ALBERT

Description: lm Zusammenhang mit den hydrographischen Untersuchungen in der Irminger See, welche im Juni 1955 auf dem Fischerei-Forschungsschiff "Anton Dohrn" ausgeführt wurden und deren Ergebnisse in der vorhergehenden Arbeit: Schichtung und Zirkulation in der Irminger See im Juni 1955 von G. Dietrich (1957) niedergelegt sind, wurden auch Untersuchungen über die Verteilung chemischer Faktoren in den verschiedenen Wassermassen angestellt. Das Gebiet der lrminger See ist gerade in dieser Beziehung von besonderem Interesse, weil, wie wir im einzelnen durch die Untersuchungen von G. Böhnecke, E. Hentschel und H. Wattenberg (1930) und G. Böhnecke, B. Føyn und H. Wattenberg (1931) wissen, hier die verschiedenen Wassermassen der Golfstrom-Ausläufer, des nordatlantischen Wassers und des Ostgrönlandstromes aufeinandertreffen und sich in einer großen Anzahl größerer und kleinerer Wirbel mitinander vermischen. Diese bewirken ihrerseits durch mit ihnen gekoppelten Hebungs- und Senkungsbewegungen eine recht verwickelte Verschiebung der Wassermassen in vertikaler Richtung. Die große Ausdehnung des befahrenen Gebietes im Verlauf der etwa 5 wöchigen Untersuchungsdauer gestattete nur, den chemischen Untersuchungen ein ganz weitmaschiges Stationsnetz zugrunde zu legen. Von den insgesamt durchgeführten 140 hydrographischen Stationen konnten daher nur 50 Stationen mit den vollen Tiefenserien chemisch bearbeitet werden. Bei der Wahl der Stationen wurde so verfahren, daß der Untersuchungsraum einigermaßen gleichmäßig durch Meßpunkte aufgeteilt wurde (Abb . 17). Auf Feinheiten im Chemismus der Wasserkörper mußte daher von vornherein verzichtet werden. Das Hauptgewicht liegt vielmehr auf der großräurnigen Verteilung und dem chemischen Aufbau der verschiedenen Wasserkörper im Untersuchungsgebiet. Untersucht wurden: der Phosphat-Gehalt, der Gehalt an gelöstem Sauerstoff sowie die Fluoreszenz und die optische Trübung in mit dem Wasserschöpfer in verschiedenen Tiefen dem Meere entnommenen Wasserproben. Der Phosphat-Gehalt wurde nach der in der Meereskunde seit langem üblichen kolorimetrischen Methode nach G. Denigès {1920) mittels Ammoniummolybdat-Schwefelsaure und Zinnchlorür (K. Kalle, 1934) an 25 ccm messenden Proben mittels des elektrischen Kolorimeters "Elko II" der Fa. C. Zeiß bestimmt. Zur Sauerstoff-Bestimmung diente die gleichfalls seit langem übliche Winkler'sche Methode an 50 ccm Meerwasserproben (K. Kalle, 1939). Die Fluoreszenzstärke wurde an 1 ccm Meerwasserproben nach der vom Verfasser entwickelten Methode (K. Kalle, 1951) mittels des Zeiß'schen Pulfrichphotometer gemessen, während für die optische Trübung der mit dem Farbfilter "S 72" (720 mμ) an 5 cm dicken Wasserschichten gewonnene Extinktionswert diente. Für diesen Zweck wurde wiederum das "Elko II"-Gerät benutzt, weil die Messung mit diesem Gerat nur 20 ccm Wasser benötigt und die Meßgenauigkeit trotz der verhältnismäßig geringen Schichtdicke extrem genau durchführbar ist (Fehlergröße = ± 0,000 2 E)1). Die Meßwerte für den Phosphat- und den Sauerstoff-Gehalt werden zusammen mit den zugehörigen Temperatur- und Salzgehaltswerten im Bulletin Hydrographique 1955 (Kopenhagen) erscheinen. Die entsprechenden Werte für die Fluoreszenzstärke und die optische Trübung sind in Zahlentafel 1 niedergelegt. An je drei Vertikalschnitten durch das Untersuchungsgebiet (A, B, C) (Abb. 1-12), deren Lage aus Abb. 17 hervorgeht, sowie an je 4 Horizontal-Schnitten in den Tiefen-Niveaus von O m, 200 m, 500 m und 1000 m (Abb. 13-16 und 18-28) soll versucht werden, die Verteilung der chemischen Faktoren im Untersuchungsgebiet in großen Zügen deutlich zu machen.

Description: Among some coccids from Indonesia, received from Dr. L. G. E. KALSHOVEN, four large specimens were found which by their well developed ovisac showed some resemblance to Icerya purchasi MASK. After comparing the specimens with the photographs in MORRISON\xe2\x80\x99S Classification of the Margarodidae (1928) it appeared, however, that the wax covering of the body was more alike that of Walkeriana floriger (WALKER).\nThe old pinned specimens were not labelled, but Dr. KALSHOVEN remembered that they had been collected by Prof. ROEPKE on \xe2\x80\x9etjemara\xe2\x80\x9d (Casuarina). Upon inquiry Prof. ROEPKE informed me that in 1910 he had collected a giant coccid on old stems of Casuarina Junghuhniana MIQ. in the Tengger Mts. (East-Java). The specimens were found on trees near the last bend of the road leading to Tosari, a well-known health-resort at an elevation of about 1750 m, where Europeans often used to spend their holidays. Some specimens had been sent to Mr. E. E. GREEN in Ceylon who replied that it was a species of Walkeriana, but that he wanted the larvae for a description of this new species.

Description: In May 1938 I had the opportunity to observe seven living Aplysia depilans in the Zoological Station Naples. Notes on the size and colour were made and different methods of preservation were tried.\nAs one often wonders how much of the original colour pattern has been preserved in museum specimens of Aplysia, it seems important to give the result of the comparison of the living specimens as studied in 1938 and the same specimens after 18 years of preservation, in 1956. The best way of preservation appears to be killing in diluted alcohol as specimen nr. V shows.

Description: In an adult female of the common eel Anguilla anguilla a large lipoma was found, situated on the left side, caudally of the left operculum. Microscopically, the tumour, which originated from the subcutaneous connective tissue, was composed of areas of adipose tissue and areas of fibrous connective tissue.\nThe tumour belongs to the fibrolipomatous type and shows a striking resemblance with the lipoma, described by Stolk (in press) in the lizard Lacerta muralis.

Description: Twenty-one species of Distichopora have been described after specimens from various localities in the Indo-Pacific region, viz., D. violacea (Pallas, 1766) from \xe2\x80\x9cMare Indicum\xe2\x80\x9d, D. cinnabarina Nardo, 1844, from the Red Sea (?), D. gracilis Dana, 1848, from the Tuamotu Islands, D. coccinea Gray, 1860, from New Caledonia, D. fulvacea Michelin, 1862, from R\xc3\xa9union, D. nitida Verrill, 1864, from the Marshall Islands, D. rosea Kent, 1871, from the East coast of Australia, D. purpurea Schmeltz, 1875 (nomen nudum), from the Marshall Islands (?), D. irregularis Moseley, 1879, from the Philippine Islands, D. livida Tenison-Woods, 1879, from the Solomon Islands, D. brasseyi Wright, 1882, from the Gilbert Islands, D. allnutti Wright, 1882, from the Gilbert Islands (?), D. breviserialis Quelch, 1884, from unknown locality, D. milesii Quelch, 1884, from the Pacific (probably from the region of the Society and Tuamotu Islands), D. granulosa Quelch, 1885, from Rarotonga (?), D. conferta Quelch, 1885, from Rarotonga, D. ochracea Quelch, 1885, from the Solomon Islands, D. profunda Hickson & England, 1909, from the Chagos Archipelago, D. borealis Fisher, 1938, from the Aleutian Islands, D. fisheri Broch, 1942, from the Fiji Islands, and D. serpens Broch, 1942, from the Philippine Islands. Most of the described species came from shallow water, only three species were collected from great depths, viz., D. profunda (187\xe2\x80\x94274 m), D. borealis (518\xe2\x80\x94881 m), and D. serpens (91\xe2\x80\x94183 m). The type specimen of D. irregularis came from a depth of 10 fathoms (18 m).\nTo the species enumerated above should be added D. providentiae (Hickson & England, 1909) from off Providence Island in the Western Indian Ocean, collected at a depth of 125 fathoms (228 m). This species was originally placed in the genus Sporadopora, but the manner of arrangement of the gastropores and the dactylopores indicate that it presents at least some affinity to the genus Distichopora, and accordingly it may provisionally find a place here.

Description: The results of a complete census of the breeding population of the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) in the Netherlands, carried out in the year 1950 by the State Forestry Service, have been published by M\xc3\x96RZER BRUIJNS and BRAAKSMA in Beaufortia 5, Nr. 45, April 15, 1955, p. 23\xe2\x80\x9442.\nA new census was performed during the year 1955 ; it is the intention to repeat the census from now on every year.\nThe results of the last census are even more alarming than those from 1950 (see table, p. 113). The number of occupied nests decreased from 83 nests in 1950 to 58 nests in 1955. The number of fledged young decreased from 195 in 1950 to 96 in 1955. Many nests, still occupied in 1950, were either in a state that they could no longer be used or they had vanished altogether in 1955. On the other hand some new nests have been erected in recent time, some of them yielding good breeding results. The data have been arranged in tables according to the provinces. Every nest is numbered. The numbers of the 1950 census are given in parentheses. Nests marked + means that the nest was occupied by a pair of birds, but that no young were fledged. Nests marked \xe2\x80\x94 means that the nest was not inhabited, or that it was visited irregularly or else occupied by one solitary bird. The number of young fledged is marked by a figure. A gale in the spring of 1955 destroyed 4 nests ; 12 eggs got lost.\nFighting was reported frequently, the unfortunate result being that 3 young storks and at least 37 eggs got lost. These figures probably indicate that at present an insufficient number of nesting sites is avaible in the Netherlands. Therefore it seems worth while to try to erect new nests in localities where fighting has been frequently reported, and to repair those nests that have been visited, but remained unoccupied, owing to the poor state of the nest. In this connection Mr. W. DRIESSEN got most remarkable results with a newly erected nest, made according to a special method. This method should be used for the nests which we hope can be erected or repaired before the new breeding season. Surely the alarming decrease of the White Stork in the Netherlands is not primarily caused by housing problems, but a more appropriate condition and a greater number of nesting sites probably helps to prevent the yearly destruction of perhaps ten or twenty eggs or chicks.\nPhotomechanical reproduction

Description: The main purpose of this study is to search for an explanation of the curious differentiation within the genus Chamaeleo. Since the species of this genus are rather doubtful units, I have studied the geograpical distribution of characters, not of the species, a method first used in botany (BAUR, ROTHMALER a.o.). I found that the number of characters is largest in east Afrika, gradually decreasing from this area to the periphery of the total range of the genus. East Africa proved to be still more important, as practically all the characters occur in it. This means that the chameleons in the other areas practically never possess characters that are not found in east Africa.\nThis pattern of distribution fits in rather well with REINIG\xe2\x80\x99S elimination theory (1938): \xe2\x80\x9e.. bei Einzelwanderungen wird nur ein Teil des gesamten Allelbestandes einer Art mitgef\xc3\xbchrt... eine durch Einzelwanderung entstandene Population weist eine geringere Zahl von Allelen auf als die Ausgangspopulation.\xe2\x80\x9d The existence of many parallel series of variation (meaning that several characters originated several times independently in different groups) led me to the conclusion that the mechanism described in REINIG\xe2\x80\x99S theory as elimination, has consequences also for the genes predisposed to change into others.\nThis reasoning gave a key to the reconstruction of the ancestral chameleon. By two different ways I arrived at the same conclusion, viz. the ancestral chameleon was probably an animal resembling mostly Chamaeleo chamaeleon s.l. (\xc2\xa7 21).\nAs for this theoretical part of my study a survey of the species was needed, I first made an attempt at a natural system. I have divided the genus into groups of related species. For practical reasons the chameleons of Madagascar are treated separately. Their connections with the species of the African continent are examined in a special section (\xc2\xa7 11).\nAs a result of my investigations I had to propose the following taxonomic changes: Ch. rhinoceratus var. lineatus + Ch. labordi + Ch. voeltzkowi + Ch. barbouri = Ch. rhinoceratus (\xc2\xa7 3), Ch. lambertoni = Ch. lateralis (\xc2\xa7 4), Ch. semicristatus = \xe2\x99\x80 Ch. verrucosus (\xc2\xa7 5), Ch. guibei nov. spec. (\xc2\xa7 6), Ch. calcarifer = Ch. chamaeleon calcarifer, Ch. zeylanicus = Ch. chamaeleon zeylanicus, Ch. etiennei = Ch. gracilis etiennei (\xc2\xa7 12), Ch. anchietae vinkei + Ch. anchietae mertensi + Ch. marunguensis = Ch. anchietae (\xc2\xa7 13), Ch. unicornis = Ch. oweni unicornis (\xc2\xa7 14), Ch. pumilus = Ch. pumilus pumilus, Ch. melanocephalus = Ch. pumilus melanocephalus, Ch. gutturalis = Ch. pumilus gutturalis, Ch. ventralis = Ch. pumilus ventralis, Ch. ventralis occidentalis = Ch. pumilus occidentalis, Ch. ventralis karrooicus = Ch. pumilus karrooicus, Ch. damaranus = Ch. pumilus damaranus, Ch. caffer = Ch. pumilus caffer, Ch. taeniobronchus = Ch. pumilus taeniobronchus. (\xc2\xa7 16).

Description: 1. In einem kleinen Material aus der Uferzone des Ohrid-See wurden 16 Arten freilebender S\xc3\xbcsswassernematoden aufgefunden ; es werden systematische Bemerkungen zu einigen Arten gemacht. Neochromadora trilineata W. SCHNEIDER, 1943 wird mit Punctodora ohridensis W. SCHNEIDER, 1943 identifiziert, die Gattung Hofmaenneria W. SCHNEIDER, 1940 wird diskutiert und es wird ein Beitrag zur Synonymie von Theristus dubius-setosus (B\xc3\x9cTSCHLI) geliefert. 2. Von den gefundenen Arten wurden 10 schon 1943 von W. SCHNEIDER aus dem Ohrid-See bekannt gemacht. Die f\xc3\xbcr den Ohrid-See neuen Arten sind : Tripyla filicaudata, Dorylaimus intermedius. Chromadorina bioculata, Ethmolaimus pratensis. Paraplectonema pedunculatum, maenneria brachystoma. 3. Der Anteil endemischer Formen an der Nematodenfauna des Ohrid-Sees ist gering. Abgesehen von Ohridia bathybia SCHNEIDER, 1943, deren Verwandtschaft und systematische Stellung unklar sind, ist allein Punctodora ohridensis W. SCHNEIDER, 1943 eine Art, die bisher ausserhalb des Ohrid-Sees nicht beobachtet worden ist.\nEs sind aus dem Ohrid-See keine Nematoden-Arten bekannt, die als marine Relikte angesprochen werden k\xc3\xb6nnten.

Description: The present short paper forms a continuation of my partial revision of certain species of the genus Bactra (Zool. Verhand., no. 29, 1956). It is chiefly based on a revision of the entire material of Bactra in the collection of the well-known specialist of Microlepidoptera, Dr. H. G. AMSEL, Karlsruhe, Germany; along with the new material of the genus from Irak, and that from Afghanistan, of the German Afghanistan Expedition 1956, collected by Dr. AMSEL himself and entrusted to me for identification. Besides, interesting material was received from Mr. TOSHIIO OKU, Sapporo, Japan, and from some other sources. The author gratefully acknowledges the kind help of the senders, and their permission to retain certain duplicates for the collection of the Leiden Museum.\nSince the publication of my above mentioned paper a few errors were detected and some alterations became necessary. They will be found below, together with descriptions of five new species and one subspecies, and records or notes on some 15 already known species, with five new synonyms.

Description: A review is given of the recurrent outbreaks of the tentcaterpillar, Malacosoma neustria L., affecting the elm trees in the city of Amsterdam in the period 1930\xe2\x80\x941957. An outbreak of the brown tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea L., in 1935\xe2\x80\x941936 is also mentioned and some occasional loss of foliage through the caterpillars of the vapourer moth, Orgyia antiqua L.\nLarge fluctuations in the size of the Malacosoma populations were found. After some years in which the damage was negligeable, the increase always started in the N.W. part of the centre of the city. In the following years the outbreaks moved to adjacent parts of the centre and finally sometimes even to more eccentric parts (see Fig. 6\xe2\x80\x949). However, the occurrence of really harmful numbers of tentcaterpillars was mostly restricted to the centre of the town.\nThe merits of the control measures which were carried out with derris/talcum powder spread by motordusters are discussed. The insecticide was thought to be the only sufficiently harmless for its use in the centre of a city. Some cases of defoliation and other inconveniences caused by the presence of crowds of caterpillars could apparently be reduced by the control measures. In several instances, however, the efficacy of the method remained doubtful.\nThe urgency is stressed of further studies of the bionomics of Malacosoma under local conditions and some suggestions are made for a better organization of the measures applied.

Description: In most handbooks on forest entomology much stress is laid on the importance of predatory arthropods in the soil as enemies for pupating noxious insects (ESCHERICH, 1923; GRAHAM, 1939). However, detailed investigations in the field on the significance of these predators are scarce.\nIn Germany much work has been done on the biology and feeding habits of Carabus species (KERN, 1921; LENGERKEN, 1921; OERTEL, 1924; DELKESKAMP, 1930; KIRCHENER, 1927; JUNG, 1940) but these observations and experiments were mainly done under laboratory conditions. FORBES (1880, 1882) investigated the gut contents of many carabid species and concluded that about 1/3\xe2\x80\x941/4 of the food was of animal origin. VIT\xc3\x89 (1953) studied the significance of spiders in forests.

Description: A description is given of the activity of the thyroid and of the pituitary gland during the development of the gonopodium in the viviparous Cyprinodonts Lebistes reticulatus (Peters), Xiphophorus helleri (Heckel) and Xiphophorus maculatus (G\xc3\xbcnther). During this process the thyroid gland and the glandular lobe (lobus anterior and lobus intermedius) show a gradual increase in activity. This activity was in general most pronounced in Lebistes reticulatus (Peters) and weakest in Xiphophorus maculatus (G\xc3\xbcnther). This increase in activity suggests that the developement of the gonopodium is probably regulated endocrinally.\nFor the determination of the state of thyroid and pituitary activity use was made of the quotients d/n and D/n (Lever, 1948 and 1950; cf. Lever, Miltenburg and Van Oordt, 1949, and Stolk, 1951 c, 1956 g, 1957 b and 1958 b) and the quotients ch and cs (Stolk, 1954, 1955 a, 1956 a, 1956 c, 1956 d, 1956 e, 1956 f, 1957 a, 1958 a and 1958 b), respectively, and moreover of the nucleus size, the mitotic activity, the nucleus structure, the chondriome and the Golgi apparatus.

Description: The systematic position of the western hamster, Cricetus cricetus canescens, has been a subject of discussion and criticism ever since NEHRING (1899, pp. 1\xe2\x80\x942) described the hamster occurring in Belgium west of the Meuse as a separate variety. The present paper is a new effort to throw more light on the interesting question concerning the systematic characters by which the western hamster can be distinguished from the typical form described from central Germany. For a better understanding of the present study a brief survey of the main points in the historical development of this problem follows here.\nAccording to NEHRING the main characters in which his new variety, Cricetus vulgaris var. canescens, differed from the typical form, were: (1) the dark mouse-greyish colour of the dorsal surface, (2) the less intensive black colour of the ventral surface, (3) the smaller size, and (4) the presumably larger ears. It is to be noted, however, that NEHRING based his description merely on two stuffed skins from the neighbourhood of Fexhe-Slins, Belgium, which he compared with specimens from Saxony and Brandenburg.

Description: The result is given of a complete census of the breeding population of the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) in the Netherlands, performed during the year 1956. The results of the census of 1950 and 1955 have been published in Beaufortia 5 (45), April 15, 1955: 23\xe2\x80\x9442, and 5 (52), March 24, 1956: 101\xe2\x80\x94115.\nThe result of the census 1956 shows a less alarming picture than that of 1955. The number of nests occupied by pairs increased to 65 (57 in 1955)\xc2\xb9). The number of young fledged increased to 95 (94). However, three newly fledged young perished in the neighbourhood of their nests, so that the ultimate breeding result of the species in 1956 is somewhat less than in 1955. The number of nests on which breeding occurred was higher than in 1955. From 65 (57) nests occupied by a pair of birds breeding occurred in 44 (36) cases. The very unfavourable weather might have influenced the relatively bad results. The storks arrived considerably later than in other years.\nNevertheless the sharp decrease which could be observed after 1950 seems to have come to a stop. The White Stork in the Netherlands lives at the border of its breeding area and population fluctuations have to be considered in this connection as far as even expecting the vanishing of the species from the Netherlands fauna at all. Everything is done at present to prevent the loss of the White Stork from this country. The Netherlands Society for the Protection of Birds has started an action for erecting new nesting sites. Well-known investigations in Bavaria have shown the density of the population to increase by this way. It has yielded some results in the Netherlands too. Six new nests have been occupied by pairs or solitary birds and on two of these nests young have been raised of which 7 fledged. In the present paper all nests are renumbered and the numbers of the 1950 census are given in parentheses. Where this number is failing the nest has been occupied after 1950 or 1955. Nests marked by + were occupied by a pair of birds but no young birds were raised. The number of young storks fledged is indicated by a figure. A summary of the results and a comparison with 1950 and 1955 is given in the tables 9, 10, and 11. The number of eggs and young storks which got lost by fighting on the nests and the number of nesting sites lost since 1950 are given on page 192.

Description: Whereas in fishes several osteomas (Bell, 1793; Gervais, 1875; Bland-Sutton, 1885 ; Plehn, 1906 ; Schroeders, 1908 ; Fiebiger, 1909 ; Williamson, 1913 ; Beatti, 1916 ; Kazama, 1924 ; Sagawa, 1925; Williams, 1929; Takahashi, 1929; Thomas, 1932, 1933; Luck\xc3\xa9 and Schlumberger, not published, see the publication of Schlumberger and Luck\xc3\xa9, 1948) and some osteosarcomas (Wahlgren, 1873 ; Murray, 1909 ; Williams, 1929 ; Thomas, 1932) have been described, in amphibians only one case of a doubtful osteogenic sarcoma (Ohlmacher, 1898) has been found and in reptiles one case of an osteoma (Moodie, 1923).\nTherefore, the multiple osteomas, which we were in a position to study in an adult female of the lizard Lacerta viridis, is probably the first case of this tumour found in a reptile. The tumour nodules presented themselves as rather regular nodules, varying in size, which were present in the tail and arose from the caudal vertebrae (figs. 1 and 2).

Description: Am 5. August 1956 traf von Dr. H. Kern auf dem Schiffswege aus Djakarta eine erwachsene Netzschlange, Python reticulatus Schn., von 6.40 m L\xc3\xa4nge im Tierpark Berlin ein. In ihre Kiste hatte man f\xc3\xbcr den etwa vier Wochen dauernden Schiffstransport ein lebendes Huhn (gro\xc3\x9fer Malaiischer K\xc3\xa4mpfer) hineingesetzt, das unterwegs gefressen wurde. Reste davon \xe2\x80\x94 darunter ein Fu\xc3\x9f \xe2\x80\x94 wurden dann unvollkommen verdaut wieder erbrochen. Nach der Ankunft in Berlin brachten wir die Riesenschlange zun\xc3\xa4chst provisorisch in einem kleinen Terrarium unter. Dort nahm sie zwei mittelgro\xc3\x9fe Meerschweinchen zu sich. Mittlerweile war ein gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9ferer Beh\xc3\xa4lter f\xc3\xbcr das Tier fertiggestellt worden, in den die inzwischen durch die W\xc3\xa4rme der Schlangenfarm munterer gewordene Schlange umgesetzt wurde. Hier verweigerte die Schlange in der Folge jede weitere Nahrung. Es zeigte sich nunmehr \xe2\x80\x94 4 m distal von der Schnauzenspitze \xe2\x80\x94 eine abgetreppte Verschiebung (Abb. 1) der Wirbels\xc3\xa4ule, die auf einen Bruch des R\xc3\xbcckgrates schlie\xc3\x9fen lie\xc3\x9f. Die Schlange magerte in den folgenden Wochen erheblich ab, und der Bruch trat endlich so stark in Erscheinung, da\xc3\x9f der Python nicht mehr ausgestellt werden konnte. W\xc3\xa4hrend die Schlange in der ersten Zeit noch sehr aggressiv war und der vor dem Bruch liegende K\xc3\xb6rperteil immer noch hoch aufgerichtet wurde, ergriff in zunehmendem Ma\xc3\x9fe immer gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9fere Apathie das Tier, bis es schlie\xc3\x9flich v\xc3\xb6llig teilnahmslos herumlag. Innerhalb von vier Monaten erfolgten drei H\xc3\xa4utungen. Hinter dem Bruch schwoll der v\xc3\xb6llig gel\xc3\xa4hmte K\xc3\xb6rperabschnitt bis zum After stark an (Abb. 2). Der Schwanz blieb von der Schwellung unber\xc3\xbchrt. Der K\xc3\xb6rperumfang vor dem Bruch betrug 35 cm, hinter ihm 56 cm. Die Haut des aufgetriebenen K\xc3\xb6rperteiles war sehr m\xc3\xbcrbe und n\xc3\xa4\xc3\x9fte an verschiedenen Stellen. Am 30. November 1956 starb die Netzschlange. Der angeschwollene Teil ging nach dem Tode der Schlange sofort in F\xc3\xa4ulnis \xc3\xbcber. Im Enddarm fand sich eine riesige Menge von Harns\xc3\xa4urekristallen gespeichert, obwohl w\xc3\xa4hrend der Krankheit des Tieres wiederholt gro\xc3\x9fe Portionen von Kot manuell aus der Kloake geholt worden waren.\nDr. G. BEUTEL (Berlin-Lichtenberg) \xc3\xbcbernahm freundlicherweise das R\xc3\xb6ntgen und die entsprechende Deutung. Es stellte sich \xe2\x80\x94 wie vermutet \xe2\x80\x94 tats\xc3\xa4chlich ein Wirbels\xc3\xa4ulenbruch heraus. Der betreffende Wirbel ist stark destruiert. Hier macht die Wirbels\xc3\xa4ule einen nach rechts gerichteten Knick (Abb. 4), und beim Seitenbild erkennt man au\xc3\x9ferdem eine Versetzung der beiden Wirbels\xc3\xa4ulenabschnitte in dorsoventraler Richtung um fast die volle Wirbels\xc3\xa4ulendicke (Abb. 5). Wolkige Schattenbildungen an diesem Abschnitt d\xc3\xbcrften Callus sein. Auf der Seitenaufnahme sieht man weiterhin multiple alte und frische Rippenfrakturen, von denen die letzteren durch kr\xc3\xa4ftigen Callus bereits \xc3\xbcberbr\xc3\xbcckt werden. In H\xc3\xb6he des destruierten Wirbels sind links mehrere Rippen zu sehen, die z.T. etwas aufgetrieben sind und zentrale Aufhellungen mit exzentrischer Verd\xc3\xbcnnung der Compacta aufweisen. Hierbei d\xc3\xbcrfte es sich um Enchondrome handeln. Soweit die Tatsachen und die Befunde.

Description: Anticipating a revision of the genera and subgenera of the tribe Anthophorini, a number of south-east Asiatic species previously included in Anthophora Latreille, are transferred by the author to Amegilla Friese. The types were studied of Anthophora villosula F. Smith, and of 19 valid and 3 invalid species of Amegilla (i.e., of all species discussed, except that of himalajensis Radoszkowski), and a key to their identification is included. The following new species are described: A. proboscidea, \xe2\x99\x80 (Simalur I.), sumatrana, \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x80 (Sumatra), pagdeni, \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 (Malaya), and leptocoma, \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 (Siam & Malaya). Re-descriptions of both sexes and figures are given of A. insularis (F. Smith), himalajensis (Radoszkowski), florea (F. Smith), and urens (Cockerell). Apart from the specific descriptions, notes and records are provided concerning geographical distribution, new localities, and the identity of plants visited. The following cases of synonymy are established : A. fulvohirta Meade-Waldo, 1914 (= insularis F. Smith, 1858) A. proserpina Gribodo, 1893 (= himalajensis Radoszkowski, 1882) A. pahangensis Meade-Waldo, 1914 (= himalajensis Radoszkowski, 1882) A. pahangensis Cockerell, 1927 (= pendleburyi Cockerell, 1929) A. anthreptes Lieftinck, 1944 (= pendleburyi Cockerell, 1929) Anthophora villosula auct, nec F. Smith, 1854 (= Amegilla spec. diff.) Anthophora soror J. P\xc3\xa9rez, 1905 (= Anthophora villosula F. Smith, 1854) Anthophora pingshiangensis Strand, 1913 (= Anthophora villosula F. Smith, 1854)

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction...............1\nTaxonomic studies.............3\nProvespa...............7\nVespa................10\nBionomics of Oriental and Papuan Vespinae........51\nProvespa...............51\nVespa................52\nHabitat...............52\nFood...............53\nColony foundation, castes, and periodicity.......59\nNest construction.............60\nDuration of life of colonies...........64\nAggressiveness and effect of sting.........66\nEnemies ..............69\nMimicry...............71\nDistribution of Oriental and Papuan Vespinae........72\nLiterature...............80\nIndex................83\nINTRODUCTION\nIt is now more than fifty years ago since R. du Buysson published a monograph of the genus Vespa, a group of wasps which is at present regarded as representing a subfamily consisting of four or five different genera.\nIn the collections used for the preparation of that work, the fauna of the

Description: In 1734 verscheen te Amsterdam het eerste deel van het klassiek geworden werk van Albertus Seba : Locupletissimi rerum naturalium Thesauri accurata descriptio, et iconibus artificiosissimis expressio, per universam physices historiam. In dit werk, vaak aangeduid alleen met de naam \xe2\x80\x9eThesaurus", geeft Seba naast voor die tijd goede beschrijvingen prachtige gekleurde afbeeldingen van de behandelde voorwerpen. Tot de \xe2\x80\x9erijkste schatten" van het dierenrijk rekent Seba ook twee kleurafwijkingen van de mol, Talpa europaea L., waarvan de eerste op pagina 51 wordt vermeld als: Talpa, alba, nostras [de witte mol van ons Vaderland]. De op plaat xxxii fig. 1 gegeven afbeelding van deze kleurvariant toont echter een mol met een licht roomkleurige tint.\nUit de omgeving van zijn geboorteplaats Etzela, Oost-Friesland, kende Seba een mol met witte onregelmatige vlekken (p. 68; pl. xli fig. 4). Deze kleurvari\xc3\xabteit wordt door hem genoemd: Talpa, maculata, Oost-Frisia [de gevlekte mol van Oost-Friesland].\nNaar beide afbeeldingen van Seba wordt door Houttuyn (1761, p. 310) verwezen in het 2de stuk van het eerste deel van zijn uitvoerige bewerking van \xe2\x80\x9eSystema naturae" van Linnaeus : \xe2\x80\x9eBehalve de gewoone Mol, die zwartagtig is, wordt somtyds, in ons Land, ook een witte gevonden, by Seba afgebeeld, en eene, die Klein de Oostfriesche noemt, zynde een weinig grooter, en over \'t geheele Lyf als gemarmeld met witte Vlakken op een zwarten Grond." Hierbij dient opgemerkt te worden dat Klein (1751, p. 60) onder de Oostfriesche mol de Talpa maculata van Seba verstaat. In 1776 heeft Houttuyn de gelegenheid lezers, die met het Nederlands vertrouwd zijn, op een derde kleurverscheidenheid van de mol te wijzen en wel in de vertaling van het Engelse werk van Edwards & Catesby : \xe2\x80\x9eVerzameling van uit-

Description: De hier gegeven tabel werd samengesteld naar aanleiding van een wens om op gemakkelijke wijze de namen te leren kennen van de zoogdieren die in Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea schade kunnen toebrengen aan land-, tuin- en bosbouw. Daar de tabel in de eerste plaats beoogt van practisch nut te zijn is er naar gestreefd om haar te baseren op eenvoudige kenmerken die zonder veel moeite zijn waar te nemen. Met uitzondering van de knaagdieren, waarvan in de meeste gevallen zelfs de genusnaam niet te bepalen is zonder gebruik te maken van schedelkenmerken en tandstructuren, is het mogelijk gebleken op uiterlijke kenmerken van ieder zoogdier tenminste vast te stellen tot welk genus het behoort. Omdat er in de eerste jaren nog geen sprake kan zijn van een goed georganiseerde bestrijding van schadelijke zoogdieren in dit gebied zal de man van de practijk er ook geen behoefte aan gevoelen om van ieder gevangen dier de naam van de soort of die van het geographische ras te kennen. De gelegenheid, die ons echter met de uitgave van deze tabel werd geboden om meer bekendheid te geven aan de grote vormenrijkdom van de Nieuw-Guinese zoogdieren, heeft ons doen besluiten om deze, met behoud van het practische doel, zodanig uit te werken dat zij als een voorlopige gids voor het identificeren van vele in het gebied waargenomen zoogdieren kan dienen. Amateur-mammalogen in Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea waren tot nu toe immers voor dit doel aangewezen op enige verouderde boeken die bovendien slechts antiquarisch zijn te verkrijgen, terwijl de verdere vakliteratuur verspreid is in artikelen welke in verschillende tijdschriften werden gepubliceerd.\nZoals in iedere diergroep bevinden zich onder de Nieuw-Guinese zoogdieren naast gemakkelijk te herkennen soorten en rassen ook vele vormen

Description: I.\nINLEIDING\nDe vaak gestelde vraag of er in de Nederlandse Antillen ook zeekreeften voorkomen, kan naar gelang van de definitie van het woord zeekreeft zowel ontkennend als bevestigend beantwoord worden. Dat de nederlandse zeekreeft, Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus), er niet voorkomt zal wellicht niemand bevreemden, maar ook de noordamerikaanse soort, Homarus americanus H. Milne Edwards, ontbreekt er. Wel vindt men in de zee\xc3\xabn rondom de Nederlandse Antillen andere kreeften, die echter niet tot de familie der echte zeekreeften (Nephropsidae) behoren, doch tot de families van de langoesten (Palinuridae) en beerkreeften (Scyllaridae). In tegenstelling met de Nephropsidae hebben deze laatste twee families geen echte scharen aan de eerste drie paren looppoten.\nVan de langoesten zijn tot nu toe vier soorten in de Nederlandse Antillen gevonden, terwijl er twee soorten beer- of zandkreeften aangetroffen werden. Deze zes soorten zullen hieronder uitvoerig besproken worden. Enkele andere soorten kreeften zijn in het overige West Indi\xc3\xab waargenomen, doch dit zijn meest dieren uit het diepere water. Mocht echter een dergelijke, hier niet besproken soort in de Nederlandse Antillen gevangen worden, dan is dit een zeer belangrijke vondst en verdient het aanbeveling het exemplaar ter identificatie op te zenden aan het Caraibisch Marien Biologisch Instituut, Piscadera Baai, Willemstad, Cura\xc3\xa7ao (postadres Berg Carmelweg 7, Willemstad), of aan het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden, waar het dan aan een nader onderzoek zal worden onderworpen. De dieren worden het best geconserveerd in 70 % alcohol of in een 4 % formaline oplossing; soms is aan droge schilden (zowel die van de staart als van het kop-borst-

Description: Differt a speciebus ceteris generis Riveae habitu erecto et praesertim speciei proximae Riveae ornatae sepalis exterioribus margine piano non involute et staminibus circa medium tubi corollae insertis vel paullo inferius.\nIndo-China. Laos, prov. Vientiane, vicinity of Vientiane, c. 200 m alt., in open Dipterocarpaceae monsoon forest, on sandy lateritic soil; erect shrub, 1.50 m high; flowers white with greenish midpetaline bands, fl. Aug. 20, 1953 (rain-season); vernacular name: phi yik; Vidal 2350 (TL, type; fragments in L). A fruiting specimen from the same locality was collected Oct. 8, 1952; Vidal 1120 (TL; fragments in L).

Description: For many years the monotypical genus Aesandra was incorporated in Payena (vide Lam 1925, 1927) or Madhuca (Bassia sensu Lecomte, 1930). Revising the genus Payena we came across specimens, that did not fit in the diagnosis of either genus; it appeared that the specimens in question showed a mixture of the characters of both Payena and Madhuca, and also some characters of their own. These we found to belong to what has been described as Aesandra. The only species is A. dongnaiensis Pierre, 1890. It is our impression that Aesandra is to be maintained as a separate genus of the Madhuceae (cf. Lam, Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 36, 1939, 525).\nWe examined material from the following herbaria: British Museum (Natural History) at London (BM), Rijksherbarium at Leiden (L) and Museum National d\xe2\x80\x99Histoire Naturelle, Phan\xc3\xa9rogamie, at Paris (P) and are very much obliged to the authorities of these institutes for the loan of specimens and the hospitality enjoyed during our stay in 1955 at Paris and London.

Description: The only record of Thesium in Malaysia was hitherto the Southern Chinese Thesium psilotoides Hance from medium altitudes of the Benguet and Bontoe Mountain Provinces in North Luzon, according to Merrill (Enum. Philip. Fl. Pl. 2, 1923, 115), occurring between 1200 and 1500 m. The same species has also been found in the Lesser Sunda Islands, Sumba Island, by C. N. A. de Voogd (E. Sumba, 300 m, limestone quarry, De Voogd 1873 (80, L), Dec. 1, 1934, plant pale green, fruit yellow, flower white).\nThe Sumba specimens exactly match the Philippine specimens. Species like this one, with a very short calyx tube, look astonishingly like Halorrhagis, in habit, but possess 5-merous flowers, lack bulbous-based hairs, and show a peculiarly cartilaginous leaf apex.

Description: These fascicles, the first part of a moss flora of Fennoscandia, comprise five (acrocarpous) orders of the Eubryales. All species and a number of forms and varieties have been included. There are clear dichotomous keys to genera and species. Of each species the original literature, the most familiar synonyms, an excellent description with critical remarks on the differences between allied species and original drawings have been given. Ecology and general distribution have been indicated, with special reference to Scandinavia. In addition there is a glossary of technical terms, which is nearly identical to that in Dixon\xe2\x80\x99s famous Student\xe2\x80\x99s Handbook of British Mosses, though less extensive.\nNevertheless it may be doubted whether this book actually fills a need in Scandinavian bryology. It is not suited for \xe2\x80\x9cworkers in all fields of botany, forestry, limnology, etc.\xe2\x80\x9d, as the author suggests, since keys to the families are lacking. Besides, there is the excellent moss flora of Brotherus, Die Laubmoose Fennoscandias, not mentioned in this connection in the preface.

Description: During a recent treatment of the Proteaceae for \xe2\x80\x9cFlora Malesiana\xe2\x80\x9d it has become evident that a revision of the generic status of all proteaceous taxa reported from S. Asia and Malaysia as well as from the adjacent regions of Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia and subtropical-tropical Australia had to be made to reach a satisfactory correlation of the genera and species concerned as a basis for the discussion of phytogeographical relations both within and outside the proper Malaysian area. During this work it appeared necessary to transfer some species to other genera. A revision of the genus Helicia showed that a group of species had to be segregated as a distinct new genus Heliciopsis.\nMy studies are based on herbarium specimens borrowed from the following Institutions: Arnold Arboretum (A), Bot. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem (B, where the type-material of the family remained intact), Bogor (BO), Brisbane (BRI), Calcutta (CAL), Edinburgh (E), Florence (FT), Kepong (KEP), Lae (LAE), Leiden (L), Melbourne (MEL), Miinchen (M), New York (NY), Manila (PNH), Singapore (SING), Stockholm (S) and Utrecht (IT). The material preserved in the British Museum (BM), at Kew (K), and Paris (P) has been studied during a stay at London and Paris.

Description: The horizontal distribution of fungi in and around two mangrove swamps on the island of Inhaca (Portuguese East Africa) was investigated by a direct inoculation method. Some information on the physical and chemical properties of the soils was obtained to find correlations between nutrient levels, etc., and the nature of the fungus population. There is a definite positive correlation between the amount of carbon and the variety in the fungus flora, and it is suspected that the nature of the nitrogen source is important as well. Phycomycetes are almost absent but were found in great number in one sample taken somewhat further inland. Ascomycetes are rare except for Aspergillus and Penicillium, and Basidiomycetes are entirely absent. Aspergillus and Penicillium are present in great variety in the swamps but relatively few species are found in the sandy soils. Fusarium is common and present in great numbers in the poorest soils. In one of the two swamps the genus Pestalotia is abundant. Few hyaline and many dark members of the Moniliales can be found in most parts of the investigated area\xe2\x80\x99s. The surface vegetation shows the same amount of variation as the fungus population, but there are indications that both are influenced more or less independently by the variation of soil conditions.

Description: The peculiar distribution of the species of Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) is wellknown. Floras and manuals usually mention one western species \xe2\x80\x94 R. mangle L. \xe2\x80\x94 that occurs both in the coastal regions of tropical and subtropical America and in the corresponding habitats of west tropical Africa, and an eastern species \xe2\x80\x94 R. mucronata Lam. \xe2\x80\x94 occurring both in tropical Asia and in east tropical Africa. It is also well-known that a few other species occur in tropical Asia; a recent revision has been given by HOU (1958). G. F. W. MEYER (1818) described from British Guiana a second American species, R. racemosa, differing in the inflorescence which is forked and 2-flowered in R. mangle and much-branched in R. racemosa. ENGLER (1876) regarded this species as a variety of R. mangle; most botanists, however, considered it synonymous with the latter. LEECHMAN (1918) published an investigation of the Rhizophoras of Georgetown, British Guiana. He found not only the two species of Meyer but also a third species, R. harrisonii Leechm., provided with a much-branched inflorescence as in R. racemosa. The hypocotyls (also considered radicles) of both R. mangle and R. harrisonii reach a length of up to 30 cm, that of R. racemosa a length of up to 65 cm. The opinion of most botanists, however, remained unchanged: namely that the material of the genus Rhizophora from both America and West-Africa belongs to one species, R. mangle L. In treating the Rhizophoraceae for the Flora of Suriname I shared this opinion (JONKER, 1942).\nIn 1953, however, KEAY published his revision of the West-African Rhizophoras based on field observations. He concluded that the three species recognized by Leechman also occurred in West-Africa. SAVORY (1953) studied the ecology of Rhizophora in Nigeria and found that the most common species is R. racemosa, a pioneer at the outer border of the Rhizophora zone. R. harrisonii is dominant in the middle region and R. mangle in the interior part of the zone. The latter has the highest salt tolerance and occurs in the habitats with the highest salt concentration in the dry season. The other species obtain, especially in the wet season, more fresh water.

Description: The browncoal of the quarry \xe2\x80\x9cAnna\xe2\x80\x9d at Haanrade belongs to layer F, the middle one of the three layers into which the main browncoal deposit splits towards the NW. It correlates with the lower part of the German series, and in all likelihood is of middle miocene age. The coal is very rich in pollen grains, and the latter belong to a great diversity of species. Spores are less common. Of all pollen species the taxonomic position has been traced. The pollen diagram shows no striking fluctuations. It seems likely that a moderately subtropical climate prevailed during the miocene.

Description: Recently I got the opportunity of examining a specimen from the \xe2\x80\x9cRijksherbarium\xe2\x80\x9d, Leiden, which was provided with a label on which ROTH had written in the middle the name of the plant, viz. \xe2\x80\x9c Micranthus serpyllifol-Roth \xe2\x80\x9d and in the lower right corner the name of the collector, viz. \xe2\x80\x9cHeyne\xe2\x80\x9d; in the lower left comer another hand had added \xe2\x80\x9cInd. or. Hb. Roth\xe2\x80\x9d. As the specimen proved to answer the description of Micranthus serpyllifolius given on p. 282 of ROTH\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cNovae Plantarum Species, Halberstadt 1821,\xe2\x80\x9d there can be little doubt that it is either the type of this species or else a duplicate of the latter. This is the more important as none of the authors who in the past ventured an opinion with regard to the taxonomic position of ROTH\xe2\x80\x99s species, apparently had seen the type.\nROTH\xe2\x80\x99s specimen was inserted in the Leiden Herbarium under the name Andrographis serpyllifolia R.W. (Acanthaceae), but this is obviously a misidentification. for Andrographis serpyllifolia does not fit ROTH\xe2\x80\x99s description. The plant described by the latter has smaller and less numerous leaves and its flowers are arranged in terminal spikes instead of solitary or a few together in the axils of ordinary leaves.

Description: Dans la r\xc3\xa9gion des dunes et des bas-fonds situ\xc3\xa9e \xc3\xa0 une distance de 3.6 \xc3\xa0 5.3 kilom\xc3\xa8tres de Carnon au Grau du Roi, entre l\xe2\x80\x99Etang de Mauguio et la Mer m\xc3\xa9diterran\xc3\xa9enne et dans le d\xc3\xa9partement de l\xe2\x80\x99H\xc3\xa9rault on peut constater deux suites progressives des associations phytosociologiques : A) LA V\xc3\x89G\xc3\x89\nTATION DES DUNES\nPlage: I. Agropyretum mediterraneum. \xe2\x86\x93 Dunes: II. Ammophiletum arundinaceae (Tableau A). III. Crucianelletum maritimae (Tableau B et C). Dunes, un peu IIIa. sous-association: Helichrysetosum. stabilis\xc3\xa9es: IIIb. sous-association: Teucrietosum. \xe2\x86\x93 (Mosa\xc3\xafque de IIIa et de IIIb: Tableau B). Dunes plus IIIc. sous-association: Ephedretosum (Tableau C). stabilis\xc3\xa9es: (parfois une v\xc3\xa9g\xc3\xa9tation anormale et rempla\xc3\xa7ante d Holoschoenus vulgaris LINK. ssp. romanus (L.) HAY).\nB) LA V\xc3\x89G\xc3\x89TATION DES BAS-\nFONDS\nVIa. Holoschoenetum romani (Tableau D \xe2\x86\x91 Tableau E, relev\xc3\xa9s E 1, E 2, quelques d\xc3\xa9cim\xc3\xa8tres E 3, E 4, E 5 et E 6 plus haut et moins sal\xc3\xa9. Tableau G, relev\xc3\xa9s G 1, G 2 \xe2\x86\x91 \xe2\x86\x93 et G 3) V. Schoeneto-Plantaginetosum crassifoliae VIb. Holoschoenetum romani (suite) tr\xc3\xa8s faibles influences de Molinio- Holoschoenion Va. sous-association: Plantaginetosum (Tableau G, relev\xc3\xa9s G 5 et G 6) Vb. sous-association: (Voir: Tableau E.) \xe2\x86\x93 Spartinetosum (Tableau G, VIc. Holoschoenetum romani (suite) relev\xc3\xa9 G7) + Populus spec. et Salix spec. \xe2\x86\x91 sur les bas-fonds et les dunes quelques d\xc3\xa9cim\xc3\xa8tres basses. Influence anthropog\xc3\xa8ne, plus haut et moins sal\xc3\xa9. (Voir: Tableau E.) \xe2\x86\x91 IV. Artemisieto-Staticetum virgatae (Tableau G, relev\xc3\xa9s G 10, G 11, Populus spec. poussent dans le Crucianelletum maritimae G 12 et G 13.) sur les dunes par Sol sal\xc3\xa9. leurs racines adventives. Remarquez bien, que Erianthus ravennae (L.) P.B. semble dominer sur le sol plus haut et plus sec. Qu\xe2\x80\x99il me soit permis au terme de cet article de remercier M. J. BRAUNBLANQTJET et M. R. SUTTER de l\xe2\x80\x99instruction indispensable pour l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tude de la v\xc3\xa9g\xc3\xa9tation, M. P. A. FLORSCH\xc3\x9cTZ de la d\xc3\xa9termination des mousses m\xc3\xa9diterran\xc3\xa9ennes, et la \xe2\x80\x9cKoninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen\xe2\x80\x9d de la subvention qui m\xe2\x80\x99a permis de faire les recherches pr\xc3\xa9c\xc3\xa9dentes. Institut de Botanique syst\xc3\xa9matique de l\xe2\x80\x99Universit\xc3\xa9, Utrecht

Description: Une \xc3\xa9valuation des plantes d\xe2\x80\x99apr\xc3\xa8s leur pouvoir \xc3\xa9dificateur de dunes doit \xc3\xaatre pr\xc3\xa9c\xc3\xa9d\xc3\xa9e d\xe2\x80\x99une description de leur structure a c\xc3\xb4t\xc3\xa9 de l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tendue et de la densit\xc3\xa9 des organes a\xc3\xa9riens il faut consid\xc3\xa9rer d\xe2\x80\x99importance capitale et d\xc3\xa9cisive la structure des organes souterrains, tel que K\xc3\x9cHNHOLTZLORDAT (1923) et VAN DIEREN (1934) l\xe2\x80\x99ont sugger\xc3\xa9.\nLes organes souterrains peuvent \xc3\xaatre: des rhizomes, des racines, ou des tiges ensevelies par le sable meuble. Une comparaison des diff\xc3\xa9rentes qualit\xc3\xa9s m\xc3\xa8ne \xc3\xa0 la distinction de groupements et \xc3\xa0 la cr\xc3\xa9ation d\xe2\x80\x99un syst\xc3\xa8me.

Description: Cytisus supinus L. Tot onze grote verwondering troffen wij in het herbarium Jansen en Wachter materiaal aan van Cytisus supinus L., verzameld in augustus 1923, waarbij op het etiket werd aangegeven: \xe2\x80\x9cIn groot aantal op een heideveld bij Vasse.\xe2\x80\x9d Merkwaardig genoeg is deze vondst nooit in de Nederlandse literatuur vermeld.\nDeze uit Midden- en Zuid-Europa afkomstige soort wordt bij ons wel eens als sierplant gekweekt, en het voorkomen in Vasse zal dan ook wel op verwildering berusten.

Description: oevers in \xe2\x80\x9cLimburg\xe2\x80\x9d van Dr. S.J. van Ooststroom en Th.J. Reichgelt. Ook zuidelijker dan het daarin genoemde gebied kan men uiteraard deze planten verwachten.\nIn de Maas tussen Eysden en Lanaye ligt aan de Belgische zijde een langgerekte, meest schaars begroeide grintplaat, waarop we in augustus 1957 konden noteren: veel Plantago indica L., Physalis angulata L., Rumex scutatus L., Polygonum patulum Bieb., Sisyrabrium pyrenaicum (L.) Villo., Aegilops cylindrica Host , een paar pollen Veronica filiformis Sm., Solanum lycopersicum L. en diverse verwilderde sierplanten, waarvan een opsomming achterwege blijft. De tijd ontbrak ons om de hele langgerekte plaat nauwkeurig te inspecteren en we hebben ons beperkt tot het minst begroeide noordelijkedeel, dat \xe2\x80\x9eop een steenworp afstand\xe2\x80\x9d van Eysden ligt. De Nederlandse oostoever bij Eysden, tot een paar km ten N. en ten Z. ervan ,is grondiger bekeken. De sterk afgeslagen oever rijst hier loodrecht op tot meer dan manshoogte, met een meestal smal zand-, kleiof grintstrandje, dat zeer aan wind en golfslag is blootgesteld. Hierdoor was de oogst minder rijk dan aan de overzijde. Toch verdienen enkele planten, als neophyten, bijzondere vermelding. Op de loodrechte wand groeit hier en daar Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill.; op de bovenrand ervan plaatselijk: heel wat Sisymbrium pyrenaicum (L.) Vill. (speciaal ten Noorden van Eysden); de soort is hier zeker ingehurgerd te noemen en zal zich in de toekomst wel verder uitbreiden. Op het strandgedeelte vallen de twee volgende soorten op, zowel op de Nederlandse als op de Belgische oevers: Helianthus tuberosus L., die elders in ons land als oninteressante verwilderde plant voorkomt langs randen van tuinen, op stortterreinen en op wildvoerakkers, groeit op tal van plekken of hij er thuis hoort, hier in grotere, daar in kleinere kolonies; Een aesthetische aanwinst is deze soort bepaald niet; als ze al tot bloeien komt zal het blad in de bloeitijd al wel zwart verwaaid of bevroren zijn.

Description: In ons land is Galanthus nivalis L. \xe2\x80\x9evrij algemeen, doch steeds verwilderd\xe2\x80\x9d (Bekn. Schoolflora, 8e druk). Het blijft daarbij in het midden gelaten van hoe lang geleden zulk een verwildering stamt. In sommige gevallen (De Kaagoevers; de omgeving van Leimuidon) is de situatie ter plaatse van die aard, dat men aan een zeer grijs verleden gaat denken. Het begrip verwildering zou dan nog slechts inhouden, dat de plant oorspronkelijk verwilderd is en in deze zin ware het ook van toepassing op sommige andere soorten, die men als regel niet verwilderd noemt. Werkelijke datering is bij ons weten echter nergens mogelijk en daarmee blijft het probleem onopgelost. Wij willen daarom iets meedelen over een vindplaats ten opzichte waarvan althans een vaag vermoeden van datering kan worden uitgesproken.\nIn het dorp Warmond kan men naar het Westen afslaan langs de Kloosterlaan. Even v\xc3\xb3\xc3\xb3r de plaats waar deze zich in een pad door de weilanden verliest, ligt aan de Zuidzijde van de weg een nagenoeg cirkelvormige akker, omringd door een ongewoon diepe sloot waaromheen een ringvormige met struikgewas bezette strook, die wederom door oen sloot omgeven is. Vlak hierbij stond in do late middeleeuwen het mannenklooster Marienhove. De vorm van do akker wekt overigens meer associaties met een burcht, dan met oen klooster on inderdaad werd het klooster (volgens de .gangbare beschrijvingen der Warmondse kastelen en kloosters) in 1413 gesticht \xe2\x80\x9eop een woeste of verlaate plaats, Oud-Tellingen genaamd.\xe2\x80\x9d Door sommigen wordt dit ge\xc3\xafnterpreteerd als een aanwijzing, dat, nog vroeger, het kasteel of tenminste de \xe2\x80\x9ehofstede\xe2\x80\x9d Oud-Teilingen hier stond; anderen projecteren de ligging daarvan enige honderden meters zuidelijker.

Description: Dr. S. J. van Ooststroom vond op 31 Mei 1937 Pleurocladia lacustris A. Braun, een bruinwier, behorende tot de Ectocarpaceae, en v\xc3\xb3\xc3\xb3r noch na die tijd in Nederland gevonden. Het wier groeide overvloedig op de wortels van Bryopteris thelypteris langs de kant van de Nieuwkoopsche plassen. Dr. F. Drouet (Nat. Hist. Mus., Chicago) determineerde de soort. Het materiaal wordt bewaard in het Rijksher \xe2\x80\x93 barium.

Description: He in het vooruitzicht gestelde literatuur-rubriek zal in het volgende nummer worden geopend.

Description: De excursie wordt gehouden van 14 tot 19 juli as. naar Gronsveld (Limb.).

Description: Het wiel dat bij Nieuwkuik (ten westen van \xe2\x80\x99s-Hertogentosch) achter de oude Heidijk ligt en tegenwoordig als zwembad fungeert, was bekend als \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n van die verzamelpunten van floristische merkwaardigheden waaraan ons land vroeger geen getrek had.\nVolgens ons ten dienste staande gegevens groeiden hier nog in 1944 de volgende soorten op de oever: Eleocharis multicaulis, Littorella uniflora, Baldellia ranunculoides, Gratiola officinalis, Pilularia glohulifera, Anagallis tenella, Scirpus fluitans en Hyperioum helodes. In het water bovendien Myriophyllum alternifolium, Potamogeton oblongus en P. zizii.

Description: In 1929 werd in het kader van het Zuiderzee-onderzoek door Mevr. D.Koopmans-Forstmann en A.N. Koopmans een onderzoek ingesteld naar het voorkomen van Caltha palustris L. in Friesland (Mededeling no. 9 van de Zuiderzee-commissie; N.K.A. 1930).\nUit dat onderzoek bleek dat Caltha in de Westelijke helft van Friesland nagenoeg geheel ontbrak. De grenslijn bleek van Leeuwarden naar Sneek de grens tussen klei en veen te volgen. Uit het noordwestelijke kleigebied werd geen enkel bericht van hot voorkomen van Caltha ontvangen. In het kleigebied ten Zuiden van Sneek (het merengebied) werden enkele voorposten ontdekt n.l. Gaastmeer, Oudega (W.) on verder enkele plaatsen in de omgeving van Woudsend, De vindplaats, die het dichtst de Zuiderzee naderde, was een weiland in de buurt van Takozijl.

Description: In de 1400 ha. grote Staatsbossen ten O. van Dwingeloo was reeds geruime tijd een vindplaats van Lycopodium annotinum bekend en wel in het meest oostelijke deel, vlak bij Spier. Onlangs deelde de boswachter Fickweiler mij mee, dat er een tweede groeiplaats in deze bossen zou zijn en wel ten Z.O. van Lhee. Toen ik de nauwkeurig aangegeven plaats bezocht, bleek het evenwel een grote plek Lycopodium clavatum te zijn, rijk fructificerend in het dennenbos, wat op zichzelf merkwaardig mag heten voor deze heideplant. De heer Beijerinck, die ik hierop attent maakte, bezocht vorige week deze plek en vond toen in de buurt ook Lycopodium annotinum, L. selago en Goodyera repens. Lycopodium selago was uit deze bossen nog niet bekend, Goodyera wel, maar van een andere plaats (in het N.W.), waar hij inmiddels weer verdwenen schijnt te zijn.\nDe, oude plek van Lycopodium annotinum bij Spier ligt in een gemengd eikendennenbos op een vlak, droog, zandig plateautje, beslaat zeker honderd m\xc2\xb2 en breidt zich nog jaarlijks met gesloten front uit. De soort fructificeert er rijkelijk en staat er zo dicht, dat er bijna niets anders groeien wil. Oorspronkelijk was dit de oude zoom eikenbos rond de es van Spier. In 1921 zijn daar grove dennen tussen geplant. In tegenstelling daarmede ligt de nieuwe vindplaats in het oorspronkelijk bosloze stuifzand- en heidegebied van het Lhee\xc3\xabr Zand en bestaat uit slechts enkele steriele planten. Zij groeien aan de voet van een oud stuifduintje (N.-N.W. helling), aan de stamvoet van een grove den. Op 250 m daar vandaan bevindt zich de genoemde groeiplaats van L. clavatum en nog 150 m verder staan L. selago en Goodyera vrij dicht hij elkaar. Van L. selago zag ik slechts \xc3\xa9\xc3\xa9n vier jaar oude plant met drie takken, die rijkelijk jonge sporangia droegen.

Description: Van de plantenwerkgroep van de C.J.N. ontvingen wij in juli j.l. een rapport betreffende de begroeiing van de Utrechtse grachtmuren. Aan dit rapport ontlenen wij, met toestemming van genoemde werkgroepje volgende vondstens A. Oude Gracht Weerdzijde. Tussen Zandbrug en Jacobibrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Asplenium trichomanes L. (door restauratie verdwenen). Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. M\xc3\xbcll.) Watt 1) Dryopteris oreopteris (Ehrh.) Maxon Polypodium vulgare L. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Plantage major L. Sonchus oleraceus L. Poa annua L. Tussen Jacobibrug en Viebrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Polypodium vulgare L. Epilobium angustifolium L. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Taraxacum spec. Tussen Viebrug en Jansbrug: Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Sonchus oleraceus L. Poa annua L. Tussen Jansbrug en Bakkerbrug: Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. M\xc3\xbcll.) Watt 1) Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. Epilobium roseum Schreb. Apium graveolens L. Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman Hedera helix L. (aangeplant). Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake Poa annua L. Tussen Bakkerbrug en Bezembrug: Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Tussen Bezembrug en Stadhuisbrug: Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Vismarkt: Niets, wegens restauratie. Lichte en Donkere Gaard: Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. B. Oude Gracht Tolsteegzijde. Van Lichte Gaard tot Gaardbrug: Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Poa annua L. Tussen Gaardbrug en Hamburgerbrug: Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. M\xc3\xbcll.) Watt \xc2\xb9) Polypodium vulgare L. Epilobium roseum Schreb. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Tussen Hamburgerbr. en Weesbrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Asplenium trichomanes L. Athyrium filix-femina (L. ) Roth Dryopteris oreopteris (Ehrh.) Maxon \xc2\xb2) Dryopteris robertiana (Hoffm.) C. Ohr. Polypodium vulgare L. Epilobium angustifolium L. Epilobium roseum Schreb. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Taraxacum spec. Tussen Weesbrug en Smeebrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. M\xc3\xbcll.) Watt \xc2\xb9) Polypodium vulgare L. Epilobium roseum Schreb. Poa annua L. Tussen Smeebrug en Geertebrugs Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Polypodium vulgare L. Brassica napus L. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Med. Epilobium roseum Schreb. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Plantage major L. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake Poa annua L. Tussen Geertebrug en Vollersbrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Ribes rubrum L., rode en witte aalbes Epilobium roseum Schreb. Lysimachia vulgaris L. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake Tussen Vollersbr. en Tolsteegbr.: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. C. Nieuwe Gracht. Tussen Hortus Botanicus en Magdalenahrug: Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. Tussen Magdalenabrug en brug Zuilenstraat: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Tussen brug Zuilenstraat en Brigittenhrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Urtica dioica L. Epilobium montanum L. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Plantage major L. Tussen Brigittenbrug en brug Hamburgerstraat Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. Brassica napus L. Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser Circaea lutetiana L. Scutellaria galericulata L. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake Taraxacum spec. Tussen Hamburgerstraat en Pausdambrug: Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Ranunculus acris L. Spilobium roseum Schreb. Linaria cymbalaria (L. ) Mill. Valeriana officinalis L. Poa annua L. D. Kromme Nieuwe Gracht. Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Asplenium trichomanes L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Dryopteris oreopteris (Ehrh. ) Maxon \xc2\xb9) Polypodiurn vulgare L. Sorbus aucuparia L. Epilobium montanum L. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Sambucus nigra L. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake E. Drift. Asplenium ruta-muraria L. Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott Polypodiurn vulgare L. Linaria cymbalaria (L.) Mill. Valeriana officinalis L. Taraxacum spec.\nVoorts werd op talrijke plaatsen op de muren Sagina procumbens L. aangetroffen.

Description: For many years already there has been a close co-operation between archaeology and palynology. This co-operation is particularly concerned with the investigation of archaeological objects\xe2\x80\x94sometimes even complete settlements\xe2\x80\x94which were discovered in the peat. With the help of archaeologically well datable finds it was possible to obtain a dating of some parts of the pollen diagram and of stratigraphical phenomena as the recurrence surfaces in the Swedish raised bogs. Next, objects which were archaeologically not datable, viz. trackways and peat burials, could be dated more or less accurately by means of pollen analysis. In the last few years, moreover, attention has been paid to the pollen analytical investigation of samples from burial monuments. It was WATERBOLK who worked out this method, and who attained important results.\nIn this investigation much stress is laid on the correlation between archaeological and scientific phenomena. In this connection it was in the first place of much importance to have the disposal of a detailed diagram from a large raised bog whose pollen content cannot have been influenced to a great extent by local conditions. From this diagram reflecting the vegetation development in a given region alterations of the vegetation effected by climatic changes or human interference can be read. Moreover, by means of such a diagram other pollen analytical data from that given region\xe2\x80\x94which have often been influenced by local conditions\xe2\x80\x94can be compared better with those from other regions.

Description: The genus Erisma is found in the Amazonian basin and in the Guianas; it comprises 16 species as defined in this paper, all of them typical Hylaean forest trees.\nThe genus was first described by RUDGE in 1805; its name is a greek word meaning \xe2\x80\x9ca cause of dispute\xe2\x80\x9d. RUDGE may have wanted it to refer to the romantic story of the type-specimen of his Erisma floribundum, a specimen belonging to a set of plants collected by the Frenchman Martin in French Guiana and captured by British privateers on its way to Paris. The name was also well suited to indicate the difficult taxonomic position of the genus.

Description: In 1935 the present author reported the occurrence of this N. American species in the eastern part of Holland, province of Overijssel, in the vicinity of Almelo (JONKER, 1935). He found the species near the hamlet of Harbrinkhoek on a wet heath. The locality was also the only station of Wahlenbergia hederacea in the Netherlands, discovered a year before. Notwithstanding the extensive reclamations in that part of the country the species now still occurs in a number of localities around Almelo. The plants cannot be considered adventitious as they were found in places that are comparatively little influenced by human culture, judging from the occurrence, on the first-discovered locality, of e.g. Wahlenbergia hederacea. Gentiana pneumonanthe, Viola palustris, Radiola linoides, Linum catharticum, Scutellaria minor. The late Dr. Wachter discovered, in the herbarium of the Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands, unidentified specimens of Hypericum canadense collected by Lako as early as 1909 in the same environment, perhaps even in the same station; and Dr. van Soest identified two specimens collected in 1918 by the late naturalist Bernink near Denekamp, about 20 km E of the above mentioned localities.\nBouchard (1953, 1954, 1955) reported the discovery of the species in France, dept. Haute-Sa\xc3\xb4ne. The plants were found in large quantities, at the stony beach of oligotrophous lakes, together with Littorella uniflora. In his detailed publication of 1954 he discussed the possibilities of introduction. He concluded that the plants are not adventitious. They may be autochthonous or naturalized and then, when the latter is the fact, probably by U.S. army units that stayed in that area during world war I. He did not preclude, however, the possibility of a glacial relic. Bouchard overlooked the previous publication reporting the occurrence in Holland.

Description: When studying the Gesneriaceae of Guiana (1958) the present author saw a fairly considerable number of misidentified and unnamed specimens some of which proved to belong to undescribed species. Several of the latter are described below. Besides, several of the species he met with, had to be transferred to other genera. New combinations, however, were made only in those cases where the author could examine the type.

Description: Sectio Ciliantha Stafl., subsectio Ferrugineae Warm. A V. vismiifolia Spruce ex Warm. stipulis nullis, foliis longe petiolatis majoribus latioribus, nervis lateralibus pluribus, floribus minoribus calcare inflato instructis differt.\nArbor. Ramuli juveniles, petioli, inflorescentia, foliorum pagina inferior indumento ferrugineo-canescente instructi. Stipulae nullae. Folia opposita, petiolo c. 15 mm longo, lamina elliptica, c. 12-16 cm longa, c. 5\xc2\xbd-7 cm lata, apice breviter obtuse apiculata, retusa, basi obtusa, nervis supra haud prominentibus, lateralibus subtus prominentibus, majoribus utrinque 15-20 sub angulo c. 50-60\xe2\x80\x99 e costa ortis a nervo limbali undulato margini proximo junctis, venulis supra haud conspicuis, subtus prominulis, reticulatis. Inflorescentia cylindrica, densiflora, cincinnis bifloris, pedunculis 2-3 mm longis, pedicellis 5-7 mm longis, alabastris c. 7 mm longis, 1\xc2\xbd mm latis, subrecurvis, obtusis, calcare c. 5 mm longo, basi constricto, inflato, sub angulo 60-90\xe2\x80\x99 e pedicello orto instructis. Petala suboblonga, apice obtusa; intermedium c. 5 mm longum, extus dense pilosum; lateralia c. 4 mm longa, stamen subpilosum, anthera c. 4 mm longa apice rotundata, filamento c. 2 mm longo. Staminodia c. 1 mm longa ciliata. Stylus glaber, stigmate laterali parvo instructus.

Description: Since the last Bulletin was published our circle of collaborators has unfortunately lost Dr A.H.G. Alston, who had agreed to join Prof. Holttum in editorship of the Fern volumes of the Flora. It is an irreparable loss to pteridology as Dr Alston had an unparalleled, detailed knowledge and has unfortunately postponed the publication of a large amount of his findings and conclusions, which are now lost or doomed to remain unavailable in hardly legible written and uncorrected notes. I hope that it will be found possible to edit his interpretation of the Hortus Malabaricus of which he possessed a card index which obviously dated from his Ceylon time.\nAnother sad loss is the recent passing away of the wellknown cyperologist of Kew, Mr E. Nelmes, who has done a great service to the Flora Malesiana by his work on the genus Carex.

Description: Ames, Mrs Oakes C. Schweinfurth, Philip. Orch. Rev. 6\xc2\xb9 (1955) 5-6. Appraisal as a botanical illustrator.\nBabcock, E.B. 1877-1954 G.L. Stebbins, Madrono 13 (1955) 81-83, photogr.

Description: This is the name of a Standing Committee of the Pacific Science Congress, proposed to be established in 1939 by Prof. Dr H.J. Lam and realized with the 7th Pacific Science Congress, New Zealand (1949). The first chairman of it was Prof. Dr H.J. Lam.\nIt is the intention to come gradually to effective publication of maps and these will be published under this title in the Philippine Journal of Science.

Description: Mr Smitinand, Officer-in-Charge, Section of Botany, Forest Products Research Division, Royal Forest-Department, Bangkok, Thailand, writes, that there is still a large tract of virgin tropical rain-forest in the Peninsula not yet properly explored. An expedition from any foreign country is heartily welcome with cordial co-operation.

Description: 9th Pacific Science Congress, Bangkok. According to the Preliminary Announcement the Congress will take place Nov. 18- \xe2\x80\x94Dec. 9, 1957. Organising chairman is M.C. Lak Kashemsanta, Dep. of Agriculture, Bangkok. Fifteen general subjects have been entered for contributing papers and discussion, viz: (a) Problems confronting tropical botanical institutions, (b) Vegetation types of the Pacific basin, (1) Tropical, (2) Temperate, (c) Ethnobotany of Thailand and contiguous countries, (d) Vernacular names of Pacific plants. (e) Phycology in the Pacific basin. (f) Algal ecology, with special reference to coral reefs and atolls. (g) Bibliographic problems in the natural sciences in the Pacific. (h) The teaching of botany and the training of botanists in the tropics. (i) Systematics, evolution and distribution of Pacific plants, (j) Botany of medical plants in the Pacific basin, (k) Forest botany in the Pacific basin. (l) Botany of agricultural plants and weeds. (m) Plant ecology in the Pacific. (n) Mycology and phytopathology in the Pacific. (o) Plant physiology in the Pacific.\nBesides, a special symposium on Climate, Vegetation, and Land Utilization in the Humid Tropics, sponsored by Unesco, will be convened by Dr F.R. Fosberg.

Description: Blatter, E. & W.S. Milliard. Some beautiful Indian trees. 2nd edition revised by W.T. Steam. Publ. by Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay, India. March 3, 1955. 8\xc2\xb0. i-xv, 1-165 pp., 43 photogr., 31 coloured plates, and text-figures; clothbound. Sh. 30/- net.\nA simple, illustrated guide to some of the most beautiful flowering trees to be seen in India and Pakistan. It should be of use and interest throughout the tropics as most of the plants treated are grown as ornamentals outside their native country. Thirty nine species have been fully described with accurate synonymy, and notes on distribution, gardening, uses, economic value, vernaculars, domestic uses, medicinal properties, ethnobotany, and ecology of leafshedding, flowering and fruiting seasons. In some cases also closely related species are briefly indicated or described. In appendices descriptions are given of families represented, further a key to the genera, a glossary of some botanic terms, and a bibliography to some sources of further information. An index concludes this very attractive, nicely executed, and relatively very cheap book which is a valuable educative tool to laymen and those interested in gardening in the tropics. It contains much concise adequate information on the plants treated. In a way it is a counterpart to Bor & Raizada\xe2\x80\x99s Some beautiful Indian climbers and shrubs, published by the same Society.

Description: Australia. Forestry and Timber Bureau. Illustrations of the bud and fruits of Eucalyptus species with an alphabetical index (covering 486 species, and varieties). 2nd ed. pp. (ix) 31 pls. fol. Canberra. 1954.\nGrasses and pastures of South Africa. Compiled by L.K.A. Chippindall, J.D. Scott, J.A. Pentz, A.W. Bayer, O. West, H. Weinmann, and others. 26 col. pls and 420 line drawings, 776 pp. 1955.

Description: Bentham, G. & J.D. Hooker, Genera plantarum.\nCf. W.T. Stearn on its history and dates of publication in J. Soc. Bibl. Nat. Hist. 3 (1956) 127-132.

Description: Barrett, C.: Wild life of Australia and New Guinea. 229 pp., ill., 1955. Describes in a fascinating and not too technical manner the life stories of animals of Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea.\nBor, N.L.: Manual of Indian forest botany. 441 pp. A systematically planned treatise with keys to the genera and species to be found in India and Burma, with descriptions of their economic uses.

Description: Recently a cover and an Index have been distributed belonging to numbers 9-12, so that these can be bound into a second volume.\nThe Foundation suffered a great loss by the passing away of the trustee, Dr E.D. Merrill, Febr. 25, 1956, Dr Merrill took a great interest in promoting the work and we will dearly miss his advice, his help, and the privilege of having access to the colossal store of his knowledge of the Malaysian flora. As a trustee of the Foundation he has been replaced by Mr E.J.H. Corner, F.R.S., Cambridge.

Description: Mr G.H. Addison, Curator, Botanic Gardens, Singapore was compulsorily retired under the Singapore Government\xe2\x80\x99s policy of malayanisation and left Singapore on April 22, 1959, for the United Kingdom after 21 years service. His future plans are as yet uncertain. The Gardens will have no replacement for him for some considerable time.\nMr Jos\xc3\xa9 Agama retired from For. Dept. North Borneo on June 8, 1957, at the age of 68 years, after 42 years service with the Department (Mal. For. 20, 1957, 180).

Description: Agosti, G., De re botanica tractatus, etc.\nCf. R.E.G. Pichi-Sermolli, mimeo in nom. gen. cons. committee 1954-1959, p. 39.

Description: Bryophyta. The new collections built up during the last years under the supervision of Prof. R. van der Wijk, Groningen, have now all been arranged and provisionally been identified by him and his collaborator Mr Margadant. Revisional work has started.\nPteridophyta. A most important collaboration, anticipated for years, is that of doctors Holttum, Kew, and Alston, London, who have now definitely agreed in compiling the series II of the Flora Malesiana containing the account of the Pteridophyta. Dr Alston spent a year (Oct. 1955-Oct. 1954) in Indonesia on the invitation of the Indonesian Government. Dr Holttum has finished his large work on the ferns of Malaya; he is now finishing off an account of the bamboos of Malaya and will then set definitely to the study of Malaysian Pteridophytes. Some limited families will be worked out by both specialists as a sample.

Description: Nova Guinea. This serial is continued in a handy octavo format, onwards of new series vol. 6 (1955). It embodies contributions on botany, zoology, geology and ethnography. A new redaction committee is formed of four members for these different branches, general editor is Prof. H.J. Lam, Rijksherbarium, Leyden, secretary of the redaction is Dr M.A. Lieftinck, Mus. Nat. Hist., Leyden.\nSymposium on land connections across the South Atlantic with special reference to the Mesozoic of the South Atlantic Basin; of. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 99 (1952).

Description: I spent the period from Oct. 8, 1957, to March 27, 1958, at Bogor, Indonesia. During that period I worked regularly in the Herbarium Bogoriense.\nThe main part of my work consisted of a complete rearrangement of the fern herbarium, which consists of some 20,000- 30,000 specimens.

Description: Dioecious or monoecious small shrubs with thick woody roots. Leaves simple, opposite, sessile, fleshy, with a distinctly saccate, colourless base. Stipules minute. Flowers unisexual, either solitary and terminal or axillary, or in small axillary spikes. \xe2\x99\x82 Flowers subtended by bracts, enclosed in a membranous spathella which opens with one or two transverse or radial slits giving rise to 2-4 lobes. Tepals 4, valvate. Stamens 4, alternitepalous; anthers dorsifixed, introrse, dehiscing lengthwise with 2 slits. Sometimes an abortive gynaecium present. \xe2\x99\x80 Flowers merely consisting of a naked ovary, in the axil of leaves when solitary, in the axil of cordate bracts when growing in spikes, 2-carpellate, 4-celled by one true and one false septum; ovules 1 in each cell, basal, anatropous, with a long funicle. Stigmas 2, sessile, distinctly papillate. Fruit a septicidal berry dehiscing with 2 valves, either solitary or many united together with the bracts into a connate, spikelike whole. Seeds with a large, straight embryo, exalbuminous.\nDistr. The Batidaceae, consisting of one genus with two species, show a remarkably discontinuous area, viz B. maritima L. growing along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America, the Hawaiian and Galapagos Islands, while B. argillicola has hitherto only been found in South New Guinea. As the distribution of the species is still rather insufficiently known and they are confined to littoral districts it has been found advisable to include both of them in the key given below.

Description: Caudex massive, usually erect and unbranched, where prostrate not dorsiventral in structure; fronds arranged on caudex in spiral series; vascular system of caudex a hollow cylinder with gaps corresponding with leaf-bases, in some cases small medullary bundles also present; a cylinder of very hard sclerenchyma, with gaps at leaf-bases, present both inside and outside the vascular cylinder (but absent in Cibotium), the surfaces of the sclerenchyma covered with cubical cells containing silica; tangentially arranged sieve-tubes present in the phloem as well as longitudinal ones. Stipes of Cyathea containing numerous small vascular strands arranged in 3 series (fig. 6), these strands more or less united in smaller axes of Cyatheafronds and also in larger axes of other genera (fig. 31f, 33d); stipe-bases persistent, or sooner or later caducous leaving a pattern of scars on the caudex; pneumathodes present along each side of stipe, in a single discontinuous or almost continuous row, or in 2\xe2\x80\x943 rows close together, the row joining upwards to a similar row on the basiscopic side of the first pinna, a \xc2\xb1 circular pneumathode at the base of the pinna beginning the row on the main rachis to the next pinna. Dermal appendages on fronds: multiseptate hairs only, or both hairs and scales (Cyathea); if both, the hairs often confined to the adaxial surface of the fronds. Fronds in most cases bipinnate-tripinnatifid, with varying gradations to tripinnate, in a few cases simply pinnate, in Culcita 3\xe2\x80\x944-pinnate; pinnules almost symmetrical at the base except in Culcita; veins normally free except in Cyathea capitata and in the genus Cnemidaria (trop. America). Sori either terminal on veins and protected by an inner indusium as well as by the more or less reflexed edges of a small lobe of the lamina (outer indusium), or apparently not terminal on veins and not near the edge of the lamina, with indusia of various form or without indusia; receptacle of various shape, in all cases containing vascular tissue which in the case of Cyathea represents the termination of a short vein; stalks of sporangia short or long, 4 or more cells in transverse section, annulus more or less oblique, with a more or less clearly defined lateral stomium; spores trilete, surfaces smooth or variously sculptured; multiseptate paraphyses, of a single row of cells (terminal cell glandular or not) or scale-like at the base, present with sporangia.\nDistribution. Throughout the wetter parts of the tropics, especially on mountains; a few species just north of the tropics, more south of the tropics especially in Australasia. As here construed, 9 genera, of which 5 are Malaysian: Cyathea (pantropic, at least 600 spp.); Cnemidaria (limited to species with pinnate fronds, anastomosing veins and distinctive spores, tropical America, 10 spp.); Lophosoria (tropical America, monotypic); Dicksonia (tropics and southern subtropics in Malaysia, Australasia, America, St Helena, c. 25 spp.); Cystodium (Malaysia, monotypic); Thyrsopteris (Juan Fernandez, monotypic); Culcita (subg. Culcita in Azores and tropical America; subg. Calochlaena in Malaysia and Australasia; in all c. 7 spp.); Cibotium (SE. Asia, Malaysia, Hawaii, Central America, c. 12 spp.); Metaxya (tropical S. America, monotypic).

Description: Evergreen (or deciduous) shrubs or trees. Buds perulate (or naked); innovations flush-wise. Leaves simple, spirally arranged (rarely opposite), usually penninerved, less often 3\xe2\x80\x945-plinerved, with entire, crenate-serrate or dentate margins, often slightly oblique at the base. Indument often stellate, tufted or lepidote. Stipules usually present, very small to large. Flowers free or connate, in heads, spikes or racemes, \xe2\x99\x80, polygamous or unisexual and monoecious (rarely dioecious), usually actinomorphous, usually 4\xe2\x80\x945-merous, with alternate whorls of floral parts. Sepals usually small or lacking. Petals often linear or ligulate, often rolled in bud, sometimes lacking. Stamens free, often in two whorls, the inner ones staminodial; anthers almost always basifix; connective often produced. Disk if present annular or represented by small lobes. Ovary consisting of 2 (exceptionally 3) carpels often free at the apex, 2-celled, usually more or less inferior; styles 2, free, long, less frequent short, often recurved, frequently persistent and hardened in fruit; stigmas small and apical or adaxially decurrent along the styles. Ovules 1-2 and pendent or 5-~ and inserted on the dissepiment (or parietal), anatropous, with 2 integuments. Capsules 2-celled, in the lower half connate with the receptacle to various degree, rarely superior or perigynous, usually loculicidal and septicidal, hence 4-valved, endocarp often loosening from the exocarp. Seeds 1-~ (in the latter case only very few fertile), sometimes winged; albumen rather thin, embryo straight, cotyledons leaf-like, radicle short.\nDistr. Mainly holarctic in the Old World; temperate and warm temperate, but also in Africa and Madagascar, in South East Asia (absent in the Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon, similarly as Fagaceae!), throughout Malaysia, in Australia very rare in N. Queensland ( Ostrearia and an unnamed genus), absent from the Pacific Islands, S. America, and Europe. The present centre of development in Asia, specially China.

Description: Annual or perennial freshwater and marine plants. Leaves submerged, rarely floating or partly emerged, radical or arranged along a stem, spirally whorled, distichous, or in pairs, linear, lanceolate, elliptic, ovate or orbicular, sessile or petioled; petioles mostly sheathing; nerves more or less parallel, straight or curved, connected by perpendicular or ascending cross-veins. Stipules sometimes present. Squamulae intravaginales often present. Flowers actinomorphous, rarely faintly zygomorphous (Vallisneria), unisexual, and then sometimes with rudiments of the other sex, or rarely bisexual, 1-~ enclosed between 2, more or less connate, rarely free segments (spathe). Spathe sessile or peduncled, often ribbed or winged, tip mostly bifid. Perianth segments free, 3 or 6, in the later case differentiated in petals and sepals; sepals often green, mostly valvate; petals mostly coloured, imbricate. Stamens 2\xe2\x80\x94~, in 1 or more whorls, the inner ones sometimes staminodial (Hydrocharis), the outer ones often doubled (Stratiotes, Ottelia); anthers basifixed, 2\xe2\x80\x944-celled, dorsally or latrorsely lengthwise dehiscent; filaments more or less slender, sometimes absent. Ovary inferior, linear, lanceolate or ovate, consisting of 2-15 connate carpels, 1-celled, apex often narrowed into a long, filiform beak; parietal placentas sometimes protruding to the centre of the gynaecium, but never connate, sometimes split into 2 lamellae; styles 2-15, often more or less split into 2 crests. Ovules ~, anatropous, with 2 integuments. Fruits linear, lanceolate or ovate, opening by decay of the pericarp, rarely stellately dehiscent ( Thalassia). Seeds ~, fusiform, elliptic, ovate or globose; testa glabrous or densely set with spines or warts; embryo straight, with a very inconspicuous plumule at the base of a lateral groove, and a thick radicle; the marine genera and Stratiotes possess, however, a large, well-developed plumule; albumen 0.\nDistribution. About 15 genera with c. 100 spp., widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical zones with a few species in the temperate zones. Among the freshwater genera only Vallisneria and Ottelia occur both in the palaeotropics and in the neotropics. Most other freshwater genera are confined to the Old World [ Hydrilla, Hydrocharis, Blyxa, Lagarosiphon (Africa), Nechamandra (S. Asia), Stratiotes (Europe), Maidenia (Australia)], only 2 are restricted to America (Elodea and Limnobium). The marine genera are commonly dispersed along the coasts of the Indian and Pacific Ocean going East as far as Hawaii & Tahiti, but do not reach the American Pacific coast; 2 of them occur also in the West Indies, but further they are absent from the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean! See further under ecology.

Description: Monoecious, mostly deciduous shrubs or trees with perular buds. Pith triangular in section. Innovations often resiniferous. Leaves simple, (in Mal. spp.) spiral, penninerved, crenate or dentate, rarely entire, mostly with domatia in the nerveaxils beneath, in bud mostly folded along the midrib and plicate, often glandularlepidote beneath. Stipules caducous. Catkins unisexual, at least the pendent \xe2\x99\x82 ones in terminal panicles above the \xe2\x99\x80 ones, the latter mostly in stiff, axillary, poor racemes or terminal on short-shoots.\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x99\x82 Flowers in triads, each sustained by a bract. Perianth segments 4 (or less by abortion), mostly connate at the base. Stamens 4, epitepalous; filaments short; anthers glabrous, 2-celled; cells parallel, dehiscing lengthwise. No rudiment of \xe2\x99\x80.\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x99\x80 Flowers in diads sustained by a bract concrescent with 4 bracteoles, accrescent and woody in fruit, densely packed and imbricate. Perianth 0. Ovary 2-celled, each cell with one anatropous, pendent ovule attached near the apex of the cell; styles 2, free, short, cylindric. Fruiting catkins cone-like. Nut small, compressed, 1-seeded, mostly winged and crowned by the styles. Seed without endosperm; embryo straight; cotyledons flat; testa membranous; embryo straight; endosperm 0; cotyledons flat.\nDistr. About 20 spp. mainly on the N. hemisphere except in the New World, mostly extra-tropical, in SE. Asia southward to Bengal, N. Assam, Tonkin, and Formosa, in Malaysia only cultivated.

Description: Shrubs or trees. Youngest branchlets compressed, older branches terete; base of the lateral twigs often provided with small distichous \xe2\x80\x98bracts\xe2\x80\x99 (ramenta) sometimes also occurring between the leaves. Leaves simple, alternate (distichous), entire, involute in bud, the margins leaving a more or less permanent trace as 2 longitudinal lines on the upper leaf surface (\xe2\x80\x98areolate\xe2\x80\x99). Stipules mostly entirely connate, rarely bifid, intrapetiolar, often bicarinate, sometimes emarginate or 2-toothed at the apex, long-persistent or early caducous, inserted \xc2\xb1 semi-amplexicaulous and leaving a distinct, mostly oblique scar. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters, often dimorphous, or even 3\xe2\x80\x944-morphous, 5-merous, actinomorphic, bisexual. Pedicels more or less thickened, often only under the calyx, provided with 2 bracteoles at the base. Calyx persistent, campanulate, (in Mal.) \xc2\xb1 halfway divided into 5 lobes imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, caducous, alternating with the calyx lobes, quincuncial in bud, nearly always provided with an emarginate or 3-lobed ligule inserted on the apex of the claw of the petal. Stamens 10, in two whorls of 5, persistent; filaments towards the base connate into a staminal tube often with a toothed margin; anthers ellipsoid, basifixed, cordate at the base, 2-celled, opening lengthwise, latrorse. Ovary (1\xe2\x80\x94)3-celled, each cell with 1 ovule, normally only 1 cell fertile, but the other empty cells sometimes distinctly enlarged in fruit; styles 3, erect, free or partly connate or stigmas \xc2\xb1 sessile; stigmas flattened (often oblique) or (in extra-Mal. spp.) clavate, blunt or rarely acute. Ovules pendulous, anatropous, with a ventral raphe. Fruit a drupe. Seed with or without endosperm; embryo oblong, erect; cotyledons flat to plano-convex; no plumule, but a distinct radicle.\nDistr. The Erythroxylaceae comprise three exclusively tropical genera. Aneulophus BENTH. is monotypic and restricted to West Africa. Nectaropetalum BENTH. (Peglera BOLUS) has a few species in SE. Africa (cf. STAPF, Kew Bull. 1909, 188).

Description: Trees, shrubs, or (most Mal. spp.) lianas. Indument of simple hairs, rarely dendroid (Connarus spp.), often mixed with capitate-glandular hairs. Leaves spirally arranged, exstipulate, imparipinnate, rarely unifoliolate. Base of the petiole and petiolules thickened. Leaflets usually not strictly opposite, penninerved to triplinerved, entire, the base often slightly peltate. Inflorescences axillary, pseudoterminal or terminal, paniculate, bracteate; pedicels articulated near the apex. Flowers 5(-4)-merous, hypogynous, bisexual (rarely by abortion unisexual and then dioecious), heterotri- or -distylous. Sepals usually (in Mal. spp. always) free or confluent at the very base only. Petals free. Stamens free or coherent at the base, in 2 whorls, inner (epipetalous) ones nearly always smaller, not rarely sterile or staminodial, sometimes partly absent; anthers dorsifixed in the lower half, curving outwards in anthesis, dehiscing lengthwise and introrse. Pistils (8-)5(-3) or 1, epipetalous, free; ovary 1-celled, with 2 nearly basal to axillary, collateral, orthotropous or anatropous (in Mal. Connarus) ovules, one of which sometimes small and sterile. Fruits dry or more or less fleshy, one-seeded, usually opening by a ventral slit, sometimes also dehiscing along the dorsal side, rarely circumsciss at the base, sometimes indehiscent. Seed large, always with an arilloid, with or without endosperm; cotyledons thick, flat.\nDistribution. Genera 16, with an estimated number of c. 300-350 species, the family circumtropical, but predominantly developed in Africa, in Malaysia represented by 6 genera and c. 40 species.

Description: The completion of the fifth volume of this Flora brings the pleasant task of dedicating it to the memory of my former teacher in systematic botany, the late professor doctor August Adriaan Pulle, of Utrecht University.\nAs I have explained on a former occasion, descriptive botany and plant geography had since Miquel\xe2\x80\x99s time lost a great deal of attention and recognition. It is largely due to Pulle that scientia amabilis in Holland owes its remarkable reveil.

Description: Erect, glabrous, rhizomatous, terrestrial, water- and swamp herbs, laticiferous (Butomus excepted). Leaves radical, sheathing, curvinerved (cauline in Hydrocleis), leaf-blades above water (Hydrocleis excepted). Flowers umbellate (or solitary), actinomorphic, \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x82. Perianth 2-seriate. Sepals 3, imbricate, mostly persistent, usually green. Petals 3, imbricate, usually thin, fugacious (persistent in Butomus). Stamens 8-9 or ~, rarely less, sometimes the outer ones staminodial, filaments flattened, free; anthers basifixed, 2-celled, opening lengthwise with lateral slits. Gynoecium apocarpous, superior; carpels 6- ~, rarely less by reduction, in a whorl, free or cohering only at the base, dehiscing with an adaxial slit. Ovules ~, anatropous, scattered on reticulately branched placentas. Fruitlets ~-spermous, at last dehiscing along the ventral (adaxial) side. Seeds ~; embryo flat and horse-shoe shaped (elliptic-terete and straight in Butomus); endosperm 0.\nDistr. Less than 10 spp. belonging to 5 genera, in temperate and tropical regions, absent from Africa S of the equator, in Malaysia one native and one introduced genus both represented by one species.

Description: The delimitation of the family as it is now generally accepted has been liable to changes. Moreover, representatives of other families have occasionally been confused with Restionaceae.\nIn habit Restionaceae are very like Cyperaceae, specially Rhynchosporoideae, and grow in similar habitats. They can be distinguished from the latter by open leaf-sheaths, the pendent, apically inserted ovules, and the absence of peculiar \xe2\x80\x98cone-cells\xe2\x80\x99 in the epidermis (\xe2\x80\x98Kegel-Zellen\xe2\x80\x99, cf. K\xc3\x9cKENTHAL in Fedde, Rep. 53, 1944, 89).

Description: The authentic collections of Geastrum pectinatum Pers., G. plicatum Berk. and G. tenuipes Berk, are redescribed. Persoon\xe2\x80\x99s collection in the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, is designated as the Neotype of G. pectinatum. Geastrum plicatum and G. tenuipes are considered as probable synonyms, although observations on freshly expanded specimens are still required. Comparisons are made between freshly collected and dried material in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), the Hartley Botanical Laboratories, the Rijksherbarium and Herb. Kew, and the literature is discussed.

Description: A new species of Septobasidium is described, in relation with which the position of the genus Uredinella is discussed.

Description: In continuation of my first revisional paper on the subfamily Olethreutinae dealing with the Lobesia complex (1954) I now present a revision of the genus Bactra Stephens. Chiefly the species from the Malayan region are treated, but also references to some species from other regions are made, as far as these species were available for study. I use this opportunity also to make some amendments to my paper on Meyrick types in the British Museum (1950). Material from New Guinea and of the Sumba Expedition 1948 will be treated in other papers.\nThe material that served for this revision comprises chiefly the collection of the Leiden Museum (indicated below with "L.M."). A small, but valuable addition form materials from museums in the United States. I am grateful to Dr. Mont A. Cazier, of the American Museum of Natural History (A.M.N.H.), New York, to Dr. J. F. Gates Clarke, of the United States National Museum (U.S.N.M.), Washington, D.C., and to Dr. John G.\nFranclemont, of the Entomological Department of Cornell University (Cornell Un. Coll.), Ithaca, New York, for their kind permission to select and to study these materials. Furthermore, Professor Dr. E. M. Hering kindly entrusted me with an important collection of Palaearctic Bactra species from the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Universit\xc3\xa4t, Berlin, Germany.\nI am very grateful for the permission to retain certain duplicates from the above mentioned collections for the Leiden Museum.\nThe genus Bactra Stephens, 1834, equals Lobesia Guen\xc3\xa9e in the difficulties it caused to its students. As easy as it is to recognize a species as a member of this genus, as difficult it was to identify the species. For a long time the classical authors regarded numerous species occurring throughout the world,

Description: CONTENTS\nIntroduction................... 1\nOrder Artiodactyla Owen............... 8\nFamily Bovidae Gray................ 8\nSubfamily Bovinae Gill................ 8\nDuboisia santeng (Dubois).............. 8\nEpileptobos groeneveldtii (Dubois)............ 19\nHemibos triquetricornis R\xc3\xbctimeyer............ 60\nHemibos acuticornis (Falconer et Cautley).......... 61\nBubalus palaeokerabau Dubois............. 62\nBubalus bubalis (L.) subsp............... 77\nBibos palaesondaicus Dubois.............. 78\nBibos javanicus (d\'Alton) subsp.............. 98\nSubfamily Caprinae Gill................ 99\nCapricornis sumatraensis (Bechstein) subsp........... 99\nLiterature cited.................. 106\nExplanation of the plates............... 11o\nINTRODUCTION\nThe Bovidae make up a very large portion of the Dubois collection of fossil vertebrates from Java, second only to the Proboscidea in bulk. Before Dubois began his explorations in Java in 1890 we knew very little about the fossil bovids of that island. Martin (1887, p. 61, pl. VII fig. 2) described a horn core as Bison sivalensis Falconer (?); Bison sivalensis Martin has already been placed in the synonymy of Bibos palaesondaicus Dubois by Von Koenigswald (1933, p. 93), which is evidently correct. Pilgrim (in Bron-

Description: CONTENTS\nA. Introduction.................. 1\nB. History of Suriname Carcinology............ 4\nI. Popular literature............... 4\nII. Scientific literature............... 11\nIII. Economic literature............... 17\nIV. Collectors................. 17\nV. Expeditions................. 34\nC. Occurrence of Decapoda in Suriname.......... 41\nD. Economic Importance of Suriname Decapoda......... 43\nE. Enemies of Suriname Decapoda............. 44\nF. Vernacular Names................ 47\nG. Notes on the Species............... 49\na. Macrura.................. 49\nb. Anomura.................. 130\nc. Brachyura.................. 162\nH. Literature cited................. 277\nA.\nINTRODUCTION\nThe decapod fauna of the three Guianas (British, Dutch, and French) is very poorly known. A few scattered notes exist which deal with the crabs and shrimps of the region, but no comprehensive account of the Decapoda of any of the three countries has ever been published apart from Young\'s (1900) "The stalk-eyed Crustacea of British Guiana, West Indies and Bermuda", which, however, also covers the West Indian Islands and Bermuda (including the deep-water species), and furthermore is incomplete.

Description: INTRODUCTION\nHardly any group of birds is of a greater interest to the zoogeographer and to the student of evolution and speciation than the family of the Zosteropidae. It was with the fact in mind that no conclusions as regards these fields of investigation could be drawn without the reliable base of a good classification that Stresemann (1931) 1) undertook a revision of the IndoAustralian members of the family.\nStresemann\'s revision is a pioneer work that will long remain the base for any further work in the group. Since 1931, however, 45 further names have been given in the Indo-Australian group of the Zosteropidae, adding two valid species and about 25 valid races to the number already known. Though several partial revisions have greatly elucidated some obscure points in our knowledge in recent years (Mack, 1932; Mayr, 1933; Bartels Jr., 1937; Stresemann, 1939; Mayr, 1944), no comprehensive paper has appeared since 1931.\nMoreover, Stresemann\'s was only a first attempt at classification, being barely more than a check-list of species and races. Now the time seems ripe for giving a full account of every described form, including its life-history, and with particular reference to the great gaps still existing in our knowledge of even the commonest forms.\nOriginally I intended to revise the family as a whole, but at an early stage of the investigations it appeared that Mr. Moreau was reviewing the African group of species. As a consequence, the present work is confined to the non-African members of the family, hence, it covers the same geographic area as Stresemann\'s paper.

Description: In a posthumous paper of Gagnepain a new monotypic genus Tardiella annamensis Gagn. has been described, assigned to the Canellaceae (Not. Syst. 15: 32\xe2\x80\x9433. 1954). The author remarks that for a long time Canellaceae were restricted to the New World, but that later one genus, Cinnamosma, from Madagascar was described by Baillon. Warburgia occurs further in tropical East Africa.\nThe characters of the new genus seemed rather aberrant in Canellaceae which possess 3 sepals instead of 5 in Tardiella, in the fascicled flowers. Phytographically the occurrence of a Canellacea in Tonkin would he most remarkable. The translucent dots and lines in the leaves led me to suspect identity with Casearia with which the description fits very well indeed.

Description: The well-known Ray Society undertook the publication of this new facsimile of Linnaeus\xe2\x80\x99s most famous and still indispensable botanical work and had it reproduced photographically from an original copy in Linnaeus\xe2\x80\x99s library, later owned by Sir James Edward Smith. It represents the third facsimile edition of the work and, in spite of the earlier Berlin (1907) and Tokyo (1934) editions, which are no longer obtainable, it will certainly fill a real need, were it only to save copies of the rare and expensive original from wear and tear.\nAlthough much has been written about Linnaeus and his numerous publications, the delightful frame provided by W. T. Stearn and J. L. Heller makes the new edition all the more valuable and useful, not only since the supplementary chapters enliven the book as a cultural product of its period but because the introduction and much of the appendix have been very ably written by a working taxonomist primarily concerned with Linnaeus\xe2\x80\x99s works for their relevance to modern botanical nomenclature, who has thoroughly studied history, method and bibliography and also, to some extent, the life and psychology of the author and the scientific attitudes of the period. Stearn has also aimed at avoidance of the misunderstanding and confusion, which follow from treating 18th century publications as if they were 20th century productions. Emphasis is laid on what may well be the most important conclusion for Linnaean typification in the whole work (cf. p. 97), viz. that within every main entry in Species Plantarum there is, or was at some stage of its development, an illustration or a specimen seen by Linnaeus and not simply a description by a pre-Linnaean author, the exceptions being definitions or descriptions by Van Boyen, Gronovius, or Boissier de Sauvages, his disciples, so to speak, in the Linnaean method, whose work was therefore acceptable.

Description: Xantolis Raf., Sylv. Tell., 1838, 36 \xe2\x80\x94 Planchonella Pierre, p.p., Not. bot. Sapot., 1890, 34; Dubard, Ann. Mus. col. Mars. 20, 1912, 41; Lam, Ann. Jard. bot. Bzg, s\xc3\xa9r. 3, 7, 1925, 193; Lam, l.c., s\xc3\xa9r. 3, 8, 1927, 467 \xe2\x80\x94 Sideroxylon L., p.p., Engler, Nat. Pfl. Fam. 4, 1, 1897, 143 and Nachtrag, 1897, 27 \xe2\x80\x94 Hormogyne DC, p.p., Prodr. 8, 1844, 176 \xe2\x80\x94 Pouteria Aublet sensu Baehni, p.p., Candollea 9, 1942.\nTrees or shrubs, often spiny. Leaves alternate, estipulate, sometimes with the flowers conferted at the tips of brachyblasts, entire, with a marginal nerve, tertiary nervation transverse or reticulate, sparse, slender. Flowers \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x80, 5-merous, solitary or clustered, axillary or sometimes along an axillary shoot, bracts small. Calyx with a short tube and mostly lanceolate lobes, marcescent. Corolla lobes longer than the tube. Stamens generally inserted at the base of the lobes, each with two small tufts of ferruginous hairs on either side of the base of the glabrous filaments, rarely only one hair, anthers sagittate, with prolonged connective, dehiscing extrorsely or slightly lateral. Staminodes petaloid, often long aristate, fimbriate-ciliate along the margin, except in X. racemosa (Dub.) van Royen and X. siamensis (Fletcher) van Royen in which the margin is either dentate or entire. Ovary 5-, rarely 4-celled, densely hirsute, disk absent; style long exsert, ovules inserted halfway up or at the base of the cells, funiculus often long. Fruits drupaceous, 1- or 2-seeded, seeds ellipsoid, laterally compressed, testa crustaceous, scar ovate or linear, as long as seed to 2/3 its length, or small and circular, basal, embryo with copious albumen and foliaceous cotyledons, radicle exserted.

Description: 1. Trachypus. 1. T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. is divided into 4 varieties: a. var. bicolor, b. var. hispidus (C. Muell.) Card., c. var. viridulus (Mitt.) Zant. comb. nov., d. var. scindifolius (Sak.) Nog. 2. T. humilis Lindb. is divided into 2 varieties: a. var. humilis, b. var. tenerrimus (Herz.) Zant. comb. nov. 3. T. baviensis Besch. has been transferred to the genus 4. Chrysocladium. T. pendulus Dix. has been transferred to the genus Papillaria as P. semitorta (C. Muell.) Jaeg. 5. The following species and varieties have been transferred to T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. bicolor; T. nietneri (C. Muell.) Par. syn. nov.\nT. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. sinensis (C. Muell.) Broth. T. appressus Fleisch. syn. nov.\nT. cuspidatus Fleisch. syn. nov.\nT. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. pilifer Fleisch. syn. nov. T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. tenellus Fleisch. syn. nov. T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. simplicicaulis Dix. syn. nov. T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. floribundarioides Nog. syn. nov. 6. The following species and varieties have been transferred to T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. hispidus (C. Muell.) Card.: T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. rigidus (Broth. et Par.) Card. T. paulensis (Broth.) Broth. syn. nov.\nT. molliculus Broth, et Par. syn. nov. T. rhacomitrioides Broth. syn. nov.\nT. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. brevifolius Broth. syn. nov. 7. The following species, varieties and forms have been transferred to T. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. viridulus (Mitt.) Zant.: T. molleri (C. Muell.) Broth. syn. nov. T. laetus (Ren. et Card.) Broth. syn. nov. T. subbicolor Card. syn. nov.\nT. cuspidatus Fleisch. var. brevifolia Fleisch. syn. nov.\nT. bicolor Reinw. et Hornsch. var. hispidus (C. Muell.) Card. f. flagelliformis Fleisch. syn. nov.\nT. subbicolor Card. f. robusta Broth, syn. nov. 8. The following species, varieties and forms have been transferred to T. humilis Lindb. var. humilis: T. massarti Ren. et Card. syn. nov. T. novae-caledoniae Th\xc3\xa9r. syn. nov. T. dimorphus Dix. et P. Vard. syn. nov.\nT. massarti Ren. et Card. var. brachyphyllus Fleisch. syn. nov. T. humilis Lindb. var. brevifolius Card. syn. nov.\nT. humilis Lindb. var. major Broth. syn. nov. T. humilis Lindb. f. secundus Nog. syn. nov. 9. The following species and varieties have been transferred to T. humilis Lindb. var. tenerrimus (Herz. )Zant.: T. mauiensis Broth. syn. nov.\nT. tenerrimus Herz. var. flagelliferus Herz. syn. nov. T. humilis Lindb. var. gracilis Nog. syn. nov. 2. Trachypodopsis. 1. T. serrulata (P. Beauv. )Fleisch. is divided into 3 varieties: a. var. serrulata, b. var. crispatula (Hook.) Zant. comb. nov., c. var. guilbertii (P. Vard.) Zant. comb. nov. 2. The following species have been transferred to T. serrulata (P. Beauv.) Fleisch. var. serrulata: T. nodicaulis (C. Muell.) Fleisch. T. rutenbergii (C. Muell.) Fleisch. 3. The following species and subspecies have been transferred to T. serrulata (P. Beauv.) Fleisch. var. crispatula (Hook.) Zant.: T. himantophylla (Ren. et Card.) Fleisch.\nT. crispatula (Hook.) Fleisch. ssp. macrodon (Fleisch.) Reim. syn. nov. T. otiophylla (Card.) Card. syn. nov.\nT. densifolia Broth. syn. nov. T. plicata Dix. syn. nov. T. angustiretis Dix. syn. nov. T. subulata Chen syn. nov. T. crispatula (Hook.) Fleisch. ssp. longifolia Reim. syn. nov. 4. T. ornans (Reich.) Fleisch. has been transferred to T. auriculata (Mitt.) Fleisch. 5. T. declinata (Mitt.) Fleisch. has been transferred to the genus Duthiella as D. declinata (Mitt.) Zant. 6. T. tereticaulis Froehl. has been transferred to the genus Diaphanodon as D. blandus (Harv.) Ren. et Card. var. blandus. 3. Diaphanodon. 1. D. blandus (Harv.) Ren. et Card. is divided into 3 varieties a. var. blandus, b. var. recurvedentatus Zant. var. nov. c. var. ceylonensis Zant. var. nov. 2. The following species have been transferred to D. blandus (Harv.) Ren. et Card. var. blandus: D. thuidioides Ren. et Card. syn. nov.\nD. brotheri Ren. et Card. D. javanicus Ren. et Card. syn. nov. Trachypodopsis tereticaulis Froehl. syn. nov. 3. D. ? gracillimus Card. et Th\xc3\xa9r. has been transferred to the family of the Thuidiaceae. 4. D. blandus (Harv.) Ren. et Card. has become the type specimen of the genus instead of D. thuidioides Ren. et Card. 5. Duthiella. 1. D. flaccida (Card.) Broth. is divided into 3 varieties: a. var. flaccida, b. var. rigida (Broth.) Zant. comb. nov., c. var. media (Nog.) Zant. comb. nov. 2. Trachypodopsis declinata (Mitt.) Fleisch. has been incorporated within the genus Duthiella as D. declinata (Mitt.) Zant. comb. nov., to which species have been transferred the 2 following species: D. complanata Broth. syn. nov. D. mussooriensis Reim. syn. nov. 3. The following species and varieties have been transferred to D. flaccida (Card.) Broth. var. flaccida: D. japonica Card.\nD. japonica Card. var. pallida Sak. D. pellucens Th\xc3\xa9r. syn. nov.\nD. perpapillata Broth. syn. nov. D. lacustris Reim. et Sak.\nD. emodi Reim. syn. nov. D. brassii Bartr. syn. nov. D. flaccida (Card.) Broth. var. gigantea Nog. syn. nov. 4. D. rivicola Sak. has been transferred to var. rigida D. flaccida (Card.) Broth. (Broth.) Zant. 5. D. guilbertii Th\xc3\xa9r. et P. Vard. has been transferred to the genus Trachypodopsis as T. serrulata (P. Beauv.) Fleisch. var. guilbertii (Th\xc3\xa9r. et P. Vard.) Zant.

Description: During his zoological collecting trips to the Antilles Dr. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck also gathered several samples of fresh and brackish water algae, which have been presented to the Rijksherbarium, Leiden. The present paper deals with the Chlorophyta of that collection, with the exception of Enteromorpha.\nWagenaar Hummelinck\xe2\x80\x99s localities 1936\xe2\x80\x941949 have been described in the \xe2\x80\x9cStudies on the Fauna of Cura\xc3\xa7ao\xe2\x80\x9d, Vols. 1 (1940), 2 (1940) and 4 (1953). Sta. 76 A has been illustrated in Vol. 1, Plate Vb; Sta. 97 in Vol. 2, Plate IV a; Sta. 500, 382, 63 and 678 in Vol. 4, Plates Ib, IIa, IIb and Va, respectively. The 1955 localities will be described in a \xe2\x80\x9cThird List of Localities\xe2\x80\x9d, to be published in a forthcoming volume of this series.

Description: In the present study only those species of the genus Pouteria have been incorporated which are found in the area covered by the Flora Malesiana, as well as those of Australia and western Polynesia.\nThe results of this study could not have been obtained without the kind help of the Directors of the herbaria of Berkeley, Brisbane, Bogor, Florence, Jamaica Plain, Kew, Lae, Leiden, London, Manila, Melbourne, Paris, Singapore, Stockholm, Sydney and Z\xc3\xbcrich to whom we express our most sincere thanks.

Description: Mapania holttumii Kern, nom. nov. \xe2\x80\x94 Mapania insignis Holttum, Gard. Bull. Sing. 11, 1947, 293, non Sandwith, Kew Bull. 1933, 496.\nWhen publishing the name Mapania insignis for a species occurring in the Malay Peninsula, Holttum overlooked the existence of the earlier homonym Mapania insignis Sandw. for a different species from British Guyana. I therefore propose to replace the illegitimate binomial by that of Mapania holttumii.

Description: Payena as a genus was created by Alphonse De Candolle in his Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis in 1844. He commemorated in it the French chemist A. Payen (1795\xe2\x80\x941871) in Paris. De Candolle placed in it the species Mimusops lucida, first described by G. Don; the latter employed this nomen nudum used by Wallich in his List of specimens in the East India Company\xe2\x80\x99s Museum (1858). The famous Swiss botanist characterized the new genus by the following diagnosis on page 196: \xe2\x80\x9cCalyx 4-partitus (nec 8-partitus, ut dixit cl. G. Don), lobis ovatis, obtusis extus et margine puberulis, 2 exterioribus latioribus. Corolla 8-fida, basi tubulosa, superne campanulata, calyce vix longior; lobis 2 ante lobum quemque calycis, ovato-acutis, glabris. Stamina 8, tubo corollae prope faucem inserta, lobis opposita, denticulis interjectis. Filamenta brevissima. Antherae lanceolatae, angulosae, inclusae, filamento multo longiores, connectivo in acumen obtusiusculum carnosum producto, loculis subextrorsis, longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium hirsutum, 8-loculare. Stylus rectus, glaber, calyee duplo longior, apice obscure dentatus. Ovula 8, ovoideo-angulosa, acuta, deinde ovoidea, ex angula superiore cujusve loculi pendentia. Fructus ign. \xe2\x80\x94 Frutex? aut arbuscula? foliis ellipticis, basi subacutis, apice obtuse acuminatis, glaberrimis, superne nitidis, subtus pallidioribus; pedicellis 1\xe2\x80\x943 ex axillis foliorum superiorum, petiolo duplo longioribus, erectis, pilis minimis adpressis subpubescentibus. \xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9d He placed it between Isonandra and Bassia and \xe2\x80\x9cperhaps near Azaola\xe2\x80\x9d (\xe2\x80\x9cforsanque Azaolae proximum\xe2\x80\x9d). Today Isonandra is to be considered a genus in the neighbourhood of Palaquium (a group with the parts of calyx and corolla isomerous), and Bassia and Azaola are considered synonymous to Madhuca. De Candolle, while correcting the evident mistake of Don concerning the number of parts of the calyx, makes himself another by saying \xe2\x80\x9cStamina 8...\xe2\x80\x9d (see under P. lucida).

Description: The second edition of this well-known and much appreciated book has given the opportunity to the author to incorporate recent views in taxonomic algology, and to make the nomenclature up-to-date.\nTo the interesting chapter \xe2\x80\x9calgal habitats\xe2\x80\x9d of the first edition a description of the vegetation of the east coast of Canada could be added. The chapter \xe2\x80\x9ccollection and preservation\xe2\x80\x9d being a good and fairly complete narrative already in the first edition has been supplied with a useful note on staining slides made from herbarium material. In contradistinction to the first edition all specific names are written with a small letter.

Description: When revising the indigenous species of the genus Lecidea, I came across a case in which K\xc3\xb6rber\xe2\x80\x99s Lecidella carpathica appeared to have been misunderstood. As the original description is insufficient for a good understanding of what its author had in hands, a redescription of the type specimen would not seem out of place.\nFor the supply of some material for comparison my thanks are due to Dr R. Santesson, Uppsala.

Description: Trees. Leaves estipulate, alternate, scattered, simple, oblong to obovate, petiolate, tertiary nerves transverse, often numerous, always faint. Inflorescences many-florous, fasciculate on brachyblasts which are inserted in the axils of leaves or their scars, rarely in those of stout petiole-like bracts. Flowers 6(\xe2\x80\x948)-merous. Sepals 6(\xe2\x80\x948), spirally arranged or pseudo-cyclical. Corolla exsert, lobes 6(\xe2\x80\x948), as long as or longer than tube. Stamens 6(\xe2\x80\x948), inserted just or well below the corolla-throat, epipetalous. Staminodes 6(\xe2\x80\x948), episepalous, inserted in the throat. Ovary 6(\xe2\x80\x948)-celled, borne on a short stout gynophore, disk infundibuliform at apex of gynophore, more or less connate with the basal (fertile) part of the ovary, the whole (except style) hispidulous pilose, cells episepalous, ovules one in each cell, inserted in the lower half of the cells, apotropous, micropyle inferior; style short, glabrous, truncate. Fruits unknown.\nType species: Krausella forbesii (Moore) H. J. Lam.

Description: In the course of my recent revision of the genus Rhododendron in Malaysia it has become evident, that the subsect. Irrorata, regarded as purely South Eastern Asiatic up to now, is also represented in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, whilst the subsect. Euvireya, outside of its large Malaysian area, has outposts in Indochina, and the subsect. Pseudovireya covers an enormous area from the Eastern Himalaya and S.W. China over the whole of Malaysia to New Guinea. Through the \xe2\x80\x99Species of Rhododendron\xe2\x80\x99 (1930, 2nd ed. 1917), the Eastern Asiatic Rhododendrons are rather well known for India, Burma, China and Japan, but less so for Siam, while those of Indochina were omitted. It seemed therefore necessary to elaborate the latter critically, not only to fill the gap between our knowledge of the proper Eastern Asiatic and Malaysian Rhododendrons taxonomically, but also for a better understanding of the geographical relations within the old-world groups of the genus, i.e. their mutual overlapping in the area between the two supposed evolutionary centres of Rhododendron, the primary one in proper continental Asia, a secondary one in Malaysia.\nVarious trips to Great Britain and France enabled me to study the material deposited in the herbaria of London (Brit. Museum Natural History), Kew and Edinburgh, and the specimens which Dop has had for his treatment of the genus in the Fl. G\xc3\xa9n. de l\xe2\x80\x99Indo-Chine (1930) in the Paris Museum. The more recently collected and not yet classified material at Paris helped us to enlarge our knowledge of the Indochinese Rhododendrons considerably. The type specimen of R. ningyuenense Hand.-Mazz. was kindly lent from the Botanical Institute of the Vienna University.

Description: Among a number of specimens of Convolvulaceae from the Malay Peninsula sent to me for identification by Mr. J. Sinclair, Singapore, I found a species of Argyreia, which appeared to be new to botanical science. I named it A. lamii in honour of Prof. Dr. H.J. Lam, Director of the Rijksherbarium and Professor of Systematic Botany at the University of Leiden, to whom the present Jubilee-volume of Blumea is dedicated.

Description: Mycena nucicola Huijsm. sp. nov. \xe2\x80\x94 Fig. 1 \xe2\x80\x94 Pusillima, tota alba, solitaria ad nuces dejectas Coryli avellanae; pileo usque ad 2 mm lato, conico-elevato vel hemisphaerico, pulverulento; lamellis subventricosis; stipite 12\xe2\x80\x9422 X 0,15\xe2\x80\x942 mm, subfarinoso, disco basali minuto, pulverulento; sporis 7\xe2\x80\x949 X 4\xe2\x80\x945 \xc2\xb5, ellipsoideis vel subcylindraceis, amyloideis; basidiis tetrasterigmatibus; non solum cheilocystidiis et cellulis superficialibus pilei sed etiam caulocystidiis granulatis, ventricosis vel late fusiformibus, nunquam cylindraceis vel longe protractis; trama pseudoamyloidea. Typus: H.L.B. 958.91\xe2\x80\x94202.\nFRANCE: D\xc3\xa9p. Doubs, bois de Bavans au sud de Montb\xc3\xa9liard; \xc3\xa0 la fin de juin et en juillet; \xc3\xa0 plusieurs reprises et exclusivement sur des noisettes: Huijsman s.n.

Description: Le Rosmarineto-Lithospermetum, d\xc3\xa9fini par J. Braun\xe2\x80\x94Blanquet (1924) en Languedoc, a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9 ensuite par R. Molinier (1934) en Provence occidentale et par G. Braun\xe2\x80\x94Blanquet (1936) dans le d\xc3\xa9partement de l\xe2\x80\x99H\xc3\xa9rault (Languedoc). D\xe2\x80\x99apr\xc3\xa8s nos connaissances actuelles il comprend onze sous-associations dont six se trouvent dans la r\xc3\xa9gion de Montpellier (Braun-Blanquet, Roussine & N\xc3\xa8gre, 1952). Des recherches sur la structure de la v\xc3\xa9g\xc3\xa9tation n\xe2\x80\x99existent que pour la sous-association schoenetosum (Zwillenberg & De Wit, 1952). Gr\xc3\xa2ce \xc3\xa0 une subvention de la part du Minist\xc3\xa8re de l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\x89ducation, des Beaux-Arts et des Sciences (Ministerie van Onderwijs, Kunsten en Wetenschappen) du Gouvernement N\xc3\xa9erlandais, j\xe2\x80\x99avais l\xe2\x80\x99opportunit\xc3\xa9 de faire des recherches analogues dans la sousassociation helianthemetosum, lors d\xe2\x80\x99un s\xc3\xa9jour de trois mois \xc3\xa0 la S.I.G.M.A., Montpellier, en automne 1952.\nJ\xe2\x80\x99aime remercier vivement le Directeur de cet institut renomm\xc3\xa9, M le Dr. J. Braun\xe2\x80\x94Blanquet, de tout ce qu\xe2\x80\x99il a bien voulu m\xe2\x80\x99enseigner \xc3\xa0 l\xe2\x80\x99occasion des discussions et des excursions faites ensemble. Ma sinc\xc3\xa8re reconnaissance va aussi \xc3\xa0 mon cher Ma\xc3\xaetre et Chef durant de longues ann\xc3\xa9es, M le Prof. Dr. H. J. Lam, qui m\xe2\x80\x99a aid\xc3\xa9 \xc3\xa0 faire possible ce s\xc3\xa9jour \xc3\xa0 Montpellier.

Description: 1. 1916. Over adventief-planten \xe2\x80\x94 Levende Natuur 20, p. 417\xe2\x80\x94418. 2. 1918. Callicarpa, in: H. HALLIER, Elbert\xe2\x80\x99s Sunda-Expedition III \xe2\x80\x94 Meded. Rijksherb. no 37, p. 32\xe2\x80\x9434.

Description: Aulandra H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Bzg, s\xc3\xa9r. 3, 8, 1927, 415, f. 6; H.J. Lam, Hooker Icon. Pl. 1938, t. 3360; Baehni, Candollea 9, 1942, 419 \xe2\x80\x94 Palaquium, \xc2\xa7 Palaquioides Dubard, Bull. Soc. Bot. Pr. 56, M\xc3\xa9m. 16, 1909, 19.\nTrees. Leaves alternate, stipulate, entire, tertiary nerves transverse. Inflorescences cauliflorous, flowers terminal or axillary along short vermiform brachyblasts covered by numerous scars of bracts. Flowers bisexual, 6-merous. Sepals 6, in 2 whorls of three, united at the base. Petals 6, united at the base. Stamens 18 or 19, filaments partly tubuliformly united and the tube inserted on the corolla, anthers free, dehiscing extrorsely. Ovary 6-celled; style short or long, filiform. Fruit a berry, one-seeded, scar of seed covering almost the entire seed, albumen none.

Description: Although Clarke saw the type of Scirpus erectus Poir. in the Paris Herbarium he misapplied the name to a quite different species occurring in Madagascar, S. and E. Asia, and tropical Australia. Herein he was followed by Ridley, Merrill, Backer, and others. It has now generally been accepted that the correct name of this species is Scirpus juncoides Roxb. and that the name Scirpus erectus Poir. does not belong to its synonymy. After having examined the type of S. erectus I am convinced that the question was admirably cleared up by Chermezon (see Arch. Bot. 4, 1931, 26, and also in Humbert, Fl. Madag., fam. 29, 1937, 149). Scirpus erectus is much nearer to the European S. supinus L. than to S. juncoides Roxb. It differs from S. supinus by the larger spikelets, the larger, more distinctly mucronate glumes, the bristly appendage of the connective, the bifid style, and the larger, biconvex, only faintly wavyridged, elliptic or suborbicular nuts. It is an African species extending from the Mediterranean region through tropical Africa to Madagascar and Mauritius.\nThere can be no doubt that Isolepis uninodis Delile is conspecific with Scirpus erectus Poir. Delile\xe2\x80\x99s description is very accurate: \xe2\x80\x9c\xc3\xa9pis cylindriques, ovo\xc3\xafdes-lanceol\xc3\xa9s ... \xc3\xa9cailles ovales, aigu\xc3\xabs ... deux stigmates ... graine lenticulaire, transversalement rugueux vers les bords.\xe2\x80\x9d The differences with Scirpus supinus are clearly indicated: \xe2\x80\x9cses graines [du S. supinus] sont ovo\xc3\xafdes-cun\xc3\xa9iformes, trigones, rid\xc3\xa9es transversalement sur toute leur surface; ses styles sont trifides.\xe2\x80\x9d Moreover, Delile\xe2\x80\x99s excellent figure leaves no doubt whatever on the identity of his species.

Description: Cucumis anguria L., the \xe2\x80\x9cWest India Gherkin\xe2\x80\x9d or \xe2\x80\x9cBur Gherkin\xe2\x80\x9d, is a cultigen known to have occurred in the West Indies in a cultivated or more or less adventitious state since before 1650 when the first accounts of this plant were published (1, 2). The occurrence of a single species of this old world genus \xe2\x80\x94 which is mainly African but extends through South West Asia to India \xe2\x80\x94 in America, combined with the fact that it is almost exclusively found in cultivation or as an escape, makes one feel suspicious about its being truly indigenous in the New World.\nNaudin (4) discussed the history of this plant and suggested that it was originally introduced from West Africa whence negro slaves were brought to the New World. However, he admittedly did not know any wild African species of Cucumis which resembles C. anguria sufficiently to deserve consideration as its probable ancestor.

Description: At the jubilee of Professor Lam it seems suitable to contribute a paper on the flower as a functional unit, though it is in the form of a kind of book-review.\nLam himself wrote on the more fundamental connections between flowering and lower plants and on the basal morphological elements of the flower. He gave general schemes for relations among the flowering plants, in which he aimed at a synthesis between materialism and metaphysics, micro-evolution and macro-evolution, autonomous orthogenesis and selectivistic adaptation.

Description: The part certain lime-secreting marine algae play in the building of coral reefs and in the formation of banks was discussed chiefly at the end of the last and in the beginnig of this century.\nAt that time it was already known that extensive parts of the sublittoral zone of the Arctic sea were covered by a luxuriant growth of Lithothamnion species. Kjellman states in 1883 (p. 96) that along the northern coast of Norway Lithothamnion soriferum \xe2\x80\x9ccovers large spaces of the bottom in great masses\xe2\x80\x9d, and that off the shores of Spitsbergen and Nova Zembla in 10 to 20 fathoms of water Lithothamnion glaciale \xe2\x80\x9ccovers the bottom in deep layers for several miles, and altogether determines the general aspect of the vegetation wherever it occurs\xe2\x80\x9d, whereas Lithothamnion norvegicum is said to form banks on the coasts of Iceland and of Greenland. Rosenvinge (1893, p. 772) reports that Lithothamnion ungeri forms banks on the coast of Iceland and of Greenland.