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  • 1
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    In:  RIFS Blog, 06.03.2023
    Publication Date: 2024-04-27
    Description: Digitalisation has transformed the way we communicate and collaborate with friends, family, and colleagues. In a similar vein, digitalisation in industry – the so-called industry 4.0 – is expected to transform the way firms and their suppliers collaborate in global supply chains. Considering that 25 percent of global emissions in 2021 were generated by industry (IEA): Can industry 4.0 play a role in greening industrial supply chains? Researchers at the Research Institute for Sustainability (RIFS) at the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam explored the opportunities and risks of digital supply chains for environmental sustainability. In short: sustainability does not simply occur as a by-product of digitalization. Firms should aim to increase sustainability levels in their supply chain – whether through digital or non-digital means.
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  • 2
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    In:  RIFS Blog, 09.01.2023
    Publication Date: 2024-04-27
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  • 3
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    In:  RIFS Blog, 26.01.2023
    Publication Date: 2024-04-27
    Description: What to expect of the incoming Lula government’s environmental policy
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-04-27
    Description: As we start off the new year and set our sights on new goals and projects, we also want to take stock of the many activities and achievements of the RIFS “Justice in Sustainability” focal topic team during 2022.
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  • 5
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    In:  RIFS Blog, 16.01.2023
    Publication Date: 2024-04-27
    Description: The term “triple crisis” loomed large in 2022: The interlinking crises of the pandemic, the climate and energy crises, and the war in Ukraine took many people to their existential limits this past year. Geopolitically, we now face a fragmented world in which power relations are increasingly contested. This was evident at the Sharm el-Sheikh Climate Change Conference (COP 27) in November, where familiar lines of conflict shaped negotiations. Tensions between countries of the Global North and South, for example: Who bears how much responsibility for the climate change that is already occurring (not least of all financial responsibility!) and who (still) counts as a developing country and should be granted support? Debate also continues to rage around the exploitation and use of fossil fuels, which many countries wish to continue for as long as possible – even under the Paris Agreement.
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  • 6
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    In:  RIFS Blog, 23.01.2023
    Publication Date: 2024-04-27
    Description: Let's close our eyes for a moment and travel back in time to childhood. Try to remember a time when you felt scared or devastated, the feeling of losing someone you truly love. And now, let’s imagine that these moments begin to multiply and persist. They stay in our minds for days and weeks.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-04-27
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  • 8
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    In:  RIFS Blog, 11.01.2023
    Publication Date: 2024-04-27
    Description: For years now the international community has been negotiating an agreement that will cover more than half of the Earth's surface and establish rules for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity. Will they succeed?
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
    Description: In this paper, we anticipate geospatial population distributions to quantify the future number of people living in earthquake-prone and tsunami-prone areas of Lima and Callao, Peru. We capitalize upon existing gridded population time series data sets, which are provided on an open-source basis globally, and implement machine learning models tailored for time series analysis, i.e., based on long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, for prediction of future time steps. Specifically, we harvest WorldPop population data and teach LSTM and convolutional LSTM models equipped with both unidirectional and bidirectional learning mechanisms, which are derived from different feature sets, i.e., driving factors. To gain insights regarding the competitive performance of LSTM-based models in this application context, we also implement multilinear regression and random forest models for comparison. The results clearly underline the value of the LSTM-based models for forecasting gridded population data; the most accurate prediction obtained with an LSTM equipped with a bidirectional learning scheme features a root-mean-squared error of 3.63 people per 100 × 100 m grid cell while maintaining an excellent model fit (R2= 0.995). We deploy this model for anticipation of population along a 3-year interval until the year 2035. Especially in areas of high peak ground acceleration of 207–210 cm s−2, the population is anticipated to experience growth of almost 30 % over the forecasted time span, which simultaneously corresponds to 70 % of the predicted additional inhabitants of Lima. The population in the tsunami inundation area is anticipated to grow by 61 % until 2035, which is substantially more than the average growth of 35 % for the city. Uncovering those relations can help urban planners and policymakers to develop effective risk mitigation strategies.
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  • 29
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    In:  Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Sociology | Elgar Encyclopedias in Sociology series
    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
    Description: Strategies for mitigating climate change today include plans for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through “Negative Emissions Technologies” (NETs). NETs create new opportunities for scientific research, technology development, and the development of financial products, but also new conceptual possibilities, for example of declaring one’s ambition to become “climate neutral.” NETs thus constitute a novel frontier in climate science and politics whose conditions of possibility, characteristics, and consequences can be studied by social scientists and humanists. For environmental sociologists, NETs pose numerous opportunities for engaging with questions around future-making, imaginaries, promises, expertise, markets, infrastructure, justice, publics, and generally, the shape and role of science and technology in a form of social life that is increasingly organized around “planetary” concepts.
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
    Description: CrossGov D2.1 EU and international policy landscape - Mapping EU policies and Green Deal objectives: general observations for policy coherence in the marine domain aims to provide a mapping of the European Green Deal policy landscape relevant to the marine domain and the CrossGov project. It also offers a general introduction into how policy coherence, embedded within the design of (selected) EU policies, supports or impedes progress towards the EGD’s objectives in the marine domain. A total of 36 policies were selected and mapped against five EGD strategies, namely the 2030 Climate Target Plan, the EU Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, the Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, the Zero Pollution Action Plan, and the Sustainable Blue Economy Strategy. These five strategies lay out a total of 25 specific objectives to implement the vision of the EGD, identified as relevant to the marine domain and the focus of the CrossGov project – i.e. climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution.
    Language: English
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: As society's reliance on software systems escalates over time, so too does the cost of failure of these systems. Meanwhile, the complexity of software systems, as well as of their designs, is also ever-increasing, influenced by the proliferation of new tools and technologies to address intended societal needs. The traditional response to this complexity in software engineering and software architecture has been to apply rationalistic approaches to software design through methods and tools for capturing design rationale and evaluating various design options against a set of criteria. However, research from other fields demonstrates that intuition may also hold benefits for making complex design decisions. All humans, including software designers, use intuition and rationality in varying combinations. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of what is known and unknown from existing research regarding the use and performance consequences of using intuition and rationality in software design decision-making. To this end, a systematic literature review has been conducted, with an initial sample of 3909 unique publications and a final sample of 26 primary studies. We present an overview of existing research, based on the literature concerning intuition and rationality use in software design decision-making and propose a research agenda with 14 questions that should encourage researchers to fill identified research gaps. This research agenda emphasizes what should be investigated to be able to develop support for the application of the two cognitive processes in software design decision-making.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Vegetation classification is an essential prerequisite for understanding vegetation‐water relations at a range of spatial scales. However, in site‐specific applications, such classifications were mostly based on a single Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flight, which can be challenging in grasslands and/or herbaceous‐dominated systems, as those communities are small in size and highly mixed. Here, we conducted monthly UAV flights for two years in a riparian wetland in Germany, with acquired imagery used for vegetation classification on a monthly basis under different strategies (with or without auxiliary information from other flights) to increase understanding in ecohydrology. The results show that multi‐flight‐based classification outperformed single‐flight‐based classification due to the higher classification accuracy. Moreover, improved sensitivity of temporal changes in community distribution highlights the benefits of multi‐flight‐based classification ‐ providing a more comprehensive picture of community evolution. From reference to the monthly community distribution, we argue that a combination of two or three flights in early‐ and late‐summer is enough to achieve comparable results to monthly flights, while mid‐summer would be a better timing in case only one flight is scheduled. With such detailed vegetation mapping, we further interpreted the complex spatio‐temporal heterogeneity in NDVI and explored the dominant areas and developmental progress of each community. Impacts from management (mowing events) were also evaluated based on the different responses between communities in two years. Finally, we explored how such vegetation mapping could help understand landscape ecohydrology, and found that the spatio‐temporal distribution of minimal soil moisture was related to NDVI peaks of local community, while grass distribution was explained by both topography and low moisture conditions. Such bi‐directional relationships proved that apart from contributing to an evidence base for wetland management, multi‐flight UAV vegetation mapping could also provide fundamental insights into the ecohydrology of wetlands.〈/p〉
    Description: Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)
    Description: Einstein Foundation Berlin and Berlin University Alliance
    Description: Leverhulme Trust http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000275
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; ecohydrology ; remote sensed vegetation dynamics ; soil moisture ; UAV ; unmanned aerial vehicles ; wetlands
    Language: English
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉To evaluate how the presence of pseudotachylytes affects the strength of crustal rocks, deformed pseudotachylytes and their relationship with pristine pseudotachylytes at the base of the Silvretta nappe are analyzed. Pseudotachylytes formed associated with high‐stress crystal plasticity (〈italic〉σ〈/italic〉〈sub〉〈italic〉d〈/italic〉〈/sub〉 > 400 MPa), as indicated by twinned amphiboles in gneisses. Mylonitic quartz clasts enclosed within deformed pseudotachylytes and mylonitic vein‐quartz, hosting folded pseudotachylyte injection veins, reflect creep at lower stresses (ca. 100 MPa) after seismic rupturing. Deformed pseudotachylytes can be crosscut by pristine pseudotachylytes, indicating a second, independent stage of coseismic rupturing after creep. The evidence of dynamic dislocation creep of quartz and the presence of stilpnomelane and epidote associated with all fault rocks indicate similar ambient greenschist facies conditions during all deformation stages. Whereas the intermediate stage of creep is interpreted to represent deformation at large distance to the propagating thrust tip, the pristine pseudotachylytes represent the last stage of rupturing eventually leading to nappe decoupling from its basement. Gneiss clasts in an ultramylonitic matrix (i.e., deformed pseudotachylyte) reveal that pseudotachylytes have a lower strength during creep in relation to the hosting gneisses. In contrast, during coseismic high‐stress crystal plasticity, the coarse gneisses accumulate a higher amount of strain. This strength‐relationship explains that only those rocks rupture, which have not been previously deformed before. The study demonstrates the importance of different strengths of crustal rocks at specific stress‐ and strain‐rate conditions in dependence on the distance to the propagating fault tip.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Ultramylonites (deformed pseudotachylytes) and mylonites represent creep at large distance to the propagating thrust tip〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Pristine pseudotachylytes represent final deformation at the tip of the propagating thrust fault associated with nappe decoupling〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Pseudotachylytes are weak during aseismic creep and strong during coseismic high‐stress plasticity〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.17632/xhh2ktks9g.4
    Description: https://nano.oxinst.com/products/aztec/
    Description: https://www.horiba.com/aut/scientific/products/detail/action/show/Product/labspec-6-spectroscopy-suite-software-1843/
    Keywords: ddc:551.8 ; (deformed) pseudotachylytes ; (ultra‐)mylonites ; creep ; multiple high‐stress events ; seismic cycle ; nappe decoupling
    Language: English
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉There have been a number of theories proposed concerning the loss of relativistic electrons from the radiation belts. However, direct observations of loss were not possible on a number of previous missions due to the large field of view of the instruments and often high‐altitude orbits of satellites that did not allow researchers to isolate the precipitating electrons from the stably trapped. We use measurements from the ELFIN‐L suit of instruments flown on Lomonosov spacecraft at LEO orbit, which allows us to distinguish stably trapped from the drift loss cone electrons. The sun‐synchronous orbit of Lomonosov allows us to quantify scattering that occurred into the loss cone on the dawn‐side and the dusk‐side magnetosphere. The loss at MeV energies is observed predominantly on the dawn‐side, consistent with the loss induced by the chorus waves. The companion data publication provides processed measurements.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: There have been a number of models proposed concerning the loss of relativistic electrons from radiation belts. However, the direct observations of loss have been missing, as for most of the previous missions; the large aperture telescopes could not isolate the precipitating electrons from being stably trapped. In this study, we use measurements from ELFIN‐L on Lomonosov that allow for such separation and allow us to distinguish stably trapped from precipitating particles. We can also identify the particles that will be lost within one drift around the Earth, the so‐called drift loss cone. For understanding the loss processes and differentiating between them, it's crucially important to quantify where in local magnetic time these electrons will be scattered into the drift loss cone. Measurements from the ELFIN‐L instrument show that the loss at MeV energies is observed predominantly on the dawn side, consistent with the loss induced by the so‐called chorus plasma waves.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉ELFIN‐L measurements allow comparing scattering into the loss cone on the dawn and dusk side〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Processed Level‐3 measurements are provided in the data publication〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Most of the relativistic electrons are scattered into the drift loss cone on the dawn side〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: National Science Foundation
    Description: Russian University Satellite Mission
    Description: Helmholtz Association
    Description: European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.7.2023.002
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.7.2023.003
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.7.2023.004
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.7.2023.005
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.7.2023.006
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.7.2023.007
    Description: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/poes-metop-space-environment-monitor/access/l1b/v01r00/
    Keywords: ddc:538.7 ; Electron Particle Detector ; ELFIN-L ; radiation belts ; electron loss ; drift loss cone
    Language: English
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet of our solar system and has a dipole‐dominated internal magnetic field that is relatively weak, very axisymmetric and significantly offset toward north. Through the interaction with the solar wind, a magnetosphere is created. Compared to the magnetosphere of Earth, Mercury's magnetosphere is smaller and more dynamic. To understand the magnetospheric structures and processes we use in situ MESSENGER data to develop further a semi‐empiric model of the magnetospheric magnetic field, which can explain the observations and help to improve the mission planning for the BepiColombo mission en‐route to Mercury. We present this semi‐empiric KTH22‐model, a modular model to calculate the magnetic field inside the Hermean magnetosphere. Korth et al. (2015, 〈ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021022"〉https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021022〈/ext-link〉, 2017, 〈ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl074699"〉https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl074699〈/ext-link〉) published a model, which is the basis for the KTH22‐model. In this new version, the representation of the neutral sheet current magnetic field is more realistic, because it is now based on observations rather than ad‐hoc assumptions. Furthermore, a new module is added to depict the eastward ring shaped current magnetic field. These enhancements offer the possibility to improve the main field determination. In addition, analyzing the magnetic field residuals allows us to investigate the field‐aligned currents and their possible dependencies on external drivers. We see increasing currents under more disturbed conditions inside the magnetosphere, but no clear dependence on the z‐component of the interplanetary magnetic field nor on the magnetosheath plasma 〈italic〉β〈/italic〉.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉We present a revised model of Mercury's magnetospheric magnetic field〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The model now includes an eastward ring shaped current and the neutral sheet current is calculated more precisely with Biot Savart's law〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The strength of the field‐aligned currents increases with higher magnetic activity〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: German Ministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz and the German Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: ESA Research Fellowship
    Keywords: ddc:523 ; Mercury ; magnetosphere ; field‐aligned currents ; modeling ; neutral sheet current ; planetary dipole moment
    Language: English
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Recent observations and modeling increasingly reveal the key role of cold pools in organizing the convective cloud field. Several methods for detecting cold pools in simulations exist, but are usually based on buoyancy fields and fall short of reliably identifying the active gust front. The current cold pool (CP) detection and tracking algorithm (CoolDeTA), aims to identify cold pools and follow them in time, thereby distinguishing their active gust fronts and the “offspring” rain cells generated nearby. To accomplish these tasks, CoolDeTA utilizes a combination of thermodynamic and dynamical variables and examines the spatial and temporal relationships between cold pools and rain events. We demonstrate that CoolDeTA can reconstruct CP family trees. Using CoolDeTA we can contrast radiative convective equilibrium (RCE) and diurnal cycle CP dynamics, as well as cases with vertical wind shear and without. We show that the results obtained are consistent with a conceptual model where CP triggering of children rain cells follows a simple birth rate, proportional to a CP's gust front length. The proportionality factor depends on the ambient atmospheric stability and is lower for RCE, in line with marginal stability as traditionally ascribed to the moist adiabat. In the diurnal case, where ambient stability is lower, the birth rate thus becomes substantially higher, in line with periodic insolation forcing—resulting in essentially run‐away mesoscale excitations generated by a single parent rain cell and its CP.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Cold pools are cooled air masses below thunderstorm clouds, produced when rain evaporates underneath such clouds. Cold pools are important, as they produce strong gusts and have been associated with clumping of rain cells, whereby heavy rainfall over relatively small areas could be generated—with implications for flooding. The current work describes a method that helps identify such cold pools in computer simulation data. In contrast to earlier methods, we here show that the interaction between a CP and its surroundings can be reconstructed by the method. We show that this identification works under a range of contexts, such as when horizontal wind is applied in the simulations or when the surface temperature is not constant—as might often be the case over a land surface. The identification reveals interesting dynamical effects, such as that in some cases, cold pools can kick‐start a form of chain reaction, by which “rain cell children” of it give rise to additional cold pools that again produce children, and so forth. The dynamics revealed is in line with expectations of widespread, so‐called mesoscale convective systems over land, whereas over an ocean surface the dynamics is much less explosive.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Our CoolDeTA algorithm reliably detects and tracks cold pools and their causal chains〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉We propose a simple conceptual model which reproduces the cascade‐like mesoscale cold pool dynamics identified by CoolDeTA〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉CoolDeTA opens for new studies into the dynamics of convective self‐organization through cold pools〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Villum Fonden http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008398
    Description: European Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781
    Description: Novo Nordisk Foundation Interdisciplinary Synergy Program
    Description: Scientific Steering Committee
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6513224
    Description: https://github.com/Shakiro7/coldPool-detection-and-tracking
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10115957
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.453
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; cold pools ; detection ; tracking ; cloud resolving simulation ; convective organization
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The seasonal deposition and sublimation of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 constitute a major element in the Martian volatile cycle. Here, we propose to use the shadow variations of the ice blocks at the foot of the steep scarps of the North Polar Layered Deposits (NPLD) to infer the vertical evolution of the seasonal deposits. We conduct an experiment at a steep scarp centered at (85.0°N, 151.5°E). We assume that no snowfall remains on top of the selected ice blocks, the frost ice layer is homogeneous around the ice blocks and their surroundings, and no significant moating is present. We show that the average thickness of the seasonal deposits due to snowfalls in Mars Year 31 is 0.97 ± 0.13 m at Ls = 350.7° in late winter. The large depth measured makes us wonder if snowfalls are more frequent and violent than previously thought. Meanwhile, we show that the average frost thickness in Mars Year 31 reaches 0.64 ± 0.18 m at Ls = 350.7° in late winter. Combined, the total thickness of the seasonal cover in Mars Year 31 reaches 1.63 ± 0.22 m at Ls = 350.7° in late winter, continuously decreases to 0.45 ± 0.06 m at Ls = 42.8° in middle spring and 0.06 ± 0.05 m at Ls = 69.6° in late spring. These estimates are up to 0.8 m lower than the existing Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter results during the spring. Meanwhile, we observe that snow in the very early spring of Mars Year 36 can be 0.36 ± 0.13 m thicker than that in Mars Year 31. This study demonstrates the dynamics of the Martian climate and emphasizes the importance of its long‐term monitoring.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Like Earth, Mars also has seasons. Up to one third of the atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 annually exchanges with the polar surface through seasonal deposition/sublimation processes. Deposition can be either atmospheric precipitation as snowfall or direct surface condensation as frost. At the steep scarps of the North Polar Layered Deposits (NPLD), fractured ice fragments can detach and fall to form ice blocks. We propose to use variations in the shadows of these ice blocks, observed in the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment images, to infer the thickness evolution of the seasonal deposits. We make reasonable assumptions about the distribution of snowfall and frost around the ice blocks and their surroundings, which allow us to separately measure the thickness of snowfall and frost. Meanwhile, we introduce a novel approach that allows us to estimate the thickness of the seasonal deposits during late winter and early spring when image quality is insufficient. This approach also enables us to peer into the interannual thickness variations of snowfall. We carry out a successful experiment at a scarp centered at (85.0°N, 151.5°E). The obtained thickness measurements demonstrate the dynamics of the Martian volatile cycling and can be used to constrain the Martian climate models.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉We propose to examine the shadow variations of the ice blocks at the Martian polar region to infer the thickness of the seasonal deposits〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Maximum thickness of the seasonal deposits at the study scarp in MY31 is 1.63 ± 0.22 m to which snowfalls contribute 0.97 ± 0.13 m〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Seasonal deposits at the study scarp are up to 0.8 m shallower than previous measurements during spring〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: HX, LML, and PJG
    Description: https://doi.org/10.17189/1520303
    Description: https://doi.org/10.17632/5yy475dbry.1
    Description: https://doi.org/10.17632/x953mzxxvv.1
    Description: https://doi.org/10.17189/1520101
    Description: http://www.msss.com/moc_gallery/2001
    Keywords: ddc:523 ; Mars ; seasonal polar caps ; thickness ; ice blocks ; HiRISE ; CO2
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉INSIGHT〈/italic〉 is a Python‐based software tool for processing and reducing 2D grazing‐incidence wide‐ and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS/GISAXS) data. It offers the geometric transformation of the 2D GIWAXS/GISAXS detector image to reciprocal space, including vectorized and parallelized pixel‐wise intensity correction calculations. An explicit focus on efficient data management and batch processing enables full control of large time‐resolved synchrotron and laboratory data sets for a detailed analysis of kinetic GIWAXS/GISAXS studies of thin films. It processes data acquired with arbitrarily rotated detectors and performs vertical, horizontal, azimuthal and radial cuts in reciprocal space. It further allows crystallographic indexing and GIWAXS pattern simulation, and provides various plotting and export functionalities. Customized scripting offers a one‐step solution to reduce, process, analyze and export findings of large 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 and 〈italic〉operando〈/italic〉 data sets.〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; grazing‐incidence X‐ray scattering ; time‐resolved studies ; in situ studies ; operando studies ; computer programs
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Dansgaard‐Oeschger (D‐O) climate variability during the last glaciation was first evidenced in ice cores and marine sediments, and is also recorded in various terrestrial paleoclimate archives in Europe. The relative synchronicity across Greenland, the North Atlantic and Europe implies a tight and fast coupling between those regions, most probably effectuated by an atmospheric transmission mechanism. In this study, we investigated the atmospheric changes during Greenland interstadial (GI) and stadial (GS) phases based on regional climate model simulations using two specific periods, GI‐10 and GS‐9 both around 40 ka, as boundary conditions. Our simulations accurately capture the changes in temperature and precipitation as reconstructed by the available proxy data. Moreover, the simulations depict an intensified and southward shifted eddy‐driven jet during the stadial period. Ultimately, this affects the near‐surface circulation toward more southwesterly and cyclonic flow in western Europe during the stadial period, explaining much of the seasonal climate variability recorded by the proxy data, including oxygen isotopes, at the considered proxy sites.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The climate during the last ice age varied between colder and warmer periods on timescales ranging from hundreds to thousands of years. This variability was first detected in Greenland ice cores and marine sediment cores of the North Atlantic, as well as in continental geological records in Europe. The variation between the colder and warmer periods occur mostly simultaneously in Greenland and in Europe, which is why the atmosphere is assumed to have an important role in transferring the climate signals. We simulated two different periods of the last ice age, one colder and one warmer around 40,000 years ago, using a regional climate model. The aim was to study how the climate and atmospheric circulation changed during these two periods. We find the eddy‐driven jet over the North Atlantic intensified and shifted southward during the colder period. The jet influences the near‐surface atmospheric circulation and leads to more southwesterly and cyclonic flow in western Europe. Oxygen isotope variations observed in western European paleoclimate records may be partly explained by different, more southern moisture sources on top of changes in seasonal temperatures.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Simulated temperatures agree with proxy data; precipitation is biased but GI‐10 versus GS‐9 differences are well captured〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The stadial winter jet stream is intensified and shifted southward, consistent with dominant southwesterly/cyclonic flow in western Europe〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Oxygen isotope signal changes at western European proxy sites may be explained not only by temperature but also by varying moisture sources〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: NRDIO
    Description: AXA Research Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001961
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5065/1dfh-6p97
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; Dansgaard‐Oeschger cycle ; regional atmospheric dynamics ; regional climate modeling ; continental paleoclimate proxy ; Europe
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In this contribution we report the first systematic study of zircon U‐Pb geochronology and δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O‐〈italic〉ε〈/italic〉Hf〈sub〉(〈italic〉t〈/italic〉)〈/sub〉 isotope geochemistry from 10 islands of the hot‐spot related Galapagos Archipelago. The data extracted from the zircons allow them to be grouped into three types: (a) young zircons (0–∼4 Ma) with 〈italic〉ε〈/italic〉Hf〈sub〉(〈italic〉t〈/italic〉)〈/sub〉 (∼5–13) and δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O (∼4–7) isotopic mantle signature with crystallization ages dating the islands, (b) zircons with 〈italic〉ε〈/italic〉Hf〈sub〉(〈italic〉t〈/italic〉)〈/sub〉 (∼5–13) and δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O (∼5–7) isotopic mantle signature (∼4–164 Ma) which are interpreted to date the time of plume activity below the islands (∼164 Ma is the minimum time of impingement of the plume below the lithosphere), and (c) very old zircons (∼213–3,000 Ma) with mostly continental (but also juvenile) 〈italic〉ε〈/italic〉Hf〈sub〉(〈italic〉t〈/italic〉)〈/sub〉 (∼−28–8) and δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O (∼5–11) isotopic values documenting potential contamination from a number of sources. The first two types with similar isotopic mantle signature define what we call the Galápagos Plume Array (GPA). Given lithospheric plate motion, this result implies that GPA zircon predating the Galápagos lithosphere (i.e., >14–164 Ma) formed and were stored at sublithospheric depths for extended periods of time. In order to explain these observations, we performed 2D and 3D thermo‐mechanical numerical experiments of plume‐lithosphere interaction which show that dynamic plume activity gives rise to complex asthenospheric flow patterns and results in distinct long‐lasting mantle domains beneath a moving lithosphere. This demonstrates that it is physically plausible that old plume‐derived zircons survive at asthenospheric depths below ocean islands.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Our data define the Galápagos Plume Array defined by mantle 〈italic〉ε〈/italic〉Hf〈sub〉(〈italic〉t〈/italic〉)〈/sub〉 and δ18O values in the range ∼0–164 Ma〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉This finding allows dating back plume activity to, at least, early Middle Jurassic (∼164 Ma)〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Numerical experiments confirm it is plausible that old Plume‐derived zircons survive in the asthenosphere for extended periods of time〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital, Gobierno de España http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010198
    Description: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004837
    Description: European Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7047729
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6967187
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; mantle plume ; galapagos zircon ages ; asthenospheric zircon ; oceanic islands ; thermo‐mechanical numerical experiments
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2024-04-24
    Description: In a regional study based upon a large set of sea-level data and meteorological data, the long-period variations in sea-level and the fluctuations of meteorological parameters have been investigated for the Norwegian coast. In the period range between 1 and 20 years, the sea-level is found to be dominated by a few distinct signals. The interaction between meteorological parameters and sea-level is discussed. The sea-level is found to respond to long-period air pressure variations as an inverse barometer. Most of the sea-level signals with periods between 1 and 5 years are at least partly due to similar signals in air pressure and/or wind stress. In the Chandler band, the meteorological parameters contain at least two distinct signals. The oceanic pole tide signal is masked by the atmospheric forcing of the sea-level. This leads to temporal variations in the apparent pole tide, which are uncorrelated with the temporal variations of the Chandler wobble. The air pressure corrected pole tide is still not an equilibrium tide, but the large deviations in phase from equilibrium may well be due to unaccounted effects of wind stress and temperature. The Chandler wobble in polar motion is important as the driving force of the pole tide. In an extensive numerical investigation, the simple and physically reasonable model of a single frequency, damped, harmonic oscillation, which is frequently excited at random times and with random amplitude is found to explain all features of the observed Chandler and annual wobbles. Comparing the results from the numerical investigations to the results from analyses of the polar motion gives strong evidence for the Chandler wobble period to be either 428.5± 1.0 days or 437.2±0.8 days and not the usually assumed period of ≈434 days. No final decision can be made which of the two periods is the true Chandler period, though the shorter one is favoured by several facts. The signals in meteorological parameters can all be related to the variations in sunspot numbers. A non-linear response of the atmosphere to the annual solar forcing, which is modulated by the sunspot cycles explains the observed frequency patterns. The excess of the observed sunspot effects in surface air temperature over those predicted from simple climate models by a factor of 10 indicates the existence of strong positive feedback mechanisms, which are responsible for the signals in air pressure and wind stress, too. The 18.6-year nodal tide lags the equilibrium tide by 0.8 radian, while the amplitudes exceed the equilibrium amplitudes by a factor of 3 to 5. At most parts of the coast, the nodal modulation of the amplitude of the fortnightly lunar tide Mf also lags the equilibrium modulation by 0.5 to 0.7 radian. The amplitude of the nodal modulation is close to equilibrium, except for Oslo and Bergen. At the latter stations, resonance effects may modify the modulation. Mf itself is found to have an amplitude of two to three times the equilibrium amplitude and a phase lag of slightly more than π. Determining the land uplift at the Norwegian coast from the trend in sea-level leads to a varying pattern of isolines, with the land uplift gradient being perpendicular to the general direction of the coast line, and being rather large at parts of the coast. At most parts of the coast, the zero line is further out in the sea than given on other published charts.
    Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit über langperiodische Variationen des Meeresspiegels entlang der norwegischen Küste basiert auf umfangreichen Datensätzen von Meeresgezeiten und Meteorologie. Alle verwendeten Meeresgezeitendaten lagen als Stundenstützstellen vor, die nach sorgfältiger Fehlersuche auf monatliche Mittelwerte reduziert wurden. Die längsten Meeresgezeiten-Registrierungen an der norwegischen Küste sind für Oslo und Bergen verfügbar, wo die Zeitreihen das Intervall von 1914 bis 1985 umfassen. Für sieben Stationen lagen Registrierungen von 1952 bis 1985 vor, und für jeweils weitere 2 Stationen waren Registrierung für die Zeiträume von 1961 bis 1985 bzw. von 1970 bis 1985 verfügbar. Die meteorologischen Daten standen an drei Station für die längeren Zeiträume von 1952 bis 1983 (Oslo und Bergen) bzw. von 1957 bis 1975 (Narvik ) zur Verfügung, und für 15 Stationen waren die Daten für den kürzeren Zeitraum von 1970 bis 1984 vorhanden. Dabei ist der Luftdruck mit einem Stützstellenabstand von drei Stunden registriert worden, während die übrigen Parameter (Windgeschwindigkeit und -richtung, Lufttemperatur) mit einem Stützstellenabstand von 6 Stunden vorliegen. Auch hier wurden aus den Daten monatliche Mittelwerte berechnet. Da die Wirkung des Windes auf die Meeresoberfläche als dem tangentialen Windstress proportional angenommen wird, wurden aus den Winddaten monatliche Mittelwerte für die beiden tangentialen Windstress-Komponenten berechnet. In dem Periodenbereich von einem bis etwa zwanzig Jahren sind die Schwankungen des Meeresspiegels von einigen wenigen, fast-periodischen Variationen bestimmt. Die Perioden, die in den Meeresspiegelschwankungen gefunden wurden, sind überwiegend auch in den untersuchten meteorologischen Parametern zu finden. Dabei sind diese Signale in Periode, Amplitude und Phase räumlich sehr homogen. Bei der Untersuchung der Signale in den meteorologischen Parametern Luftdruck, Ost-West- und Nord-Süd- Komponente des Windstress und Lufttemperatur zeigte sich, daß der überwiegende Teil der Perioden in ein Muster paßt, daß sich aus der Modulation der jährlichen solaren Anregung der Atmosphäre durch den Sonnenfleckenzyklus ergibt. Aus der Literatur ist bekannt, daß die Variationen in den Sonnenflecken mit Schwankungen in der Solarkonstanten und damit mit Variationen im Wärme-Input in das System Atmosphäre-Ozean verbunden sind. Die in der Lufttemperatur gefundenen Schwankungen mit Perioden zwischen einem und zwanzig Jahren haben Amplituden von ≈0.5°C und liegen damit um eine Größenordnung höhere als die aus einfachen Klima-Modellen abgeschätzten Effekte des Sonnenfleckenzyklus. Nur wenn man die Existenz positiver Rückkopplungs- Mechanismen annimmt, können die in den Beobachtungen gefundenen Variationen erklärt werden. Diese Rückkopplungen sind in beobachteten Veränderungen der vorherrschenden Wetterbedingungen mit dem Sonnenfleckenzyklus zu suchen. Änderun- gen der vorherrschenden Wetterbedingungen erklären dann auch das Vorhandensein dieser Perioden in Luftdruck und Windstress. Benutzt man die monatlichen Mittelwerte um die Antwort des Meeresspiegels auf Luftdruckschwankungen zu ermitteln, so ergibt sich für den größten Teil der Küste eine isostatische Antwort, vergleichbar einem inversen Barometer. Abweichungen finden sich insbesondere an Stationen am Ende von Fjorden (Oslofjord, Ofotfjord). Dort ist dann aber die Korrelation zwischen Windstress und Meeresspiegel höher als an Stationen an der offenen Küste, so daß diese Abweichungen von der isostatischen Antwort in wesentlichen durch Windeffekte bewirkt werden. Im Bereich der Chandler Periode sind im Luftdruck mindestens zwei Signale vorhanden, die mit Perioden von ≈1.14 Jahren und ≈1.22 Jahren die vom Chandler Wobble bewirkte Poltide verdecken. Die Signale im Luftdruck haben Amplituden (bis zu 200 Pa), die bei einer isostatischen Antwort des Meeresspiegels (etwa -1 cm/HPa) zu Signalen im Meeresspiegel führen, deren Amplituden deutlich über der Amplitude einer Gleichgewichts-Poltide (etwa 0.5 cm an der norwegischen Küste) liegen. Zu diesen Signalen im Luftdruck kommen noch Signale im Windstress und in der Lufttemperatur hinzu. Die Veränderungen in der Lufttemperatur können mit einiger Phasenverschiebung zu Signalen in der Wassertemperatur und über den Dichteeffekt zu entsprechenden Signalen im Meeresspiegel führen. Signale in der Temperatur des Meerwassers im Chandler-Band sind aus der Literatur bekannt. Diese komplizierte Wechselwirkung zwischen Atmosphäre und Ozean führt zu einer Verdeckung der vom Chandler Wobble bewirkten Poltide. Die Frequenz-Unterschiede zwischen den Signalen im Chandler-Band in der Atmosphäre und der Chandler Periode selbst (die auch der Periode der Poltide entspricht), führen zu langperiodischen Modulationen einer scheinbaren Poltide. Dadurch sind die beobachteten zeitlichen Variationen der Poltide nicht korreliert mit den zeitlichen Variation des Chandler Wobbles. Wird der isostatische Effekt des Luftdrucks auf den Meeresspiegel eliminiert, so ergibt sich eine Poltide, deren Amplitude nahe der Gleichgewichtsamplitude liegt. Der wesentliche Teil der Amplituden-Überhöhung der beobachteten Poltide gegenüber der Gleichgewichtsamplitude ist damit auf Luftdruckeffekte zurückzuführen. Die Phasenbeziehung zwischen beobachteter Poltide und der Gleichgewichtstide zeigt allerdings starke zeitliche Variationen. So ist im Interval von 1970 bis 1979 die Phase der beobachtete Poltide nahe der Gleichgewichtstide, während sich für das Interval von 1957 bis 1979 deutliche Abweichungen ergeben. Diese zeitliche Variabilität ist durch das Zusammenwirken verschiedener Signale im Chandler Band zu erklären. Insbesondere die in der Temperatur und im Wind gefundenen Signale mit Perioden nahe bei 14 Monaten können diese Variationen bewirken. Insgesamt wurden keine Hinweise gefunden auf eine von der Gleichgewichtstide abweichende Poltide. Der Chandler Wobble in der Polbewegung ist als Ursache für die Poltide wichtig für die vorliegende Arbeit. Da die in der Literatur publizierten Resultate bezüglich des Chandler Wobbles sehr widersprüchlich sind, wurden die Polbewegungsdaten des ILS/IPMS und vom BIH im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erneut analysiert. Mit Hilfe umfangreicher numerischer Untersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß das einfache und physikalisch sinnvolle Modell eines mono-frequenten Chandler Wobbles, der häufig an zufälligen Zeitpunkten mit zufälliger Amplitude angeregt wird, ausreicht, um alle Eigenschaften des beobachteten Chandler Wobbles zu erklären. Durch Vergleich der Modellrechungen mit den Ergebnissen aus der beobachteten Polbewegung ergab sich, daß die tatsächliche Chandler Periode entweder bei 428.5± 1.0 Tagen oder bei 437.2±0.8 Tagen liegt, und nicht bei den üblicherweise angenommenen ≈434 Tagen. Dieses überraschende Ergebnis ist von großer Bedeutung für alle Arbeiten zur rheologischen Struktur der Erde. Dabei ist anzumerken, daß noch keine endgültige Aussage möglich ist, welche der beiden Perioden der tatsächlichen Chandler Periode entspricht. Allerdings wird die Periode von 428.5 Tagen durch einige Ergebnisse bevorzugt. Die in der Literatur üblicherweise genannte Periode von 434 Tagen ergibt sich gewöhnlich aus stark geglätteten Spektren. Diese Glättung führt bei einer Anregung nach dem oben beschriebenen Modell zu fehlerhaften Perioden. Die Untersuchung der aus den Polbewegungen ermittelten Gleichgewichtsbewegungen des Meeresspiegels erbrachte eine weitere interessante Korrelation: Eliminiert man aus diesen Gleichgewichtsbewegungen Poltide und jährliche Variation, so findet sich in den Residuen eine quasi-periodische Schwankung mit einer Periode von grob 30 Jahren. Diese Variation in den Gleichgewichtsbewegungen ist auf die als Markowitz Wobble bezeichnete Polbewegung zurückzuführen. Eine entsprechende, phasengleiche Variation findet sich auch in den Residuen der Meeresspiegelschwankungen, wenn man alle wichtigen Signale mit Perioden von einschließlich einem Jahr bis hin zu etwa 10 Jahren eliminiert. Falls diese Korrelation nicht zufällig ist, so müßte sie auch global zu finden sein. In der globalen Oberflächentemperatur und in der Änderung der Tageslänge finden sich ebenfalls Variationen, die mit den im residualen Meeresspiegel und in den Gleichgewichtsbewegungen gefundenen Signalen korrelieren, wobei die Variationen in der globalen Temperatur gegenüber den andern Parametern phasenverschoben sind. Die nodale Tide mit einer Periode von 18.6 Jahren zeigt entlang der norwegischen Küste gegenüber der Gleichgewichtstide eine Phasenverschiebung von etwa 0.8 Radian, und die Amplituden liegen um einen Faktor von 3 bis 5 über der entsprechenden Gleichgewichtsamplitude. Die Untersuchung der Variationen der Amplitude der vierzehntägigen Tide Mf zeigt eine ähnlich große Phasenverschiebung zwischen der beobachteten und der erwarteten nodalen Modulation, wobei hier die relativen Amplituden für alle Stationen mit Ausnahme von Oslo und Bergen nahe den Erwartungen liegen. Allerdings ist hier zu bemerken, daß die Amplituden der Mf um den Faktor 2 bis 3 über der Gleichgewichtstide liegen, und somit auch die Modulationen entsprechend erhöht sind. Die Unterschiede in Oslo und Bergen deuten auf Resonanz-Effekte hin. Der Trend im Meeresspiegel relativ zum Land ist an der norwegischen Küste im wesentlichen auf die Landhebung infolge der post-glazialen Entlastungsbewegungen zurückzuführen. Bestimmt man die Isolinien der Landhebungen aus den in dieser Arbeit ermittelten Trends, so ergeben sich Linien, die zu dem generellen Verlauf der Küste parallel sind. Bei Ålesund ergibt sich eine deutliche Verzerrung dieser Linien. In Ålesund finden sich starke zeitliche Variationen im Trend, die mit kleinräumigen Prozessen in Verbindung stehen müssen. Generell ist der Gradient der Landhebung senkrecht zum großräumigen Verlauf der Küste. Der hier ermittelte Gradient ist aber höher als in bisher publizierten Arbeiten, und die Lage der Nullinie ist weiter zur See hin verschoben.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551.4 ; Geophysik ; Sea level ; Meeresspiegel
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 184
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  • 44
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Geological Society of London
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication
    Publication Date: 2024-04-24
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 45
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Characterization, Prediction and Modelling of Crustal Present-Day In-Situ Stresses | Geological Society special publication
    Publication Date: 2024-04-24
    Description: Geomechanics has a marked impact on the safe and sustainable use of the subsurface. This Special Publication contains contributions detailing the latest efforts in present-day in-situ stress characterization, prediction and modelling from the borehole to plate-tectonic scale. A particular emphasis is on the uncertainties that are often associated with geomechanics.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2024-04-24
    Description: Desert environments constitute one of the largest and yet most fragile ecosystems on Earth. Under the absence of regular precipitation, microorganisms are the main ecological component mediating nutrient fluxes by using soil components, like minerals and salts, and atmospheric gases as a source for energy and water. While most of the previous studies on microbial ecology of desert environments have focused on surface environments, little is known about microbial life in deeper sediment layers. Our study is extending the limited knowledge about microbial communities within the deeper subsurface of the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert. By employing intracellular DNA extraction and subsequent 16S rRNA sequencing of samples collected from a soil pit in the Yungay region of the Atacama Desert, we unveiled a potentially viable microbial subsurface community residing at depths down to 4.20 m. In the upper 80 cm of the playa sediments, microbial communities were dominated by Firmicutes taxa showing a depth-related decrease in biomass correlating with increasing amounts of soluble salts. High salt concentrations are possibly causing microbial colonization to cease in the lower part of the playa sediments between 80 and 200 cm depth. In the underlying alluvial fan deposits, microbial communities reemerge, possibly due to gypsum providing an alternative water source. The discovery of this deeper subsurface community is reshaping our understanding of desert soils, emphasizing the need to consider subsurface environments in future explorations of arid ecosystems.
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  • 47
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    In:  Geophysical Journal International
    Publication Date: 2024-04-24
    Description: The current crustal stress field is of key importance to understand geodynamic processes and to assess stability aspects during subsurface usage. To provide a 3-D continuous description of the stress state, linear elastic forward geomechanical-numerical models are used. These models solve the equilibrium of forces between gravitational volume forces and surfaces forces im- posed mainly by plate tectonics. The latter are responsible for the horizontal stress anisotropy and impose the inverse problem to estimate horizontal displacement boundary conditions that provide a fit best to horizontal stress magnitude data within the model volume. Ho wever , horizontal stress magnitude data have high uncertainties and they are sparse, clustered and not necessaril y representati ve for a larger rock v olume. Even w hen Bay esian statistics are incor - porated and additional stress information such as borehole failure observations or formation integrity test are used to further constrain the solution space, this approach may result in a low accuracy of the model results, that is the result is not correct. Here, we present an alternative approach that removes the dependence of the solution space based on stress magnitude data to avoid potential low accuracy . Initially , a solution space that contains all stress states that are physically reasonable is defined. Stress magnitude data and the additional stress information are then used in a Bayesian framework to e v aluate which solutions are more likely than others. We first show and validate our approach with a generic truth model and then apply it to a case study of the Molasse foreland basin of the Alps in Southern Germany. The results show that the model’s ability to predict a reliable stress state is increasing while the number of likely solutions may also increase, and that outlier of stress magnitude data can be identified. This alternative approach results in a substantial increase in computational speed as we perform most of the calculations anal yticall y.
    Language: English
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Real-world labs are witnessing continued growth and institutionalization in the field of transformation-oriented sustainability research, as well as in adjacent disciplines. With their experimental research agendas, these labs aim at sustainability transformations, however, there is still a need to improve the understanding of their impacts. Drawing from this Special Issue's contributions, we offer a broad overview of the impacts achieved by various real-world labs, highlight the diverse areas and forms of impact, and elucidate strategies as well as mechanisms for achieving impact. We present methodological advances, and address common challenges along with potential solutions for understanding and realizing impact.
    Keywords: ddc:300
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Natural alteration of zircon takes place in melts or fluids either via dissolution coupled with overgrowth or via a coupled dissolution-reprecipitation process. The latter results in the zircon being partially or totally replaced by new, compositionally re-equilibrated zircon or a new mineral phase or both. In this study, fragments (50–300 μm) from a large, inclusion-free, clear, 520–530 Ma euhedral zircon with light radiation damage from a nepheline syenite pegmatite, Seiland Igneous Province, northern Norway, were experimentally reacted in 20 mg batches with 5 mg of ThO2 + ThSiO2 + SiO2 and a series of alkali-bearing fluids in sealed Pt capsules at 900 °C and 1000 MPa for 6–11 days in the piston cylinder press using a CaF2 setup with a cylindrical graphite oven. ThO2 + ThSiO2 + SiO2 was present at the end of the experiment. In experiments involving H2O, H2O + NaCl, H2O + KCl, and 2 N KOH, no reaction textures formed other than a slight dissolution of the zircon grain fragments. Experiments involving 2 N NaOH, Na2Si2O5 + H2O, and NaF + H2O resulted in zircon reaction textures with varying degrees of intensity, which took the form of partial replacement by compositionally modified zircon via a coupled dissolution-reprecipitation process. In the NaF + H2O experiment some overgrowth also occurred. Altered zircon is separated by sharp compositional boundaries from unaltered zircon. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis indicates that, relative to the unaltered zircon, the altered zircon is strongly enriched in Th, and heavily to moderately depleted in U and (Y + REE). In all the experiments, 206Pb (3–5 ppm in unaltered zircon) is depleted in the altered zircon to below the SIMS detection limit and to at or below the LA-ICP-MS detection limit. Hafnium and Ti concentrations in the altered zircon retained the same approximate value (within error) as the original zircon. The results from these experiments demonstrate that zircon can be compositionally modified by alkali-bearing and alkali-F-bearing fluids via a coupled dissolution-reprecipitation process. Near to total loss of radiogenic Pb via such processes under high-grade conditions resets the internal zircon geochronometer. Although the end result is the same as with zircon overgrowth, i.e. the production of new generation zircon at the time of a metamorphic/metasomatic event, such replacement processes can explain incomplete isotopic ‘resetting’; inclusion production through unmixing of solid solutions in metastable zircon compositions; and ‘ghost’ textures that preserve initial growth features but with isotopic disturbance. Diagnostic replacement features produced in experiments, such as interface geometries between altered and unaltered zircon, provide markers of the mechanism and aid in zircon interpretation. A major implication from this study is that if zircon with low radiation damage can be metasomatically altered under high-grade conditions, this would have important consequences with respect to zircons presumed role as an impregnable container for mineral inclusions. Namely the mineral inclusions contained within zircon could also be altered, reset as a geochronometer, or even replaced by another mineral.
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Earlier experiments have shown that cyclic hydraulic fracturing (CHF) systematically reduces the monotonic breakdown pressure (MBP). However, cyclic injection also causes a significantly longer injection time to failure as compared to the monotonic injection tests and complex fracture propagation that is hard to predict. In this study, a different injection scheme employing rock fatigue behavior, named creep injection, was tested on granite cylinders. The creep injection creates continuous pressurization under a constant borehole pressure (CBP) with a pre-defined maximum value below the MBP. Three different pressure ratios (CBP/MBP) of 0.85, 0.9 and 0.95 were tested. We found that both the CHF and hydraulic fracturing with creep injection can reduce the breakdown pressure by ca. 15 ~ 20% without confining pressure. Two mechanisms could explain the reduction: the influence of fluid infiltration within the theory of linear poroelasticity and stress corrosion within the subcritical crack growth theory. The lifetime of the granite cores subjected to creep injection is comparable with previous CHF experiments employing the same pressure ratio. In addition, the lifetime increases logarithmically when the ratio of CBP/MBP is decreased. This relationship has a high regression coefficient of R2 = 0.97, and the lifetime can be well predicted using a stress corrosion index of 70. On the contrary, CHF shows a significantly larger variance in the lifetime with a regression coefficient of R2 = 0.19 and, therefore, is hard to predict. Our results also point out that the injection scheme can modify hydraulic fracture patterns, in terms of fracture aperture, branching, and fracture propagation.
    Language: English
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Qongjiagang pegmatite-type Li deposit in Tibet is the first discovered pegmatite-type deposit with economic value in the Himalayan region, which confirms that the Himalayan region has the potential to become a strategic base of rare metal in China, and provide indications to find pegmatite-type Li deposit in the Himalayan region. In this study, we use SEM to identify the type, frequency and occurrence (relationship with cracks) of mineral inclusions in the three main accessory minerals, monazite, apatite and zircon from granite and pegmatite of Qongjiagang Li deposit, combining with the EPMA analysis of feldspar inclusions in apatite to comprehensively trace the property and evolution of the melts and fluids. Our study indicates that: (1) the main mineral inclusions in monazite, apatite and zircon from Qongjiagang Li deposit include silicate, oxide, phosphates and a small amount of sulfide, not only the REE-rich monazite and apatite filling or intersecting cracks are formed by hydrothermal alteration, but also the uraninite and thorianite isolated from cracks occur in the self-irradiation region of zircon are related to fluids; (2) the appearances of columbite and pyrochlore inclusions in the apatite from tourmaline-muscovite granite demonstrate that the initial melt is enriched in Nb and Ta, the amount and type of rare metal mineral inclusions can be used as an indicator for rare metal mineralization in highly evolved granite and pegmatite; (3) the plagioclase inclusions with high and a large range of An values in apatite from spodumene pegmatite represent the capture of less-differentiated melt and continuously fractional crystallization. Our results indicate that the types and compositions of mineral inclusions in accessory minerals can be good tracers for the characteristics and evolution of melts and fluids in the highly evolved granite-pegmatite system
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: This publication provides the codes produced for the article "Temporally dynamic carbon dioxide and methane emission factors for rewetted peatlands. Nature Communications Earth and Environment" by Aram Kalhori, Christian Wille, Pia Gottschalk, Zhan Li, Josh Hashemi, Karl Kemper, and Torsten Sachs (https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01226-9). In the article, the authors estimate the cumulative GHG emissions of a rewetted peatland in Germany using the long-term ecosystem flux measurements. They observe a source-to-sink transition of annual carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and decreasing trend of methane (CH4) emissions. This software is written in R and MATLAB. Running the codes ([R files and .m files](Code)) and loading the data files ([CSV files and .mat files](Data)) requires the pre-installation of [R and RStudio] (https://posit.co/downloads/) and ([MATLAB]. The RStudio 2022.07.2 Build 576 version has been used for the R scripts. The land cover classification work was performed in QGIS, v.3.16.11-Hannover. Data were analyzed in both MATLAB and R and plots created with R (R Core Development Team 2020) in RStudio®.
    Language: English
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: The data provided here is an exemplary dataset for the flux site Zarnekow from one year (2018). The complete dataset that is needed to run the codes for all the years can be obtained from the European Fluxes Database Cluster under site ID DE-Zrk (Sachs et al., 2016) or provided upon request. This repository is intended to provide the necessary MATLAB and R code to reproduce the results by Kalhori et al. (2024). The data are provided as zip folder containing (1) a csv file with associated definition of variables and units (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_README_2018_units.txt), (2) a shapefile (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_2018_LAiV_DOP.shp) and (3) a Geotiff (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_2018_LAiV_DOP.tiff).
    Language: English
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: The West Siberian Seaway connected the Tethys to the Arctic Ocean in the Paleogene and played an important role for Eurasian-Arctic biogeography, ocean circulation, and climate. However, the paleogeography and geological mechanisms enabling the seaway are not well constrained, which complicates linking the seaway evolution to paleoenvironmental changes. Here, we investigate the paleogeography of the Peri-Tethys realms for the Cenozoic time (66–0 Ma), including the West Siberian Seaway, and quantify the influence of mantle convection and corresponding dynamic topography. We start by generating continuous digital elevation models for Eurasia, Arabia, and Northern Africa, by digitizing regional paleogeographic maps and additional geological information and incorporate them in a global paleogeography model with nominal million-year resolution. Then we compute time-dependent dynamic topography for the same time interval and find a clear correlation between changes in dynamic topography and the paleogeographic evolution of Central Eurasia and the West Siberian Seaway. Our results suggest that mantle convection played a greater role in Eurasian paleogeography than previously recognized. Mantle flow may have influenced oceanic connections between the Arctic and global ocean providing a link between deep mantle convection, surface evolution, and environmental changes. Our reconstructions also indicate that the Arctic Ocean may have been isolated from the global ocean in the Eocene, even if the West Siberian Seaway was open, as the Peri-Tethys – Tethys connection was limited, and the Greenland-Scotland Ridge was a landbridge.
    Language: English
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Lower crustal flow in regions of post-orogenic extension has been inferred to explain the exhumation of metamorphic core complexes and associated low-angle normal (detachment) fault systems. However, the origin of detachment faults, whether initially formed as high-angle or low-angle shear zones, and the extension is symmetric or asymmetric remains enigmatic. Here, we use numerical modeling constrained by geophysical and geological data to show that symmetric extension in the central Menderes Massif of western Anatolia is accommodated by the crustal flow. Our geodynamic model explains how opposite dipping Gediz and Büyük Menderes detachment faults are formed by ∼40° footwall rotation. Model predictions agree with seismic tomography data that suggests updoming of lower crust beneath the exhumed massifs, represented as “twin domes” and a flat Moho. Our work helps to account for the genetic relation between the exhumation of metamorphic core complexes and low-angle normal faulting in both Cordillera and Aegean orogenic regions and has important implications on crustal dynamics in extensional provinces.
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: The geoid is an equipotential surface that broadly mimics the mean sea level. The difference between the geoid and the reference spheroid at any location is referred to as a geoid anomaly. The geoid ‘highs’ (positive) or ‘lows’ (negative) are primarily associated with mass anomalies, thereby could offer important information about compositional and thermal properties in the Earth's interior. The maximum geoidal surplus (+85 m) is observed to the east of New Guinea whereas the largest deficit (−106 m) is observed in the Indian Ocean south of Sri Lanka – commonly known as the Indian Ocean geoid low (IOGL). On a global geoid map, the IOGL anomaly covers an extensive circular area spanning 〉2000 km in diameter (Fig. 1). Several different hypotheses have been put forth to explain this enigmatic anomaly. These include effects of isostatically uncompensated crust (Ihnen and Whitcomb, 1983), depression in the core-mantle boundary (Negi et al., 1987), slab graveyards in the mantle (Spasojevic et al., 2010), anomalous variations in the mantle transition zone (Reiss et al., 2017; Rao et al., 2020) and presence of a very low-velocity material arising from the African large low shear velocity province (LLSVP) or simply known as the African superplume (Ghosh et al., 2017). Most of these hypotheses rely upon either very sparse seismological observations, numerical modelling or remote sensing data. Global seismic tomographic models provide first-order information about the Earth's interior (Simmons et al., 2010, Simmons et al., 2012, Simmons et al., 2015). However, the uneven distribution of seismological networks has stymied production of high-resolution sub-surface images. In search of concrete causative mechanisms behind the IOGL anomaly, deep seismological observations from the Indian Ocean have been awaited for a long time. Between 2015 and 2020, the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) India deployed a focused linear broadband passive seismological array comprising 17 ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) for two successive seasons comprising 14 months each (Fig. 1). These OBS stations thus continuously recorded local and teleseismic events for 〉28 months (Pandey, 2017). Besides, some recent studies also carried out active OBS deployments in this region to evaluate crustal and upper mantle structures (Pandey et al., 2022; Ningthoujam et al., 2022; Altenbernd-Lang et al., 2022). This special issue was conceived to present a compilation of new field observations as well as numerical modelling studies to infer potential mass anomalies within the crust and mantle beneath the IOGL region. A collection of nine papers presented in this volume explore the role of causative sources at varying depths to explain the IOGL anomaly. In summary, scientific contributions in this special issue suggest minimal crustal contributions towards the spectacular IOGL anomaly. On the other hand, new seismological studies suggest that the IOGL anomaly can be reasonably explained by a combination of positive mass anomalies in the lower mantle and/or negative mass anomalies in the upper mantle. Varied outcomes further stress upon the need to carry out more long-term seismological observations in order to image precise mantle structure beneath the IOGL region.
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: The detection of geothermal anomalies using Thermal Infrared (TIR) remote sensing data is challenging because of how sensor specifications (such as the infrared wavelength used for the measurement, spectral dependence of the emissivity, angle at which the measurement is made, state of the surface and height of the sensor above the surface) and physical parameters (such as solar radiation, topography, albedo, soil compaction and coherence of rocks) affect Land Surface Temperature (LST) retrieval and analysis. This work tests whether TIR remote sensing measurements with thorough spatial and temporal sampling can improve LST retrievals. Multi-temporal TIR data from 2000 through 2019 from Landsat 7 and 8 TIR instruments and the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) were used to detect geothermal areas in the geologically active region of the southern Main Ethiopian Rift. In addition, field-based temperature data from 19 sites were evaluated for comparison to the remotely detected geothermal anomaly areas. We have used the single-channel algorithm and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) method of emissivity retrieval to derive LST for each year. The result shows that the mean LST is highest in 2003 (320.1 K) and lowest in 2019 (303.1 K). The change in mean LST was between −9 K to 13 K. These LST results from ASTER images were validated with MODIS LST products and showed a correlation coefficient 〉0.6. LST of the year 2003 has been much closer to the actual temperature value from field data. Fifteen sites (79%) fit with the identified geothermal anomaly areas. LST values in known geothermal activity sites show no correlation (〈 0.5) with time attesting. That is, even though LST varies with time (e.g., day and night and seasonal changes), the LST of areas with geothermal potential remain more or less constant on yearly basis.
    Language: English
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Hydrothermal alteration is crucial in the formation of many ore deposits, with potassium (K) mobilization and cycling being prevalent. Potassic metasomatism of wall rocks generally forms K-bearing minerals, such as hydrothermal feldspar and mica. However, determining the source and redistribution of K (and other elements transported by the same fluid) in hydrothermal systems is challenging. K isotopes offer a potential solution to this problem. This study presents new K isotope data from two K-rich alteration assemblages — K-feldspar and sericite-quartz-pyrite — in the Jiaodong gold province of China. The data covers a compositional range from unaltered granites to syn-magmatic potassic alteration (formation of K-feldspar) and post-magmatic syn-mineralization phyllic alteration (formation of sericite). Potassic alteration in granite correlates with significant K addition, whereas phyllic alteration of earlier phases of magmatic and hydrothermal K-feldspar resulted in K loss. K-feldspar altered granites display similar δ41K values (–0.55 to –0.42 ‰ for whole-rocks and –0.56 to –0.48 ‰ for K-feldspar separates) as unaltered granite (–0.52 to –0.47 ‰). The narrow δ41K range suggests that magmatic fluid exsolution and magmatic-hydrothermal alteration have a minor effect on δ41K of the altered rock. Phyllic alteration of K-feldspar altered precursor rock leads to K loss and elevated δ41K values ranging from –0.36 to –0.19 ‰ for whole-rocks and –0.34 to –0.17 ‰ for sericite mineral separates. As sericite preferentially incorporates 41K, sericite will have higher δ41K values than the precursor K-feldspar, whereas the fluids will have lower δ41K values. Our study demonstrates that hydrothermal alteration may affect the K isotope composition of altered rocks in several ways, contingent on the nature of the involved phases, making K isotopes a promising tool for studying hydrothermal alteration and associated mineralization.
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: We apply a transdimensional, hierarchical Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling algorithm (McMC) for 2-D cross-hole travel-time tomography in transversely isotropic media with vertical symmetry axis. The McMC approach has several advantages compared to classical inversion approaches: It is a global search, the high number of tested models allows the statistical analysis including the calculation of a reference model as well as uncertainty estimation, no initial models or regularization parameters are needed, the amount of data noise is automatically determined, and the model parametrization is data dependent and self-adjusting. For the forward solution a FD Fast Marching method utilizing second-order Godunov schemes is used. The performance of the approach is first tested on synthetic datasets to evaluate the potential and possible limitation to recover anisotropic models. We have shown that the recovery of models described by 2 anisotropic parameters (Thomsen parameters) and the vertical velocity is possible for observation scenarios with good distribution of sources and receivers. For more realistic observational geometries (i.e. cross-hole experiments), the recovery of the 3 parameters is limited, but still possible for example for the elliptical anisotropic case (ε = δ) or regarding the horizontal velocity. Finally we applied the McMC approach to a well-studied real cross-hole data set from the MALLIK 2002 research program and compared the results with previous conventional inversions.
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Significant progress in permafrost carbon science made over the past decades include the identification of vast permafrost carbon stocks, the development of new pan-Arctic permafrost maps, an increase in terrestrial measurement sites for CO2 and methane fluxes, and important factors affecting carbon cycling, including vegetation changes, periods of soil freezing and thawing, wildfire, and other disturbance events. Process-based modeling studies now include key elements of permafrost carbon cycling and advances in statistical modeling and inverse modeling enhance understanding of permafrost region C budgets. By combining existing data syntheses and model outputs, the permafrost region is likely a wetland methane source and small terrestrial ecosystem CO2 sink with lower net CO2 uptake toward higher latitudes, excluding wildfire emissions. For 2002–2014, the strongest CO2 sink was located in western Canada (median: −52 g C m−2 y−1) and smallest sinks in Alaska, Canadian tundra, and Siberian tundra (medians: −5 to −9 g C m−2 y−1). Eurasian regions had the largest median wetland methane fluxes (16–18 g CH4 m−2 y−1). Quantifying the regional scale carbon balance remains challenging because of high spatial and temporal variability and relatively low density of observations. More accurate permafrost region carbon fluxes require: (a) the development of better maps characterizing wetlands and dynamics of vegetation and disturbances, including abrupt permafrost thaw; (b) the establishment of new year-round CO2 and methane flux sites in underrepresented areas; and (c) improved models that better represent important permafrost carbon cycle dynamics, including non-growing season emissions and disturbance effects.
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Finding an appropriate satellite image as simultaneous as possible with the sampling time campaigns is challenging. Fusion can be considered as a method of integrating images and obtaining more pixels with higher spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. This paper investigated the impact of Landsat 8-OLI and Sentinel-2A data fusion on prediction of several toxic elements at a mine waste dump. The 30 m spatial resolution Landsat 8-OLI bands were fused with the 10 m Sentinel-2A bands using various fusion techniques namely hue-saturation-value, Brovey, principal component analysis, Gram-Schmidt, wavelet, and area-to-point regression kriging (ATPRK). ATPRK was the best method preserving both spectral and spatial features of Landsat 8-OLI and Sentinel-2A after fusion. Furthermore, the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model developed on genetic algorithm (GA)-selected laboratory visible-near infrared-shortwave infrared (VNIR–SWIR) spectra yielded more accurate prediction results compared to the PLSR model calibrated on the entire spectra. It was hence, applied to both individual sensors and their ATPRK-fused image. In case of the individual sensors, except for As, Sentinel-2A provided more robust prediction models than Landsat 8-OLI. However, the best performances were obtained using the fused images, highlighting the potential of data fusion to enhance the toxic elements’ prediction models.
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Seafloor massive sulfides are modern analogues to ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, which are particularly enriched in volatile and precious metals (e.g., Te, Au, Ag, Cu, Bi, Se) in subduction-related settings. However, the sources of metals are still poorly constrained, and it remains elusive, whether magmatic volatile influx controls their distribution in submarine hydrothermal systems on the plate tectonic-scale. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that Te, As, and Sb contents as well as related Te/As and Te/Sb ratios vary systematically with the δ34S composition of pyrite and native S, as reported by high-resolution coupled SIMS δ34S and trace element LA-ICP-MS micro-analysis. The better correlation of element ratios (Te/As, Te/Sb) opposed to trace element contents (e.g., Te) with δ34S in pyrite demonstrates that element ratios provide a more robust record of magmatic volatile influx than their absolute contents. On this basis, we define a quantitative threshold of high Te/As (〉0.004) and Te/Sb (〉0.6) ratios in pyrite that are indicative of magmatic volatile influx to submarine subduction-related hydrothermal systems. Two-component fluid mixing simulations further revealed that 〈5 % of magmatic volatile influx drastically changes the Te/As (and Te/Sb) ratio of the modelled fluid, but only slightly changes its δ34S composition. This suggests that Te/As and Te/Sb ratios are more sensitive to a magmatic volatile influx into seawater-dominated hydrothermal systems than δ34S signatures if the magmatic volatile influx was low. Beyond this, our results demonstrate that magma-derived fluid mixing with seawater only has a negligible effect on the magmatic volatile record of Te/As and Te/Sb, while the S isotope system is prone for seawater overprinting leading to commonly ambiguous source signatures. Thus, Te/As and Te/Sb systematics in pyrite provide a robust proxy to evaluate the contribution of magmatic volatiles to submarine hydrothermal systems from the grain- to plate tectonic-scale.
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: A variety of industrial applications of hydrate-based CO2 capture and utilization technologies are hindered by the complex and slow hydrate formation; however, improving CO2 hydrate formation kinetics can be facilitated by adding the accelerators (promoters). In this regard, understanding the promotion mechanisms of these compounds on the hydrate formation at the molecular level would assist in either establishing feasible processes or finding more efficient promoters. In this work, CO2 hydrate growth and formation in the presence of hybrid metal particles (Ag, Cu, and Fe) and urea molecule has been explored through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation at below and above water freezing point. Different criteria were used to characterize and analyse the CO2 hydrate formation kinetics. The outcomes reveal that, although the mixture of Cu, Ag, and Fe metal particles has positive effects on the rate of hydrate formation above the ice point, the mixture of Cu, Fe, and urea (without the inclusion of Ag) in comparison with the other investigated systems, possesses the highest promotion effect on the clathrate hydrate growth rate. This combination of metal particles creates various functions in the solution phase adjacent to the hydrate surface. The metal particles and urea could promote the formation of new cages at the hydrate-solution boundary by decreasing the heat and mass transport resistances of CO2 in water. In addition, the improvement of combined metal particles and urea under water freezing was found to be less substantial. However, the behaviours of combined metal particles without urea at different thermodynamic conditions are quite dissimilar.
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Andean broken foreland zones, located to the east of the highest Andes, are associated with populated areas and sedimentary basins with relative economic importance. Understanding their seismogenic potential is crucial for urban development and infrastructure planning. In particular, the San Rafael Block is part of the broken foreland developed to the south of the Chilean-Pampean flat subduction zone. A local seismic network allows analyzing the seismogenic potential of the San Rafael Block. Earthquake distribution suggests a northeast-dipping ramp rooting at the lower crust, cropping out at the western topographic front of the basement uplift. Gravity data confirm the asymmetry of the San Rafael block with a western topographic front associated with the main structure that exhumes the basement. Seismological and gravity data allow proposing a west-verging structure, contrary to previous interpretations based on surficial structural data. The results presented here identify the highest shallow seismogenic potential on the western side of the block, near the El Nihuil dam, and only deep events at the eastern neotectonic front which allegedly hosted historical earthquake occurrences such as the Villa Atuel-Las Malvinas earthquake in 1929.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: The question of how science can become a lever in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals permeates most recent sustainability research. Wide-ranging literature calling for a transformative approach has emerged in recent years. This ‘transformative turn’ is fueled by publications from fields such as sustainability science, social-ecological research, conservation science, sustainability transitions, or sustainability governance studies. However, there is a lack of a shared understanding specifically of what is meant for research to be transformative in this developing discourse around doing science differently to tackle sustainability problems. We aim to advance transformative research for sustainability. We define transformative research and outline six of its characteristics: (1) interventional nature and a theory of change focus; (2) collaborative modes of knowledge production, experimentation and learning; (3) systems thinking literacy and contextualization; (4) reflexivity, normative and inner dimensions; (5) local agency, decolonization, and reshaping power; (6) new quality criteria and rethinking impact. We highlight three tensions between transformative research and traditional paradigms of academic research: (1) process- and output-orientation; (2) accountability toward society and toward science; (3) methodologies rooted in scientific traditions and post-normal methodologies. We conclude with future directions on how academia could reconcile these tensions to support and promote transformative research.
    Description: Dominant ways of doing research are not enough to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The typical response of science to dealing with the current local and global sustainability crises is to produce and accumulate more knowledge. Transformative research seeks to couple knowledge production with co-creating change. This paper defines the transformative way of doing research to pro-actively support society's fight against pressing societal and environmental problems. We present six characteristics of transformative research. We reflect on the challenges related to implementing these characteristics in scientific practice and on how academia can play its part.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 66
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    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-20
    Description: research
    Keywords: Vergleich ; Messung ; Saugverhalten ; Hydrodynamik ; Permeabilität ; Bodenwasserhaushalt Ungesättigte Zone ; Ungesättigte Zone
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 67
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-20
    Description: research
    Keywords: Aluminium Species ; Soil Solutions
    Language: English
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Purpose: The surface store governs the rainwater partition, e.g., water storage and evaporation on paved surfaces, especially for low-intensity and low-sum rain events, which account for the greatest part of the total rainfall in a temperate climate city like Berlin, Germany. The surface store S is a fixed value, dependent on surface relief and pore system characteristics. Contrary, in this study, the surface storage was assumed to depend also on the rain intensity, thus being variable from event to event. Materials and methods: The surface store filling dynamics for dense (DP), porous (PP), and highly infiltrative (IP) paving materials were studied in a rainfall simulator. Irrigation intensities p ranged from 0.016 to 0.1 mm min〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 which represent the 25 to 88% quantiles of the rain event distribution in Berlin, Germany (1961 to 1990). Results and discussion: Three surface stores can be separated: storage until initial runoff, S〈sub〉f〈/sub〉, at maximum filling, S〈sub〉m〈/sub〉, and for steady-state runoff, S〈sub〉eq〈/sub〉—all of them can be regarded as effective stores depending on the aim of its use. The equilibrium store varies from 0.2 to 3 mm for DP, PP, and IP for the investigated rainfall intensities. Conclusions: For all pavers, the surface store depends on rainfall intensity, which was shown experimentally and confirmed by numerical simulation of the infiltration. We introduce a simple and robust method to describe S〈sub〉f〈/sub〉, S〈sub〉m〈/sub〉 = f(p) for different pavers. Pavers can evaporate a multiple of their surface store per day, depending on the rainfall distribution, which implicates the need for high temporal resolutions in urban hydrology modeling. Pavers can evaporate a multiple of their surface store per day, depending on the rainfall distribution. That implicates the need for high temporal resolutions in urban hydrology modeling.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; Evaporation ; Paved soils ; Paving material ; Precipitation intensity ; Surface store ; Water storage
    Language: English
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Horizontal wavenumber spectra across the middle atmosphere are investigated based on density measurements with the Airborne Lidar for Middle Atmosphere research (ALIMA) in the vicinity of the Southern Andes, the Drake passage and the Antarctic peninsula in September 2019. The probed horizontal scales range from 2000 to 25 km. Spectral slopes are close to 〈italic〉k〈/italic〉〈sup〉−5/3〈/sup〉 in the stratosphere and get shallower for horizontal wavelengths 〈200 km in the mesosphere. The spectral slopes are shown to be statistically robust with the presented number of flight legs despite the unknown orientation of true wave vectors relative to the flight track using synthetic data and a Monte Carlo approach. The largest spectral amplitudes are found over the ocean rather than over topography. The 2019 sudden stratospheric warming caused a critical level for MWs and a reduction of spectral amplitudes at horizontal wavelengths of about 200 km in the mesosphere.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The spectral analysis of observations along extended flight tracks helps to determine the contribution of different length scales to atmospheric processes. In this study we calculate horizontal wavenumber spectra in the altitude range between 20 and 80 km, the middle atmosphere, based on observations from the Airborne Lidar for Middle Atmosphere research onboard the HALO aircraft. The observations were performed in the vicinity of the Southern Andes, the Drake passage and the Antarctic peninsula during September 2019. The observed horizontal scales range from 2000 km to about 25 km and cover almost the entire mesoscale range of atmospheric dynamics in the middle atmosphere. This study finds that vertical oscillations in the atmosphere, called gravity waves, cause the slopes and power of the spectra at the observed horizontal scales in the middle atmosphere. The slopes and power of the horizontal spectra vary with varying gravity wave activity during the period of observations.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Horizontal wavenumber spectra across the middle atmosphere are computed using airborne lidar observations during the 2019 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Horizontal wavenumber spectra are close to 〈italic〉k〈/italic〉〈sup〉−5/3〈/sup〉 in the stratosphere, and become shallower in the mesosphere during the SSW〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Observational evidence is provided that the mesoscale spectral slope in the middle atmosphere is caused by the occurrence of gravity waves〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: German Federal Ministry for Education and Research
    Description: Internal Funds of the German Aerospace Center
    Description: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
    Description: Forschungszentrum Jülich
    Description: German Science Foundation
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7861915
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; gravity waves ; middle atmosphere ; airborne lidar ; horizontal wavenumber spectrum ; SSW
    Language: English
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: The stable water isotopic composition in firn and ice cores provides valuable information on past climatic conditions. Because of uneven accumulation and post‐depositional modifications on local spatial scales up to hundreds of meters, time series derived from adjacent cores differ significantly and do not directly reflect the temporal evolution of the precipitated snow isotopic signal. Hence, a characterization of how the isotopic profile in the snow develops is needed to reliably interpret the isotopic variability in firn and ice cores. By combining digital elevation models of the snow surface and repeated high‐resolution snow sampling for stable water isotope measurements of a transect at the East Greenland Ice‐core Project campsite on the Greenland Ice Sheet, we are able to visualize the buildup and post‐depositional changes of the upper snowpack across one summer season. To this end, 30 cm deep snow profiles were sampled on six dates at 20 adjacent locations along a 40 m transect. Near‐daily photogrammetry provided snow height information for the same transect. Our data shows that erosion and redeposition of the original snowfall lead to a complex stratification in the δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O signature. Post‐depositional processes through vapor‐snow exchange affect the near surface snow with d‐excess showing a decrease in surface and near‐surface layers. Our data suggests that the interplay of stratigraphic noise, accumulation intermittency, and local post‐depositional processes form the proxy signal in the upper snowpack.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: We study the process of the formation of the stable water isotope signal in surface snow on the Greenland Ice Sheet to better understand temperature information which is stored as a climate proxy in snow and ice. Our data consist of high‐resolution surface topography information illustrating the timing and location of snowfall, erosion, and redeposition along a transect of 40 m, as well as stable water isotope records of the upper 30 cm of the snowpack sampled biweekly on 20 positions at the same 40 m long transect. The data cover a 2‐month period during the summer of 2019. We find that the isotopic composition shows spatial variability of layers with low and high values, presumably winter and summer layers. We further observe that prevailing surface structures, such as dunes, influence the snow deposition and contribute to the found variable structure of the climatic information. Eventually, snow accumulation alone cannot explain all of the observed patterns in the isotopic data which is likely related to exchange processes between the snow and the atmosphere which modify the signal in the snow column after deposition.
    Description: Key Points: Combining digital elevation models and repeated snow sampling reveals the heterogeneous buildup of δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O signal in the snow column. Surface structures (stratigraphic noise) substantially contribute to internal heterogeneity in δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O signature in the upper snowpack. Proxy signals are formed in the surface layer by local processes, advected downwards with limited post‐depositional influences below 10 cm.
    Description: Horizon 2020 Framework Programme http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010661
    Description: A. P. Møller Foundation, University of Copenhagen
    Description: US National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs
    Description: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research
    Description: National Institute of Polar Research and Arctic Challenge for Sustainability
    Description: University of Bergen
    Description: Trond Mohn Foundation
    Description: Swiss National Science Foundation
    Description: French Polar Institute Paul‐Emile Victor, Institute for Geosciences and Environmental Research
    Description: University of Manitoba
    Description: Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Description: Beijing Normal University
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.954944
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.954945
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.951583
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.925618
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.928827
    Description: https://www.agisoft.com/downloads/installer/
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; proxy ; Greenland ; isotopes ; structure‐from‐motion ; snow accumulation ; ice core
    Language: English
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Heavy‐mineral suites are used widely in sandstone provenance and are key when connecting source and sink. When characterizing provenance related signatures, it is essential to understand the different factors that may influence a particular heavy‐mineral assemblage for example, chemical weathering or diagenetic processes. Hydrodynamics, causing size‐density sorting, exert major control on the distribution of heavy minerals. Here, we highlight the effect of grain‐size inheritance, essentially the absence of certain grain sizes within a specific heavy‐mineral species, on two distinct types of sediments. Modern deposits from a high‐energy beach in NW Denmark give an analog for heavily reworked sediment, primarily controlled by hydrodynamic processes. In contrast, three Palaeogene turbidite successions in the Eastern Alps were sampled, presenting a more complex history that includes diagenesis. All samples were processed for their heavy‐mineral compositions using Raman spectroscopy, and several techniques applied to determine the effect of grain‐size inheritance. Results show that (a) even within the hydrodynamically well‐sorted beach and placer deposits, evidence of grain‐size inheritance is apparent, and (b) turbidites of variable heavy‐mineral composition show strong effects of grain‐size inheritance for several mineral species. Moreover, considerable intersample contrasts within single turbidite beds are observed. We enforce the importance of understanding grain‐size inheritance, as well as other processes effecting size‐density relations in clastic sediment that go well beyond purely hydrodynamic control of intrasample heavy‐mineral variability.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Heavy minerals are commonly found within sediments and sedimentary rocks and can tell us from which source regions the sediment may have originated. However, it is important to understand that the type, size, and abundance of particular heavy minerals can change depending on factors such as environmental conditions. The size, shape, and density of the heavy minerals also limits when and where they will settle and/or stay. A lack of big or small grains of a particular heavy mineral in the source rocks dictates the size of the minerals deposited; this is known as grain‐size inheritance. Using both ancient and modern sediment, we are looking for traces of grain‐size inheritance. Surprisingly, in all samples investigated we noted effects of grain‐size inheritance, for different heavy‐mineral types. The modern beach sediments, as expected, show more impact of hydraulic processes, but inherited grain sizes are still apparent. Within the ancient examples, grain‐size inheritance is more obvious, with further variations even observed between samples collected from the same area. Having identified this control on grain size, we can highlight the importance of understanding this effect when analyzing clastic sediments.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Understanding factors that can modify a heavy‐mineral assemblage is fundamental in provenance analysis〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Heavy minerals of two distinct sedimentary environments were analyzed and compared to their “ideal” hydrodynamically sorted compositions〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Several heavy‐mineral species of modern and ancient settings were identified to be influenced by grain‐size inheritance from the source〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: https://doi.org/10.25625/MVUIJQ
    Keywords: ddc:552.5 ; heavy minerals ; provenance ; grain‐size inheritance ; hydrodynamics ; diagenesis
    Language: English
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The transboundary region of the Iishana system in the western Cuvelai Basin, between southern Angola and northern Namibia, is frequently affected by floods at irregular intervals. As a result, the predominantly rural, subsistence farming population has experienced crop failures, human, and economic losses. To date, very little is known about the generation of floods, flood concentration, and stormwater drainage dynamics in this region. In this study, 2D‐hydrodynamic modeling was applied to reconstruct one of the latest major flood events during the rainy season from November 2008 to March 2009 in order to study the runoff behavior and interconnectivity of the Iishana system. The model focused on the eastern part of the Iishana system, which was most affected by floods and flood damage due to the high population density in and around Oshakati, the regional capital. Two main streams were identified noteworthy because they merge and subsequently affect Oshakati. Regarding the simulated flood event water depths vary from 0.1 m to 14 m, with an average of 0.2 m, while water depths above 5 m were attributed to borrow pits. The inundation area ranged up to 1860 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 and the amount of water left after the rainy season on March 25th, 2009, was determined between 0.116 and 0.547 km〈sup〉3〈/sup〉, depending on the amount of evapotranspiration considered in the model. Thus, in the Angolan part of the Iishana system, significantly larger quantities of water are available for longer periods of time during the subsequent dry season, whereas the system in Namibia stores less water, resulting in a shorter water retention period.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft (DHG)
    Description: Freie Universität Berlin http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007537
    Description: https://dx.doi.org/10.17169/refubium-35737
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; flood ; FloodArea11 ; SCS‐CN ; TanDEM‐X ; TRMM
    Language: English
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The Ismenius Lacus region of Mars has a diverse geological history, and we present the first high‐resolution map of Deuteronilus Cavus (36.2°N; 14.0°E, ∼120 km diameter) in the fretted terrain south of the dichotomy boundary. Strong evidence suggests a volcanic origin of the regional plains, based on the ∼50 m thick volcanic bed underlying 180–300 m of sublimation residue associated with Amazonian plateau glaciation. Pervasive external volcanic flooding, internal erosional modification, and enlargement of a pre‐existing crater by up to 175%–200% resulted in the cavus' present shape. The phyllosilicates detected within Deuteronilus Cavus could be primary materials associated with the surficial aqueous activity, subsurface alteration products excavated by impacts, or a combination of both. We observe branching fluvial channels that are more recent than the traditional valley networks and may be related to fretted terrain resurfacing during the waning period of a high‐obliquity glaciation phase. This is consistent with our interpretation of the ∼600 m thick lobate and lineated deposits, which are remnants of receding glaciers. The glacial ice, protected by a 15–20 m insulating layer of debris cover, is of significant interest for future landing missions because of its potential to preserve biological and climatological signatures, to provide a critical test of Amazonian plateau glaciation, and to be used for in situ resource utilization. With our detailed geological mapping, we improved our understanding of the geological evolution and climatic conditions in the enigmatic fretted terrain near the dichotomy boundary.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The ∼120 km long Deuteronilus Cavus was initiated by an impact event. The resulting impact crater was modified by glacial erosional and fluvial processes, leading to the enlargement of 175%–200% of the pre‐existing crater. In addition, we find strong evidence for recent glaciation (〈1 Ga) that left 180–300 m of sublimation residue on the plateau superimposed on a ∼50 m thick volcanic bed, suggesting a volcanic origin of the regional plains. During the waning period of a high‐glacial phase, the meltwater ponded on the surface of the cavus, altered surface rocks to produce phyllosilicates, formed channels (now observed as inverted sinuous ridges), and locally distributed branched fluvial channels that are more recent than the traditional valley networks. Glacial landforms still contain up to 600 m of remnant ice from the retreating glaciers at the end of the last glacial period. The relatively pure ice, protected by a 15–20 m insulating layer of debris cover, is critical for future landing missions because of its potential to preserve biological and climatological signatures and to be used for in situ resource utilization. Overall, this research enhances our understanding of the geological evolution and climatic history of Mars.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉We have produced the first high‐resolution map of Deuteronilus Cavus in the fretted terrain south of the Martian dichotomy boundary〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The region records a complex erosional and depositional history, including fluvial and glacial processes in the Amazonian period〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉This study provides a framework for exploration of high‐obliquity mid‐latitude plateau glaciation〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002946
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8205276
    Description: https://doi.org/10.17189/1520332
    Description: https://doi.org/10.17189/1520266
    Description: https://doi.org/10.17189/1520303
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5270/esa-pm8ptbq
    Keywords: ddc:523 ; Mars ; Deuteronilus Cavus ; geological mapping ; glaciation
    Language: English
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: This paper reports on the results of an independent evaluation of the techniques presented in the VLDB 2007 paper "Scalable Semantic Web Data Management Using Vertical Partitioning", authored by D. Abadi, A. Marcus, S. R. Madden, and K. Hollenbach [1]. We revisit the proposed benchmark and examine both the data and query space coverage. The benchmark is extended to cover a larger portion of the query space in a canonical way. Repeatability of the experiments is assessed using the code base obtained from the authors. Inspired by the proposed vertically-partitioned storage solution for RDF data and the performance figures using a column-store, we conduct a complementary analysis of state-of-the-art RDF storage solutions. To this end, we employ MonetDB/SQL, a fully-functional open source column-store, and a well-known -- for its performance -- commercial row-store DBMS. We implement two relational RDF storage solutions -- triple-store and vertically-partitioned -- in both systems. This allows us to expand the scope of [1] with the performance characterization along both dimensions -- triple-store vs. vertically-partitioned and row-store vs. column-store -- individually, before analyzing their combined effects. A detailed report of the experimental test-bed, as well as an in-depth analysis of the parameters involved, clarify the scope of the solution originally presented and position the results in a broader context by covering more systems.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Voxel representations have been used for years in scientific computation and medical imaging. The main focus of our research is to provide easy access to methods for making large-scale voxel models of built environment for environmental modelling studies while ensuring they are spatially correct, meaning they correctly represent topological and semantic relations among objects. In this article, we present algorithms that generate voxels (volumetric pixels) out of point cloud, curve, or surface objects. The algorithms for voxelization of surfaces and curves are a customization of the topological voxelization approach [1]; we additionally provide an extension of this method for voxelization of point clouds. The developed software has the following advantages: • It provides easy management of connectivity levels in the resulting voxels. • It is not dependant on any external library except for primitive types and constructs; therefore, it is easy to integrate them in any application. • One of the algorithms is implemented in C++ and C for platform independence and efficiency.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: By leveraging modern networking hardware (RDMA-enabled network cards), we can shift priorities in distributed database processing significantly. Complex and sophisticated mechanisms to avoid network traffic can be replaced by a scheme that takes advantage of the bandwidth and low latency offered by such interconnects. We illustrate this phenomenon with cyclo-join, an efficient join algorithm based on continuously pumping data through a ring-structured network. Our approach is capable of exploiting the resources of all CPUs and distributed main-memory available in the network for processing queries of arbitrary shape and datasets of arbitrary size.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: This paper presents our experiences in porting the Sloan Digital Sky Survey(SDSS)/ SkyServer to the state-of- the-art open source database system MonetDB/SQL. SDSS acts as a well-documented benchmark for scientific database management. We have achieved a fully functional prototype for the personal SkyServer, to be downloaded from our site. The lessons learned are 1) the column store approach of MonetDB demonstrates a great potential in the world of scientific databases. However, the application also challenged the functionality of our implementation and revealed that a fully operational SQL environment is needed, e.g. including persistent stored modules; 2) the initial performance is competitive to the reference platform, MS SQL Server 2005, and 3) the analysis of SDSS query traces hints at several techniques to boost performance by utilizing repetitive behavior and zoom-in/zoom-out access patterns, that are currently not captured by the system.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Powered by WebGL, some renderers have recently become available for the visualization of point cloud data over the web, for example Plasio or Potree. We have extended Potree to be able to visualize massive point clouds and we have successfully used it with the second national Lidar survey of the Netherlands, AHN2, with 640 billion points. In addition to the visualization, the publicly available service at http://ahn2.pointclouds.nl/ also features a multi-resolution download tool, a geographic name search bar, a measurement toolkit, a 2D orientation map with field of view depiction, a demo mode and the tuning of the visualization parameters. Potree relies on reorganizing the point cloud data into an multi-resolution octree data structure. However, this reorganization is very time consuming for massive data sets. Hence, we have used a divide and conquer approach to decrease the octree creation time. To achieve such performance improvement we divided the entire space into smaller cells, generated an octree for each of them in a distributed manner and then we merged them into a single massive octree. The merging is possible because the extent of all the nodes of the octrees is known and fixed. All the developed tools are free and open-source (FOSS) and they can be used to visualize over the web other massive point clouds.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Stream applications gained significant popularity over the last years that lead to the development of specialized stream engines. These systems are designed from scratch with a different philosophy than nowadays database engines in order to cope with the stream applications requirements. However, this means that they lack the power and sophisticated techniques of a full fledged database system that exploits techniques and algorithms accumulated over many years of database research. In this paper, we take the opposite route and design a stream engine directly on top of a database kernel. Incoming tuples are directly stored upon arrival in a new kind of system tables, called baskets. A continuous query can then be evaluated over its relevant baskets as a typical one-time query exploiting the power of the relational engine. Once a tuple has been seen by all relevant queries/operators, it is dropped from its basket. A basket can be the input to a single or multiple similar query plans. Furthermore, a query plan can be split into multiple parts each one with its own input/output baskets allowing for flexible load sharing query scheduling. Contrary to traditional stream engines, that process one tuple at a time, this model allows batch processing of tuples, e.g., query a basket only after x tuples arrive or after a time threshold has passed. Furthermore, we are not restricted to process tuples in the order they arrive. Instead, we can selectively pick tuples from a basket based on the query requirements exploiting a novel query component, the basket expressions. We investigate the opportunities and challenges that arise with such a direction and we show that it carries significant advantages. We propose a complete architecture, the DataCell, which we implemented on top of an open-source column-oriented DBMS. A detailed analysis and experimental evaluation of the core algorithms using both micro benchmarks and the standard Linear Road benchmark demonstrate the potential of this new approach.
    Language: English
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Point cloud datasets provided by LiDAR have become an integral part in many research fields including archaeology, forestry, and ecology. Facilitated by technological advances, the volume of these datasets has steadily increased, with modern airborne laser scanning surveys now providing high-resolution, (super-)national scale, multi-terabyte point clouds. However, their wider scientific exploitation is hindered by the scarcity of open source software tools capable of handling the challenges of accessing, processing, and extracting meaningful information from massive datasets, as well as by the domain-specificity of existing tools. Here we present Laserchicken, a user-extendable, cross-platform Python tool for extracting statistical properties of flexibly defined subsets of point cloud data, aimed at enabling efficient, scalable, distributed processing of multi-terabyte datasets. We demonstrate Laserchicken’s ability to unlock these transformative new resources, e.g. in macroecology and species distribution modelling, where it is used to characterize the 3D vegetation structure at high resolution ( m) across whole countries or regions. We further discuss its potential as a domain agnostic, flexible tool that can also facilitate novel applications in other research fields.
    Language: English
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Global climate warming is accelerating permafrost degradation. The large amounts of soil organic matter in permafrost-affected soils are prone to increased microbial decomposition in a warming climate. Along with permafrost degradation, changes to the soil microbiome play a crucial role in enhancing our understanding and in predicting the feedback of permafrost carbon. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge of carbon-cycling microbial ecology in permafrost regions. Microbiomes in degrading permafrost exhibit variations across spatial and temporal scales. Among the short-term, rapid degradation scenarios, thermokarst lakes have distinct biogeochemical conditions promoting emission of greenhouse gases. Additionally, extreme climatic events can trigger drastic changes in microbial consortia and activity. Notably, environmental conditions appear to exert a dominant influence on microbial assembly in permafrost ecosystems. Furthermore, as the global climate is closely connected to various permafrost regions, it will be crucial to extend our understanding beyond local scales, for example by conducting comparative and integrative studies between Arctic permafrost and alpine permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau at global and continental scales. These comparative studies will enhance our understanding of microbial functioning in degrading permafrost ecosystems and help inform effective strategies for managing and mitigating the impacts of climate change on permafrost regions.
    Language: English
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Dataset of recurrence plot bibliography. Scripts to retrieve additional data (paper citations and authors' affiliations) and to perform some statistical bibliometric and bibliographic analysis of the recurrence plot bibliography. Scripts are forPython and MATLAB.
    Language: English
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Data to reproduce the analysis of the Hourly Coastal water levels with Counterfactual (HCC) dataset, presented in the publication "Reconstruction of hourly coastal water levels and counterfactuals without sea level rise for impact attribution" published in Earth System Science Data (ESSD).
    Language: English
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: MATLAB scripts and functions used to create spatial recurrence plots to study circular structures in higherdimensional data fields, and to reproduce the figures of M. Riedl, N. Marwan, J. Kurths: Extended generalized recurrence plot quantification of complex circular patterns, European Physical Journal B, 90(58), 1–9 (2017). DOI:10.1140/epjb/e2017-70560-7
    Language: English
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: This Zenodo archive contains essential input datasets utilized in our research study titled "Reconstruction of hourly coastal water levels and counterfactuals without sea level rise for impact attribution". This archive contains only input data. The Hourly Coastal water levels with Counterfactual (HCC) dataset is published in the ISIMIP repository.
    Language: English
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  • 86
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    In:  International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: As a variant of Support Vector Machine (SVM), Large Margin Distribution Machine (LDM) has been validated to outperform SVM both theoretically and experimentally. Due to the inevitable noise in real applications, the credibility of different samples is not necessarily the same, which is neglected by most existing LDM models. To tackle the above problem, this paper first introduces fuzzy set theory into LDM, and proposes a Fuzzy Large Margin Distribution Machine (FLDM) with better robustness and performance. Considering the noise and uncertainty in datasets, sample points farther from the center of homogenous class are less reliable. Therefore, a fuzzy membership function based on the distance to the class center is utilized to characterize the confidence of each sample, i.e., the degree to which the sample belongs to a certain category. Furthermore, different strategies are developed to obtain class centers for linearly separable and linearly inseparable problems. Experiments conducted on both artificial and UCI datasets verified the superiority of FLDM from different perspectives.
    Language: English
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Source code to produce the data, analysis and figures for the paper "Reconstruction of hourly coastal water levels and counterfactuals without sea level rise for impact attribution" which is published in Earth System Science Data (ESSD)
    Language: English
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Language: English
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: A transition to healthy diets like the EAT-Lancet Planetary Health Diet could considerably reduce GHG emissions. However, the specific contributions of dietary shifts for the feasibility of 1.5°C pathways remain unclear. Here, we use the open-source Integrated Assessment Modeling (IAM) framework REMIND-MAgPIE to compare 1.5°C pathways with and without dietary shifts. We find that a flexitarian diet increases the feasibility of the Paris Agreement climate goals in different ways: The reduction of GHG emissions related to dietary shifts, especially methane from ruminant enteric fermentation, increases the 1.5°C-compatible carbon budget. Therefore, dietary shifts allow to achieve the same climate outcome with less carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and less stringent CO2 emission reductions in the energy system, which reduces pressure on GHG prices, energy prices and food expenditures.
    Language: English
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Photovoltaics (PV) and wind are the most important energy-conversion technologies for cost-efficient climate change mitigation. To reach international climate goals, the annual PV module production must be expanded to multi-terawatt (TW) scale. Economic and resource restraints demand the implementation of cost-efficient multi-junction technologies, for which perovskite-based tandem technologies are highly promising. In this work, the resource demand of the emerging perovskite PV technology is investigated, considering two factors of supply criticality, namely, mining capacity for minerals and the production capacity for synthetic materials. Overall, the expansion of perovskite PV to a multi-TW scale may not be limited by material supply if certain materials, especially indium, can be replaced. Moreover, organic charge-transport materials face currently unresolved scalability challenges. This study demonstrates that, besides the improvement of efficiency and stability, perovskite PV research and development also need to be guided by sustainable materials choices and design-for-recycling considerations.
    Language: English
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Forests, critical components of global ecosystems, face unprecedented challenges due to climate change. This study investigates the influence of functional diversity—as a component of biodiversity—to enhance long-term biomass of European forests in the context of changing climatic conditions. Using the next-generation flexible trait-based vegetation model, LPJmL-FIT, we explored the impact of functional diversity on long-term forest biomass under three different climate change scenarios (video abstract: https://www.pik-potsdam.de/~billing/video/2023/video_abstract_billing_et_al_LPJmLFIT.mp4). Four model set-ups were tested with varying degrees of functional diversity and best-suited functional traits. Our results show that functional diversity positively influences long-term forest biomass, particularly when climate warming is low (RCP2.6). Under these conditions, high-diversity simulations led to an approximately 18.2% increase in biomass compared to low-diversity experiments. However, as climate change intensity increased, the benefits of functional diversity diminished (RCP8.5). A Bayesian multilevel analysis revealed that both full leaf trait diversity and diversity of plant functional types contributed significantly to biomass enhancement under low warming scenarios in our model simulations. Under strong climate change, the presence of a mixture of different functional groups (e.g. summergreen and evergreen broad-leaved trees) was found more beneficial than the diversity of leaf traits within a functional group (e.g. broad-leaved summergreen trees). Ultimately, this research challenges the notion that planting only the most productive and climate-suited trees guarantees the highest future biomass and carbon sequestration. We underscore the importance of high functional diversity and the potential benefits of fostering a mixture of tree functional types to enhance long-term forest biomass in the face of climate change.
    Language: English
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: Wheat production in Kazakhstan is fundamentally contributing to food security in Central Asia and beyond. It gained even more importance after recent spikes in global food prices in 2022. Therefore, timely and reliable estimates of Kazakh wheat production are important for food security planning and management. In this study, we developed a statistical weather-driven crop model that can successfully hindcast wheat yields at the oblast level up to two months before the harvest. The hindcast of wheat yields for 1993 to 2021 produces a median R2 of 0.69 for the full model run and R2 values of 0.60 and 0.37 for two levels of out-of-sample validations, respectively. Based on these yield estimates we provide a robust hindcast of the total wheat production for Kazakhstan with R2 values between 0.86 and 0.73. We forecast total wheat production in Kazakhstan for 2022 to be 12.4 million tonnes and the average yield to be 0.96 tonnes per hectare, which is 5 % above the production and yield of 2021 (assuming equal areas). The statistical model is run with publicly available weather and yield data and requires low computational power, making it easily replicable. The forecast model can be used as a replenishment to currently applied forecasting methods supporting countries in Central Asia to meet their food demand.
    Language: English
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: Where annual layers are found in stalagmites, these can be used to provide insights into palaeoclimate. Sebastian F.M. Breitenbach and Norbert Marwan present a low-cost and high-resolution method for acquisition and analysis of greyscale data from speleothems by means of the free open-source ImageJ software.
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: Lack of nitrogen limits food production in poor countries while excessive nitrogen use in industrial countries has led to transgression of the planetary boundary. However, the potential of spatial redistribution of nitrogen input for food security when returning to the safe boundary has not been quantified in a robust manner. Using an emulator of a global gridded crop model ensemble, we found that redistribution of current nitrogen input to major cereals among countries can double production in the most food insecure countries, while increasing global production of these crops by 12% with no notable regional loss or reducing the nitrogen input to the current production by one third. Redistribution of the input within the boundary increased production by 6–8% compared to the current relative distribution, increasing production in the food insecure countries by two thirds. Our findings provide georeferenced guidelines for redistributing nitrogen use to enhance food security while safeguarding the planet.
    Language: English
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: On the path to climate neutrality, global production locations and trade patterns of basic materials might change due to the heterogeneous availability of renewable electricity. Here we estimate the ‘renewables pull’, which is the energy-cost savings, for varying depths of relocation for three key tradable energy-intensive industrial commodities: steel, urea and ethylene. For an electricity-price difference of €40 MWh−1, we find respective relocation savings of 18%, 32% and 38%, which might, despite soft factors in the private sector, lead to green relocation. Conserving today’s production patterns by shipping hydrogen is substantially costlier, whereas trading intermediate products could save costs while keeping substantial value creation in renewable-scarce importing regions. In renewable-scarce regions, a societal debate on macroeconomic, industrial and geopolitical implications is needed, potentially resulting in selective policies of green-relocation protection.
    Language: English
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: Climate models are vital for understanding and projecting global climate change and its associated impacts. However, these models suffer from biases that limit their accuracy in historical simulations and the trustworthiness of future projections. Addressing these challenges requires addressing internal variability, hindering the direct alignment between model simulations and observations, and thwarting conventional supervised learning methods. Here, we employ an unsupervised Cycle-consistent Generative Adversarial Network (CycleGAN), to correct daily Sea Surface Temperature (SST) simulations from the Community Earth System Model 2 (CESM2). Our results reveal that the CycleGAN not only corrects climatological biases but also improves the simulation of major dynamic modes including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole mode, as well as SST extremes. Notably, it substantially corrects climatological SST biases, decreasing the globally averaged Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) by 58%. Intriguingly, the CycleGAN effectively addresses the well-known excessive westward bias in ENSO SST anomalies, a common issue in climate models that traditional methods, like quantile mapping, struggle to rectify. Additionally, it substantially improves the simulation of SST extremes, raising the pattern correlation coefficient (PCC) from 0.56 to 0.88 and lowering the RMSE from 0.5 to 0.32. This enhancement is attributed to better representations of interannual, intraseasonal, and synoptic scales variabilities. Our study offers a novel approach to correct global SST simulations and underscores its effectiveness across different time scales and primary dynamical modes.
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity. To date, these boundaries have mostly been investigated separately, and it is unclear whether breaching one boundary can lead to the transgression of another. By employing a dynamic global vegetation model, we systematically simulate the strength and direction of the effects of different transgression levels of the climate change boundary (using climate output from ten CMIP6 models for CO2 levels ranging from 350 ppm to 1000 ppm). We focus on climate change-induced shifts of Earth’s major forest biomes, the control variable for the land-system change boundary, both by the end of this century and, to account for the long-term legacy effect, by the end of the millennium. Our simulations show that while staying within the 350 ppm climate change boundary co-stabilizes the land-system change boundary, breaching it (〉450 ppm) leads to its critical transgression with greater severity, the higher the ppm level rises and the more time passes. Specifically, this involves a poleward treeline shift, boreal forest dieback (nearly completely within its current area under extreme climate scenarios), competitive expansion of temperate forest into today’s boreal zone, and a slight tropical forest extension. These interacting changes also affect other planetary boundaries (freshwater change and biosphere integrity) and provide feedback to the climate change boundary itself. Our quantitative process-based study highlights the need for interactions to be studied for a systemic operationalization of the framework.
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  • 98
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    In:  Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: This paper looks into the crucial macroeconomic feedback mechanisms emerging from the interplay among the goods market, the labor market, the financial sector, and monetary policy, particularly in the context of transitioning towards a climate-neutral economy. The investment decisions of firms, pivotal in this interaction, can trigger feedback loops with potentially destabilizing effects, underscoring the critical role of investment within the complex interplay of market and sector dynamics in the macroeconomy. Governmental intervention is highlighted as a key factor in steering the green transition while preserving economic stability. A carbon tax on fossil fuel consumption is proposed as a primary tool for facilitating this green transition. Our investigation employs a disequilibrium model of monetary growth, a la Keynes-Metzler-Goodwin (KMG), incorporating a portfolio perspective across three asset markets - money, bonds, and stocks. This framework allows for an in-depth analysis of how a carbon tax influences real production, inflation, and inequality during the transition. Our findings indicate that imposing a carbon tax on production does not markedly disrupt economic stability, as long as the carbon pricing and its growth rate remain within low bounds.
    Language: English
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: We utilize a global warming level (GWL) lens to evaluate global and regional patterns of agricultural impacts as global surface temperature increases, providing a unique perspective on the experience of stakeholders with continued warming in the 21st century. We analyze crop productivity outputs from 11 crop models simulating 5 climate models under 3 emissions scenarios across 4 crops within the AgMIP/ISIMIP Phase 3 ensemble. We categorize regional productivity changes (without adaptation) into 9 characteristic climate change response patterns, identifying consistent increases and decreases as well as non-linear (peak or dip) responses indicative of inflection points reversing trends as GWLs increase. Many maize regions and pockets of wheat, rice and soybean show peak decrease patterns where initial increases may lull stakeholders into complacency or maladaptation before productivity shifts to losses at higher GWLs. Although the GWL perspective has proven useful in connecting diverse climate models and emissions scenarios, we identify multiple pitfalls that recommend proceeding with caution when applying this approach to climate impacts. Chief among these is that carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations at any GWL depend on a climate model's transient climate response (TCR). Higher CO2 concentrations generally benefit crop productivity, so this leads to more pessimistic agricultural projections for so-called “hot” models and can skew multi-model ensemble results as models with high TCR are disproportionately likely to reach higher GWLs. While there are strong connections between many climatic impact-drivers and GWLs, vulnerability and exposure components of food system risk are strongly dependent on development pathways.
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: Chapter 6 presents an introduction and sections on: earth system analysis from a nonlinear physics perspective; physics fields with relevance for energy technologies; towards green cities: the role of transport electrification; environmental safety; understanding and predicting space weather
    Language: English
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