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  • Articles  (18,328)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (18,328)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (18,328)
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  • Articles  (18,328)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 14 (1949), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 14 (1949), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The diffusion properties of curdlan gels were characterized against its viscoelastic behavior. With increased junction zones involved in rigid crosslinks in higher concentration gels, the three-dimensional structure of curdlan is characteristic. As the gel concentration increases, the intermolecular crosslinking and apparent viscosity increase, reducing mobility of the polymer chains with slower release rates. The scaling laws confirmed that curdlan gel network structure corresponds to that of polymer chains in a good solvent at the semi-dilute regime. Diffusion of the entrapped agent in 6% gels resembled pseudo-controlled release behavior, and a further increase in gel concentration might produce microspheres that support a sustained release.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 14 (1949), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) multiple emulsions with 25% and 35% solids contents were spray-dried producing microcapsules with 3.9:1, 2.6:1, and 1.4:1 biopolymers blend to primary emulsion ratios and 0.25% (w/w) theoretical carotenoids concentration. Microcapsules with better morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and larger particle size were those obtained from higher biopolymers blend to primary emulsion ratios and solids content, but showed relatively higher carotenoids degradation kinetics than microcapsules made with lower biopolymers blend to primary emulsion ratios and solids content, which exhibited poorer morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and smaller particle size. Microcapsules stored at different water activities showed maximum carotenoids degradation at a water activity (aw) of 0.628, with lower carotenoids degradation occurring at lower or higher aw.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The present study investigates the effect of flour and dough characteristics on the baking performance of hearth loaves, which are proved and baked without a tin. A number of experiments were performed at different scales. The most significant and consistent observation was a positive relationship between the protein quality and the form ratio of the loaves (height/width), in which the protein quality was evaluated by both large and small strain rheology, as well as by size distribution of the gluten proteins and other protein quality parameters. The volume of hearth loaves and the slice area are complex characteristics because they are combined functions of loaf height and loaf width; the loaf height was positively related to protein quality, whereas loaf width was negatively related. The total effect of this is not obvious. In general, the loaf volume is more strongly related to the loaf width than is the slice area. For the present material, differences in protein quality were not manifested as significant differences in loaf volume, whereas the slice area was positively correlated to the protein quality. The results obtained at different scales of the baking experiment agreed well with each other.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The effectiveness of temperature, SO2, citric acid, and industrial juice-processing enzymes (n= 9) for producing extracts of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum, cv. Rubel) and blueberry skins that are rich in anthocyanins and polyphenolics were evaluated individually and/or in combination. Enzyme treatment had little effect on total monomeric anthocyanins and on total phenolics recovery. Various combinations of heat, SO2, and citric acid yielded extracts with higher concentrations of ACY and TP than the control. The distribution of anthocyanins and polyphenolics in ‘Rubel’ was also investigated. Anthocyanins existed almost exclusively in the skins, and polyphenolics were mostly in the skins with lesser amounts in flesh and seeds. Skins were also highest in antioxidant activity. All portions contained the same individual anthocyanins but in varying amounts. Cinnamic acid derivatives and flavonol-glycosides were found in the skins and seeds, whereas the flesh contained only cinnamic acids.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Our objective was to develop a reduced-fat deep-fried carrot chip. Moisture contents of the carrot slices were altered, and fat uptake and quality parameters were measured. Decreasing moisture content of carrot slices significantly decreased (P 〈 0.05) the yield, hue∘ value, and fat uptake, and increased the redness value, which correlated with increased carotenoid content, but did not influence chip lightness, yellowness, water activity, and moisture content. Removing 50% of the initial moisture content of the carrot slices decreased the chips' fat content from 57% to 38.5%. Adjusting the moisture level of the carrot slices appears to influence fat uptake and carotene content of deep-fried carrot chips.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The effect of calcium treatment temperature on cut cantaloupe fruit during storage was determined. Fruit dipped in calcium solution at 4°C had lower respiration and moisture loss rates than treated fruit at ambient temperature. Calcium treatment lowered lipase activity at both temperatures, but the effect was more notable in fruit treated at the lower temperature where lipase activity was undetectable in the freshly processed fruit and after storage for 24 h. The ability of calcium to confer rigidity to the tissue components at low temperatures, possibly through improved covalent crosslinking, was indicated by viscosity measurements indicating higher values for pulverized cantaloupe melon with added calcium at 4°C than fruit blended under similar conditions at ambient temperature.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) appears to play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis. In the present study the effect of several concentrations of rutin, its aglycon quercetin, cyanidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, its aglycon cyanidin, hydroxycinnamic acids, and a standardized red orange (Citrus sinensis varieties) extract (ROE) on LDL oxidation was tested. Lipid peroxidation was monitored by conjugated diene formation and by different electrophoretic mobility of native LDL and oxidized LDL. Results obtained in the present study suggest specific effects of flavonoids tested and, in particular, of ROE on the prevention of LDL oxidation involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Relative antibrowning potency of oxalic acid on banana and apple slices was investigated using a machine vision system. Degree of browning on fresh-cut surfaces was evaluated visually and quantitatively by observing changes of CIE L* values and evaluating temporal changes in color spectra based on experimental variables, oxalic acid concentration, and storage time. Browning inhibition was most prominent on banana and apple slices treated with oxalic acid solutions at concentrations of 60 and 5 mM, respectively. Oxalic acid was a more potent antibrowning agent compared with other structurally related acids. Average residual oxalic acid levels in the tissues for an effective antibrowning activity were measured.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The objectives of this study were to develop descriptive terms for Chardonel wines and to characterize twelve Chardonel wines from different Midwestern states. Thirteen trained panelists desribed the aroma, flavor-by-mouth, texture/mouthfeel and aftertaste characteristics. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results revealed that wines were a significant source of variation for 13 of the 23 attributes used. These 13 attributes were used to conduct cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Two major clusters were observed by cluster analysis. PCA biplot of facrot 1 and 2 explained 77% of the total variation. These descriptive terms can aid in further studies on various Midwestern wines.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Flat oysters, Ostrea edulis, were emersed and stored for 23 d in freshwater ice and cold stored without ice. A control group was maintained in running seawater. Death, histological changes, bacterial growth, and changes in sensory profile were measured and described. Death of the oysters could be determined by measuring tissue pH. The sensory profiles of iced and cold-stored oysters were significantly different from the controls, and changes in sensory profile correlated with the appearance of spoilage bacteria and degradation of digestive tissues. Changes were most pronounced in iced specimens. Freshness of the oysters was correlated to the smell of sea, fresh fish, and shellfish and the appearance of the mantle.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : To assess the ability of whey protein films to act as antimicrobial carriers, the effect of film composition on preservative diffusion was investigated. Preservative diffusion coefficients were measured at 24°C in whey protein isolate (WPI) films with different WPI-glycerol plasticizer ratios (1:1 to 15:1), beeswax (BW) content, 0% to 40% w/w dry solids, and preservative addition of 0.3% (w/w) natamycin or 1.6% (w/w dry solids) potassium sorbate. Diffusion coefficients for potassium sorbate and natamycin were in the ranges 1.09 × 10−11 to 13.0 × 10−11 m2/s and 6.16 × 10−14 to 37.8 × 10−14 m2/s, respectively, and significantly decreased as the WPI-glycerol ratio increased. No significant difference in sorbate diffusion was seen with the addition of BW.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The oxidative stability of polyunsaturated lipids can be improved by incorporating them in oil droplets surrounded by positively charged whey protein isolate (WPI) membranes. This study dealt with the factors that influence the physical properties of WPI-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions at pH 3. Emulsions containing 5 to 50 wt% corn oil and 0.5 to 5.0 wt% WPI (protein-to-oil ratio of 1:10) were prepared at pH 3. The apparent viscosity of the emulsions increased appreciably at oil concentrations ≥ 35 wt%; however, the particle size was relatively independent of oil concentration. The influence of NaCl (0 to 250 mM) on the physical properties of 28 wt% emulsions was examined. Significant increases in mean particle size, apparent viscosity, and creaming instability occurred at ≥150 mM NaCl, which were attributed to flocculation induced by screening of the electrostatic repulsion between droplets. The influence of heat treatment (30°C to 90°C for 30 min) on 28 wt% emulsions was examined in the absence and presence of salt, respectively. At 0 mM NaCl, heating had little effect on the physical properties of the emulsions, presumably because the electrostatic repulsion between the droplets prevented droplet aggregation. At 150 mM NaCl, the mean particle diameter, apparent viscosity, and creaming instability of the emulsions increased considerably when they were heated above a critical temperature, which was 70°C when salt was added before heating and 90°C when salt was added after heating. These results have important implications for the design of WPI-stabilized emulsions that could be used to incorporate functional lipids that are sensitive to oxidation, for example, ω-3 fatty acids.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Breast rolls with 6 antimicrobial additive treatments—no preservatives (control), 0.1% potassium benzoate (PB), 2% sodium lactate (SL), 0.1% potassium benzoate plus 2% sodium lactate (PB + SL), 2% sodium lactate plus 0.1% sodium diacetate (SL + SDA), and 0.1% potassum benzoate, 2% sodium lactate, and 0.1% sodium diacetate (PB + SL + SDA)—were prepared. Samples were irradiated at 0, 1.0, or 2.0 kGy, and then the quality characteristics of turkey rolls were analyzed. Adding 2% SL increased the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and resilience of breast rolls. Addition of PB or SDA, and irradiation had no significant effect on texture. Adding 2% SL affected color values. The color a* and b* values of turkey rolls with 2% SL added were significantly lower than those of the control, and this difference was maintained after irradiation and during storage. No difference in color and texture was observed between turkey rolls added with SL and those added with SL + PB + SDA. Breast rolls containing antimicrobials had more lipid oxidation than control. Irradiation and storage slightly enhanced lipid oxidation, although the overall lipid oxidation was very low. Irradiation promoted the formation of dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide. Adding PB in breast rolls greatly increased the formation of benzene during irradiation, whereas other antimicrobial additives had no significant effects on volatiles.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Lipid oxidation and carotene content changes in fried dough containing carrot powder during storage at 60°C in the dark were studied. Flour dough containing carrot powder at 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% was fried in 160°C soybean oil and stored in a 60°C incubator in the dark for 12 d. As storage time of the fried dough increased, conjugated dienoic acids and β-anisidine values of the fried dough increased. Addition of carrot to the dough lowered CDA and PAV of fried dough during storage and improved the lipid oxidative stability of the fried dough in the dark. Carotenes in the fried dough containing carrot powder were decomposed during storage, and faster decomposition rate was found in the dough containing less carrot powder.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Carrots (Daucus carota) pretreated under different high-pressure conditions were thermally processed at temperatures in the range of 90°C to 110°C. Texture degradation (hardness) was monitored objectively using a texture analyzer. For a given thermal treatment, the rate constant (k-value) decreased with increasing pretreatment pressure. A high-pressure pretreatment (200 to 500 MPa) at 60°C for 15 min resulted in a more pronounced texture improvement compared with the same pretreatment at 20°C and 40°C, respectively. Calcium impregnation conferred more beneficial effects when applied immediately after the high-pressure pretreat-ment. The observed changes in texture characteristics were associated with the degree of methylation of carrot pectins, which is dependent on pectinmethylesterase (PME) activity.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) technology as a seed decontamination technique was evaluated. Alfalfa seeds inoculated with Escherichia coli O157 and Listeria monocytogenes were air-dried and subjected to independent HHP treatments of 275 to 575 MPa for 2 min or at 475 MPa for 2 to 8 min (40°C). There were 1.4-log and 2.0-log reductions in E. coli O157 populations at 575 MPa (2 min) and 475 MPa (8 min), respectively. However, these treatments caused only 0.8-log and 1.1-log reductions in L. monocytogenes counts. Treated seeds took longer to germinate, achieving germination rate of up to 34%, whereas 95% of the control germinated. Results suggest that L. monocytogenes is more resistant to the bactericidal effects of HHP than E. coli O157. Although HHP treatments achieved a greater reduction in E. coli O157, it was at the expense of seed germination. Overall, our results indicate that although HHP treatments reduced the populations of E. coli O157 and L. monocytogenes in alfalfa seeds, they did not completely eliminate these microorganisms.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Interactions between microbes and host have recently prompted active research subsequent to the demonstration that the generation of immunophysiological regulation in the gastrointestinal tract depends on the establishment of indigenous microbiota. The gut microflora provides maturational signals for the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, particularly for the IgA plasma cells, conferring the first line of host immunological defense. The probiotic effects in allergic disease have been attributed to restoration to normal of increased intestinal permeability and unbalanced gut microecology, improvement of the intestine's immunological barrier functions, alleviation of the intestinal inflammatory response, and reduced generation of proinflammatory cytokines characteristic of local and systemic allergic inflammation. Moreover, the potential of specific strains of the gut microbiota to contribute to the generation of TH1- and TH3-type immune responses counter-regulating the TH2-type immune responses in atopic disease may create optimal conditions to redirect the polarized immunological memory of the newborn to a healthy balance and thereby reduce the risk of atopic disease. The objective of probiotic intervention in allergy is to control the allergic inflammatory response before the TH2-type immune responsiveness to environmental antigens is consolidated.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Functional foods are intended to help consumers manage or reduce disease risks or support the structure or function of the body. In the U.S.A., the term functional food is an intellectual concept that has not been defined in either statute or regulation. Functional foods are treated as conventional foods for purposes of determination of safety and, as such, are subject to the same regulatory approval process. Interest in and demand for more information concerning the health promoting properties of foods and dietary supplements has steadily increased. However, inequities in the regulatory process including the differing treatment of efficacy claims for dietary supplements and functional foods, confusion between structure/function, health claims, and qualified health claims, and the constraints of severely limited resources have all had an impact on the delivery of accurate information to consumers. Although their efforts are coordinated, different agencies view efficacy claims differently, employing different standards for levels of scientific evidence, and different processes for evaluation. A third-party review process that could provide a consistent and sound scientific basis to the evaluation of the evidence would be desirable. Recent proposals by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration concerning qualified health claims may help consumers get more of the information they need and enable them to make informed decisions.
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Consumer preference and acceptance sensory tests and volatile flavor analyses of apple cider (irradiated and pasteurized with potassium sorbate) were conducted in 2001 (599 panelists) and 2002 (577 panelists). In 2001, irradiated cider was preferred at 2 locations, whereas at the other 2 locations, neither sample was preferred. In 2002, the acceptability rating was 6.24 for irradiated cider and 6.41 for pasteurized cider, rating on a 7-point hedonic scale (1 = dislike very much; 7 = like very much). Acceptability of the pasteurized cider was significantly higher at 1 location. In both years, ciders with higher levels of esters and other compounds typical of apple flavor had higher preference and acceptability ratings.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : :The mechanisms involved in the low-temperature sterilization of fat-duck liver (foie gras) are unclear. We have studied the antimicrobial action of its free fatty acids (FFA) on Bacillus stearothermophilus spores in liquid medium. The fat-liver FFA were identified and assayed, and their action on growth and heat resistance investigated. The major FFA were found to be palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, linoleic, and oleic acids, the latter (C18:1) being the most abundant. The amount of these FFA in foie gras is much greater than their minimal inhibitory concentrations. They all increased thermal inactivation of B. stearothermophilus spores in our model system and so could contribute to the microbial stability of tinned foie gras.
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  • 25
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : :An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2F8 specific to a mammalian muscle protein was developed to evaluate the endpoint heating temperature (EPT) in ground pork and beef. The ELISA response of MAb 2F8 with meat extracts increased rapidly as the EPT increased from 60 to 80 °C and leveled off above 80 °C. Results of immunoblot revealed that the 12 kD antigenic thermo-stable muscle protein, which is common in both pork and beef, can be used as an EPT indicator for heat-processed pork and beef based on changes in the ratio of this protein to total soluble proteins in the meat extract which occurs at the EPT.
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  • 26
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : :The extent of glucose and fructose utilization during cucumber juice fermentation was affected differentially by the addition of 10 to 360 mM of selected anions (chloride, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, acetate, lactate, and citrate) and cations (Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+). Inorganic anions generally suppressed utilization of both sugars, particularly at higher concentrations. Acetate and lactate increased utilization of fructose, but not glucose, while citrate increased utilization of both sugars. Of the cations tested, 10-60 mM Mn+2 significantly (P 〈 0.05) increased utilization of both sugars, but higher concentrations reduced utilization, as compared with the control. Evidence indicates that brine composition can significantly influence sugar utilization during cucumber fermentation, and may be important in developing controlled fermentation strategies for brined cucumbers.
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  • 27
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : :Edible chitosan coatings showed anti-Listeria monocytogenes effect evaluated by numeration and epifluorescence methods, imparting a strong localized functional effect at the food surface by active packaging. The use of film-forming solution in culture liquid medium showed a known flocculant phenomenon combined with bactericidal activity, keeping 20% of the initial microbial charge as viable cells in flocculant, which could develop subsequently. However, chitosan film showed 100% of L. monocytogenes inhibition for at least 8 d, completed by bactericidal activity measured by epifluorescence assays. A decrease in antibactericidal effect with time was obtained, most probably due to a decreasing availability of amino-groups of chitosan. Latter results were validated on Emmental cheese samples using L. innocua as model strain because of its nonpathogenicity.
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  • 28
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : :Soymilk (SM), a potential culture medium for applying conductimetric techniques to evaluate the behavior of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria was examined. Media LAPTg, LM, and SM was standardized for the growth of Lactobacillus fermentum and Bifidobacterium longum. A dilution of 1/100 for L. fermentum and 1/1 for B. longum were considered optimal to obtain a detection time (DT) between 5 and 10 min. The relationship between the initial number of cells and the DT was linear throughout the incubation period considered (40 h). The effect of temperature (30, 37, and 42 °C) on the metabolic activity of the cells was also determined after 40 h of fermentation. The higher metabolic changes were observed at 42 °C with conductance values from 600 to 800 μS and DT of 5-7 min. Results obtained were confirmed by viable counts.
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  • 29
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : :The effectiveness of duct-mounted and console wall-mounted germicidal air cleaning units on the reduction of airborne microbes was determined. Preliminary air samples were collected and airborne bacteria and molds were monitored over time in the retail sales room, processing room, aging cooler and chill cooler of the Auburn Univ. Meat Laboratory. Log10 cfu/m3 bacteria and molds were not reduced by filtration of fresh air in the air duct of the sales room(P 〉 0.05). After at least 18 h of filtration, 3 or 4 console filtration units operated simultaneously were effective (P ≤ 0.05) at reducing airborne bacteria and molds under controlled conditions in the processing room, aging cooler, and chill cooler. Three console filtration units reduced (P ≤ 0.05) airborne molds under production conditions in the processing room. These data suggest that an electrostatically polarized filter medium combined with scanning UV light is effective in reducing airborne microorganisms in a small processing plant.
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    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : :The proteolytic activity of a starter culture involving Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei towards meat sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins during the fermentation of a sausage-like system was studied. After 96 h of incubation the proteolytic system of L. plantarum CRL681 caused a degradation of both sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, whereas L. casei CRL705 showed a different affinity to meat proteins. The inoculation of both strains showed a higher activity toward sarcoplasmic fraction. These results correlated with a high rate of sarcoplasmic protein degradation observed in SDS-PAGE analysis. The generation of free amino acids as well as the pH drop at the end of the incubation period was maximal in presence of the mixed starter culture, thereby demonstrating the suitability of these strains to be used in the fermentation of meat products.
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  • 31
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    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : :An isolated bacterium strain named CN2 found in Vietnamese fish sauce has been identified as Bacillus subtilis. In an enzyme-producing medium with 0% and 8% NaCl concentration, the CN2 strain produced the maximum collagenase activity, 3.07 U/ml and 2.60 U/ml. The strain also produced gelatinase, but the maximum activity was only 1.03 U/ml at 8 h of incubation time and prolonged more than 22 h. Bacillus subtilis CN2, grown slowly in a medium containing 12% NaCl, showed a decreased rate of collagenase activity with a maximum activity of 1.60 U/ml at 18 h of incubation time. The culture supernatant of CN2 strain digested a purified native collagen from rat tail tendon as well as αs-casein at Met123-Lys124 position. Therefore The culture supernatant of CN2 can be used to produce healthy foods.
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  • 32
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : :The nutritional composition and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of raw corn meal and of tortillas prepared by extrusion and nixtamalization processes were determined. Rats were fed with diets containing unprocessed raw corn meal (RCM), tortillas prepared from extruded fresh masa without lime (ET), tortillas made from extruded fresh masa with 0.25% lime content (ETWL), and tortillas made with the traditional nixtamalization method (NT). The ETWL had higher protein (8.50%) and dietary fiber (14.52%) contents than did the NT (8.15% protein and 7.39% dietary fiber). The PER value of the ETWL diet was 14.65% higher (P ≤ 0.05) than that of the RCM diet and equivalent to that of the NT diet.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : :The effects of ozone gas concentration (2 to 8 mg/l), relative humidity (RH) (60 to 90%), and treatment time (10 to 40 min) on inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 on green peppers were studied using response surface methodology. A 3-factor Box-Behnken experimental plan was designed and microbial log reduction was measured as a response. The statistical analysis of developed predictive model suggested that ozone gas concentration, RH, and treatment time all significantly (P 〈 0.01) increased the rate of log reduction of E. coli O157:H7. Among the 3 factors, the effect of ozone gas concentration on bacterial inactivation was the greatest, while the effect of RH was the least. The interaction between ozone gas concentration and RH exhibited a significant and synergistic effect (P 〈 0.05).
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  • 34
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    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : :The photooxidation of ice cream containing 14.25% milk fat prepared from 7 fat materials with different compositions was investigated by conducting sensory evaluations for oxidized off-flavor and by monitoring hydroperoxide formation. They showed a wide range of oxidative stability against light, and the flavor score was related to peroxide value (correlation coefficient, 0.795). The photooxidative stability of ice cream was influenced mainly by the riboflavin content and by the oil's susceptibility to photooxidation. These contributing proportions were 53.7 and 17.6%, respectively, with a multiple regression model. The photooxidative stability of the oil fraction increased with the increasing tocopherol homologues ratio, γ-tocopherol/α-tocopherol (correlation coefficient, 0.846). Furthermore, the photooxidative stability of ice cream was influenced by the amount of free-fat content.
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  • 35
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    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Iron added as ferrous sulfate at 500 mg*kg−1 to rice, oats, whole grain wheat, or proanthocyanidin-free barley porridge caused significant changes in the Hunter “L”, “a”, and “b” values but the visual appearance of these porridges remained satisfactory. Porridge made with normal barley flour fortified with 500 mg*kg−1 of iron developed an unappealing gray color with ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, or electrolytic iron, 3 salts differing in solubility. At 100 and 250 mg*kg−1 of iron, the discoloration of normal barley porridge was less pronounced, but still objectionable. When fortified with 50 mg*kg−1 of iron, normal barley porridge had a slight color change but was not noticeably gray. Thus barley-containing foods can be fortified with a soluble iron compound at the level of iron used in enriched flour and similar cereal-grain foods for the general population without developing an unattractive color.
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  • 36
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    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Whey protein isolate (WPI) films (pH 5.2) containing p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) were heat-sealed to form casings. Hot dogs prepared with WPI, collagen, or natural casings were cooked, surface-inoculated to contain 103 Listeria monocytogenes CFU/g, and examined for numbers of L. monocytogenes, mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and yeast/mold during 42 d of storage at 4 °C. Listeria populations on hot dogs prepared with WPI-1.0%-PABA casings remained relatively unchanged; however, numbers of Listeria on hot dogs prepared with WPI-0.0%-PABA, collagen, and natural casings increased about 2.5 logs during 42 d of refrigerated storage. Populations of MAB, LAB, and mold on WPI-1.0%-PABA casings were 1 to 3 logs lower compared to others casings.
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  • 37
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    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The use of plastic packaging for oils permits exposure to light, increasing oxidation. The goal of this work was to maximize sensory stability of soybean oil packaged in PET bottles. A central composite design was used to combine different levels of TBHQ, β-carotene, and citric acid, added to oil, and Tinuvin 234®, added to bottles. After 6 mo of storage, the oxidation degree was assessed by sensory and peroxide tests. TBHQ and Tinuvin 234 were the most effective antioxidants, and the minimum concentrations required to keep a reasonable stability during storage were: 120 ppm of TBHQ; 7 ppm of β-carotene; 15 ppm of citric acid and 0.1% of Tinuvin 234.
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  • 38
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    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The internal structure of fish meat gel without salt made from Walleye pollack surimi were observed using a conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a variable pressure-SEM (VP-SEM) at low magnifications (50x and 250x). An aggregated structure was observed under the conventional SEM, whereas a macro network structure (〉 10 μm) was observed on an exposed inner face of the same gel under the VP-SEM. These findings suggest that the endogenous network structure in fish meat gel might be destroyed during processes in preparation of samples for conventional SEM such as fixation, dehydration and metal coating. In gels containing various concentrations of NaCl, network, porous, and crevasse-like structures were also observed under the VP-SEM. These findings indicate that VP-SEM could be a very useful tool for observation of the intact internal structure of fish meat gel.
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  • 39
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    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Texture and microstructure of fresh-cut Golden delicious apples were studied during modified atmosphere storage. Softening could be prevented during several wk under oxygen restrictive environments. Initial 100% N2-atmospheres and the use of bags with a permeability of 15 cm3 O2/m2·bar·24h preserved cell structure from collapsing, thus being the best conditions to maintain the original texture of apples. First-order kinetics fitted data with high accuracy. Firmness could be described by a simple 1st-order model with rate constants of 6.3 × 10-3 to 8.9 × 10-3 d-1. Hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness also followed an exponential decay that could be modeled from fractional conversion kinetics.
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  • 40
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    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The effects of several processing factors (storage time, time in the open air at room temperature, and overhead concentrations of O2 and CO2) on color, firmness, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, and sensory attributes of pears (cv. Rocha) grown in 2 locations were studied using a multiple linear regression model. Backward elimination (F ≥ 0.005) was used to assess the significant factors. Extended storage time, long-time exposure at room temperature, and high O2 concentration played major roles on color changes assessed instrumentally and further confirmed by a sensory panel. Firmness was strongly affected by storage time and by time in the open air at room temperature. Finally, PPO activity was dependent on the growing location.
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  • 41
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    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Lycopene is a red carotenoid with antioxidant properties and potential health benefits. Current methods to assay lycopene content are time-consuming and require organic solvents. This report discusses a rapid and reliable light-absorption method to assay watermelon lycopene content that uses no organic solvents. Light absorption of 152 watermelon flesh purees was measured with a xenon flash colorimeter/spectrophotometer that can measure actual light absorption from opaque samples; results were compared with a hexane extraction method. The puree absorbance method gave a precise linear relationship (R2= 0.98) to lycopene content and was independent of lycopene concentrations or watermelon variety within the lycopene concentration measured (24 mg/g to 88 mg/g fresh weight).
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  • 42
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    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The efficiency of polymeric adsorbent (PA) and weak-base anion (WBA) resins at different temperatures to improve the quality of UF-clarified pear juice was investigated. UF-clarified and partially concentrated pear juice was passed through PA and then through WBA resins at 23, 30, and 50 °C. Treated juice samples were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, color, phenolics, minerals, sugars, and organic acids. Treated juice showed 85% reduction in both color and titratable acidity. There was also a significant reduction (P 〈 0.05) in the content of polyphenolics and organic acids. No significant changes (P 〉 0.05) in the nutritional value were detected. Temperatures higher than 23 °C did not significantly (P 〉 0.05) improve the efficiency of the resins tested.
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  • 43
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Beef patties containing either ascorbic acid, rosemary, oregano, or borage were evaluated for storage stability at 2 ± 1 °C, by measuring a* and H* values, surface metmyoglobin, TBARS, psychrotrophic bacteria counts, and sensory off-odor and discoloration. All of the antioxidants (except ascorbic acid) reduced (p 〈 0.01) TBARS formation, which was totally inhibited by borage. Myoglobin oxidation and color fading were inhibited (p 〈 0.01) by rosemary, oregano, and borage. Microbial growth showed insignificant differences among treatments. Sensory results showed that rosemary, oregano, and borage extended beef patties' shelf life from 8 to 12 d, while rosemary plus ascorbic acid extended shelf life an additional 4-d period.
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  • 44
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    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The oxidative stability of ω3-rich oil from Camelina sativa and the storage stability of a camelina oil-based spread were evaluated. Camelina oil was more stable than fish oil and linseed oil, but less stable than sunflower, corn, sesame, and olive oils, indicated by measuring peroxide values (PV), ρ-anisidine values (AV), total oxidation values (Totox), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated diene levels (CD), and conjugated triene levels (CT) during storage at 65 °C for 16 d. The camelina oil-based spread had higher PV, AV, Totox, TBARS, CD, and CT than the sunflower spread but maintained adequate sensory quality for 16 wk of storage at 4 °C or 8 °C.
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  • 45
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The sensory evaluation of alkali-ion water and bottled mineral water was performed by panelists and their preferences for the taste of alkali-ion water was surveyed. Consequently, alkali-ion water made from tap water was found to taste better than any bottled mineral water; however, the activated carbon filtration water, which was also made from tap water, was found to taste better than alkali-ion water. Furthermore, smell, taste, feeling in the throat, aftertaste, and general impression of the mineral water, alkali-ion waters, and activated carbon filtration water were evaluated using the 1-pair comparison method. Consequently, alkali-ion water and activated carbon filtration water were more highly rated than commercial bottled mineral water.
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  • 46
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    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Survival analysis concepts to be used in sensory shelf life studies were introduced, together with the equations necessary for calculations. The survival function was defined as the probability of consumers accepting a product beyond a certain storage time. Censoring phenomena, a key concept in survival analysis, was defined and has been shown to occur in sensory shelf-life data. Concepts and calculations were applied to a data set obtained from 50 consumers who each tasted seven yogurt samples with different storage times, answering “yes” or “no” to whether they would consume the samples. From this censored data set, nonparametric and parametric models were obtained that allowed shelf-life estimations.
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    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The effects of pigeonpea flour (PF) addition to cassava flour (CF) on the sensory and physico-chemical quality of extrudates were investigated. Products with added PF were more yellow, had higher protein, bulk density, and water absorption index with lower expansion and water absorption index. Extrudate with 95% CF/5% PF had a suitable crisp to hard texture. All enrobed products were liked moderately to very much in overall acceptability. Chocolate extrudates were most liked (p 〈 0.01) for flavor and color over paprika, hickory, and cheese/onion.
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    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Two types of lipase (Palatase M and Lipase 50) were encapsulated in liposomes with trapping efficiencies of 35.9 and 40.3%, respectively. The lipases were incorporated into cheese milk at levels of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 lipase units/g fat. Treated cheeses had higher moisture and lower protein, fat, and ash contents than the control cheese and they were less firm, but more elastic and cohesive, than the control cheese. Production of free fatty acids was accelerated by the addition of encapsulated enzymes. Cheeses with up to 0.5 lipase unit/g milk fat had slightly better flavor intensities than control cheese. Cheeses with the highest level of Palatase M and Lipase 50 developed a pronounced soapy off-flavor after 2 and 3 mo of ripening, respectively.
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  • 49
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    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Microgel electrophoresis of single cells or nuclei (DNA comet assay) was investigated to identify irradiated spices. Ten spices treated with radiation doses in the range of 0 to 20 kGy were analyzed. After electrophoresis, radiation-damaged DNA appeared as a comet, whereas in non irradiated spices round or conical spots appeared. Shape, length, and intensity of comets were also dose-dependent. Detection was successful in poppy seeds, cardamom seeds, caraway seeds, and nigella seeds, but not in pomegranate seeds, ginger root, and juniper berries, where lysis was insufficient, and also not in black peppercorns, nutmeg seed, and rosemary leaves, where extraction of cells or nuclei failed. Nevertheless, for some irradiated foods the DNA comet assay is a rapid and inexpensive screening test.
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    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Bread doughs supplemented with xylanase and xylanase plus peroxidase were fractionated into 4 insoluble and 3 soluble fractions. Chemical analysis and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography analysis of apparent molecular weight distribution indicated that xylanase acts on both cold-water-extractable arabinoxylans and on those that can be solubilized from cell wall fragments by hot water extraction. Peroxidase action increased the amount of insoluble small cell wall fragments, notably the amount of protein and arabinoxylan. Arabinoxylans were retained in the small cell wall fragments because cross-linking of arabinoxylans through ferulic acid residues to other arabinoxylans rendered them insoluble. Peroxidase did not affect the composition of gluten, nor was evidence obtained for peroxidase-catalyzed cross-linking of arabinoxylans to protein in the gluten and other fractions.
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  • 51
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Effects of FD&C Red No. 40, Red No. 3, Yellow No. 5, Yellow No. 6, Green No. 3, Blue No. 1 and Blue No. 2 on 0.03M soybean oil oxidation in acetone at 25 °C under light were studied by measuring headspace oxygen depletion. As Red No. 3 increased from 0 to 5, 20, 100 and 200 ppm, the headspace oxygen was reduced by 2 to 70, 73, 77 and 77%, respectively, for 4 h. Only Red No. 3 acted as a photosensitizer to produce singlet oxygen in the oil. The quenching rates of α-tocopherol and β-carotene for the singlet oxygen by Red No.3 were 4.1 × 107 M−1s−1 and 7.3 × 109 M−1s−1, respectively. When β-carotene was below 1.86 × 10−6 M, β-carotene quenched singlet oxygen, but it quenched both singlet oxygen and Red No. 3 at or above 3.72 × 10−6 M. However, α-tocopherol quenched singlet oxygen only.
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  • 52
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : The fermentation condition for producing Pacific whiting fish sauce was static atmospheric fermentation with 25% salt at 50 °C. The effective enzymes in fermentation were heat stable and salt tolerant. Fermentation at 50 °C gave higher yields than at 35 °C. Total nitrogen content of whole fish fermented at 50 °C reached the equivalent level of commercial fish sauce before 15 d, supporting the strong degradation effects of Pacific whiting enzymes at earlier stages. Soluble solid and relative gravity also reached commercial level at 60 d. However, color value of unripened fish sauce was far from commercial fish sauce, indicating that ripening may be necessary to develop proper color. Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Micrococcus were found as predominant microorganisms during fermentation.
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  • 53
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    Journal of food science 68 (2003), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Aqueous soy flour solutions (5% w/w) were treated for 3 h at 45 to 50 °C with Crystalzyme®, without enzyme at 45 to 50 °C, or blanched at 80 °C. Solutions were ultra- and dia-filtered to produce membrane soy concentrates (MSC). Total isoflavones of MSCs were 3.02 mg/g, 3.12 mg/g, or 3.42 mg/g, respectively, on a dry weight basis. Membrane processing contributed to approximately 18, 15, or 8% decreases, respectively, in total isoflavones of MSCs compared with soy flour (3.71mg/g). This represents at least an 82% recovery. There was no significant difference in total isoflavone content in any MSC, however the profile of isoflavones as glucosides or aglycones changed with treatment conditions.
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    Journal of food science 67 (2002), S. 0 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Through commercial application, biotechnology may improve health, agriculture, farming practices and the quality of foods. However, along with the array of potential benefits are potential risks and uncertainties surrounding the commercial applications of biotechnology. Public support for a controversial technology such as agricultural biotechnology is crucial for deriving any benefits associated with the technology. Surveys are one tool to gauge public reactions and attitudes over time, and in identifying underlying concerns regarding a technology. This review article is built on the results of a collection of public opinion surveys on some aspects of biotechnology and its applications that have been conducted to date.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Degradations were studied at different hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations (9.31 to 27.92 mmol. L1) over a range of 10° to 30 °C. Degradation of anthocyanins by H2O2 was described by first-order function. Comparison of t1/2 values revealed that sour cherry anthocyanins were the most resistant to H2O2, followed by pomegranate and strawberry anthocyanins. Thus, the removal of residual H2O2 from the juice contact surfaces of aseptically packaged strawberry juices should be controlled more carefully to prevent anthocyanin degradation. Respective Ea values were between 9.4 to 11.1, 9.5 to 11.4, and 11.4 to 12.2 kcal.mol1; and Q10 values between 1.59 to 2.22, 1.62 to 2.05, and 1.76 to 2.36 for strawberry, sour cherry, and pomegranate anthocyanins.
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  • 56
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    Journal of food science 13 (1948), S. 0 
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    Notes: : Various in vitro assays of active oxygen-scavenging activity in foods were compared by evaluating the activity of 13 food phenolic compounds and Trolox. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-HPLC and liposome oxidation methods were sensitive for these compounds, while deoxyribose oxidation and Randox kit methods were less sensitive. The deoxyguanosine oxidation method could not determine the activity since food polyphenols were pro-oxidative in this assay. Among these assays, the DPPH-HPLC method was shown to be the best since the liposome oxidation method is affected more by the structure of phenolic compounds than the DPPH-HPLC method.
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    Notes: : Trimethylamine N-oxide demethylase (TMAOase) activity of several internal organs of hake were studied for 2 consecutive y. The correlation between enzymatic activity and season of year, sex, weight, and length were analyzed. While kidney and spleen showed the highest activities, liver, heart, bile, and gall bladder activities were much lower, and in some cases they were below the detection limit. A correlation between TMAOase activity of kidney and season was found. During winter and spring (February to May), the months matching the spawning peak, high activities were detected, while in summer months the activity level was lower. TMAOase activity in the rest of the organs did not seem to have a seasonal influence. Keywords: TMAOase, season, biological condition, hake, soluble protein
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    Notes: : Effects of double-packageing (combinational use of vacuum and aerobic packaging conditions) and acid (citric or ascorbic acid) combinations on color, lipid oxidation and volatiles of irradiated raw turkey breast were determined. Acid did not affect the a-values but increased the L-values of meat after irradiation. Citric acid promoted lipid oxidation of irradiated turkey meat, whereas ascorbic acid had an antioxidant effect. The amounts of total volatile and dimethyl sulfide in doubly packaged turkey meat were 35 to 56% and 58 to 73% lower than those of the irradiated vacuum-packageed control, respectively, and dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide were not found in double-packageed meat. The combination sequence of aerobic/anaerobic packaging was not a critical factor in the production of off-odor volatiles of irradiated turkey.
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    Notes: : The modori phenomenon from several fish species has been associated with endogenous proteinolytic enzymes. We evaluated the presence of modori-associated proteinases in Mexican flounder and Atlantic croaker, and the decrease of the modori effect by inhibition of the responsible enzymes with serine-proteinase inhibitors from legume seeds. The presence of modori was evaluated by changes in shear stress and shear strain at failure in surimi gels incubated for 30 min at 60 °C. Modori was associated with proteolytic degradation of myosin by SDS-PAGE analysis. Crude extracts from kidney bean, pea, chickpea, lentil, and soybean inhibited proteolytic activities of both fish to different extents.
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    Notes: : A sequential injection analysis (SIA) system involving in-line digestion for the determination of total phosphorus in milk is presented. The developed manifold consists mainly of 2 phases: conversion of all forms of phosphorus into orthophosphates by hydrolysis and oxidation catalyzed by UV radiation (necessary for the efficient oxidation of organic phosphates) and spectrophotometric determination of the phosphomolybdenum blue formed. The proposed method was applied to several cow milk samples and the results were in good agreement with those provided by the reference method, with a maximum relative deviation of 5.2%. The detection limit of the method was around 2 mg P/L with a sampling rate of approximately 17 h−1.
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    Notes: : Gamma irradiation was applied for the breakdown of the volatile N-nitrosamines (VNAs), nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR). NDMA and NPYR were dissolved in distilled water, dichloromethane, or ethanol, and irradiated at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 kGy by gamma ray. Samples were analyzed by GC-TEA. NDMA and NPYR in distilled water and dichloromethane were easily broken at 5 kGy or above. NPYR was the most sensitive to irradiation, while the NDMA is relatively resistant to irradiation. NDMA and NPYR dissolved in ethanol was the most resistant to irradiation and the breakdown was 90% or above at 20 kGy. VNA formation was not observed by in vitro test from decomposed compounds without nitrite, while the VNAs were found by exposure of irradiated products to nitrite. Results indicated that the gamma irradiation technology may be effective to reduce carcinogenic VNA contents in food and other industry.
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    Notes: : Precooked turkey breast meat was aerobically packaged or vacuum-packaged and irradiated at 0, 2.5, or 5.0 kGy. CIE color, reflectance, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), gas production, and lipid oxidation were determined at 0, 7, and 14 d. Irradiation increased redness of vacuum-packaged meat, and the redness was distinct and stable under vacuum. Irradiation decreased ORP and produced carbon monoxide (CO). This indicated that the pink color was caused by the heme pigment-CO complex formation. The reflectance of meat and the absorption spectra of myoglobin solution supported the assumption that denatured CO-myoglobin is the pigment in irradiated precooked turkey breast.
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    Notes: : This study was done to determine the optimum level of dried milk mineral (MM) to inhibit lipid oxidation in various ground meats. Cooked ground beef and pork required 2% MM to maintain thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values 〈 1.0 after 14 d refrigerated storage, compared to 1% MM for ground turkey. TBA values of cooked ground beef were lower (p 〈 0.05) when MM was added in water suspension, rather than as a dry powder. Among MM components (phosphate, calcium, and citrate), polyphosphates most effectively maintained low TBA levels during storage. MM probably chelates soluble iron to colloidal calcium phosphate particles, thus removing iron as a catalyst for lipid oxidation.
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    Notes: : The effects of several organosulfur compounds on heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formation and overall mutagenicity in fried ground beef patties were evaluated. The greatest inhibition of total HAA formation was achieved with diallyl disulfide (78%) and dipropyl disulfide (70%); these compounds also reduced overall mutagenicity by 75 and 65%, respectively. The addition of diallyl sulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, and allyl mercaptan also significantly (p 〈 0.05) reduced mutagenicity, with reductions of 56, 43, and 30%, respectively. The addition of cysteine and cystine, however, did not reduce the mutagenicity of cooked meat, an observation confirmed by the relatively small reductions in HAA concentrations.
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    Notes: : Crude herring oil, extracted from fresh byproducts, was stored at 0, 20, and 50°C in order to study the effect of temperature on lipid oxidation. The oil had an initial peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV), and free fatty acids of 0.7 meq peroxides/kg of lipid, 0.4, and 0.6%, respectively. During storage, the oil reached the secondary oxidation stage for all 3 temperatures. The formation of fluorescent compounds was inhibited at 0°C. Significant decrease of the α-tocopherol content was found after storage at 0 and 20°C, but no consumption occurred at 50°C. The development of oxidation products over time exhibited a temperature-dependency with a very good correlation.
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    Notes: : Whole Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were processed using high-pressure processing (HPP) treatment from 207 to 310 MPa at 0, 1, and 2 min and stored at 〈 4 °C and evaluated over 27 d. The pH of HPP samples decreased slightly from 6.3 to 5.8 during storage while the control (hand-shucked oysters) dropped to pH 4.1. Moisture content of the controls decreased slightly while HPP samples increased slightly. Pressure treatment did not significantly inhibit lipase activity during the shelf-life study. HPP reduced initial microbial load by 2 to 3 logs and counts remained at a reduced level through the storage study. Descriptive evaluation showed that HPP-treated oysters received higher quality scores than controls during the storage trial.
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    Notes: : The use of elevated temperatures to pasteurize food products leads to a loss of food quality, which stimulates research into novel nonthermal processes for food preservation. Using nonthermal plasma discharges, applied directly into the food product, proved effective in reducing the number of Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells in apple juice, by up to 7 log units. The pulsed nonthermal plasma system was developed and used to study the effects of different process parameters on the inactivation. The process parameters considered were discharge voltage, pulse number, and pulse frequency. The apple juice used had a pH of 4 and a conductivity of 2.29 mS/cm.
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    Notes: : Superpositioning principles were applied twice to model temperature (25 to 125 °C) and concentration (0.005 to 0.040% w/w) effects on skim milk and carrageenan solutions. Samples were analyzed using a controlled stress rheometer equipped with a pressurized sealed cell, permitting measurements well above standard boiling conditions. Individual samples were sheared between 10 and 160 s−1, and predictive equations were developed to predict Newtonian viscosity as a function of temperature and carrageenan concentration. The superpositioning technique coupled with advancements in rheological instrumentation permits high temperature measurements and offers a strategy for viscosity determination for thermal processing unit operations.
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    Notes: : Hydrated gluten, soy concentrate, and mixtures of both were heated at 90 °C for 0.5 to 6 h. All heated samples were analyzed for viscoelastic properties and SDS-PAGE electrophoretograms. Results of the rheological analysis showed storage (G′) andloss (G″) moduli of gluten increased sharply as a result of heating and the shapes of both shear moduli were significantly different from the unheated samples. In the soy system, both shear moduli increased slightly upon heating and the shapes were similar to the unheated samples. The linkages found in the heated systems were disulfide bonds as shown by the electrophoretograms.
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    Notes: : The objective of this study was to determine the effects of die geometry, food material and operating parameters on flow distribution in an annular extrusion die. A diverging annular die with a conical insert was designed such that the eccentricity of the central conical core could be maintained at 0, 1, and 2 mm. Corn syrup, cornstarch, cornmeal, and wheat flour were extruded through the die using a twin-screw extruder at varying mass flow rates. It was found that perfect geometrical alignment was very critical in achieving flow uniformity, and should be considered as the important factor in practical applications. The type of food material and mass flow rate had negligible effects on the flow distribution.
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    Notes: : Calcium chloride (0 to 10 mM) and potassium chloride (0 to 600 mM) were added into model nutritional beverage emulsions containing 7% (w/w) soybean oil droplets and 0.35% (w/w) whey protein isolate (pH 6.7). The particle size, surface charge, viscosity, and creaming stability of the emulsions then were measured. The surface charge decreased with increasing mineral ion concentration. The particle size, viscosity, and creaming instability of the emulsions increased appreciably above critical CaCl2 (3 mM) and KCl (200 mM) concentrations because of droplet flocculation. The origin of this effect was attributed to reduction of the electrostatic repulsion between droplets due to electrostatic screening and ion binding. CaCl2 promoted emulsion instability more efficiently than KCl because Ca2+ ions are more effective at reducing electrostatic repulsion than K+ ions.
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    Notes: : The changes in storage modulus (G′) during isothermal gelation of agar fractions from Pterocladia capillacea were kinetically investigated with respect to the curing condition, agar concentration, and the molecular property of agar. Generally, the reciprocal of gelling time, the maximal increasing rate of G′, and the rate constants of Avramipseudo-1st-order kinetics correlated with the curing conditions more significantly than with the molecular properties examined. This tendency was opposite to the result based on simple 2nd-order rate constant. And, the effects of molecular size on rheological and kinetic parameters were greater than those of the 3,6-anhydro-galac-tose content examined. After verification of the kinetic data obtained, potentially molecular changes during gelation process are illustrated.
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    Notes: : Textural stabilization of extruded beef jerky analogs (BJA) by using modified starches was studied. From a series of modified starches studied, Frigex W and Instant Pure Flo were identified to show very reduced retrogra-dation, both in gels and after extrusion. These starches were used as textural stabilizers for BJA, an extruded product obtained from potato granules and ground beef. The partial substitution of potato granules with modified starches, at a level of 5% of the formulation, led to increased moisture sorption capacity of the analogs. After a storage period of 1 mo, the samples that contained modified starch had a degree of swelling with 30% higher and much lower elastic modulus as compared to those that contained only potato starch.
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    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 12 (1947), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 12 (1947), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
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