index ; discriminant analysis ; fishing areas ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The quality assessment of fishing areas on the basis of the levels of heavy metals in clams ( Chamelea gallina) was attempted by using discriminant analysis. Five metals, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn, were analyzed in the soft edible parts of clams from three fishing areas. The descriptive methods applied to data obtained do not show enough differences between sampling stations for management purposes. Only discriminant analysis is successful in the differentiation between all fishing areas. Through the first discriminant function, the group centroids are proposed as index of different source of clams. These values standardized are proposed as coastal quality index.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005960212211
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levels of Heavy Metals in Karelian Wildlife, 1989–91 (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 56 (1999), S. 177-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; bioindicators ; concentrations ; heavy metals ; Karelia ; wildlife
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The levels of mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, nickel, zinc and iron were determined in samples of liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, lungs and hair of moose (N = 67), reindeer (N = 45), brown bear (N = 18), wild boar (N = 10) and squirrel (N = 18) shot in Karelia from 1989 to 1991 during regular hunting. The highest heavy-metal concentrations were found in livers, kidney, lungs and hair samples. The samples of muscle contained lowest levels of these elements. The tissues of moose, reindeer and brown bear were contaminated with heavy metals to a greatest extent. Lowest levels of toxicants were recorded in wild boar. Results indicate a widespread presence of heavy metal in the environment and in wildlife, which may be linked to acid precipitation. There was no evidence of these elements accumulated to toxic levels, but Karelian public have been informed that the eating of moose liver and kidney would probably result in their exceeding WHO standard weekly intake limit for cadmium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005988511058
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