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  • Mice, Inbred C57BL  (470)
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  • Organic Chemistry
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (485)
  • Freshwater Biological Association  (39)
  • 1
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4839 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:49:48 | 4839 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: The purpose of this work is a contribution to the quantitative record of the use of iron by planktonic algae. Preliminary experiments with Chlorella to determine the rate of iron intake in the presence of inorganic sources of iron did not produce the desired result. The crucial point of this work is the investigation of the influence of various external factors on the stability of FeEDTA (FeEDTA = Ferric(III)-compound of ethylene-diamine tetra-acetic acid), since this compound appears to be particularly well-suited as a source of iron for planktonic algae (e.g. TAMIYA et al. 1953). Cultures of Chlorella fusca in a light thermostat were used in experimental research. Methods and results are discussed.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Biometrics ; Biological sampling ; Geographical distribution ; Population density ; Population characteristics ; Population number ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Population dynamics
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  • 2
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4843 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:49:28 | 4843 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: The reaction of Mn(II) with water-dissolved oxygen, to a higher manganese hydroxide in an alkaline medium, as with the longstanding classic Winkler method, is the first step in the method described here. The assumption for faultless results by the conventional and modified Winkler method is clean water, which contains no organic substances by Mn(III) or Mn(IV). In many cases, however, eg. in river and lake-water tests, it can be seen with the naked eye that after some time the originally brown-coloured precipitate of manganese hydroxide becomes more and more colourless. Oxygen content was analysed in the water samples and evaluated by raising the amount of the leuko-base and giving the corresponding dilution of the colouring matter solution formed still higher oxygen contents can be measured.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Methodology ; Experimental research ; Dissolved oxygen ; Analytical techniques ; Water analysis
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  • 3
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4848 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:49:18 | 4848 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: When dissolved in water, compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus ought to contain the basic assimilated food requirements for autotrophic plants and therefore autotrophic algae. This article summarises the occurrence of nitrogen in water, how species of algae utilize nitrogen and phosphorus forms for growth and the capacities of algae to adapt to environments of different nutrient wealth. This topic has unquestionable importance not only for the purpose of survival of a species but also in deciding indirectly about the stability of ecosystems.
    Description: Translated from Polish into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Algae ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Nutritional requirements ; Bacteria ; Organic compounds
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  • 4
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4856 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:48:26 | 4856 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has for some time been known as a denitrifier. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was chosen for further studies, because P. aeruginosa occurs abundantly in Plusssee and moreover there are contradictory assertions on the gas products of denitrification by this bacteria. In experimental research the pattern of growth and gas production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on nutrient broth was studied.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Experimental research ; Bacteria ; Freshwater lakes ; Growth ; Microbiological culture ; Plusssee
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  • 5
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4857 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:48:28 | 4857 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: There is no doubt that determination of the biomass of zooplankton (primarily of crustaceans) will be taken into consideration in practice and limnological works, especially after the recent publication of fairly comprehensive tables of weights of a whole range of species of freshwater copepods and cladocerans. The usefulness of applying formulae of determining the biomass of marine crustaceans for freshwater copepods is discussed.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Freshwater crustaceans ; Zooplankton ; Biomass ; Formulae
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  • 6
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4877 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:47:02 | 4877 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-06
    Description: The determination of bi- and trivalent iron in proximity, in mineral waters has gained in significance, on biological and technical grounds. This short paper describes the procedure of the determination of bivalent iron and total iron in a water sample.
    Description: Translated from German into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Iron ; Acids ; Analytical techniques ; Minerals ; Water analysis
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  • 7
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4964 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:39:04 | 4964 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: The nitrification in the ocean is influenced by several environmental factors and the importance of these is more or less known. There are very likely many more to be discovered in the study of the interaction of nitrification bacteria and other micro-organisms in the ocean. Some of the factors to be considered will briefly be dealt with in this paper. Then the authors give the results of an incubation experiment in the Baltic Sea and from a detailed study in Gullmarn.
    Description: Translated from Swedish into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Oceanography ; Marine ecology ; Nitrification ; Experimental research ; Sediment analysis ; Bacteria ; Carbon fixation ; Nitrosococcus oceanus ; Nitrococcus mobilis
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 8
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4967 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:36:52 | 4967 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: Utilization of the heavy isotope of nitrogen as a tracer has found numerous applications in soil biology. It allows better definition of different stages of the nitrogen cycle, in particular the immobilization-mineralization cycle. In this work, the authors report the results of calculations of natural isotope ratios of nitrogen in samples of water, soil and vegetation prevailing in Dombes and discuss the possibilities of errors and coefficients of fractionation.
    Description: Translated from French into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Nitrogen isotopes ; Soils ; Tracers ; Bacteria ; Nitrogen compounds ; France ; Dombes
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  • 9
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4963 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:39:01 | 4963 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: This short translation summarises experiments on the production of a highly dispersible precipitate of calcium carbonate. The translation covers the 'Experimental section' (of the original larger paper) only.
    Description: Translated from Polish into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Experimental research ; Calcium carbonates ; Magnetic fields ; Ultrasonic devices
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  • 10
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4988 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:36:31 | 4988 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: This abbreviated translation summarises the chemical composition of Iraq water resources. Among the described water bodies are the River Euphrates, Shatt al Arab River and a number of standing waters.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Inland water environment ; Inland waters ; Water analysis ; Iraq
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  • 11
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/4980 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:38:06 | 4980 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-07
    Description: This partial translation of the original paper provides the summary of this study of the mechanism of mass transfer in the formation of hydrothermal deposits of sulphides. For determining the solubility of sulphides of iron, the radioactive isotope Fe59 was used. The solubility of two sulphides was determined.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Sulphide deposits ; Sulphides ; Hydrothermal deposits ; Iron isotopes ; Solubility
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  • 12
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Windermere, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5054 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:29:08 | 5054 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: Observations are reported on the content of organic matter in the Moscow region in 1941. Some data is given on alkalinity, oxygen content and colourisation of the rivers.
    Description: Translated from Russian into English
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Rivers ; Organic matter ; Alkalinity ; Dissolved oxygen ; Colour
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  • 13
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5238 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:13:42 | 5238 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This report presents five batches of data which have been despatched to the Joint Research Centre, Ispra. The data as been allocated to various ECDIN (Environmental Chemicals Data and Information Network) files. The data comprises environmental chemicals in the freshwater environment, taking in paricular consideration: aquatic toxicity, bioaccumulation, metabolism and elimination biodegradation.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Data ; Data processing ; Data collections ; Chemical compounds ; Toxicity ; Bioaccumulation ; Biodegradation ; Metabolism
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    Type: monograph
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  • 14
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5293 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:08:09 | 5293 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Esthwaite Water is the most productive or eutrophic lake in the English Lake District. Since 1945 its water quality has been determined from weekly or biweekly measurements of temperature, oxygen, plant nutrients and phytoplankton abundance. The lake receives phosphorus from its largely lowland-pasture catchment, sewage effluent from the villages of Hawkshead and Near Sawrey, and from a cage-culture fish farm. From 1986 phosphorus has been removed from the sewage effluent of Hawkshead which was considered to contribute between 47% and 67% of the total phosphorus loading to the lake. At the commencement of phosphorus removal regular measurements of phosphorus in the superficial 0-4 cm layer of lake sediment were made from cores collected at random sites. Since 1986 the mean annual concentration of alkali-extractable sediment phosphorus has decreased by 23%. This change is not significant at the 5% level but nearly so. There has been no marked change in water quality over this period. Summer dominance of blue-green algae which arose in the early 1980s after decline of the previous summer forms, Ceratium spp., has been maintained. Improvement in water quality is unlikely to be achieved at the present phosphorus loading.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Eutrophication ; Freshwater lakes ; Limnological surveys ; Phosphorus ; Phytoplankton ; Primary production ; Sediment analysis ; Water quality ; England ; Esthwaite Water
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  • 15
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5157 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:19:58 | 5157 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: The area studied was the River Frome system below Dorchester. The main river has its origins mainly in chalk springs, although some of its tributaries have surface run-off from farm lands and heath-lands. Thus the chemistry of the river is affected by changes in land practice and differences in the geology of the catchment area. Regular chemical analysis of chalk waters started at the River Laboratory in 1964, Regular weekly analyses have been carried out since 1965 at Bere Stream (a small chalk stream) and the River Frome (a large chalk stream); also single samples have been analysed to provide preliminary information. In 1970-71 an attempt was made to discover the contribution each main source made to the flow and chemical composition of the River Frome. Results of these investigations are presented in the paper.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Environment ; Chemical analysis ; Chemical composition ; Rivers ; Stream flow ; Annual report ; England ; Dorset
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  • 16
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5171 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:18:48 | 5171 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An explanation of the basic premises of the subject and its terminology is given. The article then outlines aspects of research on the organic material found in lacustrine sediments, and the analytical methods involved.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Earth Sciences ; Diagenesis ; Freshwater lakes ; Geochemistry ; Lipids ; Sediment analysis ; Annual report
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  • 17
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5225 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:12:36 | 5225 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The overall goal of the joint research project is to relate the chemical reactions involved in the formation of organo-aluminium complexes under acid conditions to their toxic effects on the physiology of aquatic organisms. Finally, this research is intended to predict toxic effects arising from acidity and aluminium under varying environmental conditions. This interim report examines the chemical modelling of ion-binding by humic substances where a computer model has been developed and is being tested using field data, and conditions required for the precipitation of aluminium in surface waters.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Modelling ; Models ; Humic acids ; Surface water ; Aluminium compounds ; Aluminium ; Ions ; Toxicity ; England ; Duddon River
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  • 18
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5239 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:13:47 | 5239 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-06-24
    Description: This review discusses the processes involved in the decomposition of organic carbon derived initially from structural components of algae and other primary producers. It describes how groups of bacteria interact in time and space in a eutrophic lake. The relative importance of anaerobic and aerobic processes are discussed. The bulk of decomposition occurs within the sediment. The role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle and the iron cycle, and in sulphate reduction and methanogenesis as the terminal metabolism of organic carbon are described.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Anaerobic bacteria ; Bacteria ; Biodegradation ; Carbon cycle ; Eutrophic lakes ; Fresh water ; Geochemical cycle ; Iron ; Manganese ; Nitrates ; Nitrogen cycle ; Organic carbon ; Oxygen consumption ; Partical size ; Sedimentation ; Sulphates ; Sulphur ; Annual report
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  • 19
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5247 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:08:19 | 5247 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The dace, Leuciscus leuciscus (L.) is an important cyprinid in terms of population biomass in chalk streams of southern England. Dace recruitment has been shown to vary widely from year to year and it is thought that this variation is largely as a result of the influence of abiotic factors, chiefly water temperature. From 1968 to 1981 there was a thirteen-fold difference in the year class structure index between the minimum index (0.25 in 1972) and the maximum (3.21 in 1976). The problems of such variation, especially those that could ensue from a succession of poor year-classes, are offset by the spread of reproductive effort by each female over several years.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Fisheries ; Abiotic factors ; Age composition ; Annual variations ; Climate ; Fecundity ; Fish eggs ; Fish larvae ; Freshwater fish ; Life history ; Mortality ; Population dynamics ; Predation ; Recruitment ; Sexual reproduction ; Survivial ; Water temperature ; Cyprinidae ; Leuciscus leuciscus ; England ; Dorset ; Chalk streams ; Annual report
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  • 20
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5257 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:09:23 | 5257 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Phosalone is a non systematic, wide spectrum organophosphate pesticide which was discovered in 1961 in the laboratories of the Societe des Usines Chimique Rhone-Poulenc in France. It has been approved for commercial use since 1964 in France, in Australia since 1966, in the United Kingdom in 1967 and in many other countries including Japan, Egypt, USSR and the USA. This study provides a full literature review on all aspects of phosalone including its physical, biological and chemical characteristics, and analytical methods of analysis with particular reference to soils/sediments. Furthermore, it aims to develop a method for the determintion of phosalone in aquatic sediments and to determine the adsorption of phosalone onto kaolinite.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Insecticides ; Metabolism ; Toxicity ; Biodegradation ; Adsorption
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    Format: 54
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  • 21
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5278 | 1256 | 2011-09-29 15:11:09 | 5278 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: A literature survey was carried out into the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons in freshwater, from the toxicity, biodegradability and concentration aspects. It was supplemented by a selective search on hydrocarbons in the marine environment for comparison. The aim was to determine the major inputs of these hydrocarbons, their accumulation, effects and fate in freshwaters. The search was confined to the period 1965-1978. The bibliography contains 390 references, divided by subject.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Pollution ; literature reviews ; petroleum ; toxicity ; biodegradation
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  • 22
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5349 | 1256 | 2011-05-13 11:55:43 | 5349 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of some major ions in the stream water of the River Duddon in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and chloride ions and pH were taken at 5 stations in the River Duddon between January 1970 and August 1974.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of Major Ions in Streams on Catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; dataset
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  • 23
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5351 | 1256 | 2011-05-13 11:55:21 | 5351 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of some major ions in the stream water of the catchment of Lake Windermere in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chloride ions and pH were taken at 37 stations in the catchment between 1975 and 1978.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of major ions in streams on catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; England ; Lake Windermere ; dataset
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  • 24
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5354 | 1256 | 2011-09-16 12:01:28 | 5354 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of 182 tarns in the English Lake District, Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, pH, chloride ions, alkalinity, sulphite, strong acids and nitrate were taken between 1953 and 1978.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of major ions in lakes and tarns on the English Lake District (1953-1978). Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1982 (FBA Occasional Publications 16)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; alkalinity ; England ; Lake District ; dataset
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  • 25
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5352 | 1256 | 2012-07-04 19:32:47 | 5352 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of treated sewage effluent from Grasmere Treatment Unit in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and chloride ions were taken between 1974 and 1976.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of major ions in streams on catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; England ; Grasmere ; dataset
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  • 26
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5350 | 1256 | 2011-05-13 11:56:03 | 5350 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of some major ions in the stream water of the upper basin of the River Duddon in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and chloride ions and pH were taken at 26 stations in the River Duddon basin between 1972 and 1974.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of Major Ions in Streams on Catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; England ; River Duddon ; dataset
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  • 27
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5353 | 1256 | 2012-07-04 19:33:33 | 5353 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-10
    Description: This dataset provides raw data of chemical analyses made during studies on seasonal variations of 25 frequently sampled tarns in Cumbria. Measurements of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, pH, chloride ions, alkalinity, sulphite, strong acids and nitrate were taken between 1954 and 1956 and between 1974-1976.
    Description: This data was used in the publication: Carrick, T.R. & Sutcliffe, D.W.: Concentrations of major ions in streams on catchments of the River Duddon (1971-1974) and Windermere (1975-1978), English Lake District. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, UK, 1983 (FBA Occasional Publications 22)
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Calcium ; chlorides ; fresh water ; ions ; magnesium ; potassium ; seasonal variations ; sodium ; water analysis ; alkalinity ; England ; Lake District ; dataset
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  • 28
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5111 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:22 | 5111 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article discussing changes observed in phytoplankton of the Lake District. An overview is given of previous phytoplankton studies undertaken in the area, detailing some changes found in various waterbodies. Water quality changes in Lake Windermere are mentioned, including the gradual increase of dissolved organic matter (DOM), believed to be caused by the increase of sewage to the lake. The lakes in the Alps are given as an example of a similar anthropogenic pollution scenario. The treatment of a Lake District tarn with bone meal is described. The article goes on to discuss the composition of plankton throughout the year under a variety of climatic conditions. A figure shows seasonal variation in the consistuents of phytoplankton in Windermere (north basin).
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Phytoplankton ; Limnology ; Dissolved organic matter ; Seasonal variations ; Sewage ; Water quality ; Annual reports ; England ; Lake District
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  • 29
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5107 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:50 | 5107 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: A progress report on research undertaken on the chemical budget of a lake, outlining the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus in governing the production of life in freshwater. The report uses the Rivers Brathay and Leven, which flow into Windermere, as examples. The report also refers to the Rivers Rothay, Troutbeck and Cunsey. A table is including which shows the monthly average nitrate content (mg per litre) of the River Brathey and River Leven for 1937 into 1938. The report also includes a figure showing Windermere lake levels, discharge and rainfall during 1937. It also briefly considers possible anthropogenic influences on water quality.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Phosphorus ; Organic compounds ; Sewage ; Diatoms ; Algae ; Sediment chemistry ; Seasonal variations ; Annual reports ; Nitrates ; River discharge ; England
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  • 30
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5114 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:21:32 | 5114 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article looking at the numerical distribution of bacteria in lakes, the types most commonly present and the nitrogen-cycle, in Lake Windermere. The methodology is explained, including the sampling frequency and depths, and bacteria culturing techniques. Water bodies other than Lake Windermere were also sampled and these are detailed, including a water reservoir. A summary of the work into horizontal of bacteria is given, including a table showing the number of bacteria per millilitre at different distances from inflow into Windermere. A summary of the work into vertical distribution is also given, including two figures, one showing seasonal variation during 1938-9 in numbers of bacteria at different depths in Winderemere, and the other showing the relationship between the numbers of bacteria at 10 metres depth in Windermere and the rainfull during the previous 7 days. A summary of the types of bacteria found, as well as work on the nitrogen cycle in Esthwaite Water, Lake Windermere and Blelham Tarn are given.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Nitrogen cycle ; Bacteria ; Freshwater ecology ; Limnology ; Seasonal variations ; Water column ; Water reservoirs ; Annual reports ; England ; Lake District
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  • 31
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5112 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:23:20 | 5112 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article reviewing the work undertaken looking at the seasonal variation of chemical conditions in water at various depths in lakes. The laboratory tests undertaken for the research is outlined, as well as details of the sampling locations and the staff involved with the work. One figure shows the seasonal variation in the amounts of dissolved substances in the surface water of Windermere during 1936. Another figure shows seasonal varation inthe dry weight of phyto- and zooplankton in Windermere. Seasonal changes are discussed further and a table is included showing chemical conditions in winter and summer for Windermere.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Limnology ; Chemistry ; Seasonal variations ; Diatoms ; Phytoplankton ; Zooplankton ; Water column ; Surface water ; Annual reports ; England ; Lake District
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 32
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5122 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:22:47 | 5122 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article reviewing the methods of biological surveillance of chalk-streams developed and commonly used at that time, with a focus on their application to the River Frome catchment in Dorset. In evaluating the surveillance methods, the author looks at sampling methods (including cores and kick-sampling), the level of identification of macroinvertebrates, and temporal and spatial variations. Responses of indices to organic pollution are also discussed. A number of accompanying figures are also included.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Ecology ; Environment ; Chalk ; Water management ; Cores ; Aquatic communities ; Freshwater ecology ; Invertebrate larvae ; Biological surveys ; Temporal variations ; Spatial variations ; Annual reports ; England
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  • 33
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5123 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:22:51 | 5123 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: A review article detailing the background, development and functionality of the Windermere Profiler, a multi parameter environmental monitoring instrument for use in lakes, reservoirs and rivers. The article explains the requirement for regular data collection by the Freshwater Biological Association at Windermere. The article covers the requirements of a profiling instrument, the design considerations, the electronic circuitry, the computer program, the operation of the computer software, the profiler in use and further developments to the design. A number of figures and images accompany the article.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Environment ; Limnology ; Profilers ; Inland water environment ; Water reservoirs ; Lakes ; Rivers ; Temperature data ; Electrical conductivity ; Dissolved oxygen ; Depth measurement ; Light attenuation ; Annual reports ; England ; Lake District
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  • 34
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5117 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:22:21 | 5117 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-08
    Description: An article discussing the factors affecting the rate of growth of brown trout, detailing the research udnertaken at Wray Castle, designed to clarify the influencing factors in different waters and investigate what would be required to increase their size. The article considers factors such as alkalinity, total hardness, the presence of coarse fish in the waterbodies and competition for food. Previous work undertaken on brown trout in Ireland by other authors is reviewed. A figure showing average growth rate of brown trout in five lakes, as determined from their scales (Lough Derg, Windermere, Loch Leven, Ullswater, Haweswater).
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Limnology ; Coarse fish ; pH effects ; Water hardness ; Food availability ; Limnology ; England ; Lake District
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  • 35
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5189 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:16:49 | 5189 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: There is no evidence of an increase in the acidity (lower pH or alkalinity) of water-bodies in the Lake District over the last 50 years. Brown trout occur in acid streams and upland tarns where pH is 4.5-5.2 throughout the year. Their occurrence in such waters in Britain and Ireland has been known for most of this century and there is no previous evidence of harmful effects on salmonid fisheries, though numbers of fish are naturally low. However, many benthic invertebrates that are common in hill-streams where pH is above 5.7 do not occur in more acid streams. This phenomenon occurs in the headwaters of several western rivers in Cumbria. It is not a recent response to "acid rain". Harmful effects of pH are undoubtedly more pronounced in waters that are poor in other dissolved ions. Low concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride are especially important and may limit the distributions of some aquatic animals even where pH is above 5.7. The concentration of sulphate ions is usually relatively high but this is not important to the fauna; concentrations are at least two times higher in productive alkaline water-bodies than they are in unproductive acid waters.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Ecology ; Limnology ; Acid rain ; Acidification ; Alkalinity ; Freshwater pollution ; pH ; Pollution effects ; Invertebrata ; Salmonidae ; England ; Lake District ; Annual report
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  • 36
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5181 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:17:17 | 5181 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: The chemical speciation of both metals and non-metals, the use of polarographic techniques, and application to the study of the chemistry of anoxic waters are considered. In the first part of the paper unfamiliar terminology is explained and then an example of simple lake chemistry is presented to illustrate why the concept of speciation is necessary.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Limnology ; Chemical speciation ; Anoxic basins ; Annual report
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  • 37
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5195 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:15:06 | 5195 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: This review is concerned with the kinetics of calcium carbonate formation and related processes which are important in many hard waters.
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Calcite ; Calcium carbonates ; Chemical precipitation ; Fresh water ; Geochemical cycle ; Annual report
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  • 38
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5193 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:15:03 | 5193 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: A study of the geochemical cycling of iron and manganese in a seasonally stratified lake, Esthwaite water is described. This work is based on speculative ideas on environmental redox chemistry of iron which were proposed by C.H. Mortimer in the 1940's. These observations have been verified and some speculations confirmed, along with a new understanding of the manganese cycle, and detailed information on the particulate forms of both iron and manganese. Details on the mechanisms and transformations of iron have also emerged.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Chemical precipitation ; Freshwater lakes ; Iron ; Manganese ; Oxidation ; Redox potential ; Reduction ; Stratification ; England ; Esthwaite Lake ; Annual report
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  • 39
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    Freshwater Biological Association | Ambleside, UK
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/5197 | 3949 | 2011-09-29 15:15:33 | 5197 | Freshwater Biological Association
    Publication Date: 2021-07-09
    Description: Studies by the Freshwater Biological Association over the last 25 years have supplied data relevant to the levels of acidity in local soils and water before the onset of industrial pollution and current interest in acid rain. This article reviews published analysis from cores of lake sediments, in or near the catchment of the River Duddon. Electron spin resonance spectra of humic acids and iodine values confirm evidence from pollen analysis for a history of progressive acidification of the source material of lake sediments since before 5000 radiocarbon years, in upland catchments of the Lake District. Processes involved included: removal of basic ions from soils by rainfall, the effects of which were intensified by removal by man of deciduous forest; acidification of soils and waters by decomposition products of Calluna and further acidification of waters by Sphagnum species which colonized habitats where drainage became impeded by paludification processes.
    Keywords: Biology ; Chemistry ; Earth Sciences ; Acid rain ; Acidification ; Freshwater lakes ; Lake Basins ; Lake deposits ; pH ; Palnology ; England ; Cumbria ; Annual report
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    Type: book_section , FALSE
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: Endothelial cells (ECs) are plastic cells that can switch between growth states with different bioenergetic and biosynthetic requirements. Although quiescent in most healthy tissues, ECs divide and migrate rapidly upon proangiogenic stimulation. Adjusting endothelial metabolism to the growth state is central to normal vessel growth and function, yet it is poorly understood at the molecular level. Here we report that the forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factor FOXO1 is an essential regulator of vascular growth that couples metabolic and proliferative activities in ECs. Endothelial-restricted deletion of FOXO1 in mice induces a profound increase in EC proliferation that interferes with coordinated sprouting, thereby causing hyperplasia and vessel enlargement. Conversely, forced expression of FOXO1 restricts vascular expansion and leads to vessel thinning and hypobranching. We find that FOXO1 acts as a gatekeeper of endothelial quiescence, which decelerates metabolic activity by reducing glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Mechanistically, FOXO1 suppresses signalling by MYC (also known as c-MYC), a powerful driver of anabolic metabolism and growth. MYC ablation impairs glycolysis, mitochondrial function and proliferation of ECs while its EC-specific overexpression fuels these processes. Moreover, restoration of MYC signalling in FOXO1-overexpressing endothelium normalizes metabolic activity and branching behaviour. Our findings identify FOXO1 as a critical rheostat of vascular expansion and define the FOXO1-MYC transcriptional network as a novel metabolic checkpoint during endothelial growth and proliferation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilhelm, Kerstin -- Happel, Katharina -- Eelen, Guy -- Schoors, Sandra -- Oellerich, Mark F -- Lim, Radiance -- Zimmermann, Barbara -- Aspalter, Irene M -- Franco, Claudio A -- Boettger, Thomas -- Braun, Thomas -- Fruttiger, Marcus -- Rajewsky, Klaus -- Keller, Charles -- Bruning, Jens C -- Gerhardt, Holger -- Carmeliet, Peter -- Potente, Michael -- K08CA090438/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):216-20. doi: 10.1038/nature16498. Epub 2016 Jan 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Angiogenesis &Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany. ; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. ; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Neurovascular Link, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium. ; Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London WC2A 3LY, UK. ; Vascular Morphogenesis Laboratory, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal. ; Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany. ; UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK. ; Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), D-13125 Berlin, Germany. ; Children's Cancer Therapy Development Institute, Beaverton, Oregon 97005, USA. ; Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany. ; Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB and University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium. ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, D-13347 Berlin, Germany. ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), D-10117 Berlin, Germany. ; International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland. ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Frankfurt Rhine-Main, D-13347 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26735015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Respiration ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/*growth & development/*metabolism ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Glycolysis ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2016-04-14
    Description: Bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs) form a network of blood vessels that regulate both leukocyte trafficking and haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) maintenance. However, it is not clear how BMECs balance these dual roles, and whether these events occur at the same vascular site. We found that mammalian bone marrow stem cell maintenance and leukocyte trafficking are regulated by distinct blood vessel types with different permeability properties. Less permeable arterial blood vessels maintain haematopoietic stem cells in a low reactive oxygen species (ROS) state, whereas the more permeable sinusoids promote HSPC activation and are the exclusive site for immature and mature leukocyte trafficking to and from the bone marrow. A functional consequence of high permeability of blood vessels is that exposure to blood plasma increases bone marrow HSPC ROS levels, augmenting their migration and differentiation, while compromising their long-term repopulation and survival. These findings may have relevance for clinical haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and mobilization protocols.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Itkin, Tomer -- Gur-Cohen, Shiri -- Spencer, Joel A -- Schajnovitz, Amir -- Ramasamy, Saravana K -- Kusumbe, Anjali P -- Ledergor, Guy -- Jung, Yookyung -- Milo, Idan -- Poulos, Michael G -- Kalinkovich, Alexander -- Ludin, Aya -- Kollet, Orit -- Shakhar, Guy -- Butler, Jason M -- Rafii, Shahin -- Adams, Ralf H -- Scadden, David T -- Lin, Charles P -- Lapidot, Tsvee -- EB017274/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- HL100402/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EB017274/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL100402/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 21;532(7599):323-8. doi: 10.1038/nature17624. Epub 2016 Apr 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. ; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis and Faculty of Medicine, University of Munster, D-48149 Munster, Germany. ; Internal Medicine Department, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel. ; Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27074509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Ly/metabolism ; Arteries/cytology/physiology ; Blood Vessels/*cytology/*physiology ; Bone Marrow/*blood supply ; Bone Marrow Cells/cytology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Movement ; Cell Self Renewal ; Cell Survival ; Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism ; Endothelial Cells/physiology ; Female ; *Hematopoiesis ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology ; Leukocytes/cytology ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nestin/metabolism ; Pericytes/physiology ; Permeability ; Plasma/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2016-03-17
    Description: The energetic burden of continuously concentrating solutes against gradients along the tubule may render the kidney especially vulnerable to ischaemia. Acute kidney injury (AKI) affects 3% of all hospitalized patients. Here we show that the mitochondrial biogenesis regulator, PGC1alpha, is a pivotal determinant of renal recovery from injury by regulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis. Following renal ischaemia, Pgc1alpha(-/-) (also known as Ppargc1a(-/-)) mice develop local deficiency of the NAD precursor niacinamide (NAM, also known as nicotinamide), marked fat accumulation, and failure to re-establish normal function. Notably, exogenous NAM improves local NAD levels, fat accumulation, and renal function in post-ischaemic Pgc1alpha(-/-) mice. Inducible tubular transgenic mice (iNephPGC1alpha) recapitulate the effects of NAM supplementation, including more local NAD and less fat accumulation with better renal function after ischaemia. PGC1alpha coordinately upregulates the enzymes that synthesize NAD de novo from amino acids whereas PGC1alpha deficiency or AKI attenuates the de novo pathway. NAM enhances NAD via the enzyme NAMPT and augments production of the fat breakdown product beta-hydroxybutyrate, leading to increased production of prostaglandin PGE2 (ref. 5), a secreted autacoid that maintains renal function. NAM treatment reverses established ischaemic AKI and also prevented AKI in an unrelated toxic model. Inhibition of beta-hydroxybutyrate signalling or prostaglandin production similarly abolishes PGC1alpha-dependent renoprotection. Given the importance of mitochondrial health in ageing and the function of metabolically active organs, the results implicate NAM and NAD as key effectors for achieving PGC1alpha-dependent stress resistance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tran, Mei T -- Zsengeller, Zsuzsanna K -- Berg, Anders H -- Khankin, Eliyahu V -- Bhasin, Manoj K -- Kim, Wondong -- Clish, Clary B -- Stillman, Isaac E -- Karumanchi, S Ananth -- Rhee, Eugene P -- Parikh, Samir M -- K08-DK090142/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K08-DK101560/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30-DK079337/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK095072/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01-DK095072/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 24;531(7595):528-32. doi: 10.1038/nature17184. Epub 2016 Mar 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Division of Clinical Chemistry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; Nephrology and Endocrine Divisions, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26982719" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid/metabolism ; Acute Kidney Injury/drug therapy/*metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/drug effects/metabolism ; Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Dinoprostone/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Humans ; Ischemia/drug therapy/metabolism ; Kidney/drug effects/*metabolism/physiology/physiopathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; NAD/*biosynthesis ; Niacinamide/deficiency/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Stress, Physiological ; Transcription Factors/deficiency/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2016-03-29
    Description: Circuits in the cerebral cortex consist of thousands of neurons connected by millions of synapses. A precise understanding of these local networks requires relating circuit activity with the underlying network structure. For pyramidal cells in superficial mouse visual cortex (V1), a consensus is emerging that neurons with similar visual response properties excite each other, but the anatomical basis of this recurrent synaptic network is unknown. Here we combined physiological imaging and large-scale electron microscopy to study an excitatory network in V1. We found that layer 2/3 neurons organized into subnetworks defined by anatomical connectivity, with more connections within than between groups. More specifically, we found that pyramidal neurons with similar orientation selectivity preferentially formed synapses with each other, despite the fact that axons and dendrites of all orientation selectivities pass near (〈5 mum) each other with roughly equal probability. Therefore, we predict that mechanisms of functionally specific connectivity take place at the length scale of spines. Neurons with similar orientation tuning formed larger synapses, potentially enhancing the net effect of synaptic specificity. With the ability to study thousands of connections in a single circuit, functional connectomics is proving a powerful method to uncover the organizational logic of cortical networks.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4844839/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4844839/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Wei-Chung Allen -- Bonin, Vincent -- Reed, Michael -- Graham, Brett J -- Hood, Greg -- Glattfelder, Katie -- Reid, R Clay -- P30 EY012196/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- P30 EY12196/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- P41 GM103712/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR006009/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR06009/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY010115/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY10115/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS075436/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R21 NS085320/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 21;532(7599):370-4. doi: 10.1038/nature17192. Epub 2016 Mar 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, a research initiative by imec, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) and Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. ; Biomedical Applications Group, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. ; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27018655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Calcium/analysis ; Dendrites/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Photons ; Pyramidal Cells/cytology/physiology ; Synapses/metabolism ; Visual Cortex/*anatomy & histology/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Visual Pathways/anatomy & histology/*cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2016-04-07
    Description: Neoplastic pancreatic epithelial cells are believed to die through caspase 8-dependent apoptotic cell death, and chemotherapy is thought to promote tumour apoptosis. Conversely, cancer cells often disrupt apoptosis to survive. Another type of programmed cell death is necroptosis (programmed necrosis), but its role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is unclear. There are many potential inducers of necroptosis in PDA, including ligation of tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), CD95, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors, Toll-like receptors, reactive oxygen species, and chemotherapeutic drugs. Here we report that the principal components of the necrosome, receptor-interacting protein (RIP)1 and RIP3, are highly expressed in PDA and are further upregulated by the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine. Blockade of the necrosome in vitro promoted cancer cell proliferation and induced an aggressive oncogenic phenotype. By contrast, in vivo deletion of RIP3 or inhibition of RIP1 protected against oncogenic progression in mice and was associated with the development of a highly immunogenic myeloid and T cell infiltrate. The immune-suppressive tumour microenvironment associated with intact RIP1/RIP3 signalling depended in part on necroptosis-induced expression of the chemokine attractant CXCL1, and CXCL1 blockade protected against PDA. Moreover, cytoplasmic SAP130 (a subunit of the histone deacetylase complex) was expressed in PDA in a RIP1/RIP3-dependent manner, and Mincle--its cognate receptor--was upregulated in tumour-infiltrating myeloid cells. Ligation of Mincle by SAP130 promoted oncogenesis, whereas deletion of Mincle protected against oncogenesis and phenocopied the immunogenic reprogramming of the tumour microenvironment that was induced by RIP3 deletion. Cellular depletion suggested that whereas inhibitory macrophages promote tumorigenesis in PDA, they lose their immune-suppressive effects when RIP3 or Mincle is deleted. Accordingly, T cells, which are not protective against PDA progression in mice with intact RIP3 or Mincle signalling, are reprogrammed into indispensable mediators of anti-tumour immunity in the absence of RIP3 or Mincle. Our work describes parallel networks of necroptosis-induced CXCL1 and Mincle signalling that promote macrophage-induced adaptive immune suppression and thereby enable PDA progression.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833566/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4833566/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seifert, Lena -- Werba, Gregor -- Tiwari, Shaun -- Giao Ly, Nancy Ngoc -- Alothman, Sara -- Alqunaibit, Dalia -- Avanzi, Antonina -- Barilla, Rocky -- Daley, Donnele -- Greco, Stephanie H -- Torres-Hernandez, Alejandro -- Pergamo, Matthew -- Ochi, Atsuo -- Zambirinis, Constantinos P -- Pansari, Mridul -- Rendon, Mauricio -- Tippens, Daniel -- Hundeyin, Mautin -- Mani, Vishnu R -- Hajdu, Cristina -- Engle, Dannielle -- Miller, George -- CA155649/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA168611/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA193111/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30CA016087/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA168611/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA193111/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- UL1 TR000038/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 14;532(7598):245-9. doi: 10.1038/nature17403. Epub 2016 Apr 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; *Carcinogenesis/drug effects ; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Chemokine CXCL1/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Disease Progression ; Female ; GTPase-Activating Proteins/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; *Immune Tolerance ; Lectins, C-Type/immunology/*metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/immunology/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Necrosis ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/*immunology/metabolism/*pathology ; Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Up-Regulation
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2016-02-09
    Description: Sighs are long, deep breaths expressing sadness, relief or exhaustion. Sighs also occur spontaneously every few minutes to reinflate alveoli, and sighing increases under hypoxia, stress, and certain psychiatric conditions. Here we use molecular, genetic, and pharmacologic approaches to identify a peptidergic sigh control circuit in murine brain. Small neural subpopulations in a key breathing control centre, the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group (RTN/pFRG), express bombesin-like neuropeptide genes neuromedin B (Nmb) or gastrin-releasing peptide (Grp). These project to the preBotzinger Complex (preBotC), the respiratory rhythm generator, which expresses NMB and GRP receptors in overlapping subsets of ~200 neurons. Introducing either neuropeptide into preBotC or onto preBotC slices, induced sighing or in vitro sigh activity, whereas elimination or inhibition of either receptor reduced basal sighing, and inhibition of both abolished it. Ablating receptor-expressing neurons eliminated basal and hypoxia-induced sighing, but left breathing otherwise intact initially. We propose that these overlapping peptidergic pathways comprise the core of a sigh control circuit that integrates physiological and perhaps emotional input to transform normal breaths into sighs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Peng -- Janczewski, Wiktor A -- Yackle, Kevin -- Kam, Kaiwen -- Pagliardini, Silvia -- Krasnow, Mark A -- Feldman, Jack L -- HL40959/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL70029/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS72211/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL040959/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL070029/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS072211/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 18;530(7590):293-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16964. Epub 2016 Feb 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26855425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bombesin/pharmacology ; Emotions/physiology ; Female ; Gastrin-Releasing Peptide/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neurokinin B/*analogs & derivatives/deficiency/genetics/metabolism/pharmacology ; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Bombesin/*metabolism ; *Respiration/drug effects ; Respiratory Center/cytology/drug effects/physiology ; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction/drug effects/*physiology
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2016-03-10
    Description: Inhibitory neurons regulate the adaptation of neural circuits to sensory experience, but the molecular mechanisms by which experience controls the connectivity between different types of inhibitory neuron to regulate cortical plasticity are largely unknown. Here we show that exposure of dark-housed mice to light induces a gene program in cortical vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing neurons that is markedly distinct from that induced in excitatory neurons and other subtypes of inhibitory neuron. We identify Igf1 as one of several activity-regulated genes that are specific to VIP neurons, and demonstrate that IGF1 functions cell-autonomously in VIP neurons to increase inhibitory synaptic input onto these neurons. Our findings further suggest that in cortical VIP neurons, experience-dependent gene transcription regulates visual acuity by activating the expression of IGF1, thus promoting the inhibition of disinhibitory neurons and affecting inhibition onto cortical pyramidal neurons.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4823817/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4823817/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mardinly, A R -- Spiegel, I -- Patrizi, A -- Centofante, E -- Bazinet, J E -- Tzeng, C P -- Mandel-Brehm, C -- Harmin, D A -- Adesnik, H -- Fagiolini, M -- Greenberg, M E -- P01 NS047572/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD018655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS028829/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R37 NS028829/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 17;531(7594):371-5. doi: 10.1038/nature17187. Epub 2016 Mar 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Berkeley, 205 Life Sciences Addition, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26958833" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Neural Inhibition ; Neural Pathways ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/cytology/*metabolism/secretion ; Pyramidal Cells/metabolism ; Synapses/metabolism ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/*metabolism ; Vision, Ocular/physiology ; Visual Cortex/*cytology/*physiology
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2016-02-13
    Description: Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are arguably the most extensively characterized tissue stem cells. Since the identification of HSCs by prospective isolation, complex multi-parameter flow cytometric isolation of phenotypic subsets has facilitated studies on many aspects of HSC biology, including self-renewal, differentiation, ageing, niche, and diversity. Here we demonstrate by unbiased multi-step screening, identification of a single gene, homeobox B5 (Hoxb5, also known as Hox-2.1), with expression in the bone marrow that is limited to long-term (LT)-HSCs in mice. Using a mouse single-colour tri-mCherry reporter driven by endogenous Hoxb5 regulation, we show that only the Hoxb5(+) HSCs exhibit long-term reconstitution capacity after transplantation in primary transplant recipients and, notably, in secondary recipients. Only 7-35% of various previously defined immunophenotypic HSCs are LT-HSCs. Finally, by in situ imaging of mouse bone marrow, we show that 〉94% of LT-HSCs (Hoxb5(+)) are directly attached to VE-cadherin(+) cells, implicating the perivascular space as a near-homogenous location of LT-HSCs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, James Y -- Miyanishi, Masanori -- Wang, Sean K -- Yamazaki, Satoshi -- Sinha, Rahul -- Kao, Kevin S -- Seita, Jun -- Sahoo, Debashis -- Nakauchi, Hiromitsu -- Weissman, Irving L -- F30-HL122096/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA086065/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL058770/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007365/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL099999/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 11;530(7589):223-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16943.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/metabolism ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Bone Marrow/metabolism ; Cadherins/metabolism ; Cell Self Renewal ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter/genetics ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Immunophenotyping ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Stem Cell Niche
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2016-03-24
    Description: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a major contributor to inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn disease and type 2 diabetes. ER stress induces the unfolded protein response, which involves activation of three transmembrane receptors, ATF6, PERK and IRE1alpha. Once activated, IRE1alpha recruits TRAF2 to the ER membrane to initiate inflammatory responses via the NF-kappaB pathway. Inflammation is commonly triggered when pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors or nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, detect tissue damage or microbial infection. However, it is not clear which PRRs have a major role in inducing inflammation during ER stress. Here we show that NOD1 and NOD2, two members of the NOD-like receptor family of PRRs, are important mediators of ER-stress-induced inflammation in mouse and human cells. The ER stress inducers thapsigargin and dithiothreitol trigger production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in a NOD1/2-dependent fashion. Inflammation and IL-6 production triggered by infection with Brucella abortus, which induces ER stress by injecting the type IV secretion system effector protein VceC into host cells, is TRAF2, NOD1/2 and RIP2-dependent and can be reduced by treatment with the ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholate or an IRE1alpha kinase inhibitor. The association of NOD1 and NOD2 with pro-inflammatory responses induced by the IRE1alpha/TRAF2 signalling pathway provides a novel link between innate immunity and ER-stress-induced inflammation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4869892/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4869892/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keestra-Gounder, A Marijke -- Byndloss, Mariana X -- Seyffert, Nubia -- Young, Briana M -- Chavez-Arroyo, Alfredo -- Tsai, April Y -- Cevallos, Stephanie A -- Winter, Maria G -- Pham, Oanh H -- Tiffany, Connor R -- de Jong, Maarten F -- Kerrinnes, Tobias -- Ravindran, Resmi -- Luciw, Paul A -- McSorley, Stephen J -- Baumler, Andreas J -- Tsolis, Renee M -- AI044170/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI076246/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI076278/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI096528/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI109799/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI112258/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI117303/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM056765/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI044170/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI076246/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI076278/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI096528/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI109799/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI112258/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI117303/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R25 GM056765/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 21;532(7599):394-7. doi: 10.1038/nature17631. Epub 2016 Mar 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, USA. ; Center for Comparative Medicine, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, California 95616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27007849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Brucella abortus/immunology/pathogenicity ; Cell Line ; Dithiothreitol/pharmacology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/drug effects/pathology ; *Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects ; Endoribonucleases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Female ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammation/chemically induced/*metabolism ; Interleukin-6/biosynthesis ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Nod1 Signaling Adaptor Protein/immunology/*metabolism ; Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein/immunology/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction/drug effects ; TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2/metabolism ; Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid/pharmacology ; Thapsigargin/pharmacology ; Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2016-03-31
    Description: Brown and beige adipose tissues can dissipate chemical energy as heat through thermogenic respiration, which requires uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Thermogenesis from these adipocytes can combat obesity and diabetes, encouraging investigation of factors that control UCP1-dependent respiration in vivo. Here we show that acutely activated thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue is defined by a substantial increase in levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Remarkably, this process supports in vivo thermogenesis, as pharmacological depletion of mitochondrial ROS results in hypothermia upon cold exposure, and inhibits UCP1-dependent increases in whole-body energy expenditure. We further establish that thermogenic ROS alter the redox status of cysteine thiols in brown adipose tissue to drive increased respiration, and that Cys253 of UCP1 is a key target. UCP1 Cys253 is sulfenylated during thermogenesis, while mutation of this site desensitizes the purine-nucleotide-inhibited state of the carrier to adrenergic activation and uncoupling. These studies identify mitochondrial ROS induction in brown adipose tissue as a mechanism that supports UCP1-dependent thermogenesis and whole-body energy expenditure, which opens the way to improved therapeutic strategies for combating metabolic disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chouchani, Edward T -- Kazak, Lawrence -- Jedrychowski, Mark P -- Lu, Gina Z -- Erickson, Brian K -- Szpyt, John -- Pierce, Kerry A -- Laznik-Bogoslavski, Dina -- Vetrivelan, Ramalingam -- Clish, Clary B -- Robinson, Alan J -- Gygi, Steve P -- Spiegelman, Bruce M -- DK31405/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2016 Apr 7;532(7597):112-6. doi: 10.1038/nature17399. Epub 2016 Mar 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. ; MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27027295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue, Brown/chemistry/cytology/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Respiration ; Cysteine/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Energy Metabolism/drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Ion Channels/*chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/drug effects/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism ; Sulfhydryl Compounds/metabolism ; *Thermogenesis/drug effects
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: Chronic opiate use induces opiate dependence, which is characterized by extremely unpleasant physical and emotional feelings after drug use is terminated. Both the rewarding effects of a drug and the desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms motivate continued drug use, and the nucleus accumbens is important for orchestrating both processes. While multiple inputs to the nucleus accumbens regulate reward, little is known about the nucleus accumbens circuitry underlying withdrawal. Here we identify the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus as a prominent input to the nucleus accumbens mediating the expression of opiate-withdrawal-induced physical signs and aversive memory. Activity in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus to nucleus accumbens pathway is necessary and sufficient to mediate behavioural aversion. Selectively silencing this pathway abolishes aversive symptoms in two different mouse models of opiate withdrawal. Chronic morphine exposure selectively potentiates excitatory transmission between the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus and D2-receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons via synaptic insertion of GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors. Notably, in vivo optogenetic depotentiation restores normal transmission at these synapses and robustly suppresses morphine withdrawal symptoms. This links morphine-evoked pathway- and cell-type-specific plasticity in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus to nucleus accumbens circuit to opiate dependence, and suggests that reprogramming this circuit holds promise for treating opiate addiction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhu, Yingjie -- Wienecke, Carl F R -- Nachtrab, Gregory -- Chen, Xiaoke -- 5T32DA035165-02/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- T32 DA035165/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 11;530(7589):219-22. doi: 10.1038/nature16954. Epub 2016 Feb 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26840481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Avoidance Learning ; Disease Models, Animal ; Long-Term Synaptic Depression ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Morphine/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; *Neural Pathways/drug effects ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/drug effects/metabolism ; Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects/*physiopathology ; Opioid-Related Disorders/*physiopathology/therapy ; Optogenetics ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism ; Reward ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/*physiopathology/therapy ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Thalamus/drug effects/pathology/*physiopathology
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2016-01-28
    Description: Inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes that drive the activation of inflammatory caspases. So far, four inflammasomes involving NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4 and AIM2 have been described that recruit the common adaptor protein ASC to activate caspase-1, leading to the secretion of mature IL-1beta and IL-18 proteins. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several acquired inflammatory diseases as well as cryopyrin-associated periodic fever syndromes (CAPS) caused by inherited NLRP3 mutations. Potassium efflux is a common step that is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by many stimuli. Despite extensive investigation, the molecular mechanism leading to NLRP3 activation in response to potassium efflux remains unknown. Here we report the identification of NEK7, a member of the family of mammalian NIMA-related kinases (NEK proteins), as an NLRP3-binding protein that acts downstream of potassium efflux to regulate NLRP3 oligomerization and activation. In the absence of NEK7, caspase-1 activation and IL-1beta release were abrogated in response to signals that activate NLRP3, but not NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasomes. NLRP3-activating stimuli promoted the NLRP3-NEK7 interaction in a process that was dependent on potassium efflux. NLRP3 associated with the catalytic domain of NEK7, but the catalytic activity of NEK7 was shown to be dispensable for activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Activated macrophages formed a high-molecular-mass NLRP3-NEK7 complex, which, along with ASC oligomerization and ASC speck formation, was abrogated in the absence of NEK7. NEK7 was required for macrophages containing the CAPS-associated NLRP3(R258W) activating mutation to activate caspase-1. Mouse chimaeras reconstituted with wild-type, Nek7(-/-) or Nlrp3(-/-) haematopoietic cells showed that NEK7 was required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vivo. These studies demonstrate that NEK7 is an essential protein that acts downstream of potassium efflux to mediate NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉He, Yuan -- Zeng, Melody Y -- Yang, Dahai -- Motro, Benny -- Nunez, Gabriel -- R01AI063331/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01DK091191/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL007517/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32DK094775/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32HL007517/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 18;530(7590):354-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16959. Epub 2016 Jan 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. ; The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China. ; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26814970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Biocatalysis ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Caspase 1/metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Cells, Cultured ; Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes/genetics ; Enzyme Activation ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Inflammasomes/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Interleukin-1beta/secretion ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Multimerization ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: The DNA-binding protein PRDM9 directs positioning of the double-strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate meiotic recombination in mice and humans. Prdm9 is the only mammalian speciation gene yet identified and is responsible for sterility phenotypes in male hybrids of certain mouse subspecies. To investigate PRDM9 binding and its role in fertility and meiotic recombination, we humanized the DNA-binding domain of PRDM9 in C57BL/6 mice. This change repositions DSB hotspots and completely restores fertility in male hybrids. Here we show that alteration of one Prdm9 allele impacts the behaviour of DSBs controlled by the other allele at chromosome-wide scales. These effects correlate strongly with the degree to which each PRDM9 variant binds both homologues at the DSB sites it controls. Furthermore, higher genome-wide levels of such 'symmetric' PRDM9 binding associate with increasing fertility measures, and comparisons of individual hotspots suggest binding symmetry plays a downstream role in the recombination process. These findings reveal that subspecies-specific degradation of PRDM9 binding sites by meiotic drive, which steadily increases asymmetric PRDM9 binding, has impacts beyond simply changing hotspot positions, and strongly support a direct involvement in hybrid infertility. Because such meiotic drive occurs across mammals, PRDM9 may play a wider, yet transient, role in the early stages of speciation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756437/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756437/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davies, Benjamin -- Hatton, Edouard -- Altemose, Nicolas -- Hussin, Julie G -- Pratto, Florencia -- Zhang, Gang -- Hinch, Anjali Gupta -- Moralli, Daniela -- Biggs, Daniel -- Diaz, Rebeca -- Preece, Chris -- Li, Ran -- Bitoun, Emmanuelle -- Brick, Kevin -- Green, Catherine M -- Camerini-Otero, R Daniel -- Myers, Simon R -- Donnelly, Peter -- 090532/Z/09/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095552/Z/11/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 098387/Z/12/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Feb 11;530(7589):171-6. doi: 10.1038/nature16931. Epub 2016 Feb 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. ; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 24-29 St. Giles', Oxford OX1 3LB, UK. ; Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26840484" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Chromosome Pairing/genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics/metabolism ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; Female ; *Genetic Speciation ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hybridization, Genetic/*genetics ; Infertility/*genetics ; Male ; Meiosis/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Protein Binding ; *Protein Engineering ; Protein Structure, Tertiary/genetics ; Recombination, Genetic/genetics ; Zinc Fingers/*genetics
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects a large proportion of the US population and is considered to be a metabolic predisposition to liver cancer. However, the role of adaptive immune responses in NAFLD-promoted HCC is largely unknown. Here we show, in mouse models and human samples, that dysregulation of lipid metabolism in NAFLD causes a selective loss of intrahepatic CD4(+) but not CD8(+) T lymphocytes, leading to accelerated hepatocarcinogenesis. We also demonstrate that CD4(+) T lymphocytes have greater mitochondrial mass than CD8(+) T lymphocytes and generate higher levels of mitochondrially derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). Disruption of mitochondrial function by linoleic acid, a fatty acid accumulated in NAFLD, causes more oxidative damage than other free fatty acids such as palmitic acid, and mediates selective loss of intrahepatic CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In vivo blockade of ROS reversed NAFLD-induced hepatic CD4(+) T lymphocyte decrease and delayed NAFLD-promoted HCC. Our results provide an unexpected link between lipid dysregulation and impaired anti-tumour surveillance.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786464/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786464/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ma, Chi -- Kesarwala, Aparna H -- Eggert, Tobias -- Medina-Echeverz, Jose -- Kleiner, David E -- Jin, Ping -- Stroncek, David F -- Terabe, Masaki -- Kapoor, Veena -- ElGindi, Mei -- Han, Miaojun -- Thornton, Angela M -- Zhang, Haibo -- Egger, Michele -- Luo, Ji -- Felsher, Dean W -- McVicar, Daniel W -- Weber, Achim -- Heikenwalder, Mathias -- Greten, Tim F -- ZIA BC011345-06/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIABC011303/PHS HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 10;531(7593):253-7. doi: 10.1038/nature16969. Epub 2016 Mar 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Institute of Surgical Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland. ; Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA. ; Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA. ; Institute of Virology, Technische Universitat Munchen/Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Munich 81675, Germany. ; Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26934227" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism/*pathology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/pathology ; *Carcinogenesis/immunology/pathology ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*immunology/metabolism/*pathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Choline/metabolism ; Diet ; Disease Models, Animal ; Genes, myc ; Hepatocytes/metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; Linoleic Acid/metabolism ; Lipid Metabolism ; Liver/immunology/pathology ; Liver Neoplasms/*immunology/metabolism/*pathology ; Male ; Methionine/deficiency ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/metabolism/pathology ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/*immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Oxidative Stress ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
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  • 54
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-06-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 4;522(7554):6. doi: 10.1038/522006a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26040858" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry ; *Public Opinion ; Research Personnel/*ethics/standards ; Retraction of Publication as Topic ; Science/ethics/*standards ; Scientific Misconduct/*statistics & numerical data ; *Trust
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2015-08-01
    Description: Intracellular energy distribution has attracted much interest and has been proposed to occur in skeletal muscle via metabolite-facilitated diffusion; however, genetic evidence suggests that facilitated diffusion is not critical for normal function. We hypothesized that mitochondrial structure minimizes metabolite diffusion distances in skeletal muscle. Here we demonstrate a mitochondrial reticulum providing a conductive pathway for energy distribution, in the form of the proton-motive force, throughout the mouse skeletal muscle cell. Within this reticulum, we find proteins associated with mitochondrial proton-motive force production preferentially in the cell periphery and proteins that use the proton-motive force for ATP production in the cell interior near contractile and transport ATPases. Furthermore, we show a rapid, coordinated depolarization of the membrane potential component of the proton-motive force throughout the cell in response to spatially controlled uncoupling of the cell interior. We propose that membrane potential conduction via the mitochondrial reticulum is the dominant pathway for skeletal muscle energy distribution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Glancy, Brian -- Hartnell, Lisa M -- Malide, Daniela -- Yu, Zu-Xi -- Combs, Christian A -- Connelly, Patricia S -- Subramaniam, Sriram -- Balaban, Robert S -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 30;523(7562):617-20. doi: 10.1038/nature14614.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26223627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Animals ; Diffusion ; *Energy Metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria, Muscle/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/*cytology/*metabolism ; Proton-Motive Force
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2015-11-26
    Description: FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) prevent autoimmunity by limiting the effector activity of T cells that have escaped thymic negative selection or peripheral inactivation. Despite the information available about molecular factors mediating the suppressive function of Treg cells, the relevant cellular events in intact tissues remain largely unexplored, and whether Treg cells prevent activation of self-specific T cells or primarily limit damage from such cells has not been determined. Here we use multiplex, quantitative imaging in mice to show that, within secondary lymphoid tissues, highly suppressive Treg cells expressing phosphorylated STAT5 exist in discrete clusters with rare IL-2-positive T cells that are activated by self-antigens. This local IL-2 induction of STAT5 phosphorylation in Treg cells is part of a feedback circuit that limits further autoimmune responses. Inducible ablation of T cell receptor expression by Treg cells reduces their regulatory capacity and disrupts their localization in clusters, resulting in uncontrolled effector T cell responses. Our data thus reveal that autoreactive T cells are activated to cytokine production on a regular basis, with physically co-clustering T cell receptor-stimulated Treg cells responding in a negative feedback manner to suppress incipient autoimmunity and maintain immune homeostasis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702500/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702500/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Zhiduo -- Gerner, Michael Y -- Van Panhuys, Nicholas -- Levine, Andrew G -- Rudensky, Alexander Y -- Germain, Ronald N -- R37 AI034206/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37AI034206/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32GM007739/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Z01 AI000403-25/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 10;528(7581):225-30. doi: 10.1038/nature16169. Epub 2015 Nov 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1892, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26605524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Movement ; Dendritic Cells/cytology/immunology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Homeostasis/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phenotype ; Protein Transport ; STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/*immunology
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2015-03-11
    Description: Immune checkpoint inhibitors result in impressive clinical responses, but optimal results will require combination with each other and other therapies. This raises fundamental questions about mechanisms of non-redundancy and resistance. Here we report major tumour regressions in a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma treated with an anti-CTLA4 antibody (anti-CTLA4) and radiation, and reproduced this effect in mouse models. Although combined treatment improved responses in irradiated and unirradiated tumours, resistance was common. Unbiased analyses of mice revealed that resistance was due to upregulation of PD-L1 on melanoma cells and associated with T-cell exhaustion. Accordingly, optimal response in melanoma and other cancer types requires radiation, anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-L1/PD-1. Anti-CTLA4 predominantly inhibits T-regulatory cells (Treg cells), thereby increasing the CD8 T-cell to Treg (CD8/Treg) ratio. Radiation enhances the diversity of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of intratumoral T cells. Together, anti-CTLA4 promotes expansion of T cells, while radiation shapes the TCR repertoire of the expanded peripheral clones. Addition of PD-L1 blockade reverses T-cell exhaustion to mitigate depression in the CD8/Treg ratio and further encourages oligoclonal T-cell expansion. Similarly to results from mice, patients on our clinical trial with melanoma showing high PD-L1 did not respond to radiation plus anti-CTLA4, demonstrated persistent T-cell exhaustion, and rapidly progressed. Thus, PD-L1 on melanoma cells allows tumours to escape anti-CTLA4-based therapy, and the combination of radiation, anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-L1 promotes response and immunity through distinct mechanisms.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4401634/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4401634/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Twyman-Saint Victor, Christina -- Rech, Andrew J -- Maity, Amit -- Rengan, Ramesh -- Pauken, Kristen E -- Stelekati, Erietta -- Benci, Joseph L -- Xu, Bihui -- Dada, Hannah -- Odorizzi, Pamela M -- Herati, Ramin S -- Mansfield, Kathleen D -- Patsch, Dana -- Amaravadi, Ravi K -- Schuchter, Lynn M -- Ishwaran, Hemant -- Mick, Rosemarie -- Pryma, Daniel A -- Xu, Xiaowei -- Feldman, Michael D -- Gangadhar, Tara C -- Hahn, Stephen M -- Wherry, E John -- Vonderheide, Robert H -- Minn, Andy J -- KL2TR000139/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- P01AI112521/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016672/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30CA016520/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA174523/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50CA174523/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI105343/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA158186/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA163739/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01AI105343/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01CA158186/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA163739/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01CA172651/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32DK007066/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U01AI095608/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI082630/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19AI082630/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UL1RR024134/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 16;520(7547):373-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14292. Epub 2015 Mar 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA. ; 1] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [3] Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [3] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [4] Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; 1] Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [3] Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA [4] Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25754329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD274/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; CTLA-4 Antigen/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints/*drug effects ; Female ; Humans ; Melanoma/*drug therapy/*immunology/pathology/*radiotherapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/drug effects/immunology/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*drug effects/immunology/*radiation effects ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects/immunology/radiation effects
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2015-02-18
    Description: Enhancers regulate spatiotemporal gene expression and impart cell-specific transcriptional outputs that drive cell identity. Super-enhancers (SEs), also known as stretch-enhancers, are a subset of enhancers especially important for genes associated with cell identity and genetic risk of disease. CD4(+) T cells are critical for host defence and autoimmunity. Here we analysed maps of mouse T-cell SEs as a non-biased means of identifying key regulatory nodes involved in cell specification. We found that cytokines and cytokine receptors were the dominant class of genes exhibiting SE architecture in T cells. Nonetheless, the locus encoding Bach2, a key negative regulator of effector differentiation, emerged as the most prominent T-cell SE, revealing a network in which SE-associated genes critical for T-cell biology are repressed by BACH2. Disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms for immune-mediated disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, were highly enriched for T-cell SEs versus typical enhancers or SEs in other cell lineages. Intriguingly, treatment of T cells with the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor tofacitinib disproportionately altered the expression of rheumatoid arthritis risk genes with SE structures. Together, these results indicate that genes with SE architecture in T cells encompass a variety of cytokines and cytokine receptors but are controlled by a 'guardian' transcription factor, itself endowed with an SE. Thus, enumeration of SEs allows the unbiased determination of key regulatory nodes in T cells, which are preferentially modulated by pharmacological intervention.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409450/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409450/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vahedi, Golnaz -- Kanno, Yuka -- Furumoto, Yasuko -- Jiang, Kan -- Parker, Stephen C J -- Erdos, Michael R -- Davis, Sean R -- Roychoudhuri, Rahul -- Restifo, Nicholas P -- Gadina, Massimo -- Tang, Zhonghui -- Ruan, Yijun -- Collins, Francis S -- Sartorelli, Vittorio -- O'Shea, John J -- 105663/Z/14/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- R01 CA186714/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- ZIA AR041159-07/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 23;520(7548):558-62. doi: 10.1038/nature14154. Epub 2015 Feb 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Translational Immunology Section, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine and Department of Genetic and Development Biology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA. ; Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25686607" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*genetics/immunology/pathology ; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/genetics ; Cell Lineage/genetics ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics ; Janus Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Piperidines/pharmacology ; Pyrimidines/pharmacology ; Pyrroles/pharmacology ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology/*metabolism/*pathology ; Transcription, Genetic/genetics ; p300-CBP Transcription Factors/metabolism
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2015-08-20
    Description: Epigenetic modifiers have fundamental roles in defining unique cellular identity through the establishment and maintenance of lineage-specific chromatin and methylation status. Several DNA modifications such as 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) are catalysed by the ten eleven translocation (Tet) methylcytosine dioxygenase family members, and the roles of Tet proteins in regulating chromatin architecture and gene transcription independently of DNA methylation have been gradually uncovered. However, the regulation of immunity and inflammation by Tet proteins independent of their role in modulating DNA methylation remains largely unknown. Here we show that Tet2 selectively mediates active repression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) transcription during inflammation resolution in innate myeloid cells, including dendritic cells and macrophages. Loss of Tet2 resulted in the upregulation of several inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, at late phase during the response to lipopolysaccharide challenge. Tet2-deficient mice were more susceptible to endotoxin shock and dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis, displaying a more severe inflammatory phenotype and increased IL-6 production compared to wild-type mice. IkappaBzeta, an IL-6-specific transcription factor, mediated specific targeting of Tet2 to the Il6 promoter, further indicating opposite regulatory roles of IkappaBzeta at initial and resolution phases of inflammation. For the repression mechanism, independent of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, Tet2 recruited Hdac2 and repressed transcription of Il6 via histone deacetylation. We provide mechanistic evidence for the gene-specific transcription repression activity of Tet2 via histone deacetylation and for the prevention of constant transcription activation at the chromatin level for resolving inflammation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697747/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697747/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Qian -- Zhao, Kai -- Shen, Qicong -- Han, Yanmei -- Gu, Yan -- Li, Xia -- Zhao, Dezhi -- Liu, Yiqi -- Wang, Chunmei -- Zhang, Xiang -- Su, Xiaoping -- Liu, Juan -- Ge, Wei -- Levine, Ross L -- Li, Nan -- Cao, Xuetao -- P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA173636/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 17;525(7569):389-93. doi: 10.1038/nature15252. Epub 2015 Aug 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology &Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China. ; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology &Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China. ; Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer, New York, New York 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26287468" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Animals ; Chromatin/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Colitis/enzymology/immunology/metabolism ; DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency/*metabolism ; Dendritic Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Down-Regulation/genetics ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Female ; HEK293 Cells ; Histone Deacetylase 2/*metabolism ; Histones/chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism ; Inflammation/enzymology/immunology/*metabolism ; Interleukin-6/*antagonists & inhibitors/*biosynthesis/genetics/immunology ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2015-04-16
    Description: Oxytocin is important for social interactions and maternal behaviour. However, little is known about when, where and how oxytocin modulates neural circuits to improve social cognition. Here we show how oxytocin enables pup retrieval behaviour in female mice by enhancing auditory cortical pup call responses. Retrieval behaviour required the left but not right auditory cortex, was accelerated by oxytocin in the left auditory cortex, and oxytocin receptors were preferentially expressed in the left auditory cortex. Neural responses to pup calls were lateralized, with co-tuned and temporally precise excitatory and inhibitory responses in the left cortex of maternal but not pup-naive adults. Finally, pairing calls with oxytocin enhanced responses by balancing the magnitude and timing of inhibition with excitation. Our results describe fundamental synaptic mechanisms by which oxytocin increases the salience of acoustic social stimuli. Furthermore, oxytocin-induced plasticity provides a biological basis for lateralization of auditory cortical processing.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409554/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409554/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marlin, Bianca J -- Mitre, Mariela -- D'amour, James A -- Chao, Moses V -- Froemke, Robert C -- DC009635/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- DC12557/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA016087/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R00 DC009635/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC012557/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH019524/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 23;520(7548):499-504. doi: 10.1038/nature14402. Epub 2015 Apr 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [2] Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [3] Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [4] Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; 1] Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [2] Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [3] Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [4] Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [5] Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [6] Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; 1] Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [2] Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [3] Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [4] Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [5] Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [6] Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA. ; 1] Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [2] Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [3] Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [4] Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [5] Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25874674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acoustic Stimulation ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Auditory Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Auditory Perception/physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory ; Female ; Male ; Maternal Behavior/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neural Inhibition/*physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Oxytocin/*metabolism ; Receptors, Oxytocin/metabolism ; Sexual Abstinence ; Vocalization, Animal
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2015-11-19
    Description: Taste is responsible for evaluating the nutritious content of food, guiding essential appetitive behaviours, preventing the ingestion of toxic substances, and helping to ensure the maintenance of a healthy diet. Sweet and bitter are two of the most salient sensory percepts for humans and other animals; sweet taste allows the identification of energy-rich nutrients whereas bitter warns against the intake of potentially noxious chemicals. In mammals, information from taste receptor cells in the tongue is transmitted through multiple neural stations to the primary gustatory cortex in the brain. Recent imaging studies have shown that sweet and bitter are represented in the primary gustatory cortex by neurons organized in a spatial map, with each taste quality encoded by distinct cortical fields. Here we demonstrate that by manipulating the brain fields representing sweet and bitter taste we directly control an animal's internal representation, sensory perception, and behavioural actions. These results substantiate the segregation of taste qualities in the cortex, expose the innate nature of appetitive and aversive taste responses, and illustrate the ability of gustatory cortex to recapitulate complex behaviours in the absence of sensory input.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712381/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712381/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peng, Yueqing -- Gillis-Smith, Sarah -- Jin, Hao -- Trankner, Dimitri -- Ryba, Nicholas J P -- Zuker, Charles S -- DA035025/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA035025/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 26;527(7579):512-5. doi: 10.1038/nature15763. Epub 2015 Nov 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; HHMI/Janelia Farm Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, USA. ; National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26580015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Appetitive Behavior/*physiology/radiation effects ; Avoidance Learning/*physiology/radiation effects ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*cytology/*physiology/radiation effects ; Discrimination (Psychology)/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Optogenetics ; Stereotaxic Techniques ; Taste/*physiology ; Taste Perception/*physiology/radiation effects ; Wakefulness/*physiology
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2015-05-21
    Description: The lymphatic vasculature is a blind-ended network crucial for tissue-fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance and lipid absorption from the gut. Recent evidence has proposed an entirely venous-derived mammalian lymphatic system. By contrast, here we show that cardiac lymphatic vessels in mice have a heterogeneous cellular origin, whereby formation of at least part of the cardiac lymphatic network is independent of sprouting from veins. Multiple Cre-lox-based lineage tracing revealed a potential contribution from the putative haemogenic endothelium during development, and discrete lymphatic endothelial progenitor populations were confirmed by conditional knockout of Prox1 in Tie2+ and Vav1+ compartments. In the adult heart, myocardial infarction promoted a significant lymphangiogenic response, which was augmented by treatment with VEGF-C, resulting in improved cardiac function. These data prompt the re-evaluation of a century-long debate on the origin of lymphatic vessels and suggest that lymphangiogenesis may represent a therapeutic target to promote cardiac repair following injury.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458138/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4458138/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klotz, Linda -- Norman, Sophie -- Vieira, Joaquim Miguel -- Masters, Megan -- Rohling, Mala -- Dube, Karina N -- Bollini, Sveva -- Matsuzaki, Fumio -- Carr, Carolyn A -- Riley, Paul R -- CH/11/1/28798/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- PG/13/34/30216/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- RG/08/003/25264/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- RM/13/3/30159/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 4;522(7554):62-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25992544" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Lineage ; Endothelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Female ; Heart/physiology/physiopathology ; Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism ; *Lymphangiogenesis ; Lymphatic Vessels/*cytology/*injuries/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Myocardial Infarction/metabolism/physiopathology ; Myocardium/*cytology/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-vav/metabolism ; Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism ; Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism ; Receptor, TIE-2/metabolism ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/deficiency/metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C/metabolism ; Veins/cytology ; Yolk Sac/cytology
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2015-02-25
    Description: Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons promote satiety. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) is critical for the central regulation of food intake. Here we test whether CB1R-controlled feeding in sated mice is paralleled by decreased activity of POMC neurons. We show that chemical promotion of CB1R activity increases feeding, and notably, CB1R activation also promotes neuronal activity of POMC cells. This paradoxical increase in POMC activity was crucial for CB1R-induced feeding, because designer-receptors-exclusively-activated-by-designer-drugs (DREADD)-mediated inhibition of POMC neurons diminishes, whereas DREADD-mediated activation of POMC neurons enhances CB1R-driven feeding. The Pomc gene encodes both the anorexigenic peptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and the opioid peptide beta-endorphin. CB1R activation selectively increases beta-endorphin but not alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone release in the hypothalamus, and systemic or hypothalamic administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone blocks acute CB1R-induced feeding. These processes involve mitochondrial adaptations that, when blocked, abolish CB1R-induced cellular responses and feeding. Together, these results uncover a previously unsuspected role of POMC neurons in the promotion of feeding by cannabinoids.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496586/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496586/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koch, Marco -- Varela, Luis -- Kim, Jae Geun -- Kim, Jung Dae -- Hernandez-Nuno, Francisco -- Simonds, Stephanie E -- Castorena, Carlos M -- Vianna, Claudia R -- Elmquist, Joel K -- Morozov, Yury M -- Rakic, Pasko -- Bechmann, Ingo -- Cowley, Michael A -- Szigeti-Buck, Klara -- Dietrich, Marcelo O -- Gao, Xiao-Bing -- Diano, Sabrina -- Horvath, Tamas L -- DP1 DK098058/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DP1DK098058/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 NS062686/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG040236/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA023999/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01AG040236/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01DK097566/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK053301/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 5;519(7541):45-50. doi: 10.1038/nature14260. Epub 2015 Feb 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Obesity &Diabetes Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. ; Division of Endocrinology &Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. ; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. ; 1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [3] Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; 1] Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [3] Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [4] Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25707796" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cannabinoids/*pharmacology ; Eating/*drug effects/*physiology ; Energy Metabolism/drug effects ; Hypothalamus/*cytology/drug effects/physiology ; Ion Channels/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/drug effects/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism ; Naloxone/pharmacology ; Neurons/*drug effects/*metabolism ; Pro-Opiomelanocortin/*metabolism ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists/metabolism ; Satiety Response/drug effects/physiology ; alpha-MSH/secretion ; beta-Endorphin/metabolism
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  • 64
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    Unknown
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Yingying -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 17;528(7582):S170-3. doi: 10.1038/528S170a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673023" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Science Disciplines ; Chemistry ; China ; Diffusion of Innovation ; Ecology ; Economic Recession ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Nobel Prize ; Physics ; Research/economics/manpower/standards/*statistics & numerical data ; Research Personnel/education/standards/supply & distribution ; Time Factors
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2015-09-30
    Description: Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in a perivascular niche but the specific location of this niche remains controversial. HSCs are rare and few can be found in thin tissue sections or upon live imaging, making it difficult to comprehensively localize dividing and non-dividing HSCs. Here, using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in for the gene Ctnnal1 in mice (hereafter denoted as alpha-catulin(GFP)), we discover that alpha-catulin(GFP) is expressed by only 0.02% of bone marrow haematopoietic cells, including almost all HSCs. We find that approximately 30% of alpha-catulin-GFP(+)c-kit(+) cells give long-term multilineage reconstitution of irradiated mice, indicating that alpha-catulin-GFP(+)c-kit(+) cells are comparable in HSC purity to cells obtained using the best markers currently available. We optically cleared the bone marrow to perform deep confocal imaging, allowing us to image thousands of alpha-catulin-GFP(+)c-kit(+) cells and to digitally reconstruct large segments of bone marrow. The distribution of alpha-catulin-GFP(+)c-kit(+) cells indicated that HSCs were more common in central marrow than near bone surfaces, and in the diaphysis relative to the metaphysis. Nearly all HSCs contacted leptin receptor positive (Lepr(+)) and Cxcl12(high) niche cells, and approximately 85% of HSCs were within 10 mum of a sinusoidal blood vessel. Most HSCs, both dividing (Ki-67(+)) and non-dividing (Ki-67(-)), were distant from arterioles, transition zone vessels, and bone surfaces. Dividing and non-dividing HSCs thus reside mainly in perisinusoidal niches with Lepr(+)Cxcl12(high) cells throughout the bone marrow.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Acar, Melih -- Kocherlakota, Kiranmai S -- Murphy, Malea M -- Peyer, James G -- Oguro, Hideyuki -- Inra, Christopher N -- Jaiyeola, Christabel -- Zhao, Zhiyu -- Luby-Phelps, Katherine -- Morrison, Sean J -- HL097760/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK100848/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- S10 RR029731/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- S10RR029731/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Oct 1;526(7571):126-30. doi: 10.1038/nature15250. Epub 2015 Sep 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26416744" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arterioles/metabolism ; Biomarkers/analysis/metabolism ; Bone Marrow/*anatomy & histology ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Chemokine CXCL12/metabolism ; Diaphyses/cytology/metabolism ; Female ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Confocal ; *Molecular Imaging ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism ; Receptors, Leptin/metabolism ; Stem Cell Niche ; Tibia/anatomy & histology/blood supply/cytology ; alpha Catenin/analysis/metabolism
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2015-11-05
    Description: Anxiety-related conditions are among the most difficult neuropsychiatric diseases to treat pharmacologically, but respond to cognitive therapies. There has therefore been interest in identifying relevant top-down pathways from cognitive control regions in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Identification of such pathways could contribute to our understanding of the cognitive regulation of affect, and provide pathways for intervention. Previous studies have suggested that dorsal and ventral mPFC subregions exert opposing effects on fear, as do subregions of other structures. However, precise causal targets for top-down connections among these diverse possibilities have not been established. Here we show that the basomedial amygdala (BMA) represents the major target of ventral mPFC in amygdala in mice. Moreover, BMA neurons differentiate safe and aversive environments, and BMA activation decreases fear-related freezing and high-anxiety states. Lastly, we show that the ventral mPFC-BMA projection implements top-down control of anxiety state and learned freezing, both at baseline and in stress-induced anxiety, defining a broadly relevant new top-down behavioural regulation pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adhikari, Avishek -- Lerner, Talia N -- Finkelstein, Joel -- Pak, Sally -- Jennings, Joshua H -- Davidson, Thomas J -- Ferenczi, Emily -- Gunaydin, Lisa A -- Mirzabekov, Julie J -- Ye, Li -- Kim, Sung-Yon -- Lei, Anna -- Deisseroth, Karl -- 1F32MH105053-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- K99 MH106649/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- K99MH106649/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 12;527(7577):179-85. doi: 10.1038/nature15698. Epub 2015 Nov 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA. ; Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26536109" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/cytology/*physiology ; Animals ; Anxiety/*physiopathology/psychology ; Extinction, Psychological/physiology ; Fear/*physiology/psychology ; Female ; Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/physiology ; Learning/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neural Pathways/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/cytology/physiology ; Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2015-06-19
    Description: Stress is considered a potent environmental risk factor for many behavioural abnormalities, including anxiety and mood disorders. Animal models can exhibit limited but quantifiable behavioural impairments resulting from chronic stress, including deficits in motivation, abnormal responses to behavioural challenges, and anhedonia. The hippocampus is thought to negatively regulate the stress response and to mediate various cognitive and mnemonic aspects of stress-induced impairments, although the neuronal underpinnings sufficient to support behavioural improvements are largely unknown. Here we acutely rescue stress-induced depression-related behaviours in mice by optogenetically reactivating dentate gyrus cells that were previously active during a positive experience. A brain-wide histological investigation, coupled with pharmacological and projection-specific optogenetic blockade experiments, identified glutamatergic activity in the hippocampus-amygdala-nucleus-accumbens pathway as a candidate circuit supporting the acute rescue. Finally, chronically reactivating hippocampal cells associated with a positive memory resulted in the rescue of stress-induced behavioural impairments and neurogenesis at time points beyond the light stimulation. Together, our data suggest that activating positive memories artificially is sufficient to suppress depression-like behaviours and point to dentate gyrus engram cells as potential therapeutic nodes for intervening with maladaptive behavioural states.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramirez, Steve -- Liu, Xu -- MacDonald, Christopher J -- Moffa, Anthony -- Zhou, Joanne -- Redondo, Roger L -- Tonegawa, Susumu -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 18;522(7556):335-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14514.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26085274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/cytology/metabolism/physiology ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Depression/*psychology/*therapy ; Female ; Hippocampus/cytology/physiology ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neural Pathways ; Nucleus Accumbens/cytology/metabolism/physiology ; Optogenetics ; Pleasure/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism ; Stress, Psychological/psychology ; Time Factors
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2015-12-10
    Description: Inactivation of the TNFAIP3 gene, encoding the A20 protein, is associated with critical inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. However, the role of A20 in attenuating inflammatory signalling is unclear owing to paradoxical in vitro and in vivo findings. Here we utilize genetically engineered mice bearing mutations in the A20 ovarian tumour (OTU)-type deubiquitinase domain or in the zinc finger-4 (ZnF4) ubiquitin-binding motif to investigate these discrepancies. We find that phosphorylation of A20 promotes cleavage of Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains by the OTU domain and enhances ZnF4-mediated substrate ubiquitination. Additionally, levels of linear ubiquitination dictate whether A20-deficient cells die in response to tumour necrosis factor. Mechanistically, linear ubiquitin chains preserve the architecture of the TNFR1 signalling complex by blocking A20-mediated disassembly of Lys63-linked polyubiquitin scaffolds. Collectively, our studies reveal molecular mechanisms whereby A20 deubiquitinase activity and ubiquitin binding, linear ubiquitination, and cellular kinases cooperate to regulate inflammation and cell death.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wertz, Ingrid E -- Newton, Kim -- Seshasayee, Dhaya -- Kusam, Saritha -- Lam, Cynthia -- Zhang, Juan -- Popovych, Nataliya -- Helgason, Elizabeth -- Schoeffler, Allyn -- Jeet, Surinder -- Ramamoorthi, Nandhini -- Kategaya, Lorna -- Newman, Robert J -- Horikawa, Keisuke -- Dugger, Debra -- Sandoval, Wendy -- Mukund, Susmith -- Zindal, Anuradha -- Martin, Flavius -- Quan, Clifford -- Tom, Jeffrey -- Fairbrother, Wayne J -- Townsend, Michael -- Warming, Soren -- DeVoss, Jason -- Liu, Jinfeng -- Dueber, Erin -- Caplazi, Patrick -- Lee, Wyne P -- Goodnow, Christopher C -- Balazs, Mercedesz -- Yu, Kebing -- Kolumam, Ganesh -- Dixit, Vishva M -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 17;528(7582):370-5. doi: 10.1038/nature16165. Epub 2015 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. ; Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Immunogenomics Laboratory, Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Sydney, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26649818" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Death ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; Inflammation/genetics/*metabolism/pathology ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Lysine/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Polyubiquitin/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism ; Ubiquitin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2015-11-03
    Description: Ever since Stephen Paget's 1889 hypothesis, metastatic organotropism has remained one of cancer's greatest mysteries. Here we demonstrate that exosomes from mouse and human lung-, liver- and brain-tropic tumour cells fuse preferentially with resident cells at their predicted destination, namely lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells, liver Kupffer cells and brain endothelial cells. We show that tumour-derived exosomes uptaken by organ-specific cells prepare the pre-metastatic niche. Treatment with exosomes from lung-tropic models redirected the metastasis of bone-tropic tumour cells. Exosome proteomics revealed distinct integrin expression patterns, in which the exosomal integrins alpha6beta4 and alpha6beta1 were associated with lung metastasis, while exosomal integrin alphavbeta5 was linked to liver metastasis. Targeting the integrins alpha6beta4 and alphavbeta5 decreased exosome uptake, as well as lung and liver metastasis, respectively. We demonstrate that exosome integrin uptake by resident cells activates Src phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory S100 gene expression. Finally, our clinical data indicate that exosomal integrins could be used to predict organ-specific metastasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoshino, Ayuko -- Costa-Silva, Bruno -- Shen, Tang-Long -- Rodrigues, Goncalo -- Hashimoto, Ayako -- Tesic Mark, Milica -- Molina, Henrik -- Kohsaka, Shinji -- Di Giannatale, Angela -- Ceder, Sophia -- Singh, Swarnima -- Williams, Caitlin -- Soplop, Nadine -- Uryu, Kunihiro -- Pharmer, Lindsay -- King, Tari -- Bojmar, Linda -- Davies, Alexander E -- Ararso, Yonathan -- Zhang, Tuo -- Zhang, Haiying -- Hernandez, Jonathan -- Weiss, Joshua M -- Dumont-Cole, Vanessa D -- Kramer, Kimberly -- Wexler, Leonard H -- Narendran, Aru -- Schwartz, Gary K -- Healey, John H -- Sandstrom, Per -- Labori, Knut Jorgen -- Kure, Elin H -- Grandgenett, Paul M -- Hollingsworth, Michael A -- de Sousa, Maria -- Kaur, Sukhwinder -- Jain, Maneesh -- Mallya, Kavita -- Batra, Surinder K -- Jarnagin, William R -- Brady, Mary S -- Fodstad, Oystein -- Muller, Volkmar -- Pantel, Klaus -- Minn, Andy J -- Bissell, Mina J -- Garcia, Benjamin A -- Kang, Yibin -- Rajasekhar, Vinagolu K -- Ghajar, Cyrus M -- Matei, Irina -- Peinado, Hector -- Bromberg, Jacqueline -- Lyden, David -- R01 CA169416/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA169416/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 CA169538/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01-CA169538/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Nov 19;527(7578):329-35. doi: 10.1038/nature15756. Epub 2015 Oct 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA. ; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan. ; Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal. ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan. ; Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden. ; Electron Microscopy Resource Center (EMRC), Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Breast Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA. ; Department of Surgery, County Council of Ostergotland, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, 58185 Linkoping, Sweden. ; Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA. ; Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta T3B 6A8, Canada. ; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Orthopaedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway. ; Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway. ; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA. ; Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Tumor Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo 0424, Norway. ; Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo 0318, Norway. ; Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA. ; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA. ; Breast Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. ; Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Department of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain. ; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26524530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Brain/cytology/*metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Endothelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Exosomes/*metabolism ; Female ; Fibroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Genes, src ; Humans ; Integrin alpha6beta1/metabolism ; Integrin alpha6beta4/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Integrin beta Chains/metabolism ; Integrin beta4/metabolism ; Integrins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Kupffer Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Liver/cytology/*metabolism ; Lung/cytology/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasm Metastasis/*pathology/*prevention & control ; Organ Specificity ; Phosphorylation ; Receptors, Vitronectin/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; S100 Proteins/genetics ; *Tropism
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2015-05-01
    Description: The ability to differentiate stimuli predicting positive or negative outcomes is critical for survival, and perturbations of emotional processing underlie many psychiatric disease states. Synaptic plasticity in the basolateral amygdala complex (BLA) mediates the acquisition of associative memories, both positive and negative. Different populations of BLA neurons may encode fearful or rewarding associations, but the identifying features of these populations and the synaptic mechanisms of differentiating positive and negative emotional valence have remained unknown. Here we show that BLA neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens (NAc projectors) or the centromedial amygdala (CeM projectors) undergo opposing synaptic changes following fear or reward conditioning. We find that photostimulation of NAc projectors supports positive reinforcement while photostimulation of CeM projectors mediates negative reinforcement. Photoinhibition of CeM projectors impairs fear conditioning and enhances reward conditioning. We characterize these functionally distinct neuronal populations by comparing their electrophysiological, morphological and genetic features. Overall, we provide a mechanistic explanation for the representation of positive and negative associations within the amygdala.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418228/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418228/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Namburi, Praneeth -- Beyeler, Anna -- Yorozu, Suzuko -- Calhoon, Gwendolyn G -- Halbert, Sarah A -- Wichmann, Romy -- Holden, Stephanie S -- Mertens, Kim L -- Anahtar, Melodi -- Felix-Ortiz, Ada C -- Wickersham, Ian R -- Gray, Jesse M -- Tye, Kay M -- DP2 DK102256/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DP2-DK-102256-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH101528/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH102441/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01-MH101528-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01-MH102441-01/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH106018/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01-MH106018/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01-NS090473/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 30;520(7549):675-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14366.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Neuroscience Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB 356, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02481, USA. ; 1] The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Master's Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands. ; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25925480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/*cytology/*physiology ; Animals ; Conditioning, Classical ; Fear/*physiology/psychology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Motivation ; *Neural Pathways ; Neurons/*physiology ; Nucleus Accumbens/cytology/physiology/radiation effects ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; *Reward ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2015-12-18
    Description: T helper 17 (TH17) lymphocytes protect mucosal barriers from infections, but also contribute to multiple chronic inflammatory diseases. Their differentiation is controlled by RORgammat, a ligand-regulated nuclear receptor. Here we identify the RNA helicase DEAD-box protein 5 (DDX5) as a RORgammat partner that coordinates transcription of selective TH17 genes, and is required for TH17-mediated inflammatory pathologies. Surprisingly, the ability of DDX5 to interact with RORgammat and coactivate its targets depends on intrinsic RNA helicase activity and binding of a conserved nuclear long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), Rmrp, which is mutated in patients with cartilage-hair hypoplasia. A targeted Rmrp gene mutation in mice, corresponding to a gene mutation in cartilage-hair hypoplasia patients, altered lncRNA chromatin occupancy, and reduced the DDX5-RORgammat interaction and RORgammat target gene transcription. Elucidation of the link between Rmrp and the DDX5-RORgammat complex reveals a role for RNA helicases and lncRNAs in tissue-specific transcriptional regulation, and provides new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in TH17-dependent diseases.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4762670/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4762670/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Wendy -- Thomas, Benjamin -- Flynn, Ryan A -- Gavzy, Samuel J -- Wu, Lin -- Kim, Sangwon V -- Hall, Jason A -- Miraldi, Emily R -- Ng, Charles P -- Rigo, Frank W -- Meadows, Sarah -- Montoya, Nina R -- Herrera, Natalia G -- Domingos, Ana I -- Rastinejad, Fraydoon -- Myers, Richard M -- Fuller-Pace, Frances V -- Bonneau, Richard -- Chang, Howard Y -- Acuto, Oreste -- Littman, Dan R -- 1F30CA189514-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F30 CA189514/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 HG007735/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P50-HG007735/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI080885/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI121436/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK103358/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG004361/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01AI080885/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01DK103358/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01HG004361/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI100853/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009161/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 24;528(7583):517-22. doi: 10.1038/nature16193. Epub 2015 Dec 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK. ; Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. ; Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA. ; Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Computer Science Department, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA. ; Simons Center for Data Analysis, Simons Foundation, New York, New York 10010, USA. ; Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California 92010, USA. ; HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA. ; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal. ; Integrative Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA. ; Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26675721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromatin/genetics/metabolism ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; Hair/abnormalities ; Hirschsprung Disease/genetics ; Humans ; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics ; Inflammation/immunology/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation/genetics ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism ; Organ Specificity ; Osteochondrodysplasias/congenital/genetics ; Protein Binding ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics/*metabolism ; Th17 Cells/*immunology/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2015-03-13
    Description: After stimulation, dendritic cells (DCs) mature and migrate to draining lymph nodes to induce immune responses. As such, autologous DCs generated ex vivo have been pulsed with tumour antigens and injected back into patients as immunotherapy. While DC vaccines have shown limited promise in the treatment of patients with advanced cancers including glioblastoma, the factors dictating DC vaccine efficacy remain poorly understood. Here we show that pre-conditioning the vaccine site with a potent recall antigen such as tetanus/diphtheria (Td) toxoid can significantly improve the lymph node homing and efficacy of tumour-antigen-specific DCs. To assess the effect of vaccine site pre-conditioning in humans, we randomized patients with glioblastoma to pre-conditioning with either mature DCs or Td unilaterally before bilateral vaccination with DCs pulsed with Cytomegalovirus phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) RNA. We and other laboratories have shown that pp65 is expressed in more than 90% of glioblastoma specimens but not in surrounding normal brain, providing an unparalleled opportunity to subvert this viral protein as a tumour-specific target. Patients given Td had enhanced DC migration bilaterally and significantly improved survival. In mice, Td pre-conditioning also enhanced bilateral DC migration and suppressed tumour growth in a manner dependent on the chemokine CCL3. Our clinical studies and corroborating investigations in mice suggest that pre-conditioning with a potent recall antigen may represent a viable strategy to improve anti-tumour immunotherapy.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4510871/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4510871/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitchell, Duane A -- Batich, Kristen A -- Gunn, Michael D -- Huang, Min-Nung -- Sanchez-Perez, Luis -- Nair, Smita K -- Congdon, Kendra L -- Reap, Elizabeth A -- Archer, Gary E -- Desjardins, Annick -- Friedman, Allan H -- Friedman, Henry S -- Herndon, James E 2nd -- Coan, April -- McLendon, Roger E -- Reardon, David A -- Vredenburgh, James J -- Bigner, Darell D -- Sampson, John H -- 1UL2 RR024128-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA154291/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01-CA154291-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 CA108786/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50 NS020023/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P50-CA108786/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P50-NS20023/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA134844/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA177476/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS067037/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA134844/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA177476-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-NS067037/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI052077/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007171/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 19;519(7543):366-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14320. Epub 2015 Mar 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [3] Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; 1] Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; 1] Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; 1] Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; 1] Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. ; 1] Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2] Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [3] Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [4] Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [5] Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25762141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects/immunology ; Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology/therapeutic use ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Chemokine CCL3/*immunology ; Dendritic Cells/cytology/*drug effects/immunology ; Female ; Glioblastoma/drug therapy/*immunology/pathology/*therapy ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/methods ; Lymph Nodes/cytology/drug effects/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Substrate Specificity ; Survival Rate ; Tetanus Toxoid/*administration & dosage/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome ; Viral Matrix Proteins/chemistry/genetics/immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2015-03-25
    Description: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a second messenger molecule that transduces nitric-oxide- and natriuretic-peptide-coupled signalling, stimulating phosphorylation changes by protein kinase G. Enhancing cGMP synthesis or blocking its degradation by phosphodiesterase type 5A (PDE5A) protects against cardiovascular disease. However, cGMP stimulation alone is limited by counter-adaptions including PDE upregulation. Furthermore, although PDE5A regulates nitric-oxide-generated cGMP, nitric oxide signalling is often depressed by heart disease. PDEs controlling natriuretic-peptide-coupled cGMP remain uncertain. Here we show that cGMP-selective PDE9A (refs 7, 8) is expressed in the mammalian heart, including humans, and is upregulated by hypertrophy and cardiac failure. PDE9A regulates natriuretic-peptide- rather than nitric-oxide-stimulated cGMP in heart myocytes and muscle, and its genetic or selective pharmacological inhibition protects against pathological responses to neurohormones, and sustained pressure-overload stress. PDE9A inhibition reverses pre-established heart disease independent of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, whereas PDE5A inhibition requires active NOS. Transcription factor activation and phosphoproteome analyses of myocytes with each PDE selectively inhibited reveals substantial differential targeting, with phosphorylation changes from PDE5A inhibition being more sensitive to NOS activation. Thus, unlike PDE5A, PDE9A can regulate cGMP signalling independent of the nitric oxide pathway, and its role in stress-induced heart disease suggests potential as a therapeutic target.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376609/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376609/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Dong I -- Zhu, Guangshuo -- Sasaki, Takashi -- Cho, Gun-Sik -- Hamdani, Nazha -- Holewinski, Ronald -- Jo, Su-Hyun -- Danner, Thomas -- Zhang, Manling -- Rainer, Peter P -- Bedja, Djahida -- Kirk, Jonathan A -- Ranek, Mark J -- Dostmann, Wolfgang R -- Kwon, Chulan -- Margulies, Kenneth B -- Van Eyk, Jennifer E -- Paulus, Walter J -- Takimoto, Eiki -- Kass, David A -- HHSN268201000032C/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-07227/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-089297/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-093432/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-119012/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL089847/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL105993/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL68891/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- N01HV28180/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL107153/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL089297/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL089847/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL093432/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL105993/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL111198/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL119012/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T32 HL007227/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 26;519(7544):472-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14332. Epub 2015 Mar 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA. ; Advanced Medical Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan. ; Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. ; 1] Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA [2] Heart Institute and Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedar Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP A9229 Los Angeles, California 90048, USA. ; Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BK21 plus Graduate Program, Kangwon National University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea. ; Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25799991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/antagonists & ; inhibitors/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Aortic Valve Stenosis/complications ; Cardiomegaly/drug therapy/*enzymology/etiology/*metabolism ; Cyclic GMP/*metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Muscle Cells/enzymology ; Myocardium/enzymology ; Natriuretic Peptides/metabolism ; *Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Pressure ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Stress, Physiological ; Up-Regulation
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2015-09-01
    Description: Dopamine neurons are thought to facilitate learning by comparing actual and expected reward. Despite two decades of investigation, little is known about how this comparison is made. To determine how dopamine neurons calculate prediction error, we combined optogenetic manipulations with extracellular recordings in the ventral tegmental area while mice engaged in classical conditioning. Here we demonstrate, by manipulating the temporal expectation of reward, that dopamine neurons perform subtraction, a computation that is ideal for reinforcement learning but rarely observed in the brain. Furthermore, selectively exciting and inhibiting neighbouring GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) neurons in the ventral tegmental area reveals that these neurons are a source of subtraction: they inhibit dopamine neurons when reward is expected, causally contributing to prediction-error calculations. Finally, bilaterally stimulating ventral tegmental area GABA neurons dramatically reduces anticipatory licking to conditioned odours, consistent with an important role for these neurons in reinforcement learning. Together, our results uncover the arithmetic and local circuitry underlying dopamine prediction errors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567485/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4567485/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eshel, Neir -- Bukwich, Michael -- Rao, Vinod -- Hemmelder, Vivian -- Tian, Ju -- Uchida, Naoshige -- F30 MH100729/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- F30MH100729/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH095953/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH101207/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH095953/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH101207/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 10;525(7568):243-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14855. Epub 2015 Aug 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26322583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conditioning, Classical ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Dopaminergic Neurons/*metabolism ; GABAergic Neurons/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Models, Neurological ; Neural Pathways/*physiology ; Odors/analysis ; Optogenetics ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Reward ; Time Factors ; Ventral Tegmental Area/*cytology/*physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2015-04-02
    Description: The RNA-guided endonuclease Cas9 has emerged as a versatile genome-editing platform. However, the size of the commonly used Cas9 from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) limits its utility for basic research and therapeutic applications that use the highly versatile adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery vehicle. Here, we characterize six smaller Cas9 orthologues and show that Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9) can edit the genome with efficiencies similar to those of SpCas9, while being more than 1 kilobase shorter. We packaged SaCas9 and its single guide RNA expression cassette into a single AAV vector and targeted the cholesterol regulatory gene Pcsk9 in the mouse liver. Within one week of injection, we observed 〉40% gene modification, accompanied by significant reductions in serum Pcsk9 and total cholesterol levels. We further assess the genome-wide targeting specificity of SaCas9 and SpCas9 using BLESS, and demonstrate that SaCas9-mediated in vivo genome editing has the potential to be efficient and specific.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4393360/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4393360/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ran, F Ann -- Cong, Le -- Yan, Winston X -- Scott, David A -- Gootenberg, Jonathan S -- Kriz, Andrea J -- Zetsche, Bernd -- Shalem, Ophir -- Wu, Xuebing -- Makarova, Kira S -- Koonin, Eugene V -- Sharp, Phillip A -- Zhang, Feng -- 5DP1-MH100706/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/ -- 5P30EY012196-17/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- 5R01DK097768-03/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DP1 MH100706/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01-CA42063/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA014051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30-CA14051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY024259/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA133404/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM34277/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008313/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 9;520(7546):186-91. doi: 10.1038/nature14299. Epub 2015 Apr 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [3] Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Computational and Systems Biology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA. ; 1] Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [3] Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [4] Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25830891" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; CRISPR-Associated Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cholesterol/blood/metabolism ; Gene Targeting ; Genetic Engineering/*methods ; Genome/*genetics ; Liver/metabolism/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Proprotein Convertases/biosynthesis/blood/deficiency/genetics ; Serine Endopeptidases/biosynthesis/blood/deficiency/genetics ; Staphylococcus aureus/*enzymology/genetics ; Substrate Specificity
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2015-05-15
    Description: The tumour microenvironment may contribute to tumorigenesis owing to mechanical forces such as fibrotic stiffness or mechanical pressure caused by the expansion of hyper-proliferative cells. Here we explore the contribution of the mechanical pressure exerted by tumour growth onto non-tumorous adjacent epithelium. In the early stage of mouse colon tumour development in the Notch(+)Apc(+/1638N) mouse model, we observed mechanistic pressure stress in the non-tumorous epithelial cells caused by hyper-proliferative adjacent crypts overexpressing active Notch, which is associated with increased Ret and beta-catenin signalling. We thus developed a method that allows the delivery of a defined mechanical pressure in vivo, by subcutaneously inserting a magnet close to the mouse colon. The implanted magnet generated a magnetic force on ultra-magnetic liposomes, stabilized in the mesenchymal cells of the connective tissue surrounding colonic crypts after intravenous injection. The magnetically induced pressure quantitatively mimicked the endogenous early tumour growth stress in the order of 1,200 Pa, without affecting tissue stiffness, as monitored by ultrasound strain imaging and shear wave elastography. The exertion of pressure mimicking that of tumour growth led to rapid Ret activation and downstream phosphorylation of beta-catenin on Tyr654, imparing its interaction with the E-cadherin in adherens junctions, and which was followed by beta-catenin nuclear translocation after 15 days. As a consequence, increased expression of beta-catenin-target genes was observed at 1 month, together with crypt enlargement accompanying the formation of early tumorous aberrant crypt foci. Mechanical activation of the tumorigenic beta-catenin pathway suggests unexplored modes of tumour propagation based on mechanical signalling pathways in healthy epithelial cells surrounding the tumour, which may contribute to tumour heterogeneity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fernandez-Sanchez, Maria Elena -- Barbier, Sandrine -- Whitehead, Joanne -- Bealle, Gaelle -- Michel, Aude -- Latorre-Ossa, Heldmuth -- Rey, Colette -- Fouassier, Laura -- Claperon, Audrey -- Brulle, Laura -- Girard, Elodie -- Servant, Nicolas -- Rio-Frio, Thomas -- Marie, Helene -- Lesieur, Sylviane -- Housset, Chantal -- Gennisson, Jean-Luc -- Tanter, Mickael -- Menager, Christine -- Fre, Silvia -- Robine, Sylvie -- Farge, Emmanuel -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 2;523(7558):92-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14329. Epub 2015 May 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 168, Physicochimie Curie Mechanics and Genetics of Embryonic and Tumour Development, INSERM, Fondation Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, F-75005 Paris, France. ; UPMC, Sorbonne Universites, Laboratoire PHENIX Physico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystemes Interfaciaux, CNRS UMR 8234, F-75005 Paris, France. ; Langevin Institut, Waves and Images ESPCI ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587, Inserm U979. F-75005 Paris, France. ; Sorbonne Universites, UPMC and INSERM, UMR-S 938, CDR Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France. ; CNRS UMR3666/INSERM U1143, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, F-75005 Paris, France. ; Bioinformatic platform, U900, Institut Curie, MINES ParisTech, F-75005 Paris, France. ; Next-generation sequencing platform, Institut Curie, F-75005 Paris, France. ; CNRS UMR 8612, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie des Systemes Polyphases, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, LabEx LERMIT, Faculte de Pharmacie, Universite Paris-Sud, 92 296 Chatenay-Malabry, France. ; CNRS UMR 3215/INSERM U934, Unite de Genetique et Biologie du Developpement, Notch Signaling in Stem Cells and Tumors, Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, F-75005 Paris, France. ; CNRS UMR144, Compartimentation et dynamique cellulaires, Morphogenesis and Cell Signalling Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, F-75005 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25970250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Animals ; Carcinogenesis/*pathology ; Colonic Neoplasms/*physiopathology ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/pathology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Magnets ; Male ; Metal Nanoparticles ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Phosphorylation ; *Pressure ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/metabolism ; Receptors, Notch/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; *Tumor Microenvironment ; beta Catenin/*genetics/metabolism
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2015-11-19
    Description: Prevailing dogma holds that cell-cell communication through Notch ligands and receptors determines binary cell fate decisions during progenitor cell divisions, with differentiated lineages remaining fixed. Mucociliary clearance in mammalian respiratory airways depends on secretory cells (club and goblet) and ciliated cells to produce and transport mucus. During development or repair, the closely related Jagged ligands (JAG1 and JAG2) induce Notch signalling to determine the fate of these lineages as they descend from a common proliferating progenitor. In contrast to such situations in which cell fate decisions are made in rapidly dividing populations, cells of the homeostatic adult airway epithelium are long-lived, and little is known about the role of active Notch signalling under such conditions. To disrupt Jagged signalling acutely in adult mammals, here we generate antibody antagonists that selectively target each Jagged paralogue, and determine a crystal structure that explains selectivity. We show that acute Jagged blockade induces a rapid and near-complete loss of club cells, with a concomitant gain in ciliated cells, under homeostatic conditions without increased cell death or division. Fate analyses demonstrate a direct conversion of club cells to ciliated cells without proliferation, meeting a conservative definition of direct transdifferentiation. Jagged inhibition also reversed goblet cell metaplasia in a preclinical asthma model, providing a therapeutic foundation. Our discovery that Jagged antagonism relieves a blockade of cell-to-cell conversion unveils unexpected plasticity, and establishes a model for Notch regulation of transdifferentiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lafkas, Daniel -- Shelton, Amy -- Chiu, Cecilia -- de Leon Boenig, Gladys -- Chen, Yongmei -- Stawicki, Scott S -- Siltanen, Christian -- Reichelt, Mike -- Zhou, Meijuan -- Wu, Xiumin -- Eastham-Anderson, Jeffrey -- Moore, Heather -- Roose-Girma, Meron -- Chinn, Yvonne -- Hang, Julie Q -- Warming, Soren -- Egen, Jackson -- Lee, Wyne P -- Austin, Cary -- Wu, Yan -- Payandeh, Jian -- Lowe, John B -- Siebel, Christian W -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 3;528(7580):127-31. doi: 10.1038/nature15715. Epub 2015 Nov 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Departments of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26580007" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/immunology/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Asthma/drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/metabolism ; Cell Death/drug effects ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Lineage/drug effects ; Cell Tracking ; *Cell Transdifferentiation/drug effects ; Cilia/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Goblet Cells/cytology/drug effects/pathology ; Homeostasis/drug effects ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology/metabolism ; Ligands ; Lung/*cytology/drug effects/*metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptors, Notch/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2015-06-02
    Description: One of the characteristics of the central nervous system is the lack of a classical lymphatic drainage system. Although it is now accepted that the central nervous system undergoes constant immune surveillance that takes place within the meningeal compartment, the mechanisms governing the entrance and exit of immune cells from the central nervous system remain poorly understood. In searching for T-cell gateways into and out of the meninges, we discovered functional lymphatic vessels lining the dural sinuses. These structures express all of the molecular hallmarks of lymphatic endothelial cells, are able to carry both fluid and immune cells from the cerebrospinal fluid, and are connected to the deep cervical lymph nodes. The unique location of these vessels may have impeded their discovery to date, thereby contributing to the long-held concept of the absence of lymphatic vasculature in the central nervous system. The discovery of the central nervous system lymphatic system may call for a reassessment of basic assumptions in neuroimmunology and sheds new light on the aetiology of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases associated with immune system dysfunction.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506234/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506234/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Louveau, Antoine -- Smirnov, Igor -- Keyes, Timothy J -- Eccles, Jacob D -- Rouhani, Sherin J -- Peske, J David -- Derecki, Noel C -- Castle, David -- Mandell, James W -- Lee, Kevin S -- Harris, Tajie H -- Kipnis, Jonathan -- P30 CA044579/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG034113/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS061973/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01AG034113/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01NS061973/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 16;523(7560):337-41. doi: 10.1038/nature14432. Epub 2015 Jun 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA [2] Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. ; 1] Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA [2] Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA [3] Department of Medicine (Division of Allergy), School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. ; 1] Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA [2] Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA [3] Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. ; Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. ; 1] Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA [2] Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA [3] Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA. ; 1] Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA [2] Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA [3] Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26030524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Central Nervous System/*anatomy & histology/cytology/*immunology ; Cranial Sinuses/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance/immunology ; Immunologic Surveillance/immunology ; Lymphatic Vessels/*anatomy & histology/cytology/*immunology ; Male ; Meninges/anatomy & histology/cytology/immunology ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2015-06-09
    Description: Lipid mediators influence immunity in myriad ways. For example, circulating sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a key regulator of lymphocyte egress. Although the majority of plasma S1P is bound to apolipoprotein M (ApoM) in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle, the immunological functions of the ApoM-S1P complex are unknown. Here we show that ApoM-S1P is dispensable for lymphocyte trafficking yet restrains lymphopoiesis by activating the S1P1 receptor on bone marrow lymphocyte progenitors. Mice that lacked ApoM (Apom(-/-)) had increased proliferation of Lin(-) Sca-1(+) cKit(+) haematopoietic progenitor cells (LSKs) and common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) in bone marrow. Pharmacological activation or genetic overexpression of S1P1 suppressed LSK and CLP cell proliferation in vivo. ApoM was stably associated with bone marrow CLPs, which showed active S1P1 signalling in vivo. Moreover, ApoM-bound S1P, but not albumin-bound S1P, inhibited lymphopoiesis in vitro. Upon immune stimulation, Apom(-/-) mice developed more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, characterized by increased lymphocytes in the central nervous system and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. Thus, the ApoM-S1P-S1P1 signalling axis restrains the lymphocyte compartment and, subsequently, adaptive immune responses. Unique biological functions imparted by specific S1P chaperones could be exploited for novel therapeutic opportunities.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506268/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4506268/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blaho, Victoria A -- Galvani, Sylvain -- Engelbrecht, Eric -- Liu, Catherine -- Swendeman, Steven L -- Kono, Mari -- Proia, Richard L -- Steinman, Lawrence -- Han, May H -- Hla, Timothy -- F32 CA14211/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F32 CA142117/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- HL67330/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL70694/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL89934/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL070694/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P20 RR017677/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA138313/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL089934/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R37 HL067330/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Z01 DK056014-02/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Z01 DK056015-01/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 16;523(7560):342-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14462. Epub 2015 Jun 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26053123" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apolipoproteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation/genetics ; Central Nervous System/immunology/metabolism/*pathology ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, ; Experimental/genetics/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Female ; Fingolimod Hydrochloride/pharmacology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Inflammation/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Lipoproteins, HDL/*metabolism ; Lymphocytes/*cytology/immunology/*metabolism ; Lymphoid Progenitor Cells/cytology/metabolism ; *Lymphopoiesis ; Lysophospholipids/agonists/blood/genetics/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Sphingosine/agonists/*analogs & derivatives/blood/genetics/metabolism
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  • 80
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    Unknown
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2015-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Meara, Sarah -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 17;528(7582):S179-81. doi: 10.1038/528S179a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bibliometrics ; Chemistry ; China ; Cities/*statistics & numerical data ; Personnel Selection ; Research/manpower/organization & administration/*statistics & numerical data
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4636083/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4636083/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lloyd, Kent -- Franklin, Craig -- Lutz, Cat -- Magnuson, Terry -- U24 DK092993/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U42 OD010921/OD/NIH HHS/ -- U42 OD011175/OD/NIH HHS/ -- U42 OD012210/OD/NIH HHS/ -- U42 RR033193/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG006364/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 11;522(7555):151-3. doi: 10.1038/522151a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center (MMRRC) at the University of California, Davis, California, USA. ; MMRRC at the University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA. ; MMRRC at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, USA. ; MMRRC at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26062496" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Specimen Banks/*standards/*utilization ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Disease Models, Animal ; Genetic Testing ; Genome/genetics ; Humans ; *Mice/classification/genetics/microbiology ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microbiota/genetics ; Mutation/genetics ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2015-03-26
    Description: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most prevalent birth defect, affecting nearly 1% of live births; the incidence of CHD is up to tenfold higher in human fetuses. A genetic contribution is strongly suggested by the association of CHD with chromosome abnormalities and high recurrence risk. Here we report findings from a recessive forward genetic screen in fetal mice, showing that cilia and cilia-transduced cell signalling have important roles in the pathogenesis of CHD. The cilium is an evolutionarily conserved organelle projecting from the cell surface with essential roles in diverse cellular processes. Using echocardiography, we ultrasound scanned 87,355 chemically mutagenized C57BL/6J fetal mice and recovered 218 CHD mouse models. Whole-exome sequencing identified 91 recessive CHD mutations in 61 genes. This included 34 cilia-related genes, 16 genes involved in cilia-transduced cell signalling, and 10 genes regulating vesicular trafficking, a pathway important for ciliogenesis and cell signalling. Surprisingly, many CHD genes encoded interacting proteins, suggesting that an interactome protein network may provide a larger genomic context for CHD pathogenesis. These findings provide novel insights into the potential Mendelian genetic contribution to CHD in the fetal population, a segment of the human population not well studied. We note that the pathways identified show overlap with CHD candidate genes recovered in CHD patients, suggesting that they may have relevance to the more complex genetics of CHD overall. These CHD mouse models and 〉8,000 incidental mutations have been sperm archived, creating a rich public resource for human disease modelling.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617540/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4617540/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, You -- Klena, Nikolai T -- Gabriel, George C -- Liu, Xiaoqin -- Kim, Andrew J -- Lemke, Kristi -- Chen, Yu -- Chatterjee, Bishwanath -- Devine, William -- Damerla, Rama Rao -- Chang, Chienfu -- Yagi, Hisato -- San Agustin, Jovenal T -- Thahir, Mohamed -- Anderton, Shane -- Lawhead, Caroline -- Vescovi, Anita -- Pratt, Herbert -- Morgan, Judy -- Haynes, Leslie -- Smith, Cynthia L -- Eppig, Janan T -- Reinholdt, Laura -- Francis, Richard -- Leatherbury, Linda -- Ganapathiraju, Madhavi K -- Tobita, Kimimasa -- Pazour, Gregory J -- Lo, Cecilia W -- HG000330/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM060992/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01MH094564/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL098180/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01HL098180/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- U01HL098188/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 28;521(7553):520-4. doi: 10.1038/nature14269. Epub 2015 Mar 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA. ; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA. ; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA. ; 1] Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15206, USA [2] Intelligent Systems Program, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 16260, USA. ; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA. ; The Heart Center, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25807483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cilia/genetics/*pathology/physiology/ultrasonography ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Electrocardiography ; Exome/genetics ; Genes, Recessive ; Genetic Testing ; Heart Defects, Congenital/*genetics/*pathology/ultrasonography ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation/genetics ; Signal Transduction
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2015-02-06
    Description: The strength of synaptic connections fundamentally determines how neurons influence each other's firing. Excitatory connection amplitudes between pairs of cortical neurons vary over two orders of magnitude, comprising only very few strong connections among many weaker ones. Although this highly skewed distribution of connection strengths is observed in diverse cortical areas, its functional significance remains unknown: it is not clear how connection strength relates to neuronal response properties, nor how strong and weak inputs contribute to information processing in local microcircuits. Here we reveal that the strength of connections between layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) obeys a simple rule--the few strong connections occur between neurons with most correlated responses, while only weak connections link neurons with uncorrelated responses. Moreover, we show that strong and reciprocal connections occur between cells with similar spatial receptive field structure. Although weak connections far outnumber strong connections, each neuron receives the majority of its local excitation from a small number of strong inputs provided by the few neurons with similar responses to visual features. By dominating recurrent excitation, these infrequent yet powerful inputs disproportionately contribute to feature preference and selectivity. Therefore, our results show that the apparently complex organization of excitatory connection strength reflects the similarity of neuronal responses, and suggest that rare, strong connections mediate stimulus-specific response amplification in cortical microcircuits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cossell, Lee -- Iacaruso, Maria Florencia -- Muir, Dylan R -- Houlton, Rachael -- Sader, Elie N -- Ko, Ho -- Hofer, Sonja B -- Mrsic-Flogel, Thomas D -- 095074/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 19;518(7539):399-403. doi: 10.1038/nature14182. Epub 2015 Feb 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK [2] Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH - 4056 Basel, Switzerland. ; Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH - 4056 Basel, Switzerland. ; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK. ; 1] Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK [2] Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine and Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25652823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Neurological ; Neural Pathways ; Photic Stimulation ; Pyramidal Cells/cytology/physiology ; Synapses/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/*cytology/*physiology
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2014-08-28
    Description: Sensory regions of the brain integrate environmental cues with copies of motor-related signals important for imminent and ongoing movements. In mammals, signals propagating from the motor cortex to the auditory cortex are thought to have a critical role in normal hearing and behaviour, yet the synaptic and circuit mechanisms by which these motor-related signals influence auditory cortical activity remain poorly understood. Using in vivo intracellular recordings in behaving mice, we find that excitatory neurons in the auditory cortex are suppressed before and during movement, owing in part to increased activity of local parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Electrophysiology and optogenetic gain- and loss-of-function experiments reveal that motor-related changes in auditory cortical dynamics are driven by a subset of neurons in the secondary motor cortex that innervate the auditory cortex and are active during movement. These findings provide a synaptic and circuit basis for the motor-related corollary discharge hypothesized to facilitate hearing and auditory-guided behaviours.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4248668/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4248668/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schneider, David M -- Nelson, Anders -- Mooney, Richard -- NS079929/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC013826/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R21 NS079929/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM008441/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 11;513(7517):189-94. doi: 10.1038/nature13724. Epub 2014 Aug 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA [2]. ; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162524" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Auditory Cortex/*physiology ; Electrical Synapses/*physiology ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Motor Activity/*physiology ; Optogenetics ; Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2014-12-04
    Description: T-helper type 17 (TH17) cells that produce the cytokines interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-17F are implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. The differentiation of TH17 cells is regulated by transcription factors such as RORgammat, but post-translational mechanisms preventing the rampant production of pro-inflammatory IL-17A have received less attention. Here we show that the deubiquitylating enzyme DUBA is a negative regulator of IL-17A production in T cells. Mice with DUBA-deficient T cells developed exacerbated inflammation in the small intestine after challenge with anti-CD3 antibodies. DUBA interacted with the ubiquitin ligase UBR5, which suppressed DUBA abundance in naive T cells. DUBA accumulated in activated T cells and stabilized UBR5, which then ubiquitylated RORgammat in response to TGF-beta signalling. Our data identify DUBA as a cell-intrinsic suppressor of IL-17 production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rutz, Sascha -- Kayagaki, Nobuhiko -- Phung, Qui T -- Eidenschenk, Celine -- Noubade, Rajkumar -- Wang, Xiaoting -- Lesch, Justin -- Lu, Rongze -- Newton, Kim -- Huang, Oscar W -- Cochran, Andrea G -- Vasser, Mark -- Fauber, Benjamin P -- DeVoss, Jason -- Webster, Joshua -- Diehl, Lauri -- Modrusan, Zora -- Kirkpatrick, Donald S -- Lill, Jennie R -- Ouyang, Wenjun -- Dixit, Vishva M -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 19;518(7539):417-21. doi: 10.1038/nature13979. Epub 2014 Dec 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Enzyme Stability ; Female ; Inflammation/genetics/pathology ; Interleukin-17/*biosynthesis ; Intestine, Small/metabolism/pathology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Signal Transduction ; Substrate Specificity ; Th17 Cells/*metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases/biosynthesis/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitination
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2014-10-23
    Description: The gastrointestinal tracts of mammals are colonized by hundreds of microbial species that contribute to health, including colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens. Many antibiotics destroy intestinal microbial communities and increase susceptibility to intestinal pathogens. Among these, Clostridium difficile, a major cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhoea, greatly increases morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Which intestinal bacteria provide resistance to C. difficile infection and their in vivo inhibitory mechanisms remain unclear. Here we correlate loss of specific bacterial taxa with development of infection, by treating mice with different antibiotics that result in distinct microbiota changes and lead to varied susceptibility to C. difficile. Mathematical modelling augmented by analyses of the microbiota of hospitalized patients identifies resistance-associated bacteria common to mice and humans. Using these platforms, we determine that Clostridium scindens, a bile acid 7alpha-dehydroxylating intestinal bacterium, is associated with resistance to C. difficile infection and, upon administration, enhances resistance to infection in a secondary bile acid dependent fashion. Using a workflow involving mouse models, clinical studies, metagenomic analyses, and mathematical modelling, we identify a probiotic candidate that corrects a clinically relevant microbiome deficiency. These findings have implications for the rational design of targeted antimicrobials as well as microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics for individuals at risk of C. difficile infection.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4354891/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4354891/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buffie, Charlie G -- Bucci, Vanni -- Stein, Richard R -- McKenney, Peter T -- Ling, Lilan -- Gobourne, Asia -- No, Daniel -- Liu, Hui -- Kinnebrew, Melissa -- Viale, Agnes -- Littmann, Eric -- van den Brink, Marcel R M -- Jenq, Robert R -- Taur, Ying -- Sander, Chris -- Cross, Justin R -- Toussaint, Nora C -- Xavier, Joao B -- Pamer, Eric G -- AI95706/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DP2 OD008440/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP2OD008440/OD/NIH HHS/ -- K23 AI095398/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA023766/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI042135/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI095706/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI42135/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009149/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007739/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM07739/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 CA148967/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 8;517(7533):205-8. doi: 10.1038/nature13828. Epub 2014 Oct 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Lucille Castori Center for Microbes, Inflammation and Cancer, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; 1] Computational Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA. ; Computational Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Lucille Castori Center for Microbes, Inflammation and Cancer, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Genomics Core Laboratory, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; 1] Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; 1] Lucille Castori Center for Microbes, Inflammation and Cancer, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Computational Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; 1] Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Lucille Castori Center for Microbes, Inflammation and Cancer, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA [3] Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25337874" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bile Acids and Salts/*metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Clostridium/metabolism ; Clostridium difficile/drug effects/*physiology ; Colitis/metabolism/microbiology/prevention & control/therapy ; Disease Susceptibility/*microbiology ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Humans ; Intestines/drug effects/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Metagenome/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microbiota/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Symbiosis
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2014-11-05
    Description: Establishing the hippocampal cellular ensemble that represents an animal's environment involves the emergence and disappearance of place fields in specific CA1 pyramidal neurons, and the acquisition of different spatial firing properties across the active population. While such firing flexibility and diversity have been linked to spatial memory, attention and task performance, the cellular and network origin of these place cell features is unknown. Basic integrate-and-fire models of place firing propose that such features result solely from varying inputs to place cells, but recent studies suggest instead that place cells themselves may play an active role through regenerative dendritic events. However, owing to the difficulty of performing functional recordings from place cell dendrites, no direct evidence of regenerative dendritic events exists, leaving any possible connection to place coding unknown. Using multi-plane two-photon calcium imaging of CA1 place cell somata, axons and dendrites in mice navigating a virtual environment, here we show that regenerative dendritic events do exist in place cells of behaving mice, and, surprisingly, their prevalence throughout the arbour is highly spatiotemporally variable. Furthermore, we show that the prevalence of such events predicts the spatial precision and persistence or disappearance of place fields. This suggests that the dynamics of spiking throughout the dendritic arbour may play a key role in forming the hippocampal representation of space.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289090/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289090/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sheffield, Mark E J -- Dombeck, Daniel A -- 1R01MH101297/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH101297/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 8;517(7533):200-4. doi: 10.1038/nature13871. Epub 2014 Oct 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25363782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Axons/metabolism ; Calcium/*metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Dendrites/*metabolism ; Hippocampus/*cytology/*physiology ; Male ; Memory, Long-Term/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ; Space Perception/*physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2014-05-16
    Description: During development, thalamocortical (TC) input has a critical role in the spatial delineation and patterning of cortical areas, yet the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive cortical neuron differentiation are poorly understood. In the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory cortex, layer 4 (L4) neurons receive mutually exclusive input originating from two thalamic nuclei: the ventrobasalis (VB), which conveys tactile input, and the posterior nucleus (Po), which conveys modulatory and nociceptive input. Recently, we have shown that L4 neuron identity is not fully committed postnatally, implying a capacity for TC input to influence differentiation during cortical circuit assembly. Here we investigate whether the cell-type-specific molecular and functional identity of L4 neurons is instructed by the origin of their TC input. Genetic ablation of the VB at birth resulted in an anatomical and functional rewiring of Po projections onto L4 neurons in S1. This induced acquisition of Po input led to a respecification of postsynaptic L4 neurons, which developed functional molecular features of Po-target neurons while repressing VB-target traits. Respecified L4 neurons were able to respond both to touch and to noxious stimuli, in sharp contrast to the normal segregation of these sensory modalities in distinct cortical circuits. These findings reveal a behaviourally relevant TC-input-type-specific control over the molecular and functional differentiation of postsynaptic L4 neurons and cognate intracortical circuits, which instructs the development of modality-specific neuronal and circuit properties during corticogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pouchelon, Gabrielle -- Gambino, Frederic -- Bellone, Camilla -- Telley, Ludovic -- Vitali, Ilaria -- Luscher, Christian -- Holtmaat, Anthony -- Jabaudon, Denis -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 24;511(7510):471-4. doi: 10.1038/nature13390. Epub 2014 May 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. ; 1] Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland [2] Interdisciplinary Institute for NeuroScience, CNRS UMR 5297, 33077 Bordeaux, France. ; 1] Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland [2] Clinic of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland [3] Institute of Genetics & Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24828045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/drug effects/physiology ; Capsaicin/pharmacology ; *Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Female ; Male ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neural Pathways/drug effects/*physiology ; Neurons/*cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Noxae/pharmacology ; Optogenetics ; Post-Synaptic Density/drug effects/*physiology ; Somatosensory Cortex/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Synaptic Potentials/drug effects ; Thalamic Nuclei/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Touch/physiology ; Vibrissae/drug effects/physiology
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2014-06-12
    Description: Cutaneous melanoma is epidemiologically linked to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), but the molecular mechanisms by which UVR drives melanomagenesis remain unclear. The most common somatic mutation in melanoma is a V600E substitution in BRAF, which is an early event. To investigate how UVR accelerates oncogenic BRAF-driven melanomagenesis, we used a BRAF(V600E) mouse model. In mice expressing BRAF(V600E) in their melanocytes, a single dose of UVR that mimicked mild sunburn in humans induced clonal expansion of the melanocytes, and repeated doses of UVR increased melanoma burden. Here we show that sunscreen (UVA superior, UVB sun protection factor (SPF) 50) delayed the onset of UVR-driven melanoma, but only provided partial protection. The UVR-exposed tumours showed increased numbers of single nucleotide variants and we observed mutations (H39Y, S124F, R245C, R270C, C272G) in the Trp53 tumour suppressor in approximately 40% of cases. TP53 is an accepted UVR target in human non-melanoma skin cancer, but is not thought to have a major role in melanoma. However, we show that, in mice, mutant Trp53 accelerated BRAF(V600E)-driven melanomagenesis, and that TP53 mutations are linked to evidence of UVR-induced DNA damage in human melanoma. Thus, we provide mechanistic insight into epidemiological data linking UVR to acquired naevi in humans. Furthermore, we identify TP53/Trp53 as a UVR-target gene that cooperates with BRAF(V600E) to induce melanoma, providing molecular insight into how UVR accelerates melanomagenesis. Our study validates public health campaigns that promote sunscreen protection for individuals at risk of melanoma.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112218/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112218/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Viros, Amaya -- Sanchez-Laorden, Berta -- Pedersen, Malin -- Furney, Simon J -- Rae, Joel -- Hogan, Kate -- Ejiama, Sarah -- Girotti, Maria Romina -- Cook, Martin -- Dhomen, Nathalie -- Marais, Richard -- A12738/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A13540/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A17240/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A7091/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- A7192/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C107/A10433/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- C5759/A12328/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 24;511(7510):478-82. doi: 10.1038/nature13298. Epub 2014 Jun 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK [2]. ; 1] Signal Transduction Team, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK [2]. ; Signal Transduction Team, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK. ; Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK. ; 1] Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK [2] Histopathology, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Egerton Road, Guildford GU2 7XX, UK. ; 1] Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK [2] Signal Transduction Team, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24919155" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*genetics/*radiation effects ; DNA Damage/genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Humans ; Melanocytes/metabolism/pathology/radiation effects ; Melanoma/etiology/*genetics/metabolism/*pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutagenesis/genetics/*radiation effects ; Mutation/genetics/radiation effects ; Nevus/etiology/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/*genetics/metabolism ; Skin Neoplasms/etiology/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Sunburn/complications/etiology/genetics ; Sunscreening Agents/pharmacology ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*genetics/metabolism ; Ultraviolet Rays/*adverse effects
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2014-01-28
    Description: The tissue-resident macrophages of barrier organs constitute the first line of defence against pathogens at the systemic interface with the ambient environment. In the lung, resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) provide a sentinel function against inhaled pathogens. Bacterial constituents ligate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on AMs, causing AMs to secrete proinflammatory cytokines that activate alveolar epithelial receptors, leading to recruitment of neutrophils that engulf pathogens. Because the AM-induced response could itself cause tissue injury, it is unclear how AMs modulate the response to prevent injury. Here, using real-time alveolar imaging in situ, we show that a subset of AMs attached to the alveolar wall form connexin 43 (Cx43)-containing gap junction channels with the epithelium. During lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, the AMs remained sessile and attached to the alveoli, and they established intercommunication through synchronized Ca(2+) waves, using the epithelium as the conducting pathway. The intercommunication was immunosuppressive, involving Ca(2+)-dependent activation of Akt, because AM-specific knockout of Cx43 enhanced alveolar neutrophil recruitment and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage. A picture emerges of a novel immunomodulatory process in which a subset of alveolus-attached AMs intercommunicates immunosuppressive signals to reduce endotoxin-induced lung inflammation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4117212/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4117212/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Westphalen, Kristin -- Gusarova, Galina A -- Islam, Mohammad N -- Subramanian, Manikandan -- Cohen, Taylor S -- Prince, Alice S -- Bhattacharya, Jahar -- HL57556/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL64896/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL73989/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL78645/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL057556/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL064896/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL073989/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL078645/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL079395/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 27;506(7489):503-6. doi: 10.1038/nature12902. Epub 2014 Jan 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lung Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. ; 1] Lung Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA [2] Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24463523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Adhesion ; *Cell Communication ; Connexin 43/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Cytokines/immunology/secretion ; Female ; Gap Junctions/metabolism ; Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology ; Macrophages, Alveolar/*cytology/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neutrophil Infiltration ; Neutrophils/immunology ; Pneumonia/chemically induced/immunology/pathology ; Pulmonary Alveoli/*cytology/*immunology ; Respiratory Mucosa/*cytology/*immunology
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2014-11-20
    Description: Intestinal microbial communities have profound effects on host physiology. Whereas the symbiotic contribution of commensal bacteria is well established, the role of eukaryotic viruses that are present in the gastrointestinal tract under homeostatic conditions is undefined. Here we demonstrate that a common enteric RNA virus can replace the beneficial function of commensal bacteria in the intestine. Murine norovirus (MNV) infection of germ-free or antibiotic-treated mice restored intestinal morphology and lymphocyte function without inducing overt inflammation and disease. The presence of MNV also suppressed an expansion of group 2 innate lymphoid cells observed in the absence of bacteria, and induced transcriptional changes in the intestine associated with immune development and type I interferon (IFN) signalling. Consistent with this observation, the IFN-alpha receptor was essential for the ability of MNV to compensate for bacterial depletion. Importantly, MNV infection offset the deleterious effect of treatment with antibiotics in models of intestinal injury and pathogenic bacterial infection. These data indicate that eukaryotic viruses have the capacity to support intestinal homeostasis and shape mucosal immunity, similarly to commensal bacteria.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4257755/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4257755/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kernbauer, Elisabeth -- Ding, Yi -- Cadwell, Ken -- J 3435/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- P30CA016087/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK093668/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 4;516(7529):94-8. doi: 10.1038/nature13960. Epub 2014 Nov 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA [2] Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA. ; 1] New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10065, USA [2] Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25409145" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena/*immunology ; Citrobacter rodentium/physiology ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/immunology ; Enterovirus/immunology/*physiology ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation/immunology ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Immunity, Mucosal/*immunology ; Interferon Type I/immunology ; Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/drug effects/*immunology/*virology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Norovirus/immunology/physiology ; Signal Transduction/immunology ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2014-08-28
    Description: The valence of memories is malleable because of their intrinsic reconstructive property. This property of memory has been used clinically to treat maladaptive behaviours. However, the neuronal mechanisms and brain circuits that enable the switching of the valence of memories remain largely unknown. Here we investigated these mechanisms by applying the recently developed memory engram cell- manipulation technique. We labelled with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) a population of cells in either the dorsal dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus or the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) that were specifically activated during contextual fear or reward conditioning. Both groups of fear-conditioned mice displayed aversive light-dependent responses in an optogenetic place avoidance test, whereas both DG- and BLA-labelled mice that underwent reward conditioning exhibited an appetitive response in an optogenetic place preference test. Next, in an attempt to reverse the valence of memory within a subject, mice whose DG or BLA engram had initially been labelled by contextual fear or reward conditioning were subjected to a second conditioning of the opposite valence while their original DG or BLA engram was reactivated by blue light. Subsequent optogenetic place avoidance and preference tests revealed that although the DG-engram group displayed a response indicating a switch of the memory valence, the BLA-engram group did not. This switch was also evident at the cellular level by a change in functional connectivity between DG engram-bearing cells and BLA engram-bearing cells. Thus, we found that in the DG, the neurons carrying the memory engram of a given neutral context have plasticity such that the valence of a conditioned response evoked by their reactivation can be reversed by re-associating this contextual memory engram with a new unconditioned stimulus of an opposite valence. Our present work provides new insight into the functional neural circuits underlying the malleability of emotional memory.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169316/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169316/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Redondo, Roger L -- Kim, Joshua -- Arons, Autumn L -- Ramirez, Steve -- Liu, Xu -- Tonegawa, Susumu -- P50 MH058880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH078821/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32GM007287/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Sep 18;513(7518):426-30. doi: 10.1038/nature13725. Epub 2014 Aug 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [3]. ; 1] RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2]. ; 1] RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. ; RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25162525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Affect ; Amygdala/physiology ; Animals ; Avoidance Learning ; Conditioning, Classical/physiology ; Cues ; Dentate Gyrus/physiology ; Fear ; Female ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neuronal Plasticity/physiology ; Optogenetics ; Reward
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2014-07-06
    Description: Tuberculosis remains second only to HIV/AIDS as the leading cause of mortality worldwide due to a single infectious agent. Despite chemotherapy, the global tuberculosis epidemic has intensified because of HIV co-infection, the lack of an effective vaccine and the emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Alternative host-directed strategies could be exploited to improve treatment efficacy and outcome, contain drug-resistant strains and reduce disease severity and mortality. The innate inflammatory response elicited by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) represents a logical host target. Here we demonstrate that interleukin-1 (IL-1) confers host resistance through the induction of eicosanoids that limit excessive type I interferon (IFN) production and foster bacterial containment. We further show that, in infected mice and patients, reduced IL-1 responses and/or excessive type I IFN induction are linked to an eicosanoid imbalance associated with disease exacerbation. Host-directed immunotherapy with clinically approved drugs that augment prostaglandin E2 levels in these settings prevented acute mortality of Mtb-infected mice. Thus, IL-1 and type I IFNs represent two major counter-regulatory classes of inflammatory cytokines that control the outcome of Mtb infection and are functionally linked via eicosanoids. Our findings establish proof of concept for host-directed treatment strategies that manipulate the host eicosanoid network and represent feasible alternatives to conventional chemotherapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayer-Barber, Katrin D -- Andrade, Bruno B -- Oland, Sandra D -- Amaral, Eduardo P -- Barber, Daniel L -- Gonzales, Jacqueline -- Derrick, Steven C -- Shi, Ruiru -- Kumar, Nathella Pavan -- Wei, Wang -- Yuan, Xing -- Zhang, Guolong -- Cai, Ying -- Babu, Subash -- Catalfamo, Marta -- Salazar, Andres M -- Via, Laura E -- Barry, Clifton E 3rd -- Sher, Alan -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 3;511(7507):99-103. doi: 10.1038/nature13489. Epub 2014 Jun 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; 1] Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] Department of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. ; T Lymphocyte Biology Unit, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Henan Chest Hospital, 450003 Zhengzhou, China. ; 1] NIH, International Center for Excellence in Research, 600 031 Chennai, India [2] National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), 600 031 Chennai, India. ; Sino-US International Research Center for Tuberculosis, and Henan Public Health Center, 450003 Zhengzhou, China. ; 1] NIH, International Center for Excellence in Research, 600 031 Chennai, India [2] Helminth Immunology Section, LPD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Oncovir Inc., Washington, Washington DC 20008, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24990750" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dinoprostone/antagonists & inhibitors/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; *Immunotherapy ; Interferon Type I/antagonists & inhibitors/biosynthesis/*immunology ; Interleukin-1/*immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/*immunology ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/*immunology/microbiology/*therapy
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2014-09-19
    Description: Non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS) are among the most widely used food additives worldwide, regularly consumed by lean and obese individuals alike. NAS consumption is considered safe and beneficial owing to their low caloric content, yet supporting scientific data remain sparse and controversial. Here we demonstrate that consumption of commonly used NAS formulations drives the development of glucose intolerance through induction of compositional and functional alterations to the intestinal microbiota. These NAS-mediated deleterious metabolic effects are abrogated by antibiotic treatment, and are fully transferrable to germ-free mice upon faecal transplantation of microbiota configurations from NAS-consuming mice, or of microbiota anaerobically incubated in the presence of NAS. We identify NAS-altered microbial metabolic pathways that are linked to host susceptibility to metabolic disease, and demonstrate similar NAS-induced dysbiosis and glucose intolerance in healthy human subjects. Collectively, our results link NAS consumption, dysbiosis and metabolic abnormalities, thereby calling for a reassessment of massive NAS usage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suez, Jotham -- Korem, Tal -- Zeevi, David -- Zilberman-Schapira, Gili -- Thaiss, Christoph A -- Maza, Ori -- Israeli, David -- Zmora, Niv -- Gilad, Shlomit -- Weinberger, Adina -- Kuperman, Yael -- Harmelin, Alon -- Kolodkin-Gal, Ilana -- Shapiro, Hagit -- Halpern, Zamir -- Segal, Eran -- Elinav, Eran -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 9;514(7521):181-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13793. Epub 2014 Sep 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. ; 1] Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel [2]. ; 1] Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel [2]. ; Day Care Unit and the Laboratory of Imaging and Brain Stimulation, Kfar Shaul hospital, Jerusalem Center for Mental Health, Jerusalem 91060, Israel. ; 1] Internal Medicine Department, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel [2] Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel [3] Digestive Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel. ; The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (INCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. ; Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. ; Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. ; Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. ; 1] Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel [2] Digestive Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25231862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Aspartame/adverse effects ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Diet, High-Fat ; Dietary Fats/pharmacology ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*drug effects/*microbiology ; Germ-Free Life ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glucose Intolerance/*chemically induced/metabolism/*microbiology ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/chemically induced/metabolism/microbiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microbiota/*drug effects ; Saccharin/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Sucrose/adverse effects/analogs & derivatives ; Sweetening Agents/*adverse effects ; Waist-Hip Ratio
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Description: The connection between an altered gut microbiota and metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease is well established. Defects in preserving the integrity of the mucosal barriers can result in systemic endotoxaemia that contributes to chronic low-grade inflammation, which further promotes the development of metabolic syndrome. Interleukin (IL)-22 exerts essential roles in eliciting antimicrobial immunity and maintaining mucosal barrier integrity within the intestine. Here we investigate the connection between IL-22 and metabolic disorders. We find that the induction of IL-22 from innate lymphoid cells and CD4(+) T cells is impaired in obese mice under various immune challenges, especially in the colon during infection with Citrobacter rodentium. While innate lymphoid cell populations are largely intact in obese mice, the upregulation of IL-23, a cytokine upstream of IL-22, is compromised during the infection. Consequently, these mice are susceptible to C. rodentium infection, and both exogenous IL-22 and IL-23 are able to restore the mucosal host defence. Importantly, we further unveil unexpected functions of IL-22 in regulating metabolism. Mice deficient in IL-22 receptor and fed with high-fat diet are prone to developing metabolic disorders. Strikingly, administration of exogenous IL-22 in genetically obese leptin-receptor-deficient (db/db) mice and mice fed with high-fat diet reverses many of the metabolic symptoms, including hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance. IL-22 shows diverse metabolic benefits, as it improves insulin sensitivity, preserves gut mucosal barrier and endocrine functions, decreases endotoxaemia and chronic inflammation, and regulates lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissues. In summary, we identify the IL-22 pathway as a novel target for therapeutic intervention in metabolic diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Xiaoting -- Ota, Naruhisa -- Manzanillo, Paolo -- Kates, Lance -- Zavala-Solorio, Jose -- Eidenschenk, Celine -- Zhang, Juan -- Lesch, Justin -- Lee, Wyne P -- Ross, Jed -- Diehl, Lauri -- van Bruggen, Nicholas -- Kolumam, Ganesh -- Ouyang, Wenjun -- England -- Nature. 2014 Oct 9;514(7521):237-41. doi: 10.1038/nature13564. Epub 2014 Aug 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA [2]. ; Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA. ; 1] Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA [2].〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects/metabolism ; Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology/secretion ; Chronic Disease ; Citrobacter rodentium/drug effects/immunology/physiology ; Colon/drug effects/immunology/microbiology ; Diabetes Mellitus/*immunology/*metabolism/pathology ; Diet, High-Fat ; Female ; Hyperglycemia/diet therapy/drug therapy/metabolism ; *Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects ; Inflammation/drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin Resistance ; Interleukin-23/immunology/metabolism/pharmacology ; Interleukins/*immunology/*metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Lipid Metabolism/drug effects ; Liver/drug effects/metabolism ; Male ; Metabolic Diseases/diet therapy/drug therapy/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Obese ; Obesity/metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin/deficiency/metabolism ; Receptors, Leptin/deficiency/metabolism
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2014-08-01
    Description: In mammals, cytosine methylation is predominantly restricted to CpG dinucleotides and stably distributed across the genome, with local, cell-type-specific regulation directed by DNA binding factors. This comparatively static landscape is in marked contrast with the events of fertilization, during which the paternal genome is globally reprogrammed. Paternal genome demethylation includes the majority of CpGs, although methylation remains detectable at several notable features. These dynamics have been extensively characterized in the mouse, with only limited observations available in other mammals, and direct measurements are required to understand the extent to which early embryonic landscapes are conserved. We present genome-scale DNA methylation maps of human preimplantation development and embryonic stem cell derivation, confirming a transient state of global hypomethylation that includes most CpGs, while sites of residual maintenance are primarily restricted to gene bodies. Although most features share similar dynamics to those in mouse, maternally contributed methylation is divergently targeted to species-specific sets of CpG island promoters that extend beyond known imprint control regions. Retrotransposon regulation is also highly diverse, and transitions from maternally to embryonically expressed elements. Together, our data confirm that paternal genome demethylation is a general attribute of early mammalian development that is characterized by distinct modes of epigenetic regulation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4178976/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4178976/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Zachary D -- Chan, Michelle M -- Humm, Kathryn C -- Karnik, Rahul -- Mekhoubad, Shila -- Regev, Aviv -- Eggan, Kevin -- Meissner, Alexander -- 1P50HG006193-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- 5DP1OD003958/OD/NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM099117/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01GM099117/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 HG006193/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 ES017155/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 31;511(7511):611-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13581. Epub 2014 Jul 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [3] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [4] Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [5]. ; 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [3]. ; 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Division of Reproductive Endocrinology &Infertility, Department of Obstetrics &Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [3] Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [4] Boston IVF, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA [5] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [6]. ; 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [3] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ; 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [3] Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. ; 1] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [3] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [4] Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [5] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25079558" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; CpG Islands/physiology ; DNA/metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2014-11-11
    Description: Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that recycles nutrients upon starvation and maintains cellular energy homeostasis. Its acute regulation by nutrient-sensing signalling pathways is well described, but its longer-term transcriptional regulation is not. The nuclear receptors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are activated in the fasted and fed liver, respectively. Here we show that both PPARalpha and FXR regulate hepatic autophagy in mice. Pharmacological activation of PPARalpha reverses the normal suppression of autophagy in the fed state, inducing autophagic lipid degradation, or lipophagy. This response is lost in PPARalpha knockout (Ppara(-/-), also known as Nr1c1(-/-)) mice, which are partially defective in the induction of autophagy by fasting. Pharmacological activation of the bile acid receptor FXR strongly suppresses the induction of autophagy in the fasting state, and this response is absent in FXR knockout (Fxr(-/-), also known as Nr1h4(-/-)) mice, which show a partial defect in suppression of hepatic autophagy in the fed state. PPARalpha and FXR compete for binding to shared sites in autophagic gene promoters, with opposite transcriptional outputs. These results reveal complementary, interlocking mechanisms for regulation of autophagy by nutrient status.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4267857/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4267857/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, Jae Man -- Wagner, Martin -- Xiao, Rui -- Kim, Kang Ho -- Feng, Dan -- Lazar, Mitchell A -- Moore, David D -- DK43806/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK019525/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30DX56338-05A2/PHS HHS/ -- P39CA125123-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK049780/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK49780/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK043806/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- S10RR027783-01A1/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U54HD-07495-39/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Dec 4;516(7529):112-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13961. Epub 2014 Nov 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. ; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19014, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25383539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autophagy/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Fasting/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Liver/cytology/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; PPAR alpha ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2014-03-22
    Description: The mammalian skeletal system harbours a hierarchical system of mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts sustaining lifelong bone formation. Osteogenesis is indispensable for the homeostatic renewal of bone as well as regenerative fracture healing, but these processes frequently decline in ageing organisms, leading to loss of bone mass and increased fracture incidence. Evidence indicates that the growth of blood vessels in bone and osteogenesis are coupled, but relatively little is known about the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Here we identify a new capillary subtype in the murine skeletal system with distinct morphological, molecular and functional properties. These vessels are found in specific locations, mediate growth of the bone vasculature, generate distinct metabolic and molecular microenvironments, maintain perivascular osteoprogenitors and couple angiogenesis to osteogenesis. The abundance of these vessels and associated osteoprogenitors was strongly reduced in bone from aged animals, and pharmacological reversal of this decline allowed the restoration of bone mass.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kusumbe, Anjali P -- Ramasamy, Saravana K -- Adams, Ralf H -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 20;507(7492):323-8. doi: 10.1038/nature13145. Epub 2014 Mar 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, D-48149 Munster, Germany [2]. ; 1] Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, D-48149 Munster, Germany [2] University of Munster, Faculty of Medicine, D-48149 Munster, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24646994" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; Blood Vessels/anatomy & histology/cytology/growth & development/*physiology ; Bone and Bones/*blood supply/cytology ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neovascularization, Physiologic/*physiology ; Osteoblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Osteogenesis/*physiology ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: Increases in brain blood flow, evoked by neuronal activity, power neural computation and form the basis of BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent) functional imaging. Whether blood flow is controlled solely by arteriole smooth muscle, or also by capillary pericytes, is controversial. We demonstrate that neuronal activity and the neurotransmitter glutamate evoke the release of messengers that dilate capillaries by actively relaxing pericytes. Dilation is mediated by prostaglandin E2, but requires nitric oxide release to suppress vasoconstricting 20-HETE synthesis. In vivo, when sensory input increases blood flow, capillaries dilate before arterioles and are estimated to produce 84% of the blood flow increase. In pathology, ischaemia evokes capillary constriction by pericytes. We show that this is followed by pericyte death in rigor, which may irreversibly constrict capillaries and damage the blood-brain barrier. Thus, pericytes are major regulators of cerebral blood flow and initiators of functional imaging signals. Prevention of pericyte constriction and death may reduce the long-lasting blood flow decrease that damages neurons after stroke.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3976267/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3976267/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hall, Catherine N -- Reynell, Clare -- Gesslein, Bodil -- Hamilton, Nicola B -- Mishra, Anusha -- Sutherland, Brad A -- O'Farrell, Fergus M -- Buchan, Alastair M -- Lauritzen, Martin -- Attwell, David -- 075232/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0500495/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2014 Apr 3;508(7494):55-60. doi: 10.1038/nature13165. Epub 2014 Mar 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK [2]. ; 1] Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark [2]. ; Acute Stroke Programme, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. ; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. ; 1] Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark [2] Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Glostrup University Hospital, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24670647" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arterioles/physiology ; Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology/physiopathology ; Brain Ischemia/pathology ; Capillaries/*cytology/drug effects ; Cell Death ; Cerebellum/blood supply ; Cerebral Cortex/blood supply/cytology ; Cerebrovascular Circulation/drug effects/*physiology ; Dinoprostone/metabolism ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Female ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Glutamic Acid/pharmacology ; Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/biosynthesis ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Pericytes/cytology/drug effects/pathology/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Stroke/pathology ; Vasoconstriction ; Vasodilation/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2014-02-14
    Description: Regeneration of skeletal muscle depends on a population of adult stem cells (satellite cells) that remain quiescent throughout life. Satellite cell regenerative functions decline with ageing. Here we report that geriatric satellite cells are incapable of maintaining their normal quiescent state in muscle homeostatic conditions, and that this irreversibly affects their intrinsic regenerative and self-renewal capacities. In geriatric mice, resting satellite cells lose reversible quiescence by switching to an irreversible pre-senescence state, caused by derepression of p16(INK4a) (also called Cdkn2a). On injury, these cells fail to activate and expand, undergoing accelerated entry into a full senescence state (geroconversion), even in a youthful environment. p16(INK4a) silencing in geriatric satellite cells restores quiescence and muscle regenerative functions. Our results demonstrate that maintenance of quiescence in adult life depends on the active repression of senescence pathways. As p16(INK4a) is dysregulated in human geriatric satellite cells, these findings provide the basis for stem-cell rejuvenation in sarcopenic muscles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sousa-Victor, Pedro -- Gutarra, Susana -- Garcia-Prat, Laura -- Rodriguez-Ubreva, Javier -- Ortet, Laura -- Ruiz-Bonilla, Vanessa -- Jardi, Merce -- Ballestar, Esteban -- Gonzalez, Susana -- Serrano, Antonio L -- Perdiguero, Eusebio -- Munoz-Canoves, Pura -- England -- Nature. 2014 Feb 20;506(7488):316-21. doi: 10.1038/nature13013. Epub 2014 Feb 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain [2] Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, USA. ; 1] Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain [2]. ; Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, E-08907 Barcelona, Spain. ; Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain. ; Stem Cell Aging Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, E-28029 Madrid, Spain. ; 1] Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain [2] Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24522534" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aging/*metabolism ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; E2F1 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Progeria/metabolism/pathology ; Regeneration ; Rejuvenation ; Retinoblastoma Protein/metabolism ; Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/*cytology/*metabolism ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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