ALBERT

Description: Drillhole-determined sea-ice thickness was compared with values derived remotely using a portable small-offset loop-loop steady state electromagnetic (EM) induction device during expeditions to Fram Strait and the Siberian Arctic, under typical winter and summer conditions. Simple empirical transformation equations are derived to convert measured apparent conductivity into ice thickness. Despite the extreme seasonal differences in sea-ice properties as revealed by ice core analysis, the transformation equations vary little for winter and summer. Thus, the EM induction technique operated on the ice surface in the horizontal dipole mode yields accurate results within 5 to 10% of the drillhole determined thickness over level ice in both seasons. The robustness of the induction method with respect to seasonal extremes is attributed to the low salinity of brine or meltwater filling the extensive pore space in summer. Thus, the average bulk ice conductivity for summer multiyear sea ice derived according to Archie's law amounts to 23 mS/m compared to 3 mS/m for winter conditions. These mean conductivities cause only minor differences in the EM response, as is shown by means of 1-D modeling. However, under summer conditions the range of ice conductivities is wider. Along with the widespread occurrence of surface melt ponds and freshwater lenses underneath the ice, this causes greater scatter in the apparent conductivity/ice thickness relation. This can result in higher deviations between EM-derived and drillhole determined thicknesses in summer than in winter.

Description: Late-summer thickness distributions of large ice floes in the Transpolar Drift between Svalbard and the North Pole in 1991, 1996, 1998, and 2001 are compared. They have been derived from drilling and electromagnetic (EM) sounding. Results show a strong interannual variability, with significantly reduced thickness in 1998 and 2001. The mean thickness decreased by 22.5% from 3.11 m in 1991 to 2.41 m in 2001, and the modal thickness by 22% from 2.50 m in 1991 to 1.95 m in 2001. Since modal thickness represents the thickness of level ice, the observed thinning reflects changes in thermodynamic conditions. Together with additional data from the Laptev Sea obtained in 1993, 1995, and 1996, results are in surprising agreement with recently published thickness anomalies retrieved from satellite radar altimetry for Arctic regions south of 81.5°N. This points to a strong sensitivity of radar altimetry data to level ice thickness.

Description: As part of the large-scale, interdisciplinary deep-sea study "BIGSET", the relationship between the monsoon-induced regional and temporal variability of POC deposition and the small-sized benthic community was investigated at several sites 2316-4420 m deep in the Arabian Sea during four cruises between 1995 and 1998. Vertical and horizontal distribution patterns of chloroplastic pigments (a measure of phytodetritus deposition), readily soluble protein and activity, and biomass parameters of the small-sized benthic community (Electron Transport System Activity (ETSA); bacterial ectoenzymatic activity (FDA turnover) and DNA concentrations) were measured concurrently with the vertical fluxes of POC and chloroplastic pigments. Sediment chlorophyll a (chl. a) profiles were used to calculate chl. a flux rates and to estimate POC flux across the sediment water interface using two different transport reaction models. These estimates were compared with corresponding flux rates determined in sediment traps. Regional variability of primary productivity and POC deposition at the deep-sea floor creates a trophic gradient in the Arabian Basin from the NW to the SE, which is primarily related to the activity of monsoon winds and processes associated with the topography of the Arabian Basin and the vicinity of land masses. Inventories of sediment chloroplastic pigments closely corresponded to this trophic gradient. For ETSA, FDA and DNA, however, no clear coupling was found, although stations WAST (western Arabian Sea) and NAST (northern Arabian Sea) were characterised by high concentrations and activities. These parameters exhibited high spatial and temporal variability, making it impossible to recognise clear mechanisms controlling temporal and spatial community patterns of the small-sized benthic biota. Nevertheless, the entire Arabian Basin was recognised as being affected by monsoonal activity. Comparison of two different transport reaction models indicates that labile chl. a buried in deeper sediment layers may escape rapid degradation in Arabian deep-sea sediments.

Description: The distribution, biomass, and diversity of living (Rose Bengal stained) deep-sea benthic foraminifera (〉30 µm) were investigated with multicorer samples from seven stations in the Arabian Sea during the intermonsoonal periods in March and in September/October, 1995. Water depths of the stations ranged between 1916 and 4425 m. The distribution of benthic foraminifera was compared with dissolved oxygen, % organic carbon, % calcium carbonate, ammonium, % silica, chloroplastic pigment equivalents, sand content, pore water content of the sediment, and organic carbon flux to explain the foraminiferal patterns and depositional environments. A total of six species-communities comprising 178 living species were identified by principal component analysis. The seasonal comparison shows that at the western stations foraminiferal abundance and biomass were higher during the Spring Intermonsoon than during the Fall Intermonsoon. The regional comparison indicates a distinct gradient in abundance, biomass, and diversity from west to east, and for biomass from north to south. Highest values are recorded in the western part of the Arabian Sea, where the influence of coastal and offshore upwelling are responsible for high carbon fluxes. Estimated total biomass of living benthic foraminifera integrated for the upper 5 cm of the sediment ranged between 11 mg Corg m**-2 at the southern station and 420 mg Corg m**-2 at the western station. Foraminifera in the size range from 30 to 125 ?m, the so-called microforaminifera, contributed between 20 and 65% to the abundance, but only 3% to 28% to the biomass of the fauna. Highest values were found in the central and southern Arabian Sea, indicating their importance in oligotrophic deep-sea areas. The overall abundance of benthic foraminifera is positively correlated with oxygen content and pore volume, and partly with carbon content and chloroplastic pigment equivalents of the sediment. The distributional patterns of the communities seem to be controlled by sand fraction, dissolved oxygen, calcium carbonate and organic carbon content of the sediment, but the critical variables are of different significance for each community.

Description: Assemblages of living deep-sea benthic foraminifera, their densities, vertical distribution pattern, and diversity, were investigated in the intermonsoon period after the northeast monsoon in the Arabian Sea in spring 1997. Foraminiferal numbers show a distinct gradient from north to south, with a maximum of 623 foraminifera in 50 cm**3 at the northern site. High percentages of small foraminifera were found in the western and northern part of the Arabian Sea. Most stations show a typical vertical distribution with a maximum in the first centimeter and decreasing numbers with increasing sediment depths. But at the central station, high densities can be found even in deeper sediment layers. Diversity is very high at the northern and western sites, but reduced at the central and southern stations. Data and faunal assemblages were compared with studies carried out in 1995. A principal component analysis of intermonsoon assemblages shows that the living benthic foraminifera can be characterized by five principal component communities. Dominant communities influencing each site differ strongly between the two years. In spring 1997, stations in the north, west and central Arabian Sea were dominated by opportunistic species, indicating the influence of fresh sedimentation pulses or enhanced organic carbon fluxes after the northeast monsoon.

Description: Sediments from the western and southern part of the Arabian Sea were collected periodically in the spring intermonsoon between March and May 1997 and additionally at the end of the Northeast Monsoon in February 1998. Assemblages of Rose Bengal stained, living deep-sea benthic foraminifera, their densities, vertical distribution pattern, and diversity were analysed after the Northeast Monsoon and short-time changes were recorded. In the western Arabian Sea, foraminiferal numbers increased steadily between March and the beginning of May, especially in the smaller size classes (30-63 µm, 63-125 µm). At the same time, the deepening of the foraminiferal living horizon, variable diversity and rapid variations between dominant foraminiferal communities were observed. We interpret these observations as the time-dependent response of benthic foraminifera to enhanced organic carbon fluxes during and after the Northeast Monsoon. In the southern Arabian Sea, constant low foraminiferal abundances during time, no distinctive change in the vertical distribution, reduced diversity, and more stable foraminiferal communities were noticed, which indicates no or little influence of the Northeast Monsoon to benthic foraminifera in this region.

Description: Benthic fluxes and pore-water compositions of silicic acid, nitrate and phosphate were investigated for surface sediments of the abyssal Arabian Sea during four cruises (1995-1998). Five sites located in the northern (NAST), western (WAST), central (CAST), eastern (EAST), and southern (SAST) Arabian Sea were revisited during intermonsoonal periods after the NE- and SW-Monsoon. At these sites, benthic fluxes of remineralized nutrients from the sediment to the bottom water of 36-106, 102-350 and 4-16 mmol/m**2/yr were measured for nitrate, silicic acid and phosphate, respectively. The benthic fluxes and pore-water compositions showed a distinct regional pattern. Highest fluxes were observed in the western and northern region of the Arabian Sea, whereas decreasing fluxes were derived towards the southeast. At WAST, the general temporal pattern of primary production, related to the NE- and SW-Monsoon, is reflected by benthic fluxes. In contrast, at sites NAST, SAST, CAST, and EAST a temporal pattern of fluxes in response to the monsoon is not obvious. Our results reveal a clear coupling between the general regional pattern of production in surface waters and the response of the benthic environment, as indicated by the flux of remineralized nutrients, though a spatially differing degree of decoupling during transport and remineralization of particulate organic matter and biogenic opal was observed. This has to be taken into account regarding budget calculations and paleoceanographic topics.

Description: Eight different sites from 2300 to 4420 m water depth in the Arabian Sea were sampled for a biochemical quantification of phospholipid concentrations in the sediments. This method serves as a measure of microbial biomass in marine sediments comprising all small-sized organisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa and metazoa. Phospholipid concentrations can be converted to carbon units as an estimate of total microbial biomass in the sediments. The average phospholipid concentrations in the surface sediments (0–1 cm) of the 4 abyssal sites ranged from 7 nmol cm?3 at the southern site (SAST, 10°N 65°E, 4425 m) to 29 nmol/cm**3 at the western site (WAST, 16°N 60°E, 4045 m). The high values detected at the abyssal station WAST exceeded those in the literature for other abyssal sites and were comparable to values from the upper continental slope of the NE-Atlantic and the Arctic. At the four continental slope sites in the Arabian Sea, average phospholipid concentrations ranged from 9 to 53 nmol/cm**3 with the maximum values at stations A (2314 m) and D (3142 m) close to the Omani coast. Records of particulate organic carbon flux to the deep sea are available for four of the investigated locations, allowing a test of the hypothesis that the standing stock of benthic microorganisms in the deep sea is controlled by substrate availability, i.e. particle sedimentation. Total microbial biomass in the surface sediments of the Arabian Sea was positively correlated with sedimentation rates, consistent with previous studies of other oceans. The use of the measurement of phospholipid concentrations as a proxy for input of particulate organic matter is discussed.

Description: In order to investigate the diversity of diet composition in macrobenthic peracarid crustaceans from the Antarctic shelf and deep sea, the fatty acid (FA) composition of different species belonging to the orders Isopoda, Amphipoda, Cumacea and Tanaidacea was analysed. Multivariate analyses of the FA composition confirmed general differences between the orders, but also distinct differences within these orders. To gain information on the origin of the FAs found, the potential food sources sediment, POM and foraminiferans were included in the study. Most of the analysed amphipod species displayed high 18:1(n-9)-18:1(n-7) ratios, widely used as an indicator for a carnivorous component in the diet. Cumaceans were characterised by increased phytoplankton FA markers such as 20:5(n-3) (up to 29% of total FAs), suggesting a diet based on phytodetritus. High values of the FA 20:4(n-6) were found in some munnopsid isopods (up to 21% of total FAs) and some tanaidacean species (up to 19% of total FAs). 20:4(n-6) also occurred in high proportions in some foraminiferan samples (up to 21% of total fatty acids), but not in sediment and POM, possibly indicating the ingestion of foraminiferans by some peracarid crustaceans.

Description: In the Arabian Sea, productivity in the surface waters and particle flux to the deep sea are controlled by monsoonal winds. The flux maxima during the South-West (June-September) and the North-East Monsoon (December-March) are some of the highest particle fluxes recorded with deep-sea sediment traps in the open ocean. Benthic microbial biomass and activities in surface sediments were measured for the first time in March 1995 subsequent to the NE-monsoon and in October 1995 subsequent to the SW-monsoon. These measurements were repeated in April/May 1997 and February/March 1998, at a total of six stations from 1920 to 4420 m water depth. This paper presents a summary on the regional and temporal variability of microbial biomass, production, enzyme activity, degradation of 14C-labeled Synechococcus material as well as sulfate reduction in the northern, western, eastern, central and southern Arabian deep sea. We found a substantial regional variation in microbial biomass and activity, with highest values in the western Arabian Sea (station WAST), decreasing approximately threefold to the south (station SAST). Benthic microbial biomass and activity during the NE-monsoon was as high or higher than subsequent to the SW-monsoon, indicating a very rapid turnover of POC in the surface sediments. This variation in the biomass and activity of the microbial assemblages in the Arabian deep sea can largely be explained by the regional and temporal variation in POC flux. Compared to other abyssal regions, the substantially higher benthic microbial biomasses and activities in the Arabian Sea reflect the extremely high productivity of this tropical basin.

Description: The gut contents and fatty acid composition of 49 fish belonging to five Antarctic demersal families (Nototheniidae, Macrouridae, Channichtyidae, Bathydraconidae and Artedidraconidae) sampled at two stations at the Southern Ocean shelf and deep sea (600 and 2150 m) were analysed in order to identify their main food resource by linking trophic biomarkers with the dietary items found in the fish guts. Main food items of most fish analysed were amphipod crustaceans (e.g. in 63% of Trematomus bernachii guts) and polychaetes (e.g. in 80% of Bathydraco sp. guts), but other food items including fish, other crustaceans and gastropods were also ingested. The most prominent fatty acids found were 20:5(n-3), 16:0, 22:6(n-3) and 18:1(n-9). The results of gut content and fatty acid analyses indicate that all fish except the Channichthyidae share similar food resources irrespective of their depth distribution, i.e. benthic amphipods and polychaetes. A difference of the dietary spectrum can be observed with ontogenetic phases rather than between species, as high values of typical calanoid copepod marker fatty acids as 22:1(n-11) indicate that younger (smaller) specimens include more zooplankton in their diet.

Description: The upper air soundings are normally performed once a day to measure vertical profiles of air pressure, temperature, relative humidity and the wind vector. Helium filled balloons (TOTEX 600 g, 800 g) were used to carry Vaisala RS92-SGPW radiosondes. Whenever possible, the launches were performed about 10 UTC. Condensed measurements (TEMP Format FM-35) were transferred without delay into the Global Telecommunication System GTS were they contribute for the world wide weather forecasts. The profile data were taken every 5-10 seconds which result in a vertical profile resolution of about 25-50 meter. The profiles start at the helideck 10 m above sea level and terminate at the burst level of the balloons, normally at heights between 25 and 37 km.

Description: In order to evaluate bioturbation in abyssal Arabian-Sea sediments of the Indus fan profiles of 210Pb (half-life: 22.3 yr) and 234Th (half-life: 24.1 d) were measured in cores collected during September and October 1995 and April 1997, respectively. The density and composition of epibenthic megafauna and lebensspuren were determined in vertical seafloor photographs during April 1997. Mean eddy-diffusive mixing coefficients according to the distribution of excess 210Pb ( 210Pb-DB) were 0.072±0.028, 0.068±0.055, 0.373±0.119, 0.037±0.009 and 0.079±0.119 cm**2 yr**-1 in the northern, western, central, eastern and southern abyssal Arabian sea, respectively. Mean eddy-diffusive mixing coefficients according to the distribution of excess 234Th (234Th-DB) were 0.53, 1.64 and 0.47 cm**2 yr**-1 in the northern, western and central abyssal Arabian Sea, respectively. Mobile epibenthic megafauna at the western, northern, central and southern study sites were dominated by ophiuroids, holothurians, ophiuroids and natant decapods (the respective densities were 100, 82, 29 and 6 individuals 1000 m**-2). The northern study site was characterized by a high abundance of spoke traces and fecal casts. The central site showed spoke traces and many tracks. The southern site displayed the highest abundance of spoke traces, whereas at the western site hardly any lebensspuren were observed. There is evidence for at least two functional endmember communities in the Arabian Sea. In the northwestern Arabian Sea (WAST) vertical particle displacement seems to be dominated by macrofauna and primarily eddy-diffusive. In the southern Arabian Sea (SAST) non-local and 'incidental' mixing due to spoke-trace producers might become more important and superimpose reduced eddy-diffusive mixing. With respect to biological data CAST is an intermediate location. Given the biological data, average 210Pb-DB is higher and decimeter-scale variability of 210Pb-DB smaller at CAST than expected. These findings indicate that in a mixture of both endmember communities the organisms may interact in way that increases values of biodiffusivity, as reflected by 210Pb-DB, and reduces decimeter-scale 210Pb-DB heterogeneity in comparison to the simple sum of the isolated effects of the endmembers. For time scales 〈100 years there was no evidence for a relationship between food supply (POC flux) and bioturbation intensity, as reflected by 210Pb-DB and 234Th-DB. Bioturbation intensity should be controlled primarily by the composition of the benthic fauna, its specific adaptation to the environmental setting, and the abundance of each species of the benthic community. Food supply can have only an indirect influence on bioturbation intensity. In certain parts of the ocean the a priori overall positive relationship between POC flux and biodiffusivity might include restricted intervals displaying no or even negative relations.

Description: A high-resolution diatom census coupled with other proxy data from Laurentian Fan (LF) provides a detailed description of the last deglaciation, bringing new insight to that period by revealing directly the timing of sea-ice formation and melting. Cold events Heinrich Event 1 (H1) and the Younger Dryas (YD) were multiphase events. H1 (~16.8-15.7 cal kyr BP) was defined by a two-pulse release of icebergs promoting sea-ice formation. Melting of sea-ice after H1 corresponds to a cold and fresh anomaly that may have kept the Bølling colder than the Allerød. At ~13.6 cal kyr BP, a cooling trend culminated with sea-ice formation, marking the YD onset (~12.8 cal kyr BP). The decrease in sea-ice (~12.2 cal kyr BP) led to a YD second phase characterized by very cold winters. However, the contribution of warm water diatoms tends to increase at the same time and the YD gradual end (~11.6 cal kyr BP) contrasts with its abrupt end in Greenland ice cores. The YD cannot be regarded as an event triggered by a fresh water input through the Laurentian Channel since only one weak brief input nearly 1000 yrs after its onset is recorded. Very cold and cool conditions without ice mark the following Preboreal. A northward heat flux between 10.8 and 10.2 cal kyr BP was interrupted by the increased influence of coastal waters likely fed by inland melting. There was no further development of sea-ice or ice-drift then.

Description: The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), an activity of the international marine carbon research community, provides access to synthesis and gridded fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) products for the surface oceans. Version 2 of SOCAT is an update of the previous release (version 1) with more data (increased from 6.3 million to 10.1 million surface water fCO2 values) and extended data coverage (from 1968-2007 to 1968-2011). The quality control criteria, while identical in both versions, have been applied more strictly in version 2 than in version 1. The SOCAT website (http://www.socat.info/) has links to quality control comments, metadata, individual data set files, and synthesis and gridded data products. Interactive online tools allow visitors to explore the richness of the data. Applications of SOCAT include process studies, quantification of the ocean carbon sink and its spatial, seasonal, year-to-year and longerterm variation, as well as initialisation or validation of ocean carbon models and coupled climate-carbon models.

Description: To better understand Holocene vegetation and hydrological changes in South Africa, we analyzed pollen and microcharcoal records of two marine sites GeoB8331 and GeoB8323 from the Namaqualand mudbelt offshore the west coast of South Africa covering the last 9900 and 2200 years, respectively. Our data corroborate findings from literature that climate developments apparently contrast between the summer rainfall zone (SRZ) and winter rainfall zone (WRZ) over the last 9900 years, especially during the early and middle Holocene. During the early Holocene (9900-7800 cal.yr BP), a minimum of grass pollen suggests low summer rainfall in the SRZ, and the initial presence of Renosterveld vegetation indicates relatively wet conditions in the WRZ. Towards the middle Holocene (7800-2400 cal. yr BP), a rather moist savanna/grassland rich in grasses suggests higher summer rainfall in the SRZ resulting from increased austral summer insolation and a decline of fynbos vegetation accompanied by an increasing Succulent Karoo vegetation in the WRZ possibly suggests a southward shift of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies. During the last 2200 years, a trend towards higher aridity was observed for the SRZ, while the climate in the WRZ remained relatively stable. The Little Ice Age (ca. 700-200 cal. yr BP) was rather cool in both rainfall zones and drier in the SRZ while wetter in the WRZ.

Description: During the RV Polarstern ANT XXIV-2 cruise to the Southern Ocean and the Weddell Sea in 2007/2008, sediment samples were taken during and after a phytoplankton bloom at 52°S 0°E. The station, located at 2960 m water depth, was sampled for the first time at the beginning of December 2007 and revisited at the end of January 2008. Fresh phytodetritus originating from the phytoplankton bloom first observed in the water column had reached the sea floor by the time of the second visit. Absolute abundances of bacteria and most major meiofauna taxa did not change between the two sampling dates. In the copepods, the second most abundant meiofauna taxon after the nematodes, the enhanced input of organic material did not lead to an observable increase of reproductive effort. However, significantly higher relative abundances of meiofauna could be observed at the sediment surface after the remains of the phytoplankton bloom reached the sea floor. Vertical shifts in meiofauna distribution between December and January may be related to changing pore-water oxygen concentration, total sediment fatty acid content, and pigment profiles measured during our study. Higher oxygen consumption after the phytoplankton bloom may have resulted from an enhanced respiratory activity of the living benthic component, as neither meiofauna nor bacteria reacted with an increase in individual numbers to the food input from the water column. Based on our results, we infer that low temperatures and ecological strategies are the underlying factors for the delayed response of benthic deep-sea copepods, in terms of egg and larval production, to the modified environmental situation.

Description: The unprecedented rate of CO2 increase in our atmosphere and subsequent ocean acidification (OA) threatens coastal ecosystems. To forecast the functioning of coastal seagrass ecosystems in acidified oceans, more knowledge on the long-term adaptive capacities of seagrass species and their epibionts is needed. Therefore we studied morphological characteristics of Posidonia oceanica and the structure of its epibiont communities at a Mediterranean volcanic CO2 vent off Panarea Island (Italy) and performed a laboratory experiment to test the effect of OA on P. oceanica photosynthesis and its potential buffering capacity. At the study site east of Basiluzzo Islet, venting of CO2 gas was controlled by tides, resulting in an average pH difference of 0.1 between the vent and reference site. P. oceanica shoot and leaf density was unaffected by these levels of OA, although shorter leaves at the vent site suggest increased susceptibility to erosion, potentially by herbivores. The community of sessile epibionts differed in composition and was characterized by a higher species richness at the vent site, though net epiphytic calcium carbonate concentration was similar. These findings suggest a higher ecosystem complexity at the vent site, which may have facilitated the higher diversity of copepods in the otherwise unaffected motile epibiont community. In the laboratory experiment, P. oceanica photosynthesis increased with decreasing pHT (7.6, 6.6, 5.5), which induced an elevated pH at the leaf surfaces of up to 0.5 units compared to the ambient seawater pHT of 6.6. This suggests a temporary pH buffering in the diffusive boundary layer of leaves, which could be favorable for epibiont organisms. The results of this multispecies study contribute to understanding community-level responses and underlying processes in long-term acidified conditions. Increased replication and monitoring of physico-chemical parameters on an annual scale are, however, recommended to assure that the biological responses observed during a short period reflect long-term dynamics of these parameters.

Description: In the course of the ANDEEP-SYSTCO project, during the ANT XXIV-2 expedition in austral summer 2007/2008, the diversity and composition of the Polychaeta of the Antarctic deep-sea and adjacent South Atlantic basins were analyzed. A total of 847 individuals of 31 families were found belonging to 86 different species. Calculation of diversity (Shannon-Wiener Index, Pielou's Evenness) and the general species composition of Polychaeta showed patterns typical for the deep sea, with high species richness and low abundances. Lowest diversity was found in the Agulhas Basin in over 4000 m water depth. Lowest Evenness was found on top of Maud Rise where one-third of all Polychaeta belonged to one species. Cluster analyses resulted in higher affinities of Maud Rise to the Agulhas Basin than to the Antarctic continental slope. Explanations are sought in similarities of environmental factors (e.g., sediment, food input).

Description: The German-Russian project CARBOPERM – Carbon in Permafrost, origin, quality, quantity, and degradation and microbial turnover - is devoted to studying soil organic matter history, degradation and turnover in coastal lowlands of Northern Siberia. The multidisciplinary project combines research from various German and Russian institutions and runs from 2013 to 2016. The project aims assessing the recent and the ancient trace gas budget over tundra soils in northern Siberia. Studied field sites are placed in the permafrost of the Lena Delta and on Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky, the southernmost island of the New Siberian Archipelago in the eastern Laptev Sea. Field campaigns to Bol'shoy Lyakhovsky in 2014 (chapter 2) were motivated by research on palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate reconstruction, sediment dating, near surface geophysics and microbiological research. In particular the field campaigns focussed on: - coring Quaternary strata with a ages back to ~200.000 years ago as found along the southern coast; they allow tracing microbial communities and organic tracers (i.e. lipids and biomarkers, sedimentary DNA) in the deposits across two climatic cycles (chapter 3), - instrumenting a borehole with a thermistor chain for measuring permafrost temperatures (chapter 3), - sampling Quaternary strata for dating permafrost formation periods based on the optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) technique (chapter 4), - sampling soil and geologic formations for carbon content in order to highlight potential release of CO2 and methane based on incubation experiments (chapter 5), - profiling near surface permafrost using ground-penetrating radar and geoelectrics for defining the spatial depositional context, where the cores are located (chapters 6 + 7).

Description: Variations in the sediment input to the Namaqualand mudbelt during the Holocene are assessed using an integrative terrestrial to marine, source to sink approach. Geochemical and Sr and Nd isotopic signatures are used to distinguish fluvial sediment source areas. Relative to the sediments of the Olifants River, craton outcrops in the northern Orange River catchment have a more radiogenic Sr and a more unradiogenic Nd isotopic signature. Furthermore, upper Orange River sediments are rich in heavier elements such as Ti and Fe derived from the chemical weathering of Drakensberg flood basalt. Suspension load signatures change along the Orange River's westward transit as northern catchments contribute physical weathering products from the Fish and Molopo River catchment area. Marine cores offshore of the Olifants (GeoB8323-2) and Orange (GeoB8331-4) River mouths show pulses of increased contribution of Olifants River and upper Orange River input, respectively. These pulses coincide with intervals of increased terrestrial organic matter flux and increased paleo-production at the respective core sites. We attribute this to an increase in fluvial activity and vegetation cover in the adjacent catchments during more humid climate conditions. The contrast in the timing of these wet phases in the catchment areas reflects the bipolar behavior of the South African summer and winter rainfall zones. While rainfall in the Orange River catchment is related to southward shifts in the ICTZ, rainfall in the Olifants catchment is linked to northward shifts in Southern Hemisphere Westerly storm tracks. The later may also have increased southern Benguela upwelling in the past by reducing the shedding of Agulhas eddies into the Atlantic. The high-resolution records of latitudinal shifts in these atmospheric circulation systems correspond to late Holocene centennial-millennial scale climate variability evident in Antarctic ice core records. The mudbelt cores indicate that phases of high summer rainfall zone and low winter rainfall zone humidity (at ca. 2.8 and 1 ka BP) may be synchronous with Antarctic warming events. On the other hand, dry conditions in the summer rainfall zone along with wet conditions in the winter rainfall zone (at ca 3.3, 2 and 0.5 ka BP) may be associated with Antarctic cooling events.

Description: High-resolution multi-proxy records from two lakes on the southern Tibetan Plateau, Nam Co and Tangra Yumco, are used to infer long-term variations in the Asian monsoon system. We examine the moisture evolution during the Late Glacial Maximum and Holocene using the trace element and stable isotope composition of ostracod shells. The sediment records covering the past 24 cal. ka BP and 18 cal. ka BP, respectively, demonstrate the suitability of ostracod shell chemistry as paleoenvironmental proxy. We analysed (i) Mg/Ca, Ba/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios as salinity proxies, (ii) Fe/Ca, Mn/Ca and U/Ca ratios representing redox conditions and microbial activity, and (iii) rare earth elements (REEs) reflecting weathering and changes in provenance.

Description: Scanning Doppler wind lidar scans and atmospheric measurements at the offshore wind farm "Global Tech I" in the German North Sea. Wakes of neighbouring wind farm clusters are present in the data.

Description: A total of four moorings ("1893", "Taymyr", "Kotelny", "Vilkitsky") was deployed in September 2013 during the Transdrift XXI - expedition and recovered in September 2014 during Transdrift XXII aboard the Viktor Buinitsky. The expeditions were carried out in the framework of the German-Russian "Laptev Sea Systems" partnership, and within the BMBF-funded "Transdrift"-project. The moorings were designed to collect information on the general shelf circulation, to study ice-ocean-atmosphere processes, and to understand the role of the Lena River on the oceanography of the Laptev Sea.

Description: This dataset comprises the Chatvd19 age model and the microfacies analysis results of the Chatyr Kol Lake sedimentary composite profile. The composite profile relies on parallel piston cores, which were retrieved in 2012 with an UWITEC piston corer from the deepest part of the lake (~20m) (Kalanke et al., 2019). Analysis have been performed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany. The dataset "Age model and replicate varve counts of composite profile CHAT12 from Chatyr Kol Lake, Kyrgyzstan" contains the Age model with the composite depth, interpolated based varve thicknesses (column B), the age model and varve counting uncertainty estimates. The age model is based on the results of replicate varve counts, which were performed on overlapping large-scale petrographic thin sections along the whole composite profile from 63.0 to 623.5 cm depth. Thin section preparation followed the method described by Brauer and Casanova (2001) and included freeze-drying and vacuum impregnation of the sediment slabs with Araldite epoxy resin. Microfacies analysis was carried out on a Zeiss Axioplan microscope using different magnifications (25-400 x). The dataset "Microfacies analysis of thin sections including distribution of microfacies (varve) types and thicknesses, varve characteristics and semi-quantitative species abundances of composite profile CHAT12 from Chatyr Kol Lake, Kyrgyzstan" displays the results of the microfacies analysis, including the varve thicknesses, the distribution of observed microfacies (varve) types and thicknesses, the varve quality index and its distribution and the semi-quantitative analysis of species abundances. Species abundances were classified according to their low (=1), middle (=2) and high (=3) abundances. The dataset "Varve thickness measurements of discontinuous varves between 63.0 and 41.9 cm composite depth of composite profile CHAT12 from Chatyr Kol Lake, Kyrgyzstan" displays varve thickness measurements of discontinuous varves between 63.0 and 41.0 cm composite depth, which were i.a. used for interpolation of the upper homogenous sediments (0-63.0 cm depth).

Description: iButton (24) loggers measuring soil temperature were deployed in the Kaldoaivi Wilderness Area in August/September 2016 and retrieved in August 2018. They were installed in a very shallow depth in different locations, covering a wide range of landscape types, exposure and suspected snow conditions. Sensors were deployed approximately 3-5cm below the surface to avoid direct influence by the sun. Near surface soil moisture measurements were taken during late August/early September of 2016, 2017 and 2019 at the locations of the deployed iButtons. Snow depth and snow water equivalent measurements were taken during March 2018 at or near most measurement points. The field work and research was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, FWF) through the Doctoral College GIScience (DK W1237-N23).

Description: Previous studies suggest that, during the late Pleistocene ice ages, surface-deep exchange was somehow weakened in the Southern Ocean's Antarctic Zone (AZ), reducing the leakage of deeply sequestered CO2 and thus contributing to the lower atmospheric CO2 levels of the ice ages. To better understand the surface nutrient consumption in the Antarctic ocean during glacial intervals and its implication on atmospheric CO2 changes, we measured diatom-bound nitrogen isotopes (d15N_db) extending back to 150 thousand years ago (150ka) in two sediment cores in the Indian sector of the AZ. The data series include d15N_db, TEX86L-based SST, d18O of planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.), sediment Ba/Fe and the age model of MD12-3394 (48°23' S, 64°35' E, 2320m water depth), d15N_db and updated age model of MD11-3353 (50°34' S, 68°23' E, 1568m water depth), as well as the mean d15N_db of the two sediment cores, and the d15N_db offset calculated using the mean d15N_db and MD12-3394 d15N_db alone. The age model for MD12-3394 was based on 7 Holocene radiocarbon dates measured with planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.) and Globigerina bulloides hand-picked from the 〉 63µm fraction, and correlation of reconstructed SST by TEX86L to the Antarctic temperature stack (ATS) (adjusted to AICC2012 age scale) compiled from ice core data. Ages were linearly interpolated between the stratigraphic tie points. The age model of MD11-3353 is based on the age model published in Thöle et al. (2019), with modifications of the youngest age tie point and the tie point at Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5-6 transition, and two additional tie points during MIS 3 based on correlation of d15N_db to MD12-3394 d15N_db. Monte Carlo simulation and Kalman filter were combined to generate a mean d15N_db time series for the two sediment cores on a 500-year time grid, following the method in Wang et al. (2017). For the d15N_db offset, a linear fit was first applied to glacial (20-27 ka,140-155 ka) and interglacial (0-10 ka, 115-126 ka) extreme values of d15N_db (or calculated mean d15N_db) and ATS. Using this linear regression, we calculated the ATS-predicted d15N_db. The d15N_db offset was obtained by subtracting the ATS-predicted d15N_db from measured d15N_db (or calculated mean d15N_db).

Description: By means of a multiproxy data set combining biomarker (alkenones, n-alkanes), microfossil (diatoms) and sedimentological (ice rafted debris, XRF) data obtained from sediments from IODP Site U1417 in the Gulf of Alaska, we elucidate the paleoenvironmental setting in this area during the Mid Pleistocene Transition. The data point to a stimulation of the marine primary productivity through the input of nutrients (e.g. iron) via aeolian dust and icebergs. These fertilization pulses were likely triggered by the dynamic behaviour of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the Pleistocene.

Description: Dataset 1 shows the dissolved iron (dFe) values of an iron release experiment performed in the Southern Ocean at the tip of the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Krill and salp fecal pellets (FP) were incubated in filtered seawater (FSW) and seawater with phytoplankton (SWP). After 48 hours of incubation the dFe concentrations were measured. Numbers marked in red have been recognized as outliers (due to contamination or analytic error) and have been excluded from statistical analysis. Dataset 2 shows the uptake of iron into Southern Ocean phytoplankton cells from the pre-incubated water. The uptake was measured using the radiotracer 55Fe into two size classes of plankton (0.2-2µm and 〉2µm). Total dFe uptake is the sum of the two size classes. Lines marked in orange have been excluded from statistical analysis because respective dissolved iron concentrations were not reliable. The data for both datasets was collected between 04/11/2018 and 04/14/2018 (campaign PS112) at the Western Antarctic Peninsula (60° 44.455 S 54° 30.477 W) from a depth of 25 m. The data was collected in order to compare the bioavailability of iron from salp and krill FP to a Southern Ocean plankton community. All sampling steps were performed in trace metal clean ways.

Description: During expedition SCAN 2013, two gravity cores were collected in the Ona High slope, central Ona Basin, NE prolongation of the Antarctic Peninsula. Core TG-01 is 400 cm long and was collected from 2160 m water depth at 60º22'23.9314''S, 53º02'15.2501''W; core TG-03 is 295 cm long and was obtained from 2789 m water depth at 60º11'23.4003''S, 53º10'49.0810''W. Non-destructive analyses (i.e., physical properties measurements and X-ray fluorescence scanning) were performed on the archive halves. Both, physical properties (magnetic susceptibility, gamma-ray density, electrical resistivity and P-wave velocity) and major element compositions were determined at 1-cm resolution on split core surfaces of the archive halves using a GEOTEK Multi-Sensor Core Logger (MSCL) 81 at the Spanish Geological Survey (IGME, Spain).

Description: In laboratory culture experiments, calcified and decalcified coccolithophore cells were offered as prey to a phagotrophic predator, both in separate pure cultures with calcified or decalcified cells only, and in mixed cultures that contained both cell types. Overall, three experiments were conducted, each with a different coccolithophore species. The prey and predator concentrations were monitored over the course of each experiment by flow cytometry and microscopic counting.

Description: Carbon and hydrogen isotope values with molecular distributions of normal-alkanes (n-alkanes), carbon and nitrogen isotope values of bulk leaf material, as well as xylem water hydrogen and oxygen isotope values are presented from five co-occurring tree species. Species were collected during the 2006-growing season from a climate transect along the East Coast of the United States where high-resolution temperature, precipitation, and humidity data were available. Efforts focused on Acer rubrum, Platanus occidentalis, Juniperus virginiana, Pinus taeda, and Pinus strobus. In addition, meteoric water samples were collected from rivers, streams, and other bodies of water along the transect. Leaf wax n-alkanes were extracted, isolated, identified, and quantified following Tipple and Pagani, 2013 (Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 111, 64-77). The average chain length of n-alkanes, carbon preference index, among other indices were calculated. The carbon and hydrogen isotope values of leaf wax n-alkanes were conducted following Tipple et al., 2018 (Oecologia, 187, 1053-1075) and Tipple and Pagani, 2013, respectively. The carbon and nitrogen isotope values of bulk leaf materials were measured according to Tipple et al., 2018. Xylem waters were extracted from woody stems and both the hydrogen and oxygen isotope values of xylem and meteoric waters were measured following Tipple and Pagani, 2013. The purpose of this study was to compare leaf wax distributions and isotope values along a climate transect to better understand the environmental factors and species' effects responsible for the carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of terrestrial plant materials, as well as the factors that influence n-alkane chain length. This study focused on species that inhabit the same environments and co-occur along a climate transect. This design allowed for interspecies and intraspecies variation to be explored. Site selections for this study allowed for an assessment of the importance of precipitation and temperature, while limiting the effects of humidity and elevation.

Description: Aircraft measurements of profiles in the katabatic wind during the experiment KABEG (Katabatic wind and boundary-layer front experiment around Greenland) in April and May 1997. The aircraft used was the research aircraft POLAR2 (Dornier 228) owned by the Alfred Wegener Institute (Bremerhaven, Germany). The vertical profiles were flown as slantwise aircraft profiles (ascents or descents). The data represent averages of consecutive vertical profiles representing a horizontal scale of about 15km for three locations in relatively homogeneous terrain in west and southeast Greenland. The vertical resolution is 10 m for the lowest 200m and 20m between 200 and 340m. A total of 14 profiles of potential temperature, specific humidity, wind speed and direction are included in the data set.

Description: The year 2020 marks the 200th anniversary of European settlers first encountering the 'noble expanse of water' of Lake George in New South Wales. Since 1820, unofficial observations and official measurements of the lake's water level have been recorded almost continuously by various individuals, research teams, government departments and private companies. The lake's recent hydrographic history has been characterised by periods of flood and drought, which correspond with the prevailing rainfall conditions of SE Australia. This is the longest water level record of its sort in the Southern Hemisphere and hence of great scientific and historic value. Here, we have compiled all available historic water level data for Lake George, referenced them to common datums and presented a methodology for continuing the record using satellite imagery in lieu of on-site measurements.

Description: Strontium, neodymium and lead isotopic signatures were measured on the carbonate-free lithogenic fraction of a suite of terrestrial and marine sediments from the North American Southwest. We present radiogenic isotope data from 1) surface sediments from nine different playa lakes in the Mojave Desert, 2) Late Quaternary silt mantles which drape the bedrock of Anacapa and San Clemente Islands offshore California and 3) fluvially-derived and hemipelagic sedimentary horizons in Late Quaternary age marine sediments from Ocean Drilling Project sites 893 and 1015 in the California Borderland Basins. We also present a compilation of measurements of bedrock Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic composition across the North American Southwest from the published literature. These datasets allow us to identify the isotopic signature of aeolian material exported from the North American Southwest and explore the contribution of dust to the California Borderland Basins.

Description: Tap waters were collected from major metropolitan areas of the western United States. Tap waters were sampled between 2012-2015 from seven metropolitan areas: Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana (CA), Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale (AZ), Salt Lake City (UT), San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos (CA), San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont (CA), San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara (CA), and Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario (CA). These areas represent some of the most populous in the US and employ a diversity of water management practices. Here hydrogen (d2H) and oxygen (d18O) isotope values along with strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) and element abundances were measured. d2H and d18O of 2039 tap waters were measured following Tipple et al., 2017 (Water Research, 119, 212-224). 87Sr/86Sr and elemental compositions of 820 and 806 waters were analyzed following Tipple et al., 2018 (Scientific Reports, 8, 2224), respectively. The purpose of these data was to assess spatial, temporal, and climatic dynamics in isotope and elemental geochemistry of tap waters. We found that the isotope and elemental geochemistry of tap waters corresponded to the water sources (e.g., transported water, local surface water, groundwater, etc.) and management practices (e.g., storage in open reservoirs, mixing, etc.) for discrete areas within the larger metropolitan areas.

Description: This study is devoted to microevolutionary processes in populations of marine snails of subgenus Neritrema (Gastropoda, Littorinidae). We analyzed the microhabitat distribution of 5 cryptic species of molluscs (Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792); Littorina arcana Hannaford Ellis, 1978; Littorina compressa Jeffreys, 1865; Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758); Littorina fabalis (Turton, 1825)) within the intertidal zone and potentially related morphological and physiological characteristics. The data was collected at two geographic locations (Saltstraumen, Norwegian Sea, 66°58'10.2"N 13°58'26.5"E, collection dates 29.06-5.07.2019; Varangerfjord, Barents Sea, 70°04'03.9"N 29°58'40.1"E, collection dates 09.07-12.07.2019). Additional information may be found in the mentioned paper.

Description: This data set contains the benthic foraminifera d18O and sediment elemental compositions of core MD10-3340 (00°30.98'S, 128°43.47'E, water depth 1094 m) with a total core length of 34.10 m and covering the last 235,000 years, retrieved from the Halmahera Sea, eastern Indonesia. The elemental compositions were measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core-scanning and analyses of XRF and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) on discrete samples. The original XRF core-scanned results of calcium and titanium are corrected for water content (indicated by the scanning intensity of chlorine) following the method described in the original publication.

Description: During the Meteor cruise M140 held in Summer 2017, we collected plankton net samples from the surface ocean to 700 m depth along 9 stations in the subtropical eastern north Atlantic Ocean. Planktonic foraminifera were picked out of these samples, identified taxonomically, counted (separating cytoplasm bearing and empty shells) and imaged by a Keyence microscope to obtain individual shell size parameters. Here we provide results (raw counts, concentrations in ind/m3, size parameters such as minor and major axis in µm) for the species Globigerinita glutinata, Globigerinoides ruber ruber, Globorotalia menardii, Orbulina universa and Globigerinella siphonifera (size parameters only) at each station and for each depth. This material was used in the Biogeosciences publication of Meilland et al., 2021, entitled Population dynamics and reproduction strategies of planktonic foraminifera to investigate potential ontogenic vertical migration of planktonic foraminifera in the open Ocean.

Description: Atmospheric transport and deposition of aerosols is an important delivery mechanism of natural and contaminant trace elements (TEs) to the Arctic, but direct measurements of TE fluxes are difficult and unreliable. The naturally occurring isotope Beryllium-7 (Be-7) can be used as a tracer of aerosol deposition and to provide reliable seasonal TE flux estimates. Be-7 is a cosmic ray produced isotope (half life 53.3 days) that is deposited upon the ocean surface primarily by precipitation. The standing crop (inventory) of Be-7 in the surface ocean (including snow and ice) affords a way to determine the deposition flux of this isotope. At steady state, the input flux of Be-7 is balanced by the decay rate of the Be-7 inventory integrated over the water column, sea ice and snow. The ability to readily derive Be-7 fluxes from ocean/ice/snow inventories provides a means to link the chemical concentrations of trace elements in aerosols to their respective atmospheric deposition fluxes through the following relationship: Flux(TEs) = Flux(Be-7) * [TEs] / [Be-7]. where [TEs] and [Be-7] are the aerosol concentrations of trace elements and Be-7, respectively. In these datasets, we present concentrations of Be-7 in surface ocean water, ice cores, snow, frost flower, and aerosol samples collected during the MOSAiC expedition in the Central Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to May 2020.

Description: A remotely operated vehicle mounted (ROV) vibrocorer rig acquired the two cores from the Porcupine Bank Canyon (NE Atlantic) and western Porcupine Bank (NE Atlantic) during the RH17002 and CE18011 research cruises. RH17002_VC7 is a 0.81 m ROV-vibrocore and was acquired from a cold-water coral mound summit on lip of the Porcupine Bank Canyon. CE18011_VC1 is a 1.30 m ROV-vibrocore and was acquired from cold-water coral mound summit on the western Porcupine Bank. Coral content and coral clast size were determined using three-dimensional computed tomography. To construct a geochronological framework, mixed benthic foraminifera (Cibicides lobatulus, Cibicides refulgens and Discanomalina coronata), monospecific planktic foraminifera (Globigerina bulloides) and cold-water coral pieces (Madrepora oculata) were subjected to radiometric analysis. Results were standardized using PaleoDataView (Langner and Mulitza, 2019) to allow applicability and consistency across synthesis. Benthic foraminifera assemblages were analysed from both cores. Their abundances were used to infer paleoenvironmental signals between 9.1 to 5.6 ka BP, and used concurrently with coral content percentages derived from computer tomography. The data was collected by identifying and counting benthic foraminifera from the 〉125 µm fraction of sediment from the cores. Grain size analysis of the siliclastic fraction of the sediment were used to infer changes in hydrodynamic regime (i.e. mean grain size and mean sortable silt size). δ13C and δ18O were determined from planktic foraminifera (Globigerina bulloides) and benthic foraminifera (Cibicidoides pachyderma) to infer watermass variation.

Description: Splice composition of the Leg 154 Site 927, adjusted for this study from Wilkens et al. (2017, DOI: 10.5194/cp-13-779-2017). The previously published splice composition: spliced MS: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.871011 and splice composition: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.871006) for the MIS KM5 (110.43 mcd to 119.79 mcd, 3095 to 3307 ka) have been modified to make the individual cores magnetic susceptibility records continuous and fit along the composite core. The dataset contains the samples labels, depth mbsf of these samples and corresponding depth in the composite core (mcd) for all the tops and bottoms of the sections composing the splice for the interval from 110.43 mcd to 119.79 mcd.

Description: To extend information about dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts) and planktonic foraminifera production, succession, excystment and transport in the upper water column, we investigated their fluxes during a 7-day survey in the active upwelling off Cape Blanc (NW Africa) in November 2018 with drifting traps at 100 m, 200 m, and 400 m water depth. The 7-day survey covered a successive change from active upwelling toward stratified conditions. Highest production of organic dinocysts and planktonic foraminifera were observed under active upwelling conditions and decreased drastically towards the end of the survey. Calcareous dinocysts appeared later during upwelling relaxation. Collected cytoplasm bearing (full) dinocysts and foraminifera were produced in the water column above the traps (〈100 m depth). Part of the organic-walled empty dinocysts were resuspended implying that sediments below the survey site are likely to contain both local and allochthonous cyst assemblages. We are the first to show that excystment in the upper water column is species-specific. Brigantedinium excysted in the upper water column before reaching deeper depths whereas no upper water column excystment was observed for the other dinoflagellate species. Dinoflagellate and planktonic foraminifera associations showed a clear succession. Echinidinium zonneveldiae, Brigantedinium spp., other peridinioids, Echinidinium spp., cysts of Pentapharsodinium dalei and other photosynthetic organic-walled dinocysts” as well as Neogloboquadrina incompta and Globigerinella calida were collected during active upwelling. Lingulodinium machaerophorum was produced during upwelling relaxation and Gymnodiniaceae cysts (G. microreticulatum, G. catenatum) as well as the foraminifera Globigerina bulloides and Orbulina universa were collected during stratified conditions. Apart from enhancing the biological knowledge of these species, our observations will allow more detailed reconstructions of upwelling history in the Cape Blanc region based on sedimentary archives using fossilised dinoflagellate and planktonic foraminifera assemblages.

Description: The data set contains concentration data of the source-specific low-temperature biomass burning tracer levoglucosan from riverbed and suspended sediments from the Amazon River System and marine surface sediments from the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Both riverine and marine sample material consists of modern sediments. The data was measured in 2017 at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) using an Agilent 1290 Infinity Ultra-high performance liquid chromatographer (UHPLC) coupled to an Agilent 6230 Time-Of-Flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. The purpose of the measurements was to assess the transport and deposition of low-temperature pyrogenic carbon in the Amazon River System and adjacent marine deposition areas.

Description: Diatom abundance and assemblage data are presented for JPC43 - a ~12 m marine sediment core recovered from 576 m water depth in Neny Fjord, Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula (68.2571°S, 66.9617°W). The core was collected aboard the RVIB Nathanial B Palmer in 2002 during the NBP0201 scientific cruise (PI: Prof J B Anderson) to determine the timing of deglaciation in the fjords of the Antarctic Peninsula. The core record spans the Holocene with samples dated using an age model based on 5 reliable radiocarbon dates. Diatom concentrations and the contribution of Chaetoceros resting spores (CRS %) are calculated from counts (mean=474.4 valves) of the whole diatom assemblage - 'total counts' (n=81); relative abundance of all other diatom taxa are based on counts (mean=363.1 valves) excluding CRS - 'CRS-free counts' (n=66). The relevant methods are described and referenced in the associated publication (Allen et al. 2010).

Description: Total (snow+ice) thickness measurements obtained during the international Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) campaign using the helicopters on board the research vessels Polarstern and Akademik Fedorov. The data was gathered during 14 flights between October 2019 and July 2020 in the Transpolar Drift on spatial scales up to 80 km distance from the position of the ships. Version 1.0. For details for the processing, please see Henricks & Rohde (2020), Haas et al. (2009) and von Albedyll et al. (2021).

Description: Amino acids were isolated from the muscle tissue of Potamocorbula amurensis, an invasive clam species, collected from two locations in the northern portion of the San Francisco Bay. Clam specimens were collected biannually in 1997, 2002, and from 2009-2017 at both locations. The carbon and nitrogen isotope values of individual amino acids were measured. Clam specimens were collected at USGS Sites 4.1 (Suisun Bay) and 8.1 (Carquinez Strait) in the San Francisco Bay and processed as described in Stewart et al. (2013; doi:10.3354/meps10503). Amino acids were hydrolyzed from P. amurensis, derivatized, and isolated following Vokhshoori et al. (2013; doi:10.3354/meps10746). Carbon and nitrogen isotope values of individual amino acids were measured following Vokhshoori et al., 2013 and Vokhshoori and McCarthy, 2013 (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098087), respectively. The purpose of this study was to assess long-term changes in the biogeochemistry of the San Francisco Bay estuary following the arrival of invasive P. amurensis. Sites were selected both due to species occurrence as well as significantly different salinity ranges. This design allowed for intraspecies and site-specific variations to be explored. Nitrogen isotopes of amino acids were used to isolate variations in nutrient baseline over the twenty-year period. Carbon isotopes of amino acid were utilized to understand long-term changes in dietary sources and/or changes in the baseline carbon isotope value of the estuary's food-web.

Description: Vertical profiles of water temperature, pressure and salinity were measured by the Drift Towing Ocean Profiler (DTOP) buoy 2019V5, a.k.a. 2019D, an autonomous platform, installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during MOSAiC (Leg 1) 2019/20. The resulting time series describes the vertical profile of the ocean below the sea ice as a function of place and time between 11 October 2019 and 25 October 2019 in sample intervals of 12 hours. In addition, the DTOP measured air temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure and GPS position at hourly intervals. This instrument was deployed as part of the projects National Key R&D Program of China and The Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology.

Description: The sedimentary C/N and δ13C in six Yangtze floodplain (China) lake sediment cores since 1800s CE. The sediment cores were dated using lead-210. C/N ratios and δ13C were analysed at the National Environmental Isotope Facility at the British Geological Survey, after preliminary treatment (HCl (5%) to remove calcites) in the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham, using Costech Elemental Analyser (EA) and on-line VG TripleTrap and Optima dual-inlet mass spectrometer. TOC and TN content were calibrated using the acetanilide standard. δ13C was calibrated to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) using laboratory standards which were calibrated against NBS-18, NBS-19 and NBS-22.

Description: Palaeo-environmental and -climatic data from core CEN-17.4 from the central Congo peatlands, Likouala Department (1°11'0.49"N, 17°38'23.7"E) and data from supporting cores. Bulk organic (TOC, TN, C/N) data and Rock Eval data to assess peat occurrence and degradation status for the central core CEN-17.4 and supporting cores. Radiocarbon dates on fine fractions for all cores. Plant-wax derived n-alkane stable carbon (δ^13^C) and stable hydrogen (δD) isotope data to assess vegetation changes and rainfall changes for the central core CEN-17.4. Selected pollen data for the central core CEN-17.4 to assess palaeo-ecological changes.

Description: Silicic volcanic rocks (primarily ignimbrite, tuff, and volcanic breccia) were collected in the Sana'a region, Yemen section of the Afro-Arabian large igneous province in 1999. Rock descriptions are available in Ukstins Peate et al. (2005; doi: 10.1007/s00445-005-0428-4). Zircon from four samples (three ignimbrites, one caldera collapse breccia) was separated and analyzed for trace element concentrations and uranium-lead isotope ratios at the Boise State University Isotope Geology Laboratory. Trace element concentrations and uranium-lead isotope ratios were obtained from laser ablation-inductively-coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) over three days in November 2019. Preliminary uranium-lead dates were calculated and are reported to two standard deviations. 32 zircon crystals were selected for chemical abrasion-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-TIMS) analysis. Dissolved zircons were spiked with ET535 mixed uranium-lead tracer solution prior to uranium and lead separation using hydrochloric acid-based anion-exchange chromatography. Uranium-lead isotope ratios and dates obtained from TIMS analysis are reported to two standard deviations.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature differences were measured along a chain of thermistors. SIMBA 2019T69 (a.k.a. FMI6-02) is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the 1st leg of MOSAiC in October 2019. The thermistor chain was 5 m long and included 241 sensors with a regular spacing of 2cm. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature and temperature differences after two heating cycles of 30 and 120 s as a function of place, depth and time between 11 October 2019 and 30 September 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours for temperature and 24 hours for temperature differences. In addition to temperature, geographic position, barometric pressure, air temperature measured 1m over the ice level, tilt and compass were measured.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature differences were measured along a chain of thermistors. SIMBA 2019T66 (a.k.a. PRIC_09_05) is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the 1st leg of MOSAiC in October 2019. The thermistor chain was 5 m long and included 241 sensors with a regular spacing of 2cm. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature and temperature differences after two heating cycles of 30 and 120 s as a function of place, depth and time between 29 October 2019 and 14 August 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours for temperature and 24 hours for temperature differences. In addition to temperature, geographic position, barometric pressure, air temperature measured 1m over the ice level, tilt and compass were measured.

Description: The history of the coastal environment in the northern part of northeastern Brazil and the role of sea-level and climate change as well as the human impact during the past has been still little know. In order to shed more light on coastal ecosystem dynamics and its influencing factors, a 300 cm long sediment core has been taken using a Russian corer from Lago Formoso (3°15'14S / 45°23'10W; elevation of 10 meters above sea-level) located around 150 km distance from the present-day coast in Maranhão State. The fieldwork has been carried out during the dry season, with the sampling on the 10th of December 2018. The lake has an area of approximately 500 ha and is inserted into the coastal plains of Maranhão. During the rainy season (in May is the maximum) the lake is seasonally inundated with the highest water stand of up to 8 m, while during the dry season the shallow lake has a 1.3 m water depth. The core has been radiocarbon dated and analyzed by pollen, spores, charcoal, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD), LOI, and sedimentary characteristics. The main aim of this work is to answer the specific research questions: 1) How were the dynamics of vegetation in the study area? 2) How sea-level and climate influenced the coastal environment since the mid-Holocene? 3) When occurred the Atlantic Ocean regression? 4) Since when and how strong did humans have influenced the environment in the region?

Description: Drifter position data from drifter deployments in July 2019 im the German Bight. The drifters were deployed from RV Alkor. The drifter position was send every 10 minutes via the Globalstar satellite transmission service. The drifters were 0.5 m in height with a subsurface drogue which is directly to the housing. The drag area ration of the deployed configuration is R=25.6.

Description: Aquatic and terrestrial plant materials were collected from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region. Carbon and nitrogen isotope values of individual amino acids and bulk materials were measured. Fifty-six specimens were collected from three locations within the Delta, two flooded islands, Mildred and Liberty Islands, as well as an adjacent terrestrial riparian habitat (Big Break Regional Shoreline). Specimens included terrestrial trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses as well as floating, submerged, and emergent aquatic plants. Bulk leaf tissues were processed and the carbon and nitrogen isotope values of bulk tissues were measured following Tipple and Ehleringer, 2018 (Oecologia, 187, 1053-1075). Amino acids were hydrolyzed, derivatized, and isolated following Vokhshoori et al., 2013 (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 504, 59-72). Carbon and nitrogen isotope values of individual amino acids were measured following Vokhshoori et al., 2013 and Vokhshoori and McCarthy, 2013 (PLoS ONE, 9, 6, e98087), respectively. The purpose of this research was to create a novel molecular isotope toolset to increase the understanding of biogeochemistry and food web structure of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta's tidal wetlands and estuarine marshes.

Description: The Snow and Ice Mass Balance Array (SIMBA) is a thermistor string type IMB (Jackson et al., 2013) which measures the environment temperature SIMBA-ET and temperature change around the thermistors after a weak heating applied to each sensor (SIMBA-HT). Totally, there were 22 SIMBAs deployed in the Arcitic Ocean over the Distributed Network (DN) and the Central Observatory during the Legs 1a, 1 and 3 of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) campaign. The SIMBA thermistor chain is 5.12 m long, and equipped with 256 thermistors (Maxim Integrated DS28EA00) at 0.02 m spacing. Based on a manual identification method, the SIMBA-ET and SIMBA-HT were processed to yield snow depth and ice thickness. Here, we combined the two optimal methods (the ET vertical gradient and HT rise ratio) to reduce the uncertainty. To keep the consistency, we use the snow or ice surface, consequentially the snow depth, determined by the ET vertical gradient. The formations of snow ice and superposed ice are not considered in this data set. That is to say, the value of snow depth includes the layers of snow ice at two sites (2019T56 and 2019T72). The superposed ice was generally negligible. We used the HT rise ratio to determine the ice-water interface, consequentially the ice thickness. Overall, the measurement accuracy was 0.02 m for both the snow depth and ice thickness. After the snow cover melted over, the negative values for the snow depth indicate the onset of ice surface melt. The submitted data package include 19 data files (for each buoy) and 1 buoy information file.

Description: The Lingtai section is situated in the central part of the CLP at ~1340 m above sea level (35°04'N, 107°39'E). Long chain n-alkane plant waxes and brGDGTs were analysed in 10 cm thick layers collected at 0.5 m intervals from the upper 18.5 m of the LPS. The section covers the past 200 ka based on the correlation of the quartz grain size record from Lingtai (Sun et al., 2006) with the global benthic d18O stack (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005), resulting in an average resolution of our records of ~5 ka. From the detected biomarker distributions and their stable isotopic composition, we generated records of vegetation change based on the ACL and the weighed mean of the carbon isotopic composition of the most abundant plant waxes, i.e. the C29, C31, and C33 n-alkanes (δ13Cwax), precipitation using the hydrogen isotopic composition of the same suite of n-alkanes (δ2Hwax), and finally MAT for months above freezing using the MBT'5ME index (De Jonge et al., 2014) and the BayMBT0 model (Dearing Crampton-Flood et al., 2020).

Description: An uninterrupted data set of 139 annual values of local mean air temperature T, cumulative precipitation depth P, urban area extent A, global mean surface air temperature G, and global CO2 concentration C for the 1881-2019 period of time is shared with the scientific community. The annual time series of T and P are obtained from daily observations collected at the Geophysical Observatory of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. Observations of A for the town of Modena are available for years 1881, 1940, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1998, 2000, and 2002–2019. Cubic spline interpolation is applied to obtain reconstructed values of A for the other years in the 1881-2019 period of time. The annual time series of G is obtained by adding the NASA GISTEMP temperature change to the average temperature observed in Modena in the 1951–1980 base period so that it can be meaningfully compared to the observed local temperature T. Global CO2 concentration C estimated from ice cores, from 1881 to 1958, and observed in the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, from 1959 to 2019, are combined to provide the annual time series of C for the 1881-2019 period of time. Matlab code performing a nonlinear analysis of the data and resulting PDF files containing scatter plots are also shared with the scientific community.

Description: The Suhia Kladenetz loess-paleosol sequence was sampled in 2018 on freshly cleaned vertical faces segmenting the larger quarry steps in two to three sub-sections. A continuous column of sediment was prepared and sampled at a 2 cm depth resolution. Slices of bulk sediment of about 10 x 6 x 2 cm in dimension (approx. 300g of material) were taken per sampling interval. The SK sequence is 26.72 m in total vertical thickness, which at a 2 cm continuous depth sampling resolution results in 1336 bulk sediment samples collected. Laboratory measurements of magnetic susceptibility, frequency dependence of magnetic susceptibility both absolute values and percentage, anhysteretic remanent magnetisation, isothermal remanent magnetisation, coercivity and coercive force are reported. Data of two correlative age models built from (1) the correlation of the frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility to the LR04 benthic foraminifera oxygen isotope record, and (2) the correlation of the ratio of a 2T isothermal remanent magnetisation and magnetic susceptibility to the EPICA Dome C (EDC) dust flux record. Estimates of sedimentation rates based on the correlative ages models are also reported.

Description: In a 13-months laboratory experiment conducted in 2014/2015, the interactive effects of gradually increasing temperature and pCO2 levels on survival, growth and respiration of two prominent colour morphotypes (white and orange) of the framework-forming cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (also known as Desmophyllum pertusum), as well as bioerosion and dissolution of dead coral framework were assessed. In six-week intervals, three treatments (T1: acidification, T2: warming, T3: combined acidification and warming) were gradually increased in their respective manipulated parameters by 1°C and/or 200 µatm pCO2 after an initial two intervals under ambient (near in-situ) conditions. Each treatment consisted of 7 replicates that were manipulated over the course of the experiment and 3 control replicates that remained at ambient conditions throughout the entire duration of the experiment. Each replicate tank consisted of one live coral fragment of the white morphotype, one fragment of the orange morphotype and one dead framework fragment (naturally bioeroded framework material). Dead framework was examined with regard to attached bioeroders and calcifying organisms, the latter being removed prior to the experiment. All coral samples were collected from an inshore Norwegian cold-water coral habitat in the outer Trondheim-Fjord near Nord-Leksa (63°36.4'N, 09°22.7'E) between 150 to 230 m water depth using the manned submersible JAGO (GEOMAR, 2017; doi:10.17815/jlsrf-3-157) during RV POSEIDON (GEOMAR, 2015; doi:10.17815/jlsrf-1-62) cruise POS455 in June/July 2013. In situ conditions at the time of sampling near the corals were 7.7°C in temperature, 35.2 in salinity and ~6 mL/L oxygen concentration. Prior to the experiment, corals were kept in a closed recirculating system of 1,700 L in a climate-controlled laboratory facility at GEOMAR in Kiel at near in situ conditions of temperature and salinity (7.8 145 ± 0.2 °C and 35.8 ± 0.6) for half a year. Calcification/dissolution rates of live corals and bioerosion/dissolution rates of dead coral framework were determined using the buoyant weighing technique (Davies, 1989; doi:10.1007/BF00428135) with a high precision analytical balance (Sartorius CPA225D, readability = 0.1 mg) placed above every individual aquarium for each measurement. Respiration rates were determined via oxygen consumption measurements using an optode-based oxygen analyser (Oxy-10 mini, PreSens GmbH). Mortality was examined during every six-week interval by visual inspection of all live fragments. Dead polyp counts were calculated as percentage of total polyps counts of every individual fragment. Carbonate system parameters were calculated from the two measured parameters total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). TA and DIC samples were taken at the end of every 6-week interval and analyzed via potentiometric open-cell titration (862 Compact Titrosampler, Metrohm) in case of TA and by infrared detection of CO2 using an Automated Infra-Red Inorganic Carbon Analyzer (AIRICA with LI-COR 7000, Marianda) in case of DIC. TA and DIC were corrected against Certified Reference Material from A.G. Dickson (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) and density-corrected. The purpose of this study was to examine thresholds and optima of live corals under gradual increases of ocean acidification and warming and to quantify dissolution and bioerosion rates of dead coral framework to ultimately assess the balance between live coral calcification and degradation of dead coral framework under future ocean conditions.

Description: A total of 140 samples were collected from the il-Blata section outcropping on the Mediterranean Island of Malta (base of section at 35.9004˚N, 14.3309˚E, top of section at 35.9000˚N, 14.3314˚E). 16 of these samples were selected to determine the 87Sr/86Sr in the bulk sediment and used to generate numerical ages using the LOWESS FIT for Sr-Stratigraphy (McArthur et al., 2012). All 87Sr/86Sr measurements conducted at the University of Geneva using a Thermo Neptune PLUS Multi-Collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Data and numerical age model presented in table S1. The εNd data from (Bialik et al., 2019) were recalibrated to fit the new age model and presented in table S2. The percentage carbonate matter was measured using a FOGl digital calcimeter at the University of Malta (table S3). Dry powders were used to generate a stable isotope (δ18O & δ13C) record (table S4), all measurements were conducted on a Gasbench II coupled to a Thermo Delta V Advantage isotope ratio mass spectrometer at the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University. Dry bulk sediment powders were also used to obtain major element composition and calculate element ratios Sr/Ca, Ti/Al, K/Al, Zr/Al, Si/Ti. All element measurements were conducted at The School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University using a hand-held Olympus Delta Innov-X XRF gun. Element data presented in table S5. Mean values of the ratios Sr/Ca, Ti/Al, K/Al, Zr/Al and Si/Ti were obtained for three different parts in the section in order to determine regime changes (table S6).

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature differences were measured along a chain of thermistors. SIMBA 2019T56 (a.k.a. FMI_05_06, IRIDIUM number 300234065176750) is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the 1st leg of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) in November 2019. The buoy was deployed at the ~2 km from the ship at the SW direction with initial thicknesses of snow and ice of 0.18 and 0.42 m, respectively, on 2 November 2019. The thermistor chain was 5 m long and included 241 sensors with a regular spacing of 2cm. The depths for the sensors are 80 to -398 cm, referring to the initial interface between snow and ice. The last sensor was used to measure the air temperature at 1 m above the initial snow surface. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature and temperature differences after two heating cycles of 30 and 120 s as a function of depth and time between 2 November 2019 and 2 July 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours for temperature and 24 hours for temperature differences. In addition to temperature, geographic position, barometric pressure, tilt and compass were measured.

Description: All the samples studied were collected during 2014 and 2015 at the innermost embayment of the Ría de Ferrol, a confined tide-dominated incised valley in the mesotidal passive Atlantic margin of NW Iberia. All the selected elemental datum from cores VC7, GC2X, GC2P and VC3 is available as supplementary data files (Supplementary S1 to S4). Those data summarise the geochemical evidence related to the changing marine/terrestrial influences recorded in each site cored. Raw data (counts) of pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP), and dinoflagellate cysts obtained in every section of sediment studied in cores VC7, GC2X, GC2P and VC3 are also available as supplementary data files (Supplementary S5 to S8). Other necessary data (sample weight, number of tablets added per sample, average of Lycopodium spores per tablet, and the exotic Lycopodium spores counts per sample) to calculate the absolute abundances and the Dinoflagellate cyst / Pollen ratios (D/P) in each sample are also reported.

Description: Nitrate concentration and isotopic (δ15NNO3) data, ice density, and surface mass balance estimates from the ABN1314-103 ice core. This 103 m long core was drilled beginning on 07 January 2014 as one of three ice cores at Aurora Basin North, Antarctica (-71.17, 111.37, 2679 m.a.s.l), in the 2013-2014 field season. The age-depth model for ABN1314-103 was matched through ion profiles from an annually-resolved model (ALC01112018) originally developed for one of the other ABN cores through seasonal ion and water isotope cycles and constrained by volcanic horizons. Each 1 m segment of the core was weighed and measured for ice density calculations, and then sampled for nitrate at 0.33 m resolution. Nitrate concentrations were taken on melted ice aliquots with ion chromatography, while isotopic analysis was achieved through bacterial denitrification and MAT 253 mass spectrometry after concentrating with anionic resin. Using the density data and the age-depth model's dates for the top and bottom of each 1 m core segment, we reconstructed a history of surface mass balance changes as recorded in ABN1314-103. Additionally, we also estimated the effect of upstream topographic changes on the ice core's surface mass balance record through a ground penetrating radar transect that extended 11.5 km against the direction of glacial ice flow. The modern SMB changes along this upstream transect were linked to ABN1314-103 core depths by through the local horizontal ice flow rate (16.2 m a-1) and the core's age-depth model, and included here for comparative analysis. See Akers et al., 2022 for more analytical details.

Description: Marine sediment core GL-1248 was collected from the continental slope off northern northeastern Brazil by Petrobras oil company. Sediment samples (154 in total) were collected with 2 cm wide scoops at every 10 cm from the uppermost 16 m (covering the the last 113 thousand years) of the marine sediment core GL-1248. Samples were oven‐dried at 60°C, precisely weighted to 0.5 g and treated with H2O2 27% and HCl 10% to remove organic matter and calcium carbonate, respectively. The remaining content was diluted in alcohol and three aliquots per sample were mounted on stainless steel discs with four drops of the homogenized solution of alcohol and silt/clay sediments. GL-1248 luminescence measurements were performed on an automated Lexsyg Smart TL/OSL reader equipped with blue and infrared LEDs, Hoya U-340 filters for light detection in the ultraviolet band (270-390 nm) using a photomultiplier and beta radiation sources (90Sr/90Y) with doses rate of 0.116 Gy s-1 at the Luminescence and Gamma Spectrometry Laboratory of the Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil. The sensitivity representative of the 110°C thermoluminesce (TL) peak of quartz considered the 80–120°C integration range from the TL curve. The 80-120°C TL sensitivity was calculated as a percentage of the total TL emission (0-250°C) and using the background TL curve. The mean of three measured aliquots represents the TL sensitivity of each sample. The OSL sensitivity was calculated by integrating the first second of light emission and the last ten seconds as background. GL-1248 TL sensitivity data were compared to previously published data obtained from marine sediment core GeoB16206-1 (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.904357). Marine sediment core GeoB16206-1 was analyzed in a different luminescence reader (i.e. RisØ OSL/TL DA-20 reader) and using different regeneration dose. In order to avoid machine artifacts and the influence of dose size on sensitivity, we normalized the TL data output from both marine sediment cores and produced a composite record. Name of the Campaign: collected by the Petrobras oil company Event Label: GL1248 (GL-1248) Method: quarzt luminescence sensitivity Latitude: -0.920000 Longitude: -43.401667 Elevation: -2,264 m

Description: Stable isotope ratios from tree rings are important proxies of past climate variations. We have access to a calendar-dated wood material from wood collected at glacier forefields and peat bog sites located in the Alps. They are of two species, larch (Larix decidua) and cembran pine (Pinus cembra). All the wood samples were collected at high altitudes in the Swiss and Tyrol Alps, they cover the whole Holocene period and belong to the Eastern Alpine Conifer Chronology Dataset (Nicolussi et al., 2009; doi:10.1177/0959683609336565). We analysed the δ13C, δ18O and δ2H isotope ratios of alpha cellulose obtained from blocks of 5 annual rings from 203 trees. Cellulose was extracted following the modified Jayme-Wise method (Boettger et al., 2007; doi:10.1021/ac0700023). The isotopes values were determined using conventional Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (Isoprime 100) coupled to a pyrolysis unit (HEKAtech GmbH, Germany), which is similar to the previously used TC/EA (for technical details see (Leuenberger 2007). This approach was extended to measurements of non-exchangeable hydrogen of alpha-cellulose using the on-line equilibration method (Filot et al., 2006 (doi:10.1002/rcm.2743); Loader et al., 2015(doi:10.1021/ac502557x)). The results are reported in per mil (‰) relative to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) for carbon and to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW) for hydrogen and oxygen (Coplen 1994; doi:10.1351/pac199466020273). For all the δ13C values after 1000 CE we applied the factor described in Leuenberger (2007; doi:10.1016/S1936-7961(07)01014-7) to correct for the δ13C depletion of CO2 caused by the Industrial Revolution from about 1850 onwards (Leuenberger, 2007).

Description: Data refer to export fluxes of calcifying phytoplankton (coccolithophores) across the tropical North Atlantic, from upwelling affected NW Africa, via three ocean sites along 12°N to the Caribbean. Sampling was undertaken by means of a spatial array of four time-series sediment traps (i.e., CB at 21°N 20°W; M1U at 12°N 23°W; M2U at 14°N 37°W; M4U at 12°N 49°W; Guerreiro et al., 2017) collecting particle fluxes in two-week intervals, from October 2012 to February 2014, allowing to track temporal changes along the southern margin of the North Atlantic central gyre. Auxiliary environmental data regarding the mixed layer depth (MLD) are provided for the sampling period at all four trap sites, while Sea Surface Temperature (SST), wind velocity, daily precipitation and sea surface Chl-a concentrations are only provided for sites M1 and CB. All data in supplement to Guerreiro et al. (2019), with links to Guerreiro et al. (2017) and Korte et al. (2017, 2020) (see https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.881457).

Description: A multi-proxy palaeoecological investigation including pollen and spore, loss-on-ignition, total organic carbon, stable carbon isotope and micro- and macrocharcoal was carried out on two peat cores collected from coastal area in southern Borneo. The study was conducted to understand the development and dynamics of the coastal peatlands, the Katingan in Borneo. Pollen and spore was extracted follwing Fagri and Iversen (1989) and identified using available literature (e.g. Anderson and Muller, 1975; Cheng et al., 2020; Hofmann et al., 2019; Jones and Pearce, 2015; Pollen and Spore Image Database of the University of Goettingen). Microcharcoal analysis was conducted following point count method (Clark, 1982) and counted counted on the same slides for pollen and spore analysis. Macrocharcoal analysis was conducted following protocols in Rhodes (1998) and Stevenson and Haberle (2005). Loss-on-ignition analysis was carried out following (Chambers et al., 2011). Organic carbon content and isotopes were determined in Euro EA3000 elemental analyzer and Thermo Finnigan Delta Plus mass spectrometer, respectively, at the Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen.

Description: We report the results of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the urban surficial soil of East Chicago, Indiana, USA, from thirty-three sites. PCB congeners were measured using tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM), a method that provides a high-level selectivity and sensitivity for PCBs in complex environmental samples. One hundred and seventy-one individual PCB congeners were detected and measured. The concentration of total PCB ranged from 20 to 1700 ng/g dry weight. Soil total organic carbon (TOC) was also measured using a Total Organic Carbon Analyzer and reported here. As QA/QC and using the same analytical method as for the soil samples, results from certified standard reference sediments (SRM 1944, National Institutes of Standards and testing) are also reported.

Description: We present high-resolution measurements of CO mixing ratios from ice cores drilled at five different sites on the Greenland ice sheet. An optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer (OF-CEAS) was coupled with continuous melter systems and operated during four analytical campaigns conducted between 2013 and 2019 at the Desert Research Institute (DRI, USA) and the Institut des Géoscience de l'Environnement (IGE, France). The CFA-based CO measurements exhibit excellent external precision (ranging from 3.3 to 6.6 ppbv, 1 sigma) and achieve consistently low blanks (ranging from 4.1 +/- 1.2 to 12.6 +/- 4.4 ppbv), enabling paleoatmospheric interpretations. Consistent baseline CO records from four Greenlandic sites (PLACE, D4, NGRIP, and NEEM) are combined to produce a multisite average ice core reconstruction of past atmospheric CO for the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes, covering the period from 1700 to 1957 CE. Such a reconstruction should be taken as an upper bound of past atmospheric CO abundance.

Description: This data set displays a refined age scale for the U1361A marine sediment core (64.41°S, 143.89°E, 3,454 m water depth), recovered from the continental rise offshore of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin, during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition (Escutia et al. 2011). This age scale is a refined version of the age scale published in Wilson et al. 2018. Here we use the AICC2012 ice core chronology as a reference curve in order to compare the late Pleistocene sediment core data from U1361A to the TALDICE ice core record. Specifically, we refine the existing U1361A age model through the alignment of barium/aluminium (Ba/Al) ratios from XRF-scanning7 with the EDC δD record on the AICC2012 age scale. We apply a conservative tuning strategy to align the two records, using tie points (derived by visual matching) only at the mid-points of the major glacial terminations I-V. Over the interval of interest for the present study (i.e. ~100-350 ka), the new age model for core U1361 differs by only 0 to 6 ka compared to the previous age model in which the sedimentation rate was assumed to be constant. The Nd and IBRD (ice rafted debris) and 143 Nd/144 Nd records for the U1361A published in Wilson et al. (2018) are drawn on the refined age scale.

Description: The datasets compile Ba/Ca (µmol/mol), Mg/Ca (mmol/mol), δ18O (VPDB, ‰), and δ13C (VPDB, ‰) measured in individual and bulk shells of spinose planktic foraminifera Trilobatus sacculifer and non-spinose planktic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata collected from two cores on the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) and two cores from the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP). Trace elements in individual shells are measured with a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and trace elements in bulk shells are measured with a solution ICP-MS. Stable isotope analysis is conducted on paired individual shells (paired based on Mg/Ca content) with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. ID denotes which individual shells are paired for the analysis.

Description: Empirical study of the isotopic features of river runoff were carried out at three hydrological posts in 3 different river basins: the Zakza river in the southwest of the Moscow region, the Dubna river in the north of the Moscow region and the Sosna river in the Voronezh region. Samples of river water, groundwater and precipitation were collected at weekly intervals from September 2019 to October 2021. The analysis was performed by a Picarro L2130-i isotope analyzer. The accuracy was 0.04‰ for δ18О and 0.1‰ for δ2Н. The values are calibrated in the VSMOW-VSLAP scale.

Description: To test polyhalite age dating of the mineral polyhalite [K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4·2H2O], samples of the evaporitic Permian Haselgebirge Formation were collected in the Eastern Alps. Samples were taken from two salt bodies. The salt body of Altaussee (UTM 33T 405316 5278325) has a vertical thickness of 〉800 m. Samples were collected in the Altaussee mine (ALT). The salt body of Bad Dürrnberg-Berchtesgaden (UTM 33T 351091 5278007) is at least 1000 m thick. The salt body comprises two separate mines, where samples were collected, Bad Dürrnberg (DÜ) and Berchtesgaden (BGD) salt mines. The samples were collected during several field trips, and investigated at the University of Salzburg during the years 2007-2015. Electron microprobe analyses were conducted to determine possible chemical variations of polyhalite.

Description: The data here described are presented in the submitted paper Response of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin Ice Sheet to Southern Ocean Warming During Late Pleistocene Interglacials by Crotti et al. This data set includes new high resolution measurements of d-excess, d18O and ssNa+ for the Antarctic TALDICE ice core (Latitude: -72.783330, Longitude: 159.066670, Elevation: 2315.0 m). The new data set covers the interglacials periods of MIS 5.5, MIS 7.5 and MIS 9.3 (1486 m depth - 1548 m depth). The data are drawn on the TALDICE deep1 chronology (Crotti et al. 2021). The d-excess (d = δD − 8 × δ18O) (permill) record covers the periods MIS 5.5 , MIS 7.5 and 9.3 MIS is at 5 cm resolution and spans the following age-depths intervals: • MIS 5.5. Between 1378.5 and 1421.65 m depth, 110-135 ka • MIS 7.5. Between 1521.85 and 1524.5 m depth, 243-248 ka • MIS 9.3. Between 1541.80 and 1547.90 m depth, 320-343 ka The d18O record (permill) covers the periods MIS 5.5 , MIS 7.5 and 9.3 MIS is at 5 cm resolution and spans the following age-depths intervals: • MIS 7.5. Between 1521.85 and 1524.5 m depth, 243-248 ka • MIS 9.3. Between 1541.80 and 1547.90 m depth, 320-343 ka The ssNa+ fluxes record covers the periods MIS 5.5 , MIS 7.5 and 9.3 MIS is at 8 cm resolution and pans the following age-depths intervals: • MIS 7.5. Between 1521.81 and 1524.54 m depth, 243-248 ka • MIS 9.3. Between 1541.73 and 1547.96 m depth, 320-343 ka The d18O and dD (non presented here) to calculate the d-excess were analysed in Italy (University of Venice) and France (LSCE) using the Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) technique. Analyses were performed using a Picarro isotope water analyser (L2130-i version for both laboratories). The data were calibrated using a three-point linear calibration with three lab-standards that were themselves calibrated versus Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW). The average precision for the δ18O and δD measurements is 0.1 and 0.7 ‰, respectively. The concentrations of ssNa+ were measured on TALDICE ice samples at 8 cm resolution by classical ion chromatography on discrete samples collected using a melting device connected to an auto-sampler for the MIS 7.5 and MIS 9.3 whereas Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA) was applied for MIS 5.5 samples. The total deposition ssNa+ flux was calculated multiplying the measured ice concentration of ssNa+ by the reconstructed accumulation rate. The accumulation rates were derived from the accumulation rates were obtained from the TALDICE deep1 age scale (Crotti et al. 2021).

Description: Identification of advancing and retreating modes in fossil orogenic belts is not always straightforward. Such issue is addressed in the submitted paper via the case study of the northwestern Chinese Altai where the suprasubduction structures are well preserved. Combined with detailed mapping, structural/petrological observations, seven samples were collected from the key lithological units of Jiadengyu and Chonghuer region in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for zircon and monazite U-Pb dating to provide critical geochronological constraints on the individual deformational episodes, including two zircon samples (19CA36 and 17CA105-7) and five monazite samples (17CA107, 17CA105-4, 19CA41, 19CA45-1, and 19CA45-3). Migmatite samples 19CA41 and 17CA107 are characterized by sub-horizontal S1 foliations associated with extensional shear bands. Sample 19CA45-1 collected from the migmatitic Habahe Group domain shows nearly complete transposition of S1 foliation by S2 fabric. Samples 19CA36 and 19CA105-7 were collected from syn-D2 granite intrusions. Leucogranite dyke (sample 17CA105-4) and pegmatite (sample 19CA45-3) were emplaced as tensional fractures that formed in response to D2 shortening. Zircon and monazite grains were separated after rock crushing using conventional heavy liquid and magnetic properties and then selected under a binocular microscope. These grains were mounted in epoxy resin, polished to approximately one-third of their thickness. U-Pb dating of zircon and monazite were analyzed by LA-ICP-MS at the Wuhan SampleSolution Analytical Technology Co., Ltd. U-Pb dating of zircon samples were conducted by a COMPexPro 102 ArF excimer laser and a MicroLas optical system coupled with an Agilent 7700e ICP-MS. Most analyses were performed with a beam diameter and frequency of 32 μm and 5 Hz. GJ-1 standard zircon was also determined for monitoring the accuracy of U-Pb dating. Zircon 91500 was used as an external standard for U-Pb dating calibration. U-Pb dating of monazite samples was performed using the same operating processes and instruments. In this work, the spot size and frequency of the laser were set to 16 μm and 2 Hz, respectively. Monazite standard 44069 was used as an external standard for U-Pb dating. Monazite standard Trebilcock was used as a secondary standard to assess the accuracy of analyses. Each analysis of zircon/monazite was performed using a background acquisition of approximately 25 s followed by 65 s of data acquisition.

Description: We present sea ice temperature and salinity data from first-year ice (FYI) and second-year ice (SYI) relevant to the temporal development of sea ice permeability and brine drainage efficiency from the early growth phase in October 2019 to the onset of spring warming in May 2020. Our dataset was collected in the central Arctic Ocean during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) Expedition in 2019 to 2020. MOSAiC was an international transpolar drift expedition in which the German icebreaker RV Polarstern anchored into an ice floe to gain new insights into Arctic climate over a full annual cycle. In October 2019, RV Polarstern moored to an ice floe in the Siberian sector of the Arctic at 85 degrees north and 137 degrees east to begin the drift towards the North Pole and the Fram Strait via the Transpolar Drift Stream. The data presented here were collected during the first three legs of the expedition, so all the coring activities took place on the same floe. The end dates of legs 1, 2, and 3 were 13 December, 24 February, and 4 June, respectively. The dataset contributed to a baseline study entitled, Deciphering the properties of different Arctic ice types during the growth phase of the MOSAiC floes: Implications for future studies. The study highlights downward directed gas pathways in FYI and SYI by inferring sea ice permeability and potential brine release from several time series of temperature and salinity measurements. The physical properties presented in this paper lay the foundation for subsequent analyses on actual gas contents measured in the ice cores, as well as air-ice and ice-ocean gas fluxes. Sea ice cores were collected with a Kovacs Mark II 9 cm diameter corer. To measure ice temperatures, about 4.5 cm deep holes were drilled into the core (intervals varied by site and leg) . The temperatures were measured by a digital thermometer within minutes after the cores were retrieved. The ice cores were placed into pre-labelled plastic sleeves sealed at the bottom end. The ice cores were transported to RV Polarstern and stored in a -20 degrees Celsius freezer. Each of the cores was sub-sampled, melted at room temperature, and processed for salinity within one or two days. The practical salinity was estimated by measuring the electrical conductivity and temperature of the melted samples using a WTW Cond 3151 salinometer equipped with a Tetra-Con 325 four-electrode conductivity cell. The practical salinity represents the the salinity estimated from the electrical conductivity of the solution. The dataset also contains derived variables, including sea ice density, brine volume fraction, and the Rayleigh number.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature differences were measured along a chain of thermistors. SIMBA 2020T74 (a.k.a. PRIC_10_02, IRIDIUM number 300234068225520) is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the 3rd leg of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) in April 2020. The buoy was deployed at the site with about 2 km from the ship with initial thicknesses of snow and ice of 0.08 and 1.70 m, respectively, on 4 April 2020. The thermistor chain was 5 m long and included 241 sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The depths for the sensors are 98 to -380 cm, referring to the initial interface between snow and ice. The last sensor was used to measure the air temperature at 1 m above the initial snow surface. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature and temperature differences after two heating cycles of 30 and 120 s as a function of depth and time between 4 April 2020 and 7 August 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours for temperature and 24 hours for temperature differences. In addition to temperature, geographic position, barometric pressure, tilt and compass were measured.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature differences were measured along a chain of thermistors. SIMBA 2020T79 (a.k.a. PRIC_10_07, IRIDIUM number 300234068527600) is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the 3rd leg of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) in April 2020. The buoy was deployed at the new Met City of Central observatory with initial thicknesses of snow and ice of 0.32 and 2.82 m, respectively, on 16 April 2020. The thermistor chain was 5 m long and included 241 sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The depths for the sensors are 66 to -412 cm, referring to the initial interface between snow and ice. The last sensor was used to measure the air temperature at 1 m above the initial snow surface. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature and temperature differences after two heating cycles of 30 and 120 s as a function of depth and time between 16 April 2020 and 31 July 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours for temperature and 24 hours for temperature differences. In addition to temperature, geographic position, barometric pressure, tilt and compass were measured.

Description: The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is the most studied global warming event of a series of Paleocene-Eocene carbon cycle perturbations called hyperthermals. PETM origins have been associated with volcanic-related carbon emissions; however, other carbon cycle feedbacks were required to develop a large hyperthermal such as the PETM. The orbital configuration in which the PETM occurred is still unclear despite possible orbital controls on the PETM triggering. This dataset contains X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) data (Fe, Ca, and Si) from Contessa Road (Italy), a sedimentary section with reduced calcium carbonate dissolution compared to deep ocean sites. Astrochronological age models and probabilistic assessments reveal that the PETM onset appeared close to both short and long eccentricity maxima, which suggests that orbitally controlled insolation variations may have thermally destabilized carbon reservoirs that worked as PETM positive carbon cycle feedbacks.

Description: This dataset contains energy content measurements performed on zooplankton collected in the Arctic Ocean during the MOSAiC expedition (PS122) from November 2019 untill September 2020. Energy content measurements were done on Apherusa glacialis, Themisto abyssorum, Chaetognatha, Thysanoessa longicaudata and Calanus hyperboreus. These species are all known prey of polar cod (Boreogadus saida), and their energy content was measured to be included in a bioenergetic model of the growth rate of this predator and to gain insight in the differences between prey species. The meaurements were performed on freeze-dried specimens using a 6725 semi-micro oxygen calorimeter (Parr, USA) connected to a 6772 calorimetric thermometer (Parr, USA).

Description: This dataset includes earthquake location results from a seismological experiment including Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) and land stations on the Cycladic islands in the southern Aegean. The accompanying zip-files includes raw waveform data for all earthquakes and the file merged_nor.out includes all manual phase onset picks of all earthquakes. The file stations.txt includes the geographical coordinates of seismic stations. All data in the zipped files may be processed and used with the SEISAN seismology software.

Description: We present benthic and planktonic census data, carbon and oxygen stable isotope, Total organic carbon and Total carbon, IRD, and grain size data for the last 35 kyr BP from sediment core retrieved from a plateau on the NE Greenland continental slope (77°05.192N, 5°13.896W, 1170 m water depth) during the AREX expedition, with RV Oceania in 2017. Benthic stable isotopes were measured dominantly on Cassidulina neoteretis, and planktonic were measured on Neogloboquadrina pachyderma. Data is presented against age.

Description: The stable isotope records are based on two stalagmites, PIM4 and PIM5, collected in Cuíca cave (11°40°S, 60°38°W, ~310 m a.s.l.) located in Pimenta Bueno city, Rondônia State, SW Amazon region in Brazil. The d18O record was interpreted as a proxy for the activity of the South American Monsoon System (SAMS), and the d13C record as a proxy for vegetation changes and local hydrology, as discussed in the paper Paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes in Amazonian lowlands over the last three millennia (Della Libera et al., 2022). The d18O and d13C analyses were performed at the Stable Isotope Laboratory at the Institute of Geoscience of the University of São Paulo (Brazil) using a Thermo-Finnigan Delta Plus Advantage mass spectrometer. The notation d in the results refers to the relative Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) standard with the per mil deviation, with uncertainties on the values of 0.1‰ for both analyses. 706 samples of powdered carbonate were extracted from PIM4 for d18O and d13C analyses using a computer-operated MicroMill Micro-Sampling Device with a 0.1 mm diameter drill bit. Sampling occurred along the central growth axis of the speleothem, with the first 20 mm from the top sampled with a 0.1 mm spacing, while from 20 mm to the bottom, a spacing of 0.2 mm was applied. For PIM5, 805 samples were obtained using a manual Sherline Mill with a 0.1 diameter drill bit, with a constant spacing of 0.4 mm along the central growth axis of the speleothem. The geochronology of both PIM4 and PIM5 was established by means of the U/Th dating method, using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique at the Geochronology Laboratory at the University of Minnesota (USA) and at the Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University (China). The sampling for the U/Th dating was performed by extracting ~100 mg of powdered carbonate with a dentist drill along each stalagmite growth axis, with 21 U/Th ages for PIM4 and 16 for PIM5, yielding an overall 2-yrs resolution for the isotope records. The Cuíca cave d18O record composite is a merge of PIM4 and PIM5 d18O records through normalization (i.e., by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation) of the data inside the overlapping period, averaging both series and then reconstructing the shorter time series with the mean and standard deviation of the longer one, for each interpolated isotope time series (Monte-Carlo simulation).

Description: This dataset provides palaeoecological and sedimentological data for the Late-glacial and Holocene sediment sequence retrieved from Lake Uddelermeer (The Netherlands) in 2012. Counts of pollen and chironomids are presented against both depth (cm) and age (cal yr. BP), and a loss-on ignition record is presented against depth. A total of 110 samples were analysed for their pollen content; a subset of 32 samples was analysed for sterol and stanol compounds. A total of 1412 samples were analysed for their organic content, approximated through loss-on-ignition. The data provides information on changes in the local and regional vegetation, changes in the within-lake ecosystem and changes in minerogenic input into the lake. The dataset has been used to identify Holocene lake level changes at the site. Cores were retrieved from the centre of the lake using a 3-m long handheld piston corer deployed from a floating coring platform during field work in April and May 2012. Samples were obtained from splits of the core and processed in the laboratory of the University of Amsterdam (the Netherlands) using standard protocols. Individual pollen grains and chironomid head capsules were identified using high-power microscopy, and loss-on-ignition was determined using combustion in a 550C oven. Name of the Campaign: UDD Event Label: UDD-E Method: Uwitec piston corer Latitude: 52.24652778 Longitude: 5.76097222 Elevation: 24m asl Date/Time of event: 2012-05-01T14:00:00 Further information about event: Lake sediment sequence retrieved using a 60 mm piston corer deployed from a floating platform. Pollen classification as used by Engels et al. (2016) is provided: TS = Trees and Shrubs Hea = Heathland taxa HI = Upland herbaceous taxa SP = Spore plants SA = Swamp and Aquatic plants Alg = Algae Fun = Fungi Oth = Other (/unclassified)

Description: Three high resolution multicore records have been collected at three sites in the western Mediterranean with a MC400-Multicorer system during the MedSeA cruise (Mediterranean Sea Acidification in a changing climate) on 2 May to 2 June 2013 onboard the R/V Angeles Álvarino. Core MedSeA-S3-c1 was retrieved in the Alboran basin (Lat. 36.0746° N, Long. 04.11040° W) at a water depth of 1137 m, with a core length of 33 cm. Core MedSeA-S23-c1 was recovered at a water depth of 1156 m in the Balearic basin offshore Barcelona (Lat. 41.1121° N, Long. 2.38200° E) with a core length of 43 cm. MedSeA-S7-c2 was collected at the Strait of Sicily (Lat. 37.7080° N, Long. 12.40553° E) at a water depth of 263 m, with a core length of 46.5 cm. All three cores have been analyzed for changes in size normalized weight (SNW) and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C), measured in planktic foraminiferal clacite shells of the two species Globigerina bulloides and Globigerinoides elongatus. Boron (δ11B) isotopes have been measured in tests of Globigerinoides elongatus at the Alboran site, and in Globigerinoides ruber albus at the Strait of Sicily. Complementary data for the Strait of Sicily record has been obtained, including a 210Pb based age depth model, sea surface temperatures (SST), alkenone concentrations and planktic foraminiferal assemblage changes. The Strait of Sicily record (MedSeA-S7-c2) covers around the last 200 a, describing environmental changes throughout the Industrial Era (IE) at high temporal resolution. The Alboran (MedSeA-S3-c1) and Balearic Sea (MedSeA-S23-c1) records spanning the last about 1 ka at lower temporal resolution, displaying oceanographic changes throughout the transition from the pre-industrial era to present, as discussed in (Pallacks et al., 2021; doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103549). Data has been collected to investigate the response of marine calcifiers to the combined effects of climate change stressors on decadal to centennial timescales, caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions.

Description: This data release includes sensor data collected from Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) sensors during a 2013 (October - November) research expedition onboard the RRS James Cook, JC094, in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The JC094 TROPICS cruise was a fieldwork component of a European Research Council funded project, CACH ('Reconstructing abrupt Changes in Chemistry and Circulation of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean: Implications for global Climate and deep-water Habitats') led by Prof. Laura Robinson from the University of Bristol to study paleoclimate archives in the Atlantic. Seventeen ROV dives were carried out. All downcast data have been binned by depth (1m intervals).

Description: During the last deglacial transition, orbitally forced changes in the Northern Hemisphere temperature seasonality resulted in the change of global mean climate conditions. Despite its importance, the evolution of the annual cycle of environmental conditions at the Earth's surface is not well constrained. Fossil shallow-water corals provide a unique but relatively rare climate archive for the tropical ocean that can be sampled at high resolution. Here we present monthly resolved geochemical proxy data (Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca, δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C) extracted along the growth axes of Porites skeletons recovered during IODP Expedition 310 “Tahiti Sea Level”. These coral colonies have been U-Th dated and cover an age between 9.06 and 15.15 ka BP. Furthermore, this data set contains annual linear extension rates for the deglacial Porites corals.

Description: Here we present monthly resolved geochemical proxy data (Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca, δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C) extracted along the growth axes of modern Porites corals recovered at Tahiti that grew between 1996 and 2008. These records serve as a modern-day benchmark for paleoclimate reconstructions from deglacial Tahiti corals recovered during IODP Expedition 310. Furthermore, this data set contains annual linear extension rates for the modern Porites corals.

Description: We present sea surface temperature and oxygen isotopes in a sediment core I106 (6°14′49.76″N, 90°00′1.04″E; 2,910 m water depth) from the tropical East Indian Ocean, which provide new insights into the variability of tropical precipitation belt in Asian Monsoon region during the last deglaciation. The age model for the core is constrained by 17 AMS radiocarbon ages based on mixed planktonic foraminiferal samples. Mg/Ca derived sea surface temperature reconstructions based on Globigerinoides ruber (s. s., white) increased rapidly at about 19.5 ka, which is consisted with Mg/Ca-SST records in other cores in the tropical East Indian Ocean. Ice-volume corrected d18O seawater (d18Osw) exhibited a remarkable decline during the early Heinrich Stadial 1 (about 18.3-16.3 ka), and an increase during the late Heinrich Stadial 1 (16.3-14.7) ka. We attribute the decline of d18Osw in north of Equator from Asian Monsoon region to a contracted tropical precipitation belt during the early Heinrich Stadial 1.

Description: We present an age model for the 651 m deep Skytrain Ice Rise ice core (79°44.5'S, 78°32.7'W). The top 2000 years have previously been dated using age markers interpolated through annual layer counting. Below this, we align the Skytrain core to the AICC2012 age model using tie points in the ice and air phase, and apply the Paleochrono program to obtain the best fit to the tie points and glaciological constraints. In the gas phase, ties are made using methane and, in critical sections, δ18Oair; in the ice phase ties are through 10Be across the Laschamps Event, and through ice chemistry related to long-range dust transport and deposition. This strategy provides a good outcome to about 108 ka (~605 m). Beyond that there are signs of flow disturbance, with a section of ice probably repeated. Nonetheless values of CH4 and δ18Oair confirm that part of the last interglacial (LIG), from about 117-126 ka (617-628 m), is present and in chronological order. Below this there are clear signs of stratigraphic disturbance, with rapid oscillation of values in both the ice and gas phase at the base of the LIG section. Based on methane values, the warmest part of the LIG and the coldest part of the penultimate glacial are missing from our record. Ice below 631 m appears to be of age 〉150 ka.

Description: The dataset includes speleothem carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes, U-Th ages, and fluid inlcusion hydrogen isotopes used to reconstruct climate in southeastern Alaska during the past ~3,500 years. Speleothem WB-21-5-A was collected in Wishbone Cave (55.774 N, -133.191 E; 420 m.a.s.l.) and speleothem WA-21-6-A was collected in Walkabout Cave (55.776° N, 133.195° W; 350 m.a.s.l.) on May 21, 2022 and June 21, 2022, respectfully. The data collection was completed between September 2021-March 2022. U-Th ages were measured on a ThermoFisher Neptune Plus multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, and stable/fluid inclusion isotopes were measured on a ThermoFisher Delta V isotope ratio mass spectrometer.

Description: We present results of Th/U dating, oxygen isotope, saturation magnetization (Ms), coercivity (Bc) data from a speleothem from northern Tasmania, Australia. The depths are relative to the base of the stalagmite. The oxygen isotopic compositions of the stalagmite were analyzed by two laboratories, Beijing Createch Testing Technology Co., Ltd. for the base section and Australian National University for the upper section. The oxygen isotopic values are reported with respect to the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) standard and the Peedee Belemnite (PDB) standard, respectively. The d18O record spans 129.6 - 108.6 ka BP. The Ms and Bc are derived from hysteresis loop, which were only conducted for the interval of MIS5e.

Description: Individuals of the breadcrumb sponge Halichondria panicea were collected from the field to perform phagocytic experiments. Collection site: coast of Schilksee (54.424278 N, 10.175794 E; Kiel, Germany) on August 7th 2022 at 8 am. Sponges were collected by carefully detaching them from crevices at 1-3 m depth by snorkeling. Name of the laboratory: H. panicea individuals were transported to the KIMMOCC climate chamber facilities at GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (Germany), where they were kept for two weeks under controlled temperature (room: 10°C; water: 17°C), and with water supplied from the Kiel Fjord. Culture conditions during the experiment: The phagocytic experiments started on Aug 15th 2022, and were performed in the aforementioned facilities of GEOMAR. All the experiments lasted for one week. The experiments consisted on incubating whole sponge individuals in natural seawater for 30 min with green microalgae (Nannochloropsis sp.; live culture purchased from BlueBio Tech (Germany)), live TAMRA-stained bacteria (isolate PP-XX7 ; 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 98.6 % with Vibrio sp. NBRC 101805 and 97.0% to Vibrio variabilis R-40492T),) or 1 µm fluorescent latex beads (Fluoresbrite YG microsphere, Cat. 17154-10, Polyscience). Water samples were taken at time intervals through the incubation period to estimate particle uptake (i.e., filtration) by the sponge using flow cytometry. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of sponge cells extracted from H. panciea tissue from the individuals used during the phagocytic experiment was used to quantify phagocytic activity (i.e., the population of sponge cells with internalized particles).

Description: This is a hydrographic dataset containing CTD cast and rosette bottle data from two consecutive cruises (NEG2017 and NorthGreen) on the research vessel RV Dana between 23-08-2017 and 01-10-2017 of 2017 on the Northeast Greenland shelf. Both cruises took place between 73.3197 to 80.0519 latitude and 2.1011 to 21.2039 longitude (decimal). The NEG2017 cruise took place from 23 August 2017 to 11 September 2017 was part of the Strategic Environmental program for Northeast Greenland with as its goal to provide environmental impact information pertaining to potential oil exploitation and oil spill response activities in the region. The cruise leader for NEG2017 was Eva Friis Møller. The NorthGreen2017 cruise took place directly after the first between 11 September 2017 and 1 October 2017. It aimed to collect data pertaining to hydroraphical and environmental changes on the shelf. The cruise leader for the NorthGreen2017 cruise was Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz.

Description: The dataset includes solid-phase and porewater trace elements data of sediment cores from Site C0023 (Hole A) that was recovered during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 370 in the Nankai Trough offshore Japan in the Pacific Ocean (Drilling vessel Chikyu). Site C0023 was established on 17 September 2016. Coring terminated on 3 November 2016. Solid-phase trace elements data include bulk molybdenum (Mo), uranium (U), vanadium (V), and rare earth elements (REEs) contents, and Mo isotopes. Trace element analyses were performed using a Thermo Fisher iCAPQ ICP-MS equipped with a ASX560 AutoSampler. Approximately 50 mg of each dry sediment powder was dissolved in Teflon bomb with the double-distilled concentrated HNO3-HF (1:1) mixture. The dissolution was maintained in an oven at 185°C for 3 days and then dried down to evaporate HF. The residues were re-dissolved with double-distilled concentrated HNO3 followed by the HNO3-H2O (1:1) mixture, and dried again. After that, the sample was dissolved in the final 3ml 2N HNO3 stock solution. Finally, the sample solution is diluted by 1000 times with 2.5% HNO3 and 10ppb Rh internal spikes. The standard GBW07316 was used as a reference. Internal spikes and external monitors were used to correct instrument drift mass bios. The ICP-MS procedure for trace element analyses is based on the protocol developed by Eggins et al. (1997, doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00100-3). The Mo-isotope composition were analyzed by a Thermo-Fisher Scientific Neptune-Plus multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS) using the double-spike method. About 0.02-0.05g whole-rock powders were weighed and combined with appropriate amounts of a 97Mo-100Mo double spike within a pre-cleaned 15 mL PFA beaker. The sample was then dissolved using 1 mL HNO3 and 2 mL HF at 140 ℃ for 2 days before being dried at 120 ℃ and re-dissolved in 4 mL of a 1 M HCl-0.3 M HF mixture for column separation. Molybdenum was separated and purified using an N-benzoyl-N-phenyl hydroxylamine extraction chromatographic resin with the approaches outlined in Li et al. (2014, doi:10.1111/j.1751-908X.2013.00279.x). Pore water trace elements data include Mo, U, V, and nickel (Ni). The pore water was collected during IODP Expedition 370 as described in the Expedition 370 Methods by Heuer et al. (2017;doi:10.14379/iodp.proc.370.103.201). The trace elements were measured in untreated (original) in acidified pore-water samples. The inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Element2, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) is equipped with an ESI Apex-Q desolvating system to increase the sensitivity.

Description: Temperatures were measured along a chain of thermistors. SIMBA 2020T85 (a.k.a. PRIC_09_06, IRIDIUM number 300234068704730) is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the 5th leg of the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) in September 2020. The buoy was deployed over a ridge at the CO3 of MOSAiC. The thermistor chain was 5 m long and included 241 sensors with a regular spacing of 2cm. The 14th sensor from the top was set at the ice surface. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature as a function of depth and time between 19 September 2020 and 27 June 2021 in sample intervals of 6 hours for temperature and 24 hours for temperature differences. The temperature differences after two heating cycles of 30 and 120 s are unavailable. The near-surface air temperature was measured at 1 m over the ice surface. In addition to temperature, geographic position, barometric pressure, tilt and compass were measured.

Description: Gamma-ray data for the late Miocene–Pliocene Kueichulin Formation are obtained from wireline logs of two boreholes drilled in the Taiwan Western Foreland Basin: HYS-1 and TCDP-A. Time-series and astrochronological analyses of the gamma-ray data from both boreholes were used to assess the influence of a rapidly uplift orogen on the preservation of climate oscillations, and identify changes in orbital periodicities preserved in sedimentary archives that reflect different stages of Taiwan orogenesis.