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  • 101
    Publication Date: 2009-08-14
    Description: Ecological communities characteristically contain a wide diversity of species with important functional, economic and aesthetic value. Ecologists have long questioned how this diversity is maintained. Classic theory shows that stable coexistence requires competitors to differ in their niches; this has motivated numerous investigations of ecological differences presumed to maintain diversity. That niche differences are key to coexistence, however, has recently been challenged by the neutral theory of biodiversity, which explains coexistence with the equivalence of competitors. The ensuing controversy has motivated calls for a better understanding of the collective importance of niche differences for the diversity observed in ecological communities. Here we integrate theory and experimentation to show that niche differences collectively stabilize the dynamics of experimental communities of serpentine annual plants. We used field-parameterized population models to develop a null expectation for community dynamics without the stabilizing effects of niche differences. The population growth rates predicted by this null model varied by several orders of magnitude between species, which is sufficient for rapid competitive exclusion. Moreover, after two generations of community change in the field, Shannon diversity was over 50 per cent greater in communities stabilized by niche differences relative to those exhibiting dynamics predicted by the null model. Finally, in an experiment manipulating species' relative abundances, population growth rates increased when species became rare--the demographic signature of niche differences. Our work thus provides strong evidence that species differences have a critical role in stabilizing species diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levine, Jonathan M -- HilleRisLambers, Janneke -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 10;461(7261):254-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08251. Epub 2009 Aug 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. levine@lifesci.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19675568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; California ; *Ecosystem ; Models, Biological ; Plant Development ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plants/classification ; Population Dynamics ; Seeds/physiology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
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  • 102
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2009-06-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seastedt, Tim -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 11;459(7248):783-4. doi: 10.1038/459783a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19516327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Models, Biological ; *Plant Development ; Plants/*microbiology ; Population Growth ; United States
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  • 103
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2009-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seehausen, Ole -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 30;458(7242):1122-3. doi: 10.1038/4581122a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; British Columbia ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*classification/*physiology ; Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; Genetic Speciation ; Models, Biological
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  • 104
    Publication Date: 2009-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cocroft, Rex -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 23;460(7254):439. doi: 10.1038/460439e.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Missouri, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19626069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; *Learning ; Predatory Behavior
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  • 105
    Publication Date: 2009-12-25
    Description: Riverine organic matter supports of the order of one-fifth of estuarine metabolism. Coastal ecosystems are therefore sensitive to alteration of both the quantity and lability of terrigenous dissolved organic matter (DOM) delivered by rivers. The lability of DOM is thought to vary with age, with younger, relatively unaltered organic matter being more easily metabolized by aquatic heterotrophs than older, heavily modified material. This view is developed exclusively from work in watersheds where terrestrial plant and soil sources dominate streamwater DOM. Here we characterize streamwater DOM from 11 coastal watersheds on the Gulf of Alaska that vary widely in glacier coverage (0-64 per cent). In contrast to non-glacial rivers, we find that the bioavailability of DOM to marine microorganisms is significantly correlated with increasing (14)C age. Moreover, the most heavily glaciated watersheds are the source of the oldest ( approximately 4 kyr (14)C age) and most labile (66 per cent bioavailable) DOM. These glacial watersheds have extreme runoff rates, in part because they are subject to some of the highest rates of glacier volume loss on Earth. We estimate the cumulative flux of dissolved organic carbon derived from glaciers contributing runoff to the Gulf of Alaska at 0.13 +/- 0.01 Tg yr(-1) (1 Tg = 10(12) g), of which approximately 0.10 Tg is highly labile. This indicates that glacial runoff is a quantitatively important source of labile reduced carbon to marine ecosystems. Moreover, because glaciers and ice sheets represent the second largest reservoir of water in the global hydrologic system, our findings indicate that climatically driven changes in glacier volume could alter the age, quantity and reactivity of DOM entering coastal oceans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hood, Eran -- Fellman, Jason -- Spencer, Robert G M -- Hernes, Peter J -- Edwards, Rick -- D'Amore, David -- Scott, Durelle -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 24;462(7276):1044-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08580.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Science and Geography Program, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, Alaska 99801, USA. eran.hood@uas.alaska.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20033045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Carbon/analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; Humic Substances/*analysis ; *Ice Cover/chemistry ; Marine Biology ; Pacific Ocean ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Water Movements
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  • 106
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2009-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cole, Jonathan J -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 23;460(7254):463-4. doi: 10.1038/460463a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19626100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; *Fresh Water ; Light ; Sweden
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  • 107
    Publication Date: 2009-05-16
    Description: Marine microbial communities are engines of globally important processes, such as the marine carbon, nitrogen and sulphur cycles. Recent data on the structures of these communities show that they adhere to universal biological rules. Co-occurrence patterns can help define species identities, and systems-biology tools are revealing networks of interacting microorganisms. Some microbial systems are found to change predictably, helping us to anticipate how microbial communities and their activities will shift in a changing world.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fuhrman, Jed A -- England -- Nature. 2009 May 14;459(7244):193-9. doi: 10.1038/nature08058.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. fuhrman@usc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19444205" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Genomics/methods/trends ; Greenhouse Effect ; *Marine Biology ; *Water Microbiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 108
    Publication Date: 2009-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Louys, Julien -- Bishop, Laura C -- Wilkinson, David M -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 17;462(7275):847. doi: 10.1038/462847b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20016575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Ecology/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Paleontology/*trends ; Research/*trends
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  • 109
    Publication Date: 2009-05-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shindell, Drew -- England -- Nature. 2009 May 21;459(7245):321. doi: 10.1038/459321b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19458692" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollution/economics/*prevention & control ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Green Chemistry Technology/economics/methods
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  • 110
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2009-02-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lubick, Naomi -- England -- Nature. 2009 Feb 5;457(7230):640-1. doi: 10.1038/457640a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194411" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; *Drug Industry ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; India ; Industrial Waste/*adverse effects/*analysis ; Larva/drug effects ; Rivers/chemistry ; Sweden ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid ; Water Pollutants/*adverse effects/*analysis ; Water Supply/analysis ; Zebrafish/embryology
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  • 111
    Publication Date: 2009-02-17
    Description: How and why organisms are distributed as they are has long intrigued evolutionary biologists. The tendency for species to retain their ancestral ecology has been demonstrated in distributions on local and regional scales, but the extent of ecological conservatism over tens of millions of years and across continents has not been assessed. Here we show that biome stasis at speciation has outweighed biome shifts by a ratio of more than 25:1, by inferring ancestral biomes for an ecologically diverse sample of more than 11,000 plant species from around the Southern Hemisphere. Stasis was also prevalent in transocean colonizations. Availability of a suitable biome could have substantially influenced which lineages establish on more than one landmass, in addition to the influence of the rarity of the dispersal events themselves. Conversely, the taxonomic composition of biomes has probably been strongly influenced by the rarity of species' transitions between biomes. This study has implications for the future because if clades have inherently limited capacity to shift biomes, then their evolutionary potential could be strongly compromised by biome contraction as climate changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crisp, Michael D -- Arroyo, Mary T K -- Cook, Lyn G -- Gandolfo, Maria A -- Jordan, Gregory J -- McGlone, Matt S -- Weston, Peter H -- Westoby, Mark -- Wilf, Peter -- Linder, H Peter -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 9;458(7239):754-6. doi: 10.1038/nature07764. Epub 2009 Feb 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Botany and Zoology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia. mike.crisp@anu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19219025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Demography ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Phylogeny ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Time Factors
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  • 112
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: Biota can be described in terms of elemental composition, expressed as an atomic ratio of carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (refs 1-3). The elemental stoichiometry of microoorganisms is fundamental for understanding the production dynamics and biogeochemical cycles of ecosystems because microbial biomass is the trophic base of detrital food webs. Here we show that heterotrophic microbial communities of diverse composition from terrestrial soils and freshwater sediments share a common functional stoichiometry in relation to organic nutrient acquisition. The activities of four enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of assimilable products from the principal environmental sources of C, N and P show similar scaling relationships over several orders of magnitude, with a mean ratio for C:N:P activities near 1:1:1 in all habitats. We suggest that these ecoenzymatic ratios reflect the equilibria between the elemental composition of microbial biomass and detrital organic matter and the efficiencies of microbial nutrient assimilation and growth. Because ecoenzymatic activities intersect the stoichiometric and metabolic theories of ecology, they provide a functional measure of the threshold at which control of community metabolism shifts from nutrient to energy flow.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sinsabaugh, Robert L -- Hill, Brian H -- Follstad Shah, Jennifer J -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):795-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08632.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 871312, USA. rlsinsab@unm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20010687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Carbon/*metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Enzyme Assays ; Enzymes/*metabolism ; Food Chain ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry/microbiology ; Nitrogen/*metabolism ; Phosphorus/*metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Rivers ; *Soil Microbiology ; United States ; Wetlands
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  • 113
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2009-09-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 24;461(7263):447-8. doi: 10.1038/461447b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; *Earth (Planet) ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Seawater/chemistry
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  • 114
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2009-09-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jayaraman, Killugudi -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 24;461(7263):459. doi: 10.1038/461459a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Elephants ; Facility Design and Construction/economics/trends ; India ; *Laboratories/economics/trends ; *Physics/economics ; Tigers ; Trees
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  • 115
    Publication Date: 2009-04-28
    Description: Global terrestrial ecosystems absorbed carbon at a rate of 1-4 Pg yr(-1) during the 1980s and 1990s, offsetting 10-60 per cent of the fossil-fuel emissions. The regional patterns and causes of terrestrial carbon sources and sinks, however, remain uncertain. With increasing scientific and political interest in regional aspects of the global carbon cycle, there is a strong impetus to better understand the carbon balance of China. This is not only because China is the world's most populous country and the largest emitter of fossil-fuel CO(2) into the atmosphere, but also because it has experienced regionally distinct land-use histories and climate trends, which together control the carbon budget of its ecosystems. Here we analyse the current terrestrial carbon balance of China and its driving mechanisms during the 1980s and 1990s using three different methods: biomass and soil carbon inventories extrapolated by satellite greenness measurements, ecosystem models and atmospheric inversions. The three methods produce similar estimates of a net carbon sink in the range of 0.19-0.26 Pg carbon (PgC) per year, which is smaller than that in the conterminous United States but comparable to that in geographic Europe. We find that northeast China is a net source of CO(2) to the atmosphere owing to overharvesting and degradation of forests. By contrast, southern China accounts for more than 65 per cent of the carbon sink, which can be attributed to regional climate change, large-scale plantation programmes active since the 1980s and shrub recovery. Shrub recovery is identified as the most uncertain factor contributing to the carbon sink. Our data and model results together indicate that China's terrestrial ecosystems absorbed 28-37 per cent of its cumulated fossil carbon emissions during the 1980s and 1990s.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Piao, Shilong -- Fang, Jingyun -- Ciais, Philippe -- Peylin, Philippe -- Huang, Yao -- Sitch, Stephen -- Wang, Tao -- England -- Nature. 2009 Apr 23;458(7241):1009-13. doi: 10.1038/nature07944.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. slpiao@pku.edu.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19396142" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; China ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry/history ; Fossil Fuels/*history ; History, 20th Century ; Soil/analysis ; Trees/metabolism
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  • 116
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2009-11-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jayaraman, K S -- England -- Nature. 2009 Nov 26;462(7272):397. doi: 10.1038/462397b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19940886" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Elephants ; India ; *Laboratories/economics ; *Physics/economics ; Tigers
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  • 117
    Publication Date: 2009-05-16
    Description: Plankton use solar energy to drive the nutrient cycles that make the planet habitable for larger organisms. We can now explore the diversity and functions of plankton using genomics, revealing the gene repertoires associated with survival in the oceans. Such studies will help us to appreciate the sensitivity of ocean systems and of the ocean's response to climate change, improving the predictive power of climate models.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowler, Chris -- Karl, David M -- Colwell, Rita R -- 1R01A139129-01/PHS HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 May 14;459(7244):180-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08056.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CNRS UMR8186, Department of Biology, Ecole Normale Superieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris, France. cbowler@biologie.ens.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19444203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Gene Expression Profiling/trends ; Genomics/trends ; Greenhouse Effect ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Marine Biology/trends ; *Oceanography ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Seawater/*microbiology/virology ; Vibrio cholerae/isolation & purification/metabolism ; *Water Microbiology ; Water Pollution/adverse effects
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  • 118
    Publication Date: 2009-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pysek, Petr -- Hulme, Philip E -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 16;460(7253):324. doi: 10.1038/460324b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19606125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; Population Dynamics
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  • 119
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2009-11-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marris, Emma -- England -- Nature. 2009 Nov 5;462(7269):30-2. doi: 10.1038/462030a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19890304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Internationality ; Netherlands ; *Wilderness
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  • 120
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2009-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marris, Emma -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 23;460(7254):450-3. doi: 10.1038/460450a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19626087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Hawaii ; Humans ; Trees
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  • 121
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2009-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marris, Emma -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jun 18;459(7249):906-8. doi: 10.1038/459906a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19536238" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological/*physiology ; British Columbia ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry/*methods ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Time Factors ; Trees/*physiology
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  • 122
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2009-09-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 3;461(7260):34-6. doi: 10.1038/461034a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19727180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon/*analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Fires ; Freezing ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Greenhouse Effect ; Photosynthesis ; Soil/analysis
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  • 123
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2009-01-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 15;457(7227):246-7. doi: 10.1038/457246a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19148066" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; China ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Hevea/*growth & development/metabolism ; Poverty/prevention & control ; Rain ; Rubber/economics ; Trees/growth & development/metabolism
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  • 124
    Publication Date: 2009-07-25
    Description: Productivity denotes the rate of biomass synthesis in ecosystems and is a fundamental characteristic that frames ecosystem function and management. Limitation of productivity by nutrient availability is an established paradigm for lake ecosystems. Here, we assess the relevance of this paradigm for a majority of the world's small, nutrient-poor lakes, with different concentrations of coloured organic matter. By comparing small unproductive lakes along a water colour gradient, we show that coloured terrestrial organic matter controls the key process for new biomass synthesis (the benthic primary production) through its effects on light attenuation. We also show that this translates into effects on production and biomass of higher trophic levels (benthic invertebrates and fish). These results are inconsistent with the idea that nutrient supply primarily controls lake productivity, and we propose that a large share of the world's unproductive lakes, within natural variations of organic carbon and nutrient input, are limited by light and not by nutrients. We anticipate that our result will have implications for understanding lake ecosystem function and responses to environmental change. Catchment export of coloured organic matter is sensitive to short-term natural variability and long-term, large-scale changes, driven by climate and different anthropogenic influences. Consequently, changes in terrestrial carbon cycling will have pronounced effects on most lake ecosystems by mediating changes in light climate and productivity of lakes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Karlsson, Jan -- Bystrom, Par -- Ask, Jenny -- Ask, Per -- Persson, Lennart -- Jansson, Mats -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 23;460(7254):506-9. doi: 10.1038/nature08179.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea University, Box 62, SE-981 07 Abisko, Sweden. Jan.Karlsson@emg.umu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19626113" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/physiology ; Fishes/physiology ; Fresh Water/*chemistry ; *Light ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Sweden
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  • 125
    Publication Date: 2009-09-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strong, Aaron -- Chisholm, Sallie -- Miller, Charles -- Cullen, John -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 17;461(7262):347-8. doi: 10.1038/461347a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19759603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Iron/*metabolism ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; Reproducibility of Results ; Seawater/*chemistry/parasitology
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  • 126
    Publication Date: 2010-09-10
    Description: During the decline to extinction, animal populations may present dynamical phenomena not exhibited by robust populations. Some of these phenomena, such as the scaling of demographic variance, are related to small size whereas others result from density-dependent nonlinearities. Although understanding the causes of population extinction has been a central problem in theoretical biology for decades, the ability to anticipate extinction has remained elusive. Here we argue that the causes of a population's decline are central to the predictability of its extinction. Specifically, environmental degradation may cause a tipping point in population dynamics, corresponding to a bifurcation in the underlying population growth equations, beyond which decline to extinction is almost certain. In such cases, imminent extinction will be signalled by critical slowing down (CSD). We conducted an experiment with replicate laboratory populations of Daphnia magna to test this hypothesis. We show that populations crossing a transcritical bifurcation, experimentally induced by the controlled decline in environmental conditions, show statistical signatures of CSD after the onset of environmental deterioration and before the critical transition. Populations in constant environments did not have these patterns. Four statistical indicators all showed evidence of the approaching bifurcation as early as 110 days ( approximately 8 generations) before the transition occurred. Two composite indices improved predictability, and comparative analysis showed that early warning signals based solely on observations in deteriorating environments without reference populations for standardization were hampered by the presence of transient dynamics before the onset of deterioration, pointing to the importance of reliable baseline data before environmental deterioration begins. The universality of bifurcations in models of population dynamics suggests that this phenomenon should be general.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Drake, John M -- Griffen, Blaine D -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 23;467(7314):456-9. doi: 10.1038/nature09389. Epub 2010 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA. jdrake@uga.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20827269" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Daphnia/growth & development/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Forecasting ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics
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  • 127
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2010-05-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Earle, Sylvia -- England -- Nature. 2010 May 13;465(7295):165. doi: 10.1038/465165a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20463723" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Marine Biology ; Meteorology ; *Motion Pictures as Topic ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Density
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  • 128
    Publication Date: 2010-07-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Xiaohui -- Jia, Zhiqing -- Ci, Longjun -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jul 15;466(7304):315; author reply 315. doi: 10.1038/466315c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20631778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry/*methods ; *Program Evaluation ; Rain ; Soil/*analysis ; Trees/*growth & development ; Water Supply/*analysis ; Wind
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  • 129
    Publication Date: 2010-07-03
    Description: The evidence for macroscopic life during the Palaeoproterozoic era (2.5-1.6 Gyr ago) is controversial. Except for the nearly 2-Gyr-old coil-shaped fossil Grypania spiralis, which may have been eukaryotic, evidence for morphological and taxonomic biodiversification of macroorganisms only occurs towards the beginning of the Mesoproterozoic era (1.6-1.0 Gyr). Here we report the discovery of centimetre-sized structures from the 2.1-Gyr-old black shales of the Palaeoproterozoic Francevillian B Formation in Gabon, which we interpret as highly organized and spatially discrete populations of colonial organisms. The structures are up to 12 cm in size and have characteristic shapes, with a simple but distinct ground pattern of flexible sheets and, usually, a permeating radial fabric. Geochemical analyses suggest that the sediments were deposited under an oxygenated water column. Carbon and sulphur isotopic data indicate that the structures were distinct biogenic objects, fossilized by pyritization early in the formation of the rock. The growth patterns deduced from the fossil morphologies suggest that the organisms showed cell-to-cell signalling and coordinated responses, as is commonly associated with multicellular organization. The Gabon fossils, occurring after the 2.45-2.32-Gyr increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, may be seen as ancient representatives of multicellular life, which expanded so rapidly 1.5 Gyr later, in the Cambrian explosion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉El Albani, Abderrazak -- Bengtson, Stefan -- Canfield, Donald E -- Bekker, Andrey -- Macchiarelli, Roberto -- Mazurier, Arnaud -- Hammarlund, Emma U -- Boulvais, Philippe -- Dupuy, Jean-Jacques -- Fontaine, Claude -- Fursich, Franz T -- Gauthier-Lafaye, Francois -- Janvier, Philippe -- Javaux, Emmanuelle -- Ossa, Frantz Ossa -- Pierson-Wickmann, Anne-Catherine -- Riboulleau, Armelle -- Sardini, Paul -- Vachard, Daniel -- Whitehouse, Martin -- Meunier, Alain -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jul 1;466(7302):100-4. doi: 10.1038/nature09166.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire HYDRASA, UMR 6269 CNRS-INSU, Universite de Poitiers, 86022 Poitiers, France. abder.albani@univ-poitiers.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20596019" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/cytology ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/cytology ; *Fossils ; Gabon ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; History, Ancient ; Oxygen/*metabolism
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  • 130
    Publication Date: 2010-10-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hilborn, Ray -- Cowan, James H Jr -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 30;467(7315):531. doi: 10.1038/467531c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20881998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Certification/economics/*standards ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/economics/*standards ; Fishes/physiology ; Marine Biology/*standards ; Population Dynamics ; *Seafood/economics/standards
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  • 131
    Publication Date: 2010-12-18
    Description: On the basis of projected losses of their essential sea-ice habitats, a United States Geological Survey research team concluded in 2007 that two-thirds of the world's polar bears (Ursus maritimus) could disappear by mid-century if business-as-usual greenhouse gas emissions continue. That projection, however, did not consider the possible benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation. A key question is whether temperature increases lead to proportional losses of sea-ice habitat, or whether sea-ice cover crosses a tipping point and irreversibly collapses when temperature reaches a critical threshold. Such a tipping point would mean future greenhouse gas mitigation would confer no conservation benefits to polar bears. Here we show, using a general circulation model, that substantially more sea-ice habitat would be retained if greenhouse gas rise is mitigated. We also show, with Bayesian network model outcomes, that increased habitat retention under greenhouse gas mitigation means that polar bears could persist throughout the century in greater numbers and more areas than in the business-as-usual case. Our general circulation model outcomes did not reveal thresholds leading to irreversible loss of ice; instead, a linear relationship between global mean surface air temperature and sea-ice habitat substantiated the hypothesis that sea-ice thermodynamics can overcome albedo feedbacks proposed to cause sea-ice tipping points. Our outcomes indicate that rapid summer ice losses in models and observations represent increased volatility of a thinning sea-ice cover, rather than tipping-point behaviour. Mitigation-driven Bayesian network outcomes show that previously predicted declines in polar bear distribution and numbers are not unavoidable. Because polar bears are sentinels of the Arctic marine ecosystem and trends in their sea-ice habitats foreshadow future global changes, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions to improve polar bear status would have conservation benefits throughout and beyond the Arctic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Amstrup, Steven C -- Deweaver, Eric T -- Douglas, David C -- Marcot, Bruce G -- Durner, George M -- Bitz, Cecilia M -- Bailey, David A -- England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 16;468(7326):955-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09653.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA. samstrup@pbears.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164484" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquatic Organisms ; Arctic Regions ; Bayes Theorem ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species/statistics & numerical data/*trends ; Environmental Monitoring ; Gases/analysis ; Global Warming/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Greenhouse Effect/*prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; *Ice Cover ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Density ; Predatory Behavior ; Seasons ; Seawater/analysis/chemistry ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Time Factors ; Ursidae/*physiology
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  • 132
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2010-10-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sambrotto, Raymond N -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 30;467(7315):538-9. doi: 10.1038/467538a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20882003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Diatoms/genetics/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Geography ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Phosphorus/analysis/metabolism ; Plankton/*metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry
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  • 133
    Publication Date: 2010-05-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cao, Shixiong -- Wang, Guosheng -- Chen, Li -- England -- Nature. 2010 May 6;465(7294):31. doi: 10.1038/465031d.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20445606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; Rain ; *Trees
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  • 134
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2010-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England, John -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 14;463(7278):159. doi: 10.1038/463159a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NSERC Northern Research Chair at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada. john.england@ualberta.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20075900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Canada ; Ecology/*economics/instrumentation ; *Ecosystem ; Ice Cover ; Leadership ; Research/*economics/instrumentation ; Research Support as Topic/economics/*organization & administration
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  • 135
    Publication Date: 2010-04-24
    Description: The production of artificial fertilizers, fossil fuel use and leguminous agriculture worldwide has increased the amount of reactive nitrogen in the natural environment by an order of magnitude since the Industrial Revolution. This reorganization of the nitrogen cycle has led to an increase in food production, but increasingly causes a number of environmental problems. One such problem is the accumulation of nitrate in both freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems. Here we establish that ecosystem nitrate accrual exhibits consistent and negative nonlinear correlations with organic carbon availability along a hydrologic continuum from soils, through freshwater systems and coastal margins, to the open ocean. The trend also prevails in ecosystems subject to substantial human alteration. Across this diversity of environments, we find evidence that resource stoichiometry (organic carbon:nitrate) strongly influences nitrate accumulation by regulating a suite of microbial processes that couple dissolved organic carbon and nitrate cycling. With the help of a meta-analysis we show that heterotrophic microbes maintain low nitrate concentrations when organic carbon:nitrate ratios match the stoichiometric demands of microbial anabolism. When resource ratios drop below the minimum carbon:nitrogen ratio of microbial biomass, however, the onset of carbon limitation appears to drive rapid nitrate accrual, which may then be further enhanced by nitrification. At low organic carbon:nitrate ratios, denitrification appears to constrain the extent of nitrate accretion, once organic carbon and nitrate availability approach the 1:1 stoichiometry of this catabolic process. Collectively, these microbial processes express themselves on local to global scales by restricting the threshold ratios underlying nitrate accrual to a constrained stoichiometric window. Our findings indicate that ecological stoichiometry can help explain the fate of nitrate across disparate environments and in the face of human disturbance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taylor, Philip G -- Townsend, Alan R -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 22;464(7292):1178-81. doi: 10.1038/nature08985.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSTAAR, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA. philip.taylor@colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20414306" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/metabolism ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis/*metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water/chemistry ; Freshwater Biology ; Marine Biology ; Nitrates/analysis/*metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton/metabolism ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Soil/*analysis
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  • 136
    Publication Date: 2010-10-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Homewood, Katherine -- Brockington, Daniel -- Sullivan, Sian -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 14;467(7317):788-9. doi: 10.1038/467788e.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944723" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Policy ; Tanzania ; *Transportation
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  • 137
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    Publication Date: 2010-11-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huber, Patrick R -- Greco, Steven E -- England -- Nature. 2010 Nov 11;468(7321):173. doi: 10.1038/468173a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21068814" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cities ; *City Planning/methods/trends ; *Ecosystem ; *Plant Development
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  • 138
    Publication Date: 2010-06-10
    Description: An optimal search theory, the so-called Levy-flight foraging hypothesis, predicts that predators should adopt search strategies known as Levy flights where prey is sparse and distributed unpredictably, but that Brownian movement is sufficiently efficient for locating abundant prey. Empirical studies have generated controversy because the accuracy of statistical methods that have been used to identify Levy behaviour has recently been questioned. Consequently, whether foragers exhibit Levy flights in the wild remains unclear. Crucially, moreover, it has not been tested whether observed movement patterns across natural landscapes having different expected resource distributions conform to the theory's central predictions. Here we use maximum-likelihood methods to test for Levy patterns in relation to environmental gradients in the largest animal movement data set assembled for this purpose. Strong support was found for Levy search patterns across 14 species of open-ocean predatory fish (sharks, tuna, billfish and ocean sunfish), with some individuals switching between Levy and Brownian movement as they traversed different habitat types. We tested the spatial occurrence of these two principal patterns and found Levy behaviour to be associated with less productive waters (sparser prey) and Brownian movements to be associated with productive shelf or convergence-front habitats (abundant prey). These results are consistent with the Levy-flight foraging hypothesis, supporting the contention that organism search strategies naturally evolved in such a way that they exploit optimal Levy patterns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Humphries, Nicolas E -- Queiroz, Nuno -- Dyer, Jennifer R M -- Pade, Nicolas G -- Musyl, Michael K -- Schaefer, Kurt M -- Fuller, Daniel W -- Brunnschweiler, Juerg M -- Doyle, Thomas K -- Houghton, Jonathan D R -- Hays, Graeme C -- Jones, Catherine S -- Noble, Leslie R -- Wearmouth, Victoria J -- Southall, Emily J -- Sims, David W -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):1066-9. doi: 10.1038/nature09116. Epub 2010 Jun 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20531470" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Identification Systems ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Exploratory Behavior/physiology ; Fishes/*physiology ; *Food ; Likelihood Functions ; Locomotion/*physiology ; Marine Biology ; *Models, Biological ; Perciformes/physiology ; Predatory Behavior/*physiology ; *Seawater ; Sharks/physiology ; Swimming/physiology
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  • 139
    Publication Date: 2010-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vester, Heike -- Timme, Marc -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 17;465(7300):869. doi: 10.1038/465869d.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20559364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chile ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; Industrial Waste/legislation & jurisprudence ; Noise/prevention & control ; *Salmon ; Water Pollution/*prevention & control
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  • 140
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2010-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abbott, Alison -- England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 16;468(7326):886-8. doi: 10.1038/468886a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes/organization & administration ; Agriculture/methods/trends ; Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Genetic Engineering ; Germany ; Herbicides ; Insects/drug effects/physiology ; Pheromones/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology/toxicity ; Plants/drug effects/genetics/*metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Predatory Behavior/drug effects ; *Research/economics ; Seeds/genetics/metabolism ; Stimulation, Chemical ; Tobacco/drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Utah
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  • 141
    Publication Date: 2010-09-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayer, Paul -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 9;467(7312):153. doi: 10.1038/467153b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829773" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cities ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Urban Population
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 142
    Publication Date: 2010-08-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, Stephen M -- England -- Nature. 2010 Aug 26;466(7310):1041. doi: 10.1038/4661041a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20739991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Culicidae/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Insect Control/ethics
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  • 143
    Publication Date: 2015-05-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Limardo, Alexander J -- Worden, Alexandra Z -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 4;522(7554):36-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14530. Epub 2015 May 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA, and at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California. ; 1] Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA, and at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California. [2] Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26017309" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Diatoms/*metabolism/*microbiology ; *Ecosystem ; Indoleacetic Acids/*metabolism ; Phytoplankton/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Rhodobacteraceae/*metabolism
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  • 144
    Publication Date: 2010-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kokko, Hanna -- Jennions, Michael -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 15;464(7291):990-1. doi: 10.1038/464990b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20393552" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/classification/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Food ; Fresh Water/*analysis ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; *Maternal Behavior/physiology ; *Paternal Behavior ; Phylogeny ; Survival Rate
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  • 145
    Publication Date: 2015-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zanne, Amy E -- Tank, David C -- Cornwell, William K -- Eastman, Jonathan M -- Smith, Stephen A -- FitzJohn, Richard G -- McGlinn, Daniel J -- O'Meara, Brian C -- Moles, Angela T -- Reich, Peter B -- Royer, Dana L -- Soltis, Douglas E -- Stevens, Peter F -- Westoby, Mark -- Wright, Ian J -- Aarssen, Lonnie -- Bertin, Robert I -- Calaminus, Andre -- Govaerts, Rafael -- Hemmings, Frank -- Leishman, Michelle R -- Oleksyn, Jacek -- Soltis, Pamela S -- Swenson, Nathan G -- Warman, Laura -- Beaulieu, Jeremy M -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 21;521(7552):E6-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14394.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA. [2] Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA. ; 1] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA. [2] Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA. ; 1] Department of Ecological Sciences, Systems Ecology, de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. [2] Evolution &Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. ; 1] Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z4, Canada. [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia. ; Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA. ; Evolution &Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. ; 1] Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. [2] Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia. ; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA. ; 1] Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. [2] Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. [3] Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia. ; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada. ; Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. ; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK. ; 1] Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA. [2] Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, 62-035 Kornik, Poland. ; 1] Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. [2] Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. ; Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. ; 1] Evolution &Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia. [2] Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA. ; National Institute for Mathematical &Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25993971" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cold Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Freezing ; Xylem/*anatomy & histology
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  • 146
    Publication Date: 2015-02-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pandolfi, John M -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 5;518(7537):43-4. doi: 10.1038/nature14196. Epub 2015 Jan 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences and the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25652993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development/*physiology ; *Climate Change ; *Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem
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  • 147
    Publication Date: 2015-04-10
    Description: Continuing degradation of coral reef ecosystems has generated substantial interest in how management can support reef resilience. Fishing is the primary source of diminished reef function globally, leading to widespread calls for additional marine reserves to recover fish biomass and restore key ecosystem functions. Yet there are no established baselines for determining when these conservation objectives have been met or whether alternative management strategies provide similar ecosystem benefits. Here we establish empirical conservation benchmarks and fish biomass recovery timelines against which coral reefs can be assessed and managed by studying the recovery potential of more than 800 coral reefs along an exploitation gradient. We show that resident reef fish biomass in the absence of fishing (B0) averages approximately 1,000 kg ha(-1), and that the vast majority (83%) of fished reefs are missing more than half their expected biomass, with severe consequences for key ecosystem functions such as predation. Given protection from fishing, reef fish biomass has the potential to recover within 35 years on average and less than 60 years when heavily depleted. Notably, alternative fisheries restrictions are largely (64%) successful at maintaining biomass above 50% of B0, sustaining key functions such as herbivory. Our results demonstrate that crucial ecosystem functions can be maintained through a range of fisheries restrictions, allowing coral reef managers to develop recovery plans that meet conservation and livelihood objectives in areas where marine reserves are not socially or politically feasible solutions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉MacNeil, M Aaron -- Graham, Nicholas A J -- Cinner, Joshua E -- Wilson, Shaun K -- Williams, Ivor D -- Maina, Joseph -- Newman, Steven -- Friedlander, Alan M -- Jupiter, Stacy -- Polunin, Nicholas V C -- McClanahan, Tim R -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 16;520(7547):341-4. doi: 10.1038/nature14358. Epub 2015 Apr 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville MC, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia [2] Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3J5, Canada [3] Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. ; 1] Department of Parks and Wildlife, Kensington, Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia [2] Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia. ; Coral Reef Ecosystems Division, NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818, USA. ; 1] Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions (CEED), University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Queensland 4074, Australia [2] Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Programs, Bronx, New York 10460, USA. ; School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK. ; 1] Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA [2] Pristine Seas-National Geographic, Washington DC 20036, USA. ; Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Programs, Bronx, New York 10460, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25855298" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/statistics & numerical data/*trends ; *Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/*methods/standards/*statistics & numerical data ; Fishes/*physiology ; Herbivory ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior ; Time Factors
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  • 148
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Magnan, Alexandre -- Duvat, Virginie -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jun 11;522(7555):156. doi: 10.1038/522156b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI), Sciences Po, Paris, France. ; Littoral, Environment and Societies Research Unit (LIENSs, UMR 7266), University of La Rochelle and CNRS, La Rochelle, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26062500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Anthozoa ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Mining/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Pacific Ocean ; Phosphates/*isolation & purification ; Polynesia
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  • 149
    Publication Date: 2015-01-22
    Description: Climate-induced coral bleaching is among the greatest current threats to coral reefs, causing widespread loss of live coral cover. Conditions under which reefs bounce back from bleaching events or shift from coral to algal dominance are unknown, making it difficult to predict and plan for differing reef responses under climate change. Here we document and predict long-term reef responses to a major climate-induced coral bleaching event that caused unprecedented region-wide mortality of Indo-Pacific corals. Following loss of 〉90% live coral cover, 12 of 21 reefs recovered towards pre-disturbance live coral states, while nine reefs underwent regime shifts to fleshy macroalgae. Functional diversity of associated reef fish communities shifted substantially following bleaching, returning towards pre-disturbance structure on recovering reefs, while becoming progressively altered on regime shifting reefs. We identified threshold values for a range of factors that accurately predicted ecosystem response to the bleaching event. Recovery was favoured when reefs were structurally complex and in deeper water, when density of juvenile corals and herbivorous fishes was relatively high and when nutrient loads were low. Whether reefs were inside no-take marine reserves had no bearing on ecosystem trajectory. Although conditions governing regime shift or recovery dynamics were diverse, pre-disturbance quantification of simple factors such as structural complexity and water depth accurately predicted ecosystem trajectories. These findings foreshadow the likely divergent but predictable outcomes for reef ecosystems in response to climate change, thus guiding improved management and adaptation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Graham, Nicholas A J -- Jennings, Simon -- MacNeil, M Aaron -- Mouillot, David -- Wilson, Shaun K -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 5;518(7537):94-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14140. Epub 2015 Jan 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia. ; 1] Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 OHT, UK [2] School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. ; 1] Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia [2] Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville MC, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia. ; 1] Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811 Australia [2] ECOSYM, UMR CNRS-UM2 5119, Universite Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France. ; 1] Department of Parks and Wildlife, Kensington, Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia [2] School of Plant Biology, Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25607371" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acclimatization ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development/*physiology ; Biodiversity ; *Climate Change ; *Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/physiology ; Indian Ocean ; Pacific Ocean ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater/analysis ; Seaweed/physiology ; Seychelles ; Symbiosis ; Tropical Climate
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  • 150
    Publication Date: 2015-02-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Di Lorenzo, Emanuele -- England -- Nature. 2015 Feb 19;518(7539):310-1. doi: 10.1038/518310a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0340, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25693560" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; *Water Movements
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  • 151
    Publication Date: 2014-12-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gruber, Nicolas -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 8;517(7533):148-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14082. Epub 2014 Dec 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Physics Group, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25487156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aquatic Organisms/metabolism ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; *Carbon Sequestration ; *Ecosystem ; Human Activities ; *Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis
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  • 152
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kotiaho, Janne S -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 5;519(7541):33. doi: 10.1038/519033a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Jyvaskyla, Finland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25739622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Finland ; Forestry/methods/statistics & numerical data ; Forests
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  • 153
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Massante, Jhonny Capichoni -- England -- Nature. 2015 Dec 3;528(7580):39. doi: 10.1038/528039c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Federal University Fluminense, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26632581" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Cities ; *Disasters/prevention & control ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Mining ; Rainforest ; Water Pollutants/*adverse effects ; Water Supply
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  • 154
    Publication Date: 2015-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edwards, Erika J -- de Vos, Jurriaan M -- Donoghue, Michael J -- England -- Nature. 2015 May 21;521(7552):E5-6. doi: 10.1038/nature14393.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St, Box G-W, Providence, Rhodes Island 02912, USA. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208105, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25993970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Cold Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Freezing ; Xylem/*anatomy & histology
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  • 155
    Publication Date: 2015-04-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dulvy, Nicholas K -- Kindsvater, Holly K -- England -- Nature. 2015 Apr 16;520(7547):304-5. doi: 10.1038/nature14384. Epub 2015 Apr 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25855291" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/*trends ; *Coral Reefs ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/*methods/*statistics & numerical data ; Fishes/*physiology
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  • 156
    Publication Date: 2015-09-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cord, Anna F -- Seppelt, Ralf -- Turner, Woody -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 3;525(7567):33. doi: 10.1038/525033a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany. ; NASA, Washington DC, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26333459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodiversity ; Biofuels/supply & distribution ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*statistics & numerical data ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation/*methods ; *Goals ; *Spacecraft ; United Nations
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  • 157
    Publication Date: 2010-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Derocher, Andrew E -- England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 16;468(7326):905-6. doi: 10.1038/468905a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164475" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; Endangered Species/*statistics & numerical data/*trends ; Global Warming/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Greenhouse Effect/*prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; *Ice Cover ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Ursidae/*physiology
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  • 158
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Michel J -- Hill, Louize -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 30;467(7315):531. doi: 10.1038/467531a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20881997" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*trends ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Fisheries/*standards ; *Marine Biology ; Pectinidae
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  • 159
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gilbert, Natasha -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 28;467(7319):1021. doi: 10.1038/4671021a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20981066" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altitude ; Aquatic Organisms/physiology ; *Coal ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Electric Conductivity ; Mining/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Trees/physiology ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Water Pollution/*prevention & control ; West Virginia
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  • 160
    Publication Date: 2011-08-05
    Description: The role of African savannahs in the evolution of early hominins has been debated for nearly a century. Resolution of this issue has been hindered by difficulty in quantifying the fraction of woody cover in the fossil record. Here we show that the fraction of woody cover in tropical ecosystems can be quantified using stable carbon isotopes in soils. Furthermore, we use fossil soils from hominin sites in the Awash and Omo-Turkana basins in eastern Africa to reconstruct the fraction of woody cover since the Late Miocene epoch (about 7 million years ago). (13)C/(12)C ratio data from 1,300 palaeosols at or adjacent to hominin sites dating to at least 6 million years ago show that woody cover was predominantly less than approximately 40% at most sites. These data point to the prevalence of open environments at the majority of hominin fossil sites in eastern Africa over the past 6 million years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cerling, Thure E -- Wynn, Jonathan G -- Andanje, Samuel A -- Bird, Michael I -- Korir, David Kimutai -- Levin, Naomi E -- Mace, William -- Macharia, Anthony N -- Quade, Jay -- Remien, Christopher H -- England -- Nature. 2011 Aug 3;476(7358):51-6. doi: 10.1038/nature10306.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA. thure.cerling@utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21814275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa, Eastern ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Calibration ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Gait/physiology ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Paleontology ; Plant Leaves/growth & development ; Poaceae/growth & development ; Population Dynamics ; Soil/chemistry ; *Trees/growth & development ; Tropical Climate ; Wilderness ; Wood
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  • 161
    Publication Date: 2010-10-22
    Description: To persist, species are expected to shift their geographical ranges polewards or to higher elevations as the Earth's climate warms. However, although many species' ranges have shifted in historical times, many others have not, or have shifted only at the high-latitude or high-elevation limits, leading to range expansions rather than contractions. Given these idiosyncratic responses to climate warming, and their varied implications for species' vulnerability to climate change, a critical task is to understand why some species have not shifted their ranges, particularly at the equatorial or low-elevation limits, and whether such resilience will last as warming continues. Here we show that compensatory changes in demographic rates are buffering southern populations of two North American tundra plants against the negative effects of a warming climate, slowing their northward range shifts, but that this buffering is unlikely to continue indefinitely. Southern populations of both species showed lower survival and recruitment but higher growth of individual plants, possibly owing to longer, warmer growing seasons. Because of these and other compensatory changes, the population growth rates of southern populations are not at present lower than those of northern ones. However, continued warming may yet prove detrimental, as most demographic rates that improved in moderately warmer years declined in the warmest years, with the potential to drive future population declines. Our results emphasize the need for long-term, range-wide measurement of all population processes to detect demographic compensation and to identify nonlinear responses that may lead to sudden range shifts as climatic tipping points are exceeded.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doak, Daniel F -- Morris, William F -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 21;467(7318):959-62. doi: 10.1038/nature09439.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA. ddoak@uwyo.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20962844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Alberta ; *Climate ; Cold Climate ; Colorado ; *Ecosystem ; *Geography ; Global Warming/*statistics & numerical data ; Polygonum/*growth & development ; Population Growth ; Seasons ; Silene/*growth & development ; Snow ; Stochastic Processes ; Temperature
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  • 162
    Publication Date: 2011-08-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Orphan, Victoria J -- Hoehler, Tori M -- England -- Nature. 2011 Aug 10;476(7359):154-5. doi: 10.1038/476154a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21833075" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; Bivalvia/metabolism/*microbiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Energy Metabolism ; Gills/metabolism/microbiology ; Hot Springs/*chemistry/microbiology ; Hydrogen/*metabolism ; Hydrogenase/metabolism ; Seawater/chemistry/microbiology ; Sulfides/metabolism ; Symbiosis/genetics/*physiology
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  • 163
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2011-03-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schiermeier, Quirin -- England -- Nature. 2011 Mar 10;471(7337):154-6. doi: 10.1038/471154a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21390106" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acids/*adverse effects/analysis/chemistry ; Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/chemistry/*drug effects/physiology ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/chemistry ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Food Industry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Shellfish/supply & distribution ; Survival Rate
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  • 164
    Publication Date: 2011-01-14
    Description: In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlighted an urgent need to assess the responses of marine ecosystems to climate change. Because they lie in a high-latitude region, the Southern Ocean ecosystems are expected to be strongly affected by global warming. Using top predators of this highly productive ocean (such as penguins) as integrative indicators may help us assess the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems. Yet most available information on penguin population dynamics is based on the controversial use of flipper banding. Although some reports have found the effects of flipper bands to be deleterious, some short-term (one-year) studies have concluded otherwise, resulting in the continuation of extensive banding schemes and the use of data sets thus collected to predict climate impact on natural populations. Here we show that banding of free-ranging king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) impairs both survival and reproduction, ultimately affecting population growth rate. Over the course of a 10-year longitudinal study, banded birds produced 41% [corrected] fewer chicks and had a survival rate 16 percentage points [corrected] lower than non-banded birds, demonstrating a massive long-term impact of banding and thus refuting the assumption that birds will ultimately adapt to being banded. Indeed, banded birds still arrived later for breeding at the study site and had longer foraging trips even after 10 years. One of our major findings is that responses of flipper-banded penguins to climate variability (that is, changes in sea surface temperature and in the Southern Oscillation index) differ from those of non-banded birds. We show that only long-term investigations may allow an evaluation of the impact of flipper bands and that every major life-history trait can be affected, calling into question the banding schemes still going on. In addition, our understanding of the effects of climate change on marine ecosystems based on flipper-band data should be reconsidered.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saraux, Claire -- Le Bohec, Celine -- Durant, Joel M -- Viblanc, Vincent A -- Gauthier-Clerc, Michel -- Beaune, David -- Park, Young-Hyang -- Yoccoz, Nigel G -- Stenseth, Nils C -- Le Maho, Yvon -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 13;469(7329):203-6. doi: 10.1038/nature09630.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universite de Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, 23 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France. claire.saraux@c-strasbourg.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21228875" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Identification Systems/ethics ; Animal Welfare/ethics/statistics & numerical data ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Artifacts ; Climate Change/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction/physiology ; Seawater/chemistry ; Spheniscidae/growth & development/*physiology ; Survival Rate ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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  • 165
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2011-11-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cressey, Daniel -- England -- Nature. 2011 Nov 16;479(7373):277. doi: 10.1038/479277a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22094665" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Coral Reefs ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Eutrophication ; Geography ; Iran ; Oceans and Seas ; United Arab Emirates
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  • 166
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2011 Dec 7;480(7376):151-2. doi: 10.1038/480151b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics/legislation & ; jurisprudence/methods/statistics & numerical data ; *Ecology/economics/legislation & jurisprudence/methods/statistics & numerical ; data ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Government Regulation ; Marine Biology/economics/methods ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater
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  • 167
    Publication Date: 2011-01-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, Neil -- Lux, Thomas -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 20;469(7330):302-3. doi: 10.1038/469302a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21248829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Commerce/economics ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/transmission ; Economic Recession/statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Financial Management/economics/*methods ; *Models, Biological ; *Models, Economic ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risk Factors ; Risk Management/legislation & jurisprudence/*methods
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  • 168
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2011-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schrope, Mark -- England -- Nature. 2011 Apr 14;472(7342):152-4. doi: 10.1038/472152a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21490648" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/drug effects ; Aquatic Organisms/*drug effects ; Chemical Hazard Release/*statistics & numerical data ; Data Collection ; *Ecosystem ; Mexico ; Oceans and Seas ; Petroleum/*adverse effects/*analysis ; Seawater/analysis/*chemistry
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  • 169
    Publication Date: 2011-01-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 13;469(7329):145. doi: 10.1038/469145a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21228847" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air ; Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Arctic Regions ; *Ecosystem ; *Global Warming ; Ice Cover ; *National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; Research/instrumentation/*organization & administration/trends ; *Research Report ; Temperature ; United States
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  • 170
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2011-02-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blicharska, Malgorzata -- Mikusinski, Grzegorz -- England -- Nature. 2011 Feb 3;470(7332):39. doi: 10.1038/470039b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21293359" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biota ; Climate Change/statistics & numerical data ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Forestry/methods ; International Cooperation
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  • 171
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2011-06-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2011 Jun 2;474(7349):6. doi: 10.1038/474006b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21637213" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mining ; Nematoda/*physiology ; South Africa
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  • 172
    Publication Date: 2011-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rahbek, Carsten -- Colwell, Robert K -- England -- Nature. 2011 May 19;473(7347):288-9. doi: 10.1038/473288a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21593855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Birds/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Models, Biological ; Species Specificity
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  • 173
    Publication Date: 2011-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉da Silva Copertino, Margareth -- England -- Nature. 2011 May 19;473(7347):255. doi: 10.1038/473255a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil. doccoper@furg.br〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21593818" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brazil ; Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Policy ; Forestry ; Global Warming/*prevention & control/statistics & numerical data ; Plants/*metabolism ; Trees/metabolism ; Tropical Climate ; United Nations
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  • 174
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2011 May 19;473(7347):254. doi: 10.1038/473254a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21593817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Climate Change/statistics & numerical data ; Earth (Planet) ; *Ecosystem ; Geology/*methods ; *Human Activities ; *Terminology as Topic ; Time Factors
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  • 175
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2011-01-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, Mark J F -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 13;469(7329):169-70. doi: 10.1038/469169a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21228865" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amphibians/microbiology ; Animals ; Bees/classification/genetics/*parasitology/*physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Extinction, Biological ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Pollination ; Population Dynamics ; Time Factors ; United States
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  • 176
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2011-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marris, Emma -- England -- Nature. 2011 Mar 24;471(7339):422. doi: 10.1038/471422a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21430746" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle/*physiology ; Ecology/*methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Fires/*prevention & control ; Politics ; Victoria
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  • 177
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marris, Emma -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 13;469(7329):150-2. doi: 10.1038/469150a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21228850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; Beetles/physiology ; *Climate Change ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods/trends ; Ecology/*methods/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Fires/statistics & numerical data ; Gene Pool ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; Trees/growth & development/parasitology ; United States ; *Wilderness
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  • 178
    Publication Date: 2011-06-04
    Description: Since its discovery over two decades ago, the deep subsurface biosphere has been considered to be the realm of single-cell organisms, extending over three kilometres into the Earth's crust and comprising a significant fraction of the global biosphere. The constraints of temperature, energy, dioxygen and space seemed to preclude the possibility of more-complex, multicellular organisms from surviving at these depths. Here we report species of the phylum Nematoda that have been detected in or recovered from 0.9-3.6-kilometre-deep fracture water in the deep mines of South Africa but have not been detected in the mining water. These subsurface nematodes, including a new species, Halicephalobus mephisto, tolerate high temperature, reproduce asexually and preferentially feed upon subsurface bacteria. Carbon-14 data indicate that the fracture water in which the nematodes reside is 3,000-12,000-year-old palaeometeoric water. Our data suggest that nematodes should be found in other deep hypoxic settings where temperature permits, and that they may control the microbial population density by grazing on fracture surface biofilm patches. Our results expand the known metazoan biosphere and demonstrate that deep ecosystems are more complex than previously accepted. The discovery of multicellular life in the deep subsurface of the Earth also has important implications for the search for subsurface life on other planets in our Solar System.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Borgonie, G -- Garcia-Moyano, A -- Litthauer, D -- Bert, W -- Bester, A -- van Heerden, E -- Moller, C -- Erasmus, M -- Onstott, T C -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jun 2;474(7349):79-82. doi: 10.1038/nature09974.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Nematology Section, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B9000 Ghent, Belgium. gborgonie@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21637257" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Hot Temperature ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nematoda/*classification/genetics/*physiology ; Reproduction, Asexual ; South Africa ; Species Specificity ; Water
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  • 179
    Publication Date: 2011-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Evans, Megan -- Possingham, Hugh -- Wilson, Kerrie -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jun 15;474(7351):284. doi: 10.1038/474284a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21677732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Geography ; Population Dynamics
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  • 180
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woodwell, George M -- England -- Nature. 2011 Mar 3;471(7336):36. doi: 10.1038/471036a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21368807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aquatic Organisms ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry/microbiology ; Hot Springs/*chemistry/microbiology ; Mining/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater/chemistry/microbiology
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  • 181
    Publication Date: 2012-01-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sumaila, U Rashid -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jan 18;481(7381):265. doi: 10.1038/481265c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258595" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Policy ; *Seawater
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  • 182
    Publication Date: 2012-04-14
    Description: The past two decades have seen an increasing number of virulent infectious diseases in natural populations and managed landscapes. In both animals and plants, an unprecedented number of fungal and fungal-like diseases have recently caused some of the most severe die-offs and extinctions ever witnessed in wild species, and are jeopardizing food security. Human activity is intensifying fungal disease dispersal by modifying natural environments and thus creating new opportunities for evolution. We argue that nascent fungal infections will cause increasing attrition of biodiversity, with wider implications for human and ecosystem health, unless steps are taken to tighten biosecurity worldwide.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3821985/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3821985/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fisher, Matthew C -- Henk, Daniel A -- Briggs, Cheryl J -- Brownstein, John S -- Madoff, Lawrence C -- McCraw, Sarah L -- Gurr, Sarah J -- 5R01LM010812-02/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- R01 LM010812/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2012 Apr 11;484(7393):186-94. doi: 10.1038/nature10947.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK. matthew.fisher@imperial.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22498624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/*microbiology/veterinary ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Food Supply ; Fungi/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity ; Humans ; Mycoses/*epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Plants/*microbiology ; Virulence/genetics
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  • 183
    Publication Date: 2012-02-24
    Description: Arising from F. He & S. P. Hubbell 473, 368-371 (2011). Statistical relationships between habitat area and the number of species observed (species-area relationships, SARs) are sometimes used to assess extinction risks following habitat destruction or loss of climatic suitability. He and Hubbell argue that the numbers of species confined to-rather than observed in-different areas (endemics-area relationships, EARs) should be used instead of SARs, and that SAR-based extinction estimates in the literature are too high. We suggest that He and Hubbell's SAR estimates are biased, that the empirical data they use are not appropriate to calculate extinction risks, and that their statements about extinction risks from climate change do not take into account non-SAR-based estimates or recent observations. Species have already responded to climate change in a manner consistent with high future extinction risks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, Chris D -- Williamson, Mark -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 22;482(7386):E4-5; author reply E5-6. doi: 10.1038/nature10858.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK. chris.thomas@york.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22358847" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Models, Statistical
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  • 184
    Publication Date: 2012-07-06
    Description: It is possible that anthropogenic climate change will drive the Earth system into a qualitatively different state. Although different types of uncertainty limit our capacity to assess this risk, Earth system scientists are particularly concerned about tipping elements, large-scale components of the Earth system that can be switched into qualitatively different states by small perturbations. Despite growing evidence that tipping elements exist in the climate system, whether large-scale vegetation systems can tip into alternative states is poorly understood. Here we show that tropical grassland, savanna and forest ecosystems, areas large enough to have powerful impacts on the Earth system, are likely to shift to alternative states. Specifically, we show that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration will force transitions to vegetation states characterized by higher biomass and/or woody-plant dominance. The timing of these critical transitions varies as a result of between-site variance in the rate of temperature increase, as well as a dependence on stochastic variation in fire severity and rainfall. We further show that the locations of bistable vegetation zones (zones where alternative vegetation states can exist) will shift as climate changes. We conclude that even though large-scale directional regime shifts in terrestrial ecosystems are likely, asynchrony in the timing of these shifts may serve to dampen, but not nullify, the shock that these changes may represent to the Earth system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Higgins, Steven I -- Scheiter, Simon -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 9;488(7410):209-12. doi: 10.1038/nature11238.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Physische Geographie, Goethe Universitat Frankfurt am Main, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. higgins@em.uni-frankfurt.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22763447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Biomass ; Carbon/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/*metabolism ; Climate Change/*statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Geography ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Hot Temperature ; Models, Biological ; Photosynthesis/physiology ; Poaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; Probability ; Rain ; Stochastic Processes ; Time Factors ; Trees/*growth & development/metabolism ; Wood
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  • 185
    Publication Date: 2012-06-09
    Description: Localized ecological systems are known to shift abruptly and irreversibly from one state to another when they are forced across critical thresholds. Here we review evidence that the global ecosystem as a whole can react in the same way and is approaching a planetary-scale critical transition as a result of human influence. The plausibility of a planetary-scale 'tipping point' highlights the need to improve biological forecasting by detecting early warning signs of critical transitions on global as well as local scales, and by detecting feedbacks that promote such transitions. It is also necessary to address root causes of how humans are forcing biological changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barnosky, Anthony D -- Hadly, Elizabeth A -- Bascompte, Jordi -- Berlow, Eric L -- Brown, James H -- Fortelius, Mikael -- Getz, Wayne M -- Harte, John -- Hastings, Alan -- Marquet, Pablo A -- Martinez, Neo D -- Mooers, Arne -- Roopnarine, Peter -- Vermeij, Geerat -- Williams, John W -- Gillespie, Rosemary -- Kitzes, Justin -- Marshall, Charles -- Matzke, Nicholas -- Mindell, David P -- Revilla, Eloy -- Smith, Adam B -- R01 GM069801/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jun 6;486(7401):52-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11018.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. barnosky@berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22678279" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Climate Change/*statistics & numerical data ; *Earth (Planet) ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Forecasting ; Human Activities ; Humans ; *Models, Theoretical
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  • 186
    Publication Date: 2012-04-27
    Description: The phenology of growth in temperate deciduous forests, including the timing of leaf emergence and senescence, has strong control over ecosystem properties such as productivity and nutrient cycling, and has an important role in the carbon economy of understory plants. Extended leaf phenology, whereby understory species assimilate carbon in early spring before canopy closure or in late autumn after canopy fall, has been identified as a key feature of many forest species invasions, but it remains unclear whether there are systematic differences in the growth phenology of native and invasive forest species or whether invaders are more responsive to warming trends that have lengthened the duration of spring or autumn growth. Here, in a 3-year monitoring study of 43 native and 30 non-native shrub and liana species common to deciduous forests in the eastern United States, I show that extended autumn leaf phenology is a common attribute of eastern US forest invasions, where non-native species are extending the autumn growing season by an average of 4 weeks compared with natives. In contrast, there was no consistent evidence that non-natives as a group show earlier spring growth phenology, and non-natives were not better able to track interannual variation in spring temperatures. Seasonal leaf production and photosynthetic data suggest that most non-native species capture a significant proportion of their annual carbon assimilate after canopy leaf fall, a behaviour that was virtually absent in natives and consistent across five phylogenetic groups. Pronounced differences in how native and non-native understory species use pre- and post-canopy environments suggest eastern US invaders are driving a seasonal redistribution of forest productivity that may rival climate change in its impact on forest processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fridley, Jason D -- England -- Nature. 2012 May 17;485(7398):359-62. doi: 10.1038/nature11056.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA. fridley@syr.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535249" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/classification/*growth & development ; *Seasons ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Trees/classification/*growth & development ; United States
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  • 187
    Publication Date: 2012-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levy, Sharon -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 21;482(7386):454. doi: 10.1038/482454a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22358807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cryopreservation ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Flowers/*growth & development ; *Freezing ; Germination ; History, Ancient ; *Ice ; Sciuridae/physiology ; Seeds/growth & development ; Time Factors
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  • 188
    Publication Date: 2012-06-09
    Description: Evidence is mounting that extinctions are altering key processes important to the productivity and sustainability of Earth's ecosystems. Further species loss will accelerate change in ecosystem processes, but it is unclear how these effects compare to the direct effects of other forms of environmental change that are both driving diversity loss and altering ecosystem function. Here we use a suite of meta-analyses of published data to show that the effects of species loss on productivity and decomposition--two processes important in all ecosystems--are of comparable magnitude to the effects of many other global environmental changes. In experiments, intermediate levels of species loss (21-40%) reduced plant production by 5-10%, comparable to previously documented effects of ultraviolet radiation and climate warming. Higher levels of extinction (41-60%) had effects rivalling those of ozone, acidification, elevated CO(2) and nutrient pollution. At intermediate levels, species loss generally had equal or greater effects on decomposition than did elevated CO(2) and nitrogen addition. The identity of species lost also had a large effect on changes in productivity and decomposition, generating a wide range of plausible outcomes for extinction. Despite the need for more studies on interactive effects of diversity loss and environmental changes, our analyses clearly show that the ecosystem consequences of local species loss are as quantitatively significant as the direct effects of several global change stressors that have mobilized major international concern and remediation efforts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hooper, David U -- Adair, E Carol -- Cardinale, Bradley J -- Byrnes, Jarrett E K -- Hungate, Bruce A -- Matulich, Kristin L -- Gonzalez, Andrew -- Duffy, J Emmett -- Gamfeldt, Lars -- O'Connor, Mary I -- England -- Nature. 2012 May 2;486(7401):105-8. doi: 10.1038/nature11118.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225-9160, USA. hooper@biol.wwu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22678289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Extinction, Biological ; Models, Biological
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  • 189
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nijhuis, Michelle -- England -- Nature. 2012 Sep 20;489(7416):352-4. doi: 10.1038/489352a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22996530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; Desert Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fires/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data ; Global Warming/statistics & numerical data ; Insects/physiology ; Montana ; Southwestern United States ; Trees/*metabolism/parasitology
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  • 190
    Publication Date: 2012-01-20
    Description: Agricultural expansion and climate variability have become important agents of disturbance in the Amazon basin. Recent studies have demonstrated considerable resilience of Amazonian forests to moderate annual drought, but they also show that interactions between deforestation, fire and drought potentially lead to losses of carbon storage and changes in regional precipitation patterns and river discharge. Although the basin-wide impacts of land use and drought may not yet surpass the magnitude of natural variability of hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles, there are some signs of a transition to a disturbance-dominated regime. These signs include changing energy and water cycles in the southern and eastern portions of the Amazon basin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davidson, Eric A -- de Araujo, Alessandro C -- Artaxo, Paulo -- Balch, Jennifer K -- Brown, I Foster -- C Bustamante, Mercedes M -- Coe, Michael T -- DeFries, Ruth S -- Keller, Michael -- Longo, Marcos -- Munger, J William -- Schroeder, Wilfrid -- Soares-Filho, Britaldo S -- Souza, Carlos M Jr -- Wofsy, Steven C -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jan 18;481(7381):321-8. doi: 10.1038/nature10717.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540-1644, USA. edavidson@whrc.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brazil ; *Carbon Cycle ; *Climate Change ; Droughts ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Forestry ; Rain ; Rivers ; Seasons ; Trees/*metabolism
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  • 191
    Publication Date: 2012-08-10
    Description: Groundwater is a life-sustaining resource that supplies water to billions of people, plays a central part in irrigated agriculture and influences the health of many ecosystems. Most assessments of global water resources have focused on surface water, but unsustainable depletion of groundwater has recently been documented on both regional and global scales. It remains unclear how the rate of global groundwater depletion compares to the rate of natural renewal and the supply needed to support ecosystems. Here we define the groundwater footprint (the area required to sustain groundwater use and groundwater-dependent ecosystem services) and show that humans are overexploiting groundwater in many large aquifers that are critical to agriculture, especially in Asia and North America. We estimate that the size of the global groundwater footprint is currently about 3.5 times the actual area of aquifers and that about 1.7 billion people live in areas where groundwater resources and/or groundwater-dependent ecosystems are under threat. That said, 80 per cent of aquifers have a groundwater footprint that is less than their area, meaning that the net global value is driven by a few heavily overexploited aquifers. The groundwater footprint is the first tool suitable for consistently evaluating the use, renewal and ecosystem requirements of groundwater at an aquifer scale. It can be combined with the water footprint and virtual water calculations, and be used to assess the potential for increasing agricultural yields with renewable groundwaterref. The method could be modified to evaluate other resources with renewal rates that are slow and spatially heterogeneous, such as fisheries, forestry or soil.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gleeson, Tom -- Wada, Yoshihide -- Bierkens, Marc F P -- van Beek, Ludovicus P H -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 9;488(7410):197-200. doi: 10.1038/nature11295.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada. tom.gleeson@mcgill.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22874965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/statistics & numerical data/trends ; Asia ; Desert Climate ; Drinking Water ; *Ecosystem ; Food Supply ; *Groundwater ; Monte Carlo Method ; North America ; Recycling/trends ; Water Supply/*statistics & numerical data
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  • 192
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2012-05-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gozlan, Rodolphe -- England -- Nature. 2012 May 23;485(7399):446. doi: 10.1038/485446d.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22622560" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*microbiology ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/*pathogenicity ; Humans ; Mycoses/*epidemiology/*veterinary ; Plants/*microbiology
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  • 193
    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: Trophic interactions govern biomass fluxes in ecosystems, and stability in food webs. Knowledge of how trophic interaction strengths are affected by differences among habitats is crucial for understanding variation in ecological systems. Here we show how substantial variation in consumption-rate data, and hence trophic interaction strengths, arises because consumers tend to encounter resources more frequently in three dimensions (3D) (for example, arboreal and pelagic zones) than two dimensions (2D) (for example, terrestrial and benthic zones). By combining new theory with extensive data (376 species, with body masses ranging from 5.24 x 10(-14) kg to 800 kg), we find that consumption rates scale sublinearly with consumer body mass (exponent of approximately 0.85) for 2D interactions, but superlinearly (exponent of approximately 1.06) for 3D interactions. These results contradict the currently widespread assumption of a single exponent (of approximately 0.75) in consumer-resource and food-web research. Further analysis of 2,929 consumer-resource interactions shows that dimensionality of consumer search space is probably a major driver of species coexistence, and the stability and abundance of populations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pawar, Samraat -- Dell, Anthony I -- Savage, Van M -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jun 28;486(7404):485-9. doi: 10.1038/nature11131.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1766, USA. samraat@ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722834" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomass ; Birds/physiology ; Body Size ; Body Weight ; Eating/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Fishes/physiology ; Flight, Animal ; *Food Chain ; Locomotion/physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Reproduction/physiology ; Ruminants/physiology
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  • 194
    Publication Date: 2012-02-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kearney, Robert -- Farebrother, Graham -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 8;482(7384):162. doi: 10.1038/482162c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22318593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environmental Policy ; *Seawater
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  • 195
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2012-07-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allesina, Stefano -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jul 11;487(7406):175-6. doi: 10.1038/487175a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22785307" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Models, Theoretical
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  • 196
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Forty years ago, May proved that sufficiently large or complex ecological networks have a probability of persisting that is close to zero, contrary to previous expectations. May analysed large networks in which species interact at random. However, in natural systems pairs of species have well-defined interactions (for example predator-prey, mutualistic or competitive). Here we extend May's results to these relationships and find remarkable differences between predator-prey interactions, which are stabilizing, and mutualistic and competitive interactions, which are destabilizing. We provide analytic stability criteria for all cases. We use the criteria to prove that, counterintuitively, the probability of stability for predator-prey networks decreases when a realistic food web structure is imposed or if there is a large preponderance of weak interactions. Similarly, stability is negatively affected by nestedness in bipartite mutualistic networks. These results are found by separating the contribution of network structure and interaction strengths to stability. Stable predator-prey networks can be arbitrarily large and complex, provided that predator-prey pairs are tightly coupled. The stability criteria are widely applicable, because they hold for any system of differential equations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allesina, Stefano -- Tang, Si -- England -- Nature. 2012 Feb 19;483(7388):205-8. doi: 10.1038/nature10832.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. sallesina@uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22343894" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Competitive Behavior/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; *Models, Biological ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; *Predatory Behavior ; Symbiosis
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  • 197
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    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Publication Date: 2013-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2013 Feb 21;494(7437):282. doi: 10.1038/494282a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23426286" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*methods ; Ecology/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries/economics/methods/standards/*statistics & numerical data ; Fishes/growth & development/*physiology ; Marine Biology/methods ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Uncertainty
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  • 198
    Publication Date: 2013-06-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dupont, Sam -- Portner, Hans -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jun 27;498(7455):429. doi: 10.1038/498429a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg, Sweden. sam.dupont@bioenv.gu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acclimatization/*drug effects ; Animals ; Carbon Dioxide/*adverse effects ; Climate Change/statistics & numerical data ; *Ecosystem ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration/drug effects ; Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/*chemistry
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  • 199
    Publication Date: 2013-05-17
    Description: High latitudes contain nearly half of global soil carbon, prompting interest in understanding how the Arctic terrestrial carbon balance will respond to rising temperatures. Low temperatures suppress the activity of soil biota, retarding decomposition and nitrogen release, which limits plant and microbial growth. Warming initially accelerates decomposition, increasing nitrogen availability, productivity and woody-plant dominance. However, these responses may be transitory, because coupled abiotic-biotic feedback loops that alter soil-temperature dynamics and change the structure and activity of soil communities, can develop. Here we report the results of a two-decade summer warming experiment in an Alaskan tundra ecosystem. Warming increased plant biomass and woody dominance, indirectly increased winter soil temperature, homogenized the soil trophic structure across horizons and suppressed surface-soil-decomposer activity, but did not change total soil carbon or nitrogen stocks, thereby increasing net ecosystem carbon storage. Notably, the strongest effects were in the mineral horizon, where warming increased decomposer activity and carbon stock: a 'biotic awakening' at depth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sistla, Seeta A -- Moore, John C -- Simpson, Rodney T -- Gough, Laura -- Shaver, Gaius R -- Schimel, Joshua P -- England -- Nature. 2013 May 30;497(7451):615-8. doi: 10.1038/nature12129. Epub 2013 May 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93108, USA. sistla@lifesci.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23676669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Biomass ; Carbon/*analysis ; *Carbon Cycle ; *Cold Climate ; Discriminant Analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Food Chain ; Global Warming/*statistics & numerical data ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Plants/metabolism ; Rain ; Soil/analysis/*chemistry/parasitology ; Soil Microbiology ; *Temperature ; Time Factors ; Uncertainty
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 200
    Publication Date: 2013-08-21
    Description: The terrestrial biosphere is a key component of the global carbon cycle and its carbon balance is strongly influenced by climate. Continuing environmental changes are thought to increase global terrestrial carbon uptake. But evidence is mounting that climate extremes such as droughts or storms can lead to a decrease in regional ecosystem carbon stocks and therefore have the potential to negate an expected increase in terrestrial carbon uptake. Here we explore the mechanisms and impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle, and propose a pathway to improve our understanding of present and future impacts of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon budget.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reichstein, Markus -- Bahn, Michael -- Ciais, Philippe -- Frank, Dorothea -- Mahecha, Miguel D -- Seneviratne, Sonia I -- Zscheischler, Jakob -- Beer, Christian -- Buchmann, Nina -- Frank, David C -- Papale, Dario -- Rammig, Anja -- Smith, Pete -- Thonicke, Kirsten -- van der Velde, Marijn -- Vicca, Sara -- Walz, Ariane -- Wattenbach, Martin -- England -- Nature. 2013 Aug 15;500(7462):287-95. doi: 10.1038/nature12350.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany. markus.reichstein@bgc-jena.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23955228" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon Cycle ; *Climate Change ; *Ecosystem ; Plants/metabolism ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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