ALBERT

Description: Gulella annibiodiversitatis spec. nov. is described from a few scattered localities in montane forest above c. 1300 m in southern-central Mala\xc5\xb5i. It is mainly characterized by a smallish (4.9-6.3 mm high), smooth and generally featureless shell without apertural dentition. Gulella menkhorsti spec. nov., has a small (2.3-2.9 mm high) and smooth shell with a six-fold dentition and is probably a restricted range endemic; so far it has only been recorded from the Mpita Forest in southern Mala\xc5\xb5i. A single smooth and small shell (2.7 mm) with a seven-fold apertural dentition from the Misuku Hills in northern Mala\xc5\xb5i also does represent a new species, Gulella crux spec. nov. Another sample from the same area, introduced as Gulella nuchalis spec. nov., has a medium-smallish (about 7.0 mm) and costulate shell with apical spiral sculpture and a six-fold apertural dentition; it is particularly characterized by what looks like an old outer labrum behind the reflected labrum.

Description: Payena as a genus was created by Alphonse De Candolle in his Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis in 1844. He commemorated in it the French chemist A. Payen (1795\xe2\x80\x941871) in Paris. De Candolle placed in it the species Mimusops lucida, first described by G. Don; the latter employed this nomen nudum used by Wallich in his List of specimens in the East India Company\xe2\x80\x99s Museum (1858). The famous Swiss botanist characterized the new genus by the following diagnosis on page 196: \xe2\x80\x9cCalyx 4-partitus (nec 8-partitus, ut dixit cl. G. Don), lobis ovatis, obtusis extus et margine puberulis, 2 exterioribus latioribus. Corolla 8-fida, basi tubulosa, superne campanulata, calyce vix longior; lobis 2 ante lobum quemque calycis, ovato-acutis, glabris. Stamina 8, tubo corollae prope faucem inserta, lobis opposita, denticulis interjectis. Filamenta brevissima. Antherae lanceolatae, angulosae, inclusae, filamento multo longiores, connectivo in acumen obtusiusculum carnosum producto, loculis subextrorsis, longitudinaliter dehiscentibus. Ovarium hirsutum, 8-loculare. Stylus rectus, glaber, calyee duplo longior, apice obscure dentatus. Ovula 8, ovoideo-angulosa, acuta, deinde ovoidea, ex angula superiore cujusve loculi pendentia. Fructus ign. \xe2\x80\x94 Frutex? aut arbuscula? foliis ellipticis, basi subacutis, apice obtuse acuminatis, glaberrimis, superne nitidis, subtus pallidioribus; pedicellis 1\xe2\x80\x943 ex axillis foliorum superiorum, petiolo duplo longioribus, erectis, pilis minimis adpressis subpubescentibus. \xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\x9d He placed it between Isonandra and Bassia and \xe2\x80\x9cperhaps near Azaola\xe2\x80\x9d (\xe2\x80\x9cforsanque Azaolae proximum\xe2\x80\x9d). Today Isonandra is to be considered a genus in the neighbourhood of Palaquium (a group with the parts of calyx and corolla isomerous), and Bassia and Azaola are considered synonymous to Madhuca. De Candolle, while correcting the evident mistake of Don concerning the number of parts of the calyx, makes himself another by saying \xe2\x80\x9cStamina 8...\xe2\x80\x9d (see under P. lucida).

Description: Artificial distribution patterns of animals and plants may be defined as those caused or fostered deliberately or accidentally by man. Consequently we can distinguish two types of artificial distribution, viz., that of animals accidentally distributed by man (rats, mice, insects, slugs, etc.) and that of animals deliberately transported by man (domestic and pet animals; species involved in transmission of game animals and biological control of insects and plants, etc.). A considerable proportion of accidentally transported animals is made up of non-marine molluscs and it appears that there are few countries on the seaboard that have not yet experienced the immigration of some foreign pulmonate. Accidental transport, invasion and establishment can only be successful in species which have a wide ecological tolerance; not only must they be able to survive the voyage, but in their new country they usually have to adapt themselves to a different climate, soil and vegetation, while at the same time having to compete with the indigenous fauna for available ecological niches. All immigrant animal species are subject to these factors, which have been proven to be of prime importance in South Africa by the (abundant) survival and proliferation of adaptable bird species such as Passer domesticus, Sturnus vulgaris and Acridotheres tristis, as opposed to the disappearance of less adaptable species such as Turdus ericetorum and T. merula.\nAmong all countries in Southern Africa (the subcontinent south of the Zambezi and Cunene Rivers), South Africa proper has had more than its share of these migrations. Various authors have dealt with immigrant molluscs (e.g., BARNARD, 1948; BIGALKE, 1937; CONNOLLY, 1916, 1939; D\xc3\x9cRR, 1946; FORCART, 1963; JOUBERT & WALTERS, 1951; WALD\xc3\x89N, 1961) but more information has been obtained recently. At the present the list stands at 24 species belonging to eleven families of the subclass Gastropoda Pulmonata (dates of introduction or first discovery added between brackets): 1. Lymnaea columella Say, 1817 (1944), 2. Physastra dispar (Sowerby, 1873) (so far in aquarium tanks only, 1944), 3. Vallonia pulchella (M\xc3\xbcller, 1774) (1846), 4. Arion hortensis F\xc3\xa9russac, 1819 (before 1939), 5. Arion intermedius Normand, 1852 (1898), 6. Vitrea cristallina (M\xc3\xbcller, 1774) (1890), 7. Oxychilus alliarius (Miller, 1822) (\xc2\xb1 1894), 8. Oxychilus cellarius (M\xc3\xbcller, 1774) (1846), 9. Oxychilus draparnaudi (Beck, 1837) (\xc2\xb1 1908), 10. Zonitoides arboreus (Say, 1816) (before 1912), 11. Milax gagates (Draparnaud, 1801)\xc2\xb9) (1873, or even before 1848), 12. Limax flavus Linnaeus, 1758 (before 1900), 13. Limax maximus Linnaeus, 1758 (1900), 14. Limax nyctelius Bourguignat, 1861 (before 1939), 15. Limax valentianus F\xc3\xa9russac, 1823 (1961), 16. Deroceras caruanae (Pollonera, 1891) (1963), 17. Deroceras laevis (M\xc3\xbcller, 1774) (before 1898), 18. Deroceras reticulatus (M\xc3\xbcller, 1774) (before 1898), 19. Subulina octona (Brugui\xc3\xa8re, 1792) (1905), 20. Testacella maugei (F\xc3\xa9russac, 1819) (before 1893), 21. Bradybaena similaris (F\xc3\xa9russac, 1821) (\xc2\xb1 1860), 22. Cochlicella ventricosa (Draparnaud, 1801) (1909), 23. Theba pisana (M\xc3\xbcller, 1774) (1881), 24. Helix aspersa M\xc3\xbcller, 1774 (\xc2\xb1 1854).

Description: \xe2\x80\x98Marconia\xe2\x80\x99 hamiltoni s.l. is known from two discrete mountainous areas in Malawi, i.e. the (southern) Mt. Mulanje complex, and the (more northern) Zomba Plateau s.l. These uplands are separated by about 65 km of lower lying land with different types of vegetation and climate. Material from these two regions may be distinguished as separate species, the southern populations having comparatively small and broad shells with some apertural dentition (\xe2\x80\x98M\xe2\x80\x99. hamiltoni, lectotype designated), while the northern populations have noticeably larger and more slender shells with a more reduced apertural dentition (\xe2\x80\x98M\xe2\x80\x99. malavensis). Discussion of the type localities for both taxa shows that these are either localized in an unlikely place (\xe2\x80\x98M\xe2\x80\x99. hamiltoni) or unclear (\xe2\x80\x98M\xe2\x80\x99. malavensis). Radula and genital anatomy of \xe2\x80\x98M\xe2\x80\x99. hamiltoni are described and depicted for the first time. Both species are ovoviviparous, a rarely reported phenomenon in the Streptaxidae. The genitalia are markedly different from what is known in various streptaxid genera with which these species may be or have been classified. In spite of the confused streptaxid taxonomy, a new genus, Austromarconia, is introduced with Ennea hamiltoni as type species.

Description: Gulella adami spec. nov. is described from a classical West African locality, Assini in the Ivory Coast (C\xc3\xb4te d\'Ivoire). It is most unusual in showing two superficial parietal processes, which may also be interpreted as a double angular lamella, in the aperture of the shell. The shell closely resembles that of various Enidae in SE Europe and adjoining areas around the Mediterranean, thereby providing a striking example of convergent evolution.

Description: Dr Agatha Gijzen (Rotterdam *9 October 1904, Merksem/Belgium \xe2\x80\xa019 February 1995) was a remarkable zoologist in more than one respect. Although her professional career, spanning more than three and a half decades, was largely spent as a staff zoologist in the service of the famous Antwerp/ Planckendael zoological gardens complex in Belgium (1947-1974), she had already made her name as a zoologist/historian by obtaining her Ph.D. degree in 1938 on an extensive first study of the history of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden, the national museum of natural history of The Netherlands. She properly organized the archives of the museum for the very first time and her published doctoral thesis (unfortunately only available in Dutch; summary in English) covers the history from the museum\'s beginnings in 1820 (and its predecessors) until 1915, when the museum was completely settled in its then new and revolutionary building under the guidance of its fourth director. This means that she reviews the period of the first three directors (Dr C.J. Temminck, 1820-1858; Dr H. Schlegel, 1858-1884; Dr F.A. Jentink, 1884- 1913) completely (Dr E.D. van Oort, acting director 1913-1915, took over the reins in 1915, so that his tenure is hardly touched upon). Apart from the directors, the scientific staff is very fully covered. Another part of the book describes the collectors who contributed material from all over the world, but particularly from the then Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). The book is concluded with an annotated alphabetical index of correspondents in the period 1820-1915. Gijzen\'s treatise is a basic work on the museum, its policies and history; it is still consulted almost daily by all who have to refer to material obtained before 1915.\nThe second and longest part of Agatha Gijzen\'s professional career was devoted to the management, care and breeding of exotic animals in zoological gardens. After almost a decade at the Rotterdam Zoological Gardens (1938-1947, with an interruption during World War II), she enjoyed the exciting times of rebuilding the almost totally destroyed Antwerp Zoo (Belgium) after the war and the opening and first development of its outstation Planckendael in Muizen near Mechelen. In the course of supervising the management of the mammals, she became an expert on the okapi [Okapia johnstoni (Sclater)], the at that time still elusive forest giraffid of Za\xc3\xafre, initiating the international studbook of specimens in captivity and publishing some authoritative papers on the subject.\nFinally she was appointed part-time professor of animal behaviour at the Free University of Brussels (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1970-1975) besides her duties as senior scientist at the Antwerp/Planckendael zoos.\nThe obituary lists her publications, many of which were of a semipopular nature in the context of the educational duties of a non-commercial zoological gardens. The zoo journal destined for a wider public was published in two editions, in Dutch and in French. Agatha Gijzen originally wrote her contributions in Dutch, but (almost) all are also available in French - these articles are marked with an *. The edition in French was the one distributed in exchange by the Antwerp Zoo and referred to in the Zoological Record.

Description: From August 16 till September 1, 1955, Dr. H. C. Bl\xc3\xb6te, Mr. J. J. Barkman, and the present author were the leaders of an excursion of students in biology of the University at Leiden to Central France. For some two weeks the party was hospitably lodged in the "Station Biologique" in the village Besse-en-Chandesse (d\xc3\xa9partement Puy de D\xc3\xb4me), 30 km S.S.W. of Clermont-Ferrand. Thanks to the generosity of Prof. R. Hovasse and Dr. L.\nOlivier, we could stay in this biological institute, which belongs to the University at Clermont-Ferrand.\nDuring the excursion the author paid special attention to the collecting of land and freshwater Mollusca. The very dry and hot weather during our stay was one of the main difficulties in carrying the project into execution; moreover, the region has a rather poor malacofauna as a result of the nearly complete absence of lime in the soil.\nThe climate of the here discussed part of Auvergne, the massif of the Monts Dore, is typically Atlantic; the region has a considerable amount of rainfall (1150\xe2\x80\x942500 mm per annum). The highlands are situated at the northwestern border of the Massif Central, representing an area completely exposed to the northern and western winds of the Atlantic Ocean. The warmest month is August with an average temperature of 14.80 C.\nThe Massif Central is of volcanic origin; it consists mainly of metamorphous granite, formed during the Lower Carboniferous, on which beds of lava and volcanic ashes were deposited during the Tertiary. The cones of four extinguished volcanoes rise from a slightly undulating table-land of a height of about 1000 m; the highest of these mountains, the Puy de Sancy, attains a height of 1866 m. Mineral sources are the only remains of volcanic

Description: The moment to collate scattered notes on South West African non-marine molluscs arrived last year when Mr. B. H. Lamoral of the Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg (South Africa), entrusted the present author with the study of material obtained during a Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (C.S.I.R., Pretoria)-sponsored collecting trip. During Mr. Lamoral\'s explorations in 1969 in South West Africa non-marine molluscs were obtained as a sideline. Nevertheless the material is certainly considered sufficiently interesting to warrant publication.\nSouth West African material from various sources was studied and the following abbreviations have been used: BM for British Museum (Natural History), London; NM for Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg; RMNH for Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden; 1/d for the ratio length/ major diameter of shells, which gives an indication of the shape of the specimen under discussion. For small shells the figures for 1/d have been calculated from micrometer readings, so that these figures may not always agree with those calculated from the measurements in mm. Collecting localities of the Lamoral expedition have been indicated by the quarter degree square system. Grid references are given according to this system as explained by Poynton (1964: 3-4, fig. 1) and in a pamphlet from the Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria (October 1967), which gives lists of onedegree squares in various parts of Southern Africa.\nAcknowledgements are due to Mr. Lamoral and the Director of the Natal Museum, Dr. J. A. Pringle, for entrusting us with the study of the valuable South West African material. Furthermore the author owes a debt of gratitude to Dr. C. O. van Regteren Altena and Mr. E. Gittenberger (Rijks-

Description: Opgedragen aan Prof. Dr. H. Boschma ter gelegenheid van zijn 70ste verjaardag.\nThe subfamily Rumininae of the pulmonate gastropod family Subulinidae is represented in Southern Africa by the endemic genus Xerocerastus Kobelt & von M\xc3\xb6llendorff, 1902. Xerocerastus has been divided into three subgenera, viz., Xerocerastus s.s., Lubricetta Haas, 1928 and Namibiella Zilch, 1954 \xc2\xb9). About fourteen species with many varieties, of which most are probably only of ecological significance, are now generally recognized. The genus is not treated in Connolly\'s monograph (1939), but the group has been reported upon in detail by various authors, viz., Connolly (1930), Zilch (1939, 1954) and Van Bruggen (1963).\nA number of years ago my attention was drawn to a sample of Xerocerastus burchelli (Gray) from the Northern Transvaal, preserved in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden; this seemed outside the known range of both genus and species and the case was filed for further investigation. Only recently I have had opportunity to go into this matter and the results of this study are presented here.\nPilsbry (1919, pp. 309-310, fig. 158) was the first to discuss distribution and affinities of the genus Xerocerastus. Degner\'s (1923) studies of the anatomy showed that, contrary to general opinion, Xerocerastus does not belong to the Enidae, but must be referred to the family Subulinidae of the superfamily Achatinacea (c.q. Achatinidae s.l.). Consequently in showing the distribution of Xerocerastus as a subgenus of Cerastus, and in connection with the range of the latter, Pilsbry\'s map has to a certain extent lost its meaning. The genus Xerocerastus has to be considered an isolated element

Description: In the course of the year 1954 I received for identification a little Nematoceron belonging to the family Lycoriidae (Sciaridae). After a careful examination of the material and the literature I arrived at the conclusion that my specimens represented a hitherto undescribed species. It belongs to the genus Neosciara Pettey, 1918 (sensu Lengersdorf, 1930 and Frey, 1942).\nThere is some confusion about the naming and delimitation of the genera in the subfamily Lycoriinae. The four most important opinions are : I. Lengersdorf (1930) : Genus Lycoria Meigen, 1800, syn. Saara Meigen, 1803, Gruppe I (no name, veins cu and m with bristles) and Gruppe\nII\nNeosciara Pettey, 1918 (cu and m bare).\nII. S\xc3\xa9guy (1940) : Genus Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (cu and m with bristles) and S ciara Meigen, 1803 (veins cu and m bare).\nIII. Frey (1942) : Genus Sciara Meigen, 1803, syn. Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (cu and m with bristles) and genus Neosciara Pettey, 1918 (cu and m without bristles).\nIV. Frey (1948): Genus Sciara Meigen, 1803 (cu and m with bristles) and genus Bradysia Winnertz, 1867, containing the subgenus Neosciara Pettey, 1918.\nThe character concerning the bristles on the veins cu and m is very important for distinguishing these genera. When summarizing the above opinions we find that the species with bristles on cu and m have been named Lycoria Meigen, 1800 = Sciara Meigen, 1803 (Lengersdorf, 1930) ; Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (S\xc3\xa9guy, 1940) ; Sciara Meigen, 1803 = Lycoria Meigen, 1800 (Frey, 1942, 1948). The species lacking setae on the veins cu and m have been named Neosciara Pettey, 1918 (Lengersdorf, 1930, Frey, 1942) ; Sciara