ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: In diesem Bestimmungsatlas werden 61 transparente Schwerminerale, die in Sedimenten vorkommen können, ausführlich beschrieben und jeweils auf einem oder mehreren Farbfotos abgebildet. Das Buch ist damit ein einzigartiges Hilfsmittel bei der mikroskopischen Bestimmung. Der einleitende Teil behandelt die Grundlagen der Schwermineralanalyse: gebräuchliche Labormethoden und Hilfsmittel, Faktoren, die die Schwermineralvergesellschaftungen in Sedimenten beeinflussen und Schlüsse, die sich aus den gefundenen Schwermineralspektren ziehen lassen.

Description / Table of Contents: Lacustrine Petroleum Source Rocks is a collection of papers arising from a meeting held at the Geology Society, London, in September 1985. The meeting was organized by the IGCP Project 219, ‘Comparative lacustrine sedimentology in space and time’, and the Petroleum Group of the Geological Society. Organic-rich lacustrine sediments, potential sources of oil and/or gas, represent a group of lacustrine sediments whose interpretation is not only intellectually challenging but whose subsurface prediction, in terms of location, nature and lateral variation, is economically important. The papers in this volume represent an attempt to bring together synthesized concepts, techniques and real examples in order to provide ideas for both interpretation and prediction. Petroleum source rocks deposited in lakes have come more into focus over recent years as petroleum exploration has shifted to new areas and as more detailed analysis of known petroleum provinces has become an exploration necessity. New areas include the multifarious basins of onshore China, for instance as described in this volume by Fu Jiamo et al., Brassell et al., Wang Tieguan et al. and Luo Binjie et al, and the rift basins of Africa (e.g. Sudan: Schull 1984; Frostick et al. 1986). Lacustrine sources of petroleum must also be accounted for in some established petroleum provinces ranging from passive margin sequences, such as offshore Gabon (e.g. Brice et al. 1980), to the North Sea (e.g. Duncan & Hamilton, this volume). Lacustrine source rocks are often unsampled, being among the first deposits of a syn-rift sequence, in which case evidence for...

Description / Table of Contents: Unlike sedimentation and volcanism, active metamorphism is not directly observable. Metamorphic petrologists therefore must infer what constitutes the process of metamorphism by examining the products of metamorphic events. The purpose of this volume is to review the use of a powerful probe into metamorphic process: mineral assemblages and the composition of minerals. Put very simply, this volume attempts to answer the question: "What can we learn about metamorphism through the study of minerals in metamorphic rocks?" It is not an encyclopedic summary of metamorphic mineral assemblages; instead it attempts to present basic research strategies and examples of their application. Moreover, in order to limit and unify the subject matter, it concentrates on the chemical aspects of metamorphism and regrettably ignores other important kinds of studies of metamorphic rocks and minerals conducted by structural geologists, structural petrologists, and geophysicists. An overview of the chemical aspects of modern metamorphic petrology is timely because it brings together three areas of research which have reached maturity only in the last 25 years: (1) chemical analysis of minerals by microanalytical techniques; (2) application of reversible and irreversible thermodynamics to petrology; and (3) laboratory phase equilibrium experiments involving metamorphic minerals. Chemical thermodynamics is the formal mathematical framework which links measurable variables (i.e., mineral composition) to metamorphic variables which cannot be directly measured (i.e., chemical potential, pressure, temperature, fluid composition). Results of phase equilibrium studies involving metamorphic minerals at metamorphic pressures and temperatures (together with calorimetric and heat capacity data) permit these links to be quantitative. It is the union of analysis, theory, and laboratory experiment which allows the modern metamorphic petrologist to make sophisticated inferences about conditions of metamorphism and the factors which control these conditions. This union is the principal subject of the volume. The volume is organized much in the same way that one might approach a research project involving metamorphic rocks. Initially those chemical components which characterize the composition of minerals in the assemblages under consideration must be identified. In addition, the reaction relationships among components must be systematically characterized. The reaction relationships rationalize the prograde changes in mineralogy which rocks experience during metamorphism and, furthermore, form the basis for extracting information about intensive variables during metamorphism. Chapters 1-3 summarize strategies for identifying components in metamorphic minerals and for formulating chemical reactions among them. Chapter 4 develops, from classical thermodynamics, those equations which can be used to explicitly relate mineral composition to other variables of interest such as metamorphic pressure, temperature, and chemical potentials of volatile species in any metamorphic fluid phase. Chapter 5 is specifically devoted to geologic thermometry and barometry, and Chapter 6 reviews strategies for the determination of metamorphic fluid composition. Petrologists should not be content with simply calculating and cataloguing values of metamorphic pressure, temperature, and fluid composition. In order to characterize the process of metamorphism, we must try to understand what controls these measured values and the manner in which they evolve during metamorphism both as rocks are heated and buried and as rocks are cooled and uplifted. Chapter 7 explores how two concepts buffering and infiltration -- can act as general controls on fluid composition, mineral composition, and temperature during metamorphic events. In addition, this chapter develops procedures which can be used to evaluate the relative importance of buffering versus infiltration in the evolution of specific rocks. Chapter 8 demonstrates how integrated petrologic and stable isotope studies may be used, in principle, to reconstruct the prograde pressure-temperature-infiltration history of metamorphic rocks. Chapter 9 discusses the use of mineral inclusions and compositional zoning in minerals in evaluating both prograde and post-peak P-T paths of certain mineral assemblages. In addition, compositional zoning is considered as an indicator of cooling rates during post-peak uplift. Thus between Chapter I and Chapter 9 we go from the first step of describing a metamorphic mineral assemblage through a reconstruction of the physical state in which it crystallized to an analysis of what factors controlled that state and how it evolved with time. The contents of the volume reflect two themes which underlie modern research in metamorphic petrology. The first of these is an ever-increasing emphasis on the quantitative characterization of metamorphism. Current research less involves description and classification than calculation of intensive and extensive variables attained during metatamorphism. This volume hopefully serves as a text in the quantitative study of the chemical aspects of metamorphism. As a corollary to the emphasis placed on quantitative methods, we can see increasing attention paid to analytical as opposed to graphical treatments of mineral equilibria. Graphical representations, while undeniably valuable, can consider two (or at most three) independent variables. Analytical treatment of mineral equilibria is attractive because it rigorously keeps track of all variables pertinent to an equilibrium assemblage. The second theme is an increasing interest in the dynamics of metamorphism. Metamorphism obviously is not a static process -- it involves changes in pressure, temperature, mineral and fluid composition, etc. The classical static approach to quantitative metamorphic petrology, though, searches for the physical conditions of a unique pressure-temperature state which a rock or mineral assemblage records. Mineral equilibria are used to estimate single values of pressure, temperature, and fluid composition -- a sort of snapshot of what conditions were like. If mineral assemblages indeed represent a fossilized metamorphic state, then calculated P, T, Xi' however, simply represent a single point along the P-T-Xi-time path which a rock followed during metamorphism. Chapters 2, 7, 8, and 9 reflect an increasing interest among petrologists in the entire P-T-Xi-time path (or at least in more than one point along it). We can expect to see less satisfaction in the future with the snapshot model of metamorphism and more effort devoted to characterizing metamorphism as a dynamic process. Thus the volume not only summarizes time-honored current practices in quantitative metamorphic petrology, but hopefully also identifies some paths which may be followed in the future.

Description / Table of Contents: The ocean basins provide a unique opportunity to investigate magmatic processes and mantle composition. The absence of continental crust as a potential contaminant provides an untarnished sample of the deep earth although a full understanding of the messages carried in the sample is still far away. In 1987, a meeting was convened by The Geological Society at Leicester University to review recent advances and research, and this volume contains nineteen of the papers presented at the meeting. The volume is intended primarily for research workers and final-year undergraduate students specializing in igneous petrology and geochemistry. The papers represent aspects of ocean basin magmatism not previously collected within one cover, and many of them are state-of-theart studies of this highly topical subject, which is now being further explored by the OceanDrilling Program.

Description / Table of Contents: Tropical deserts have existed sporodically on our planet from the Precambrian to the Present, and seem not to have been a permanent feature of its surface (Glennie 1987). Depending on their definition, tropical deserts and semi-deserts currently occupy between approximately one fifth and one third of the Earth’s land surface, of which only about 4% is covered by that popular concept of what a desert consists of—sand dunes. The remaining area comprises barren rock (both hill and plateau) with a variable cover of sediments transported by ephemeral streams (wadis, arroyos) to form the deposits at the terminal points of these streams. Varying with the ratio of water supply to the annual potential rate of evaporation, those terminal areas may be occupied by desert lakes that are generally of a temporary nature (permanent only if the water is provided from beyond the margins of the desert or is fed by groundwater), and become more saline as they become desiccated. The end product of such a situation is a salina or sabkha (area of sand, silt or clay, commonly encrusted with halite). There is no universally accepted definition of a desert. In its simplest form it can be defined as a barren tract of land over which rainfall is too limited or spasmodic to support vegetation adequately. Very few desert areas are completely devoid of vegetation, and many areas that fall within a desert in terms of average annual rainfall may have an even though sparse cover of plants that have adapted to the relatively arid environment in which they live. In this context, some writers define deserts as areas that have an average upper limit of 250 mm of annual rainfall, even though it may all fall in one storm and rainfall may not recur for several years. Perhaps more important than the rainfall itself is the ratio between it and the potential rate of evaporation—the aridity or desiccation factor. This is about 1:10 in some parts of the Australian Desert and up to 1:500 in areas of the Sahara (Cooke & Warren 1973).

Description / Table of Contents: "...represents a timely and welcome contribution to the field as it comprises semi-review articles dealing with magma generation and break-up processes, as well as syntheses from selected examples of CFB provinces. In addition there are several case studies (both geochemical and geophysical) which examine specific issues in detail. Even in isolation many of these articles are exceptionally useful, either as distillations of current thinking, or as new contributions of ideas and~or data. Together, however, they combine to create a comprehensive volume covering much of our present understanding.., of the causal relationships between lithospheric extension, rifting, thermal anomalies and magmatism. 'Janet Hergt in Chemical Geology, vol. 109, p356 '...should be within reach of all geoscientists seriously interested in continental flood volcanism and mechanisms of continental break-up. It provides a fascinating picture of the current state of knowledge of continental break-up on a global scale and highlights the complexity of the driving forces of break-up and the origins of associated basaltic rocks... In general, this is an important book which provides a solid foundation for developing understanding of modern continental rift tectonics and for the interpretation of continental rift geology and magmatism in the geological record. Every university geology library should buy it.' G. Wheller in Australian Geologist No 88, p41 '...breadth of subject matter, the diversity of the authors and the speed of publication all conspire to make this an excellent 'research in progress' volume. This is not a collection of similar papers reporting a consensual view, but a far more useful picture of the state of the art. In particular, it covers both the well-known examples of continent break-up apparently related to 'plume' magmatism, as well as examples where break-up manifestly has nothing to do with hot upwellings... This book should be in every library of Earth Science.' D. Pyle in Geological Magazine, vol. 131, p732 '...provides a wealth of information and stimulating ideas for geologists interested in breakup tectonics, magmatism and stratigraphy.., should be a required acquisition for university and research libraries.' Warren Manspeizer in Earth Science Reviews, vol. 35, p327

Description / Table of Contents: This volume is a collection of papers to celebrate the life and work of Professor lan Gass. The research themes cover many of the subjects which most interested him, especially processes operating in oceanic crust. The introductory papers examine evolution of magmas from mantle melting to eruption. A central section concerns ophiolite complexes. Several papers focus on different aspects of the Troodos ophiolite complex in Cyprus, where lan first recognized that sheeted dykes within the ophiolite sequence must have formed in an oceanic spreading environment. In addition, ophiolites ,are reviewed and examined in terms of tectonics, magmatic and mantle textures, metallogenesis and hydrothermal alteration. A further section concentrates on tectonics and the genesis of magmas associated with collision and subduction. This contrasts with continental rifting and the effects of mantle plumes. This collection of papers covers a broad range of topics from processes in the mantle to those in the oceanic crust. The volume will be of interest to all scientists concerned with igneous processes and global tectonics.

Description / Table of Contents: Grains: Quartz and silica -- Monocrystalline -- Polycrystalline -- Feldspars -- Plagioclase -- Potassium feldspars -- Rock fragments -- Sedimentary rock fragments -- Metamorphic rock fragments -- Igneous rock fragments -- Accessory minerals -- Light minerals: Muscovite ; Biotite ; Chlorite -- Ultrastable heavy minerals: Zircon, tourmaline and rutile -- Intermediate-stability heavy minerals: Apatite ; Epidote ; Zoisite and clinozoisite ; Garnet ; Kyanite ; Monzonite, sillimanite and staurolite ; Titanite -- Unstable heavy minerals: Amphibole, pyroxene and olivine -- Opaque minerals -- Associated detrital grains and rocks: Carbonate grains ; Siliceous grains and rocks ; Phosphatic grains and rocks ; Organic grains and rocks ; Evaporite grains and rocks ; Green marine clays and rocks ; Green marine clays and ironstones ; Iron-rich grains and iron formations ; Tuffaceous deposits -- Texture and classification: Sand and sandstone textures -- Sandstone classification -- Mudrocks: Siltstones, mudstones, claystones and shales -- Diagenesis: Synsedimentary and surficial diagenetic features -- Compaction -- Cementation: Introduction. Quartz and silica ; Quartz overgrowths ; Polycrystalline quartz cements ; Amorphous silica cements -- Cementation: Feldspars -- Cementation: Clays ; Chamosite ; Glauconite ; Kaolinite/dickite ; Smectite and illite/smectite ; Illite/sericite ; Chlorite -- Cementation: Zeolites -- Cementation: Carbonates ; Calcite ; Siderite ; Dolomite ; Ankerite -- Cementation: Sulfates and halides ; Gypsum ; Anhydrite ; Barite ; Celestite and halite -- Cementation: Iron oxides and sulfides -- Cementation: Other cements -- Dissolution -- Replacement and recrystallization: Feldspars ; Carbonates ; Sulfates ; Other -- Deformation features -- Other topics: Porosity -- Paragenesis -- Emerging techniques

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Physical properties of magma; 3. Intrusion of magma; 4. Forms of igneous bodies; 5. Cooling of igneous bodies and other diffusion processes; 6. Classification of igneous rocks; 7. Introduction to thermodynamics; 8. Free energy and phase equilibria; 9. Thermodynamics of solutions; 10. Phase equilibria in igneous systems; 11. Effects of volatiles on melt equilibria; 12. Crystal growth; 13. Isotope geochemistry related to petrology; 14. Magmatic processes; 15. Igneous rock associations; 16. Metamorphism and metamorphic facias; 17. Deformation and textures of metamorphic rocks; 18. Graphic analysis of metamorphic mineral assemblages; 19. Geothermometry, geobarometry, and mineral reactions among solid solutions; 20. Mineral reactions involving H2O and CO2; 21. Material transport during metamorphism; 22. Pressure-temperature-time paths and heat transfer during metamorphism; 23. Origin of rocks

Description / Table of Contents: "Physical Properties of Rocks - a Workbook" is a symbiosis of a brief description of physical fundamentals of rock properties (based on typical experimental results and relevant theories and models) with a guide for practical use of different theoretical concepts. For this purpose a companion web site contains a selection of model based equations in excel worksheets for practical application and training by the user to work with his own data or to "play" in order to demonstrate the effects of various input information and to demonstrate the effects of various input information in petrophysical work. In two special chapters the problem of relationships between petrophysical parameters based on various model concepts is presented as a foundation for combined interpretation. This part also contains the author's 'structured model'. The workbook is a result of the more than 40 years experience of the author in teaching at universities and industrial courses. It presents all practical relevant properties of rock in one volume. It offers experimental and theoretical fundamentals in a systematic framework. It gives special focus on relationships between properties. - Contents: 1. Rocks - their classification and composition Overview, Introduction Igneous (magmatic) rocks Metamorphic rocks Sedimentary rocks 2. Pore space properties Overview, Introduction Porosity Specific internal surface Fluids in the pore space - the term "saturation" Permeability Wettability Fluid distribution - capillary pressure in a reservoir 3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) petrophysical properties Physical origin, the principle of a NMR-measurement Description of the relaxation process (longitudinal and transverse relaxation) NMR Relaxation mechanisms of fluids in pores and fluid-surface effects Bulk relaxation and surface relaxation Diffusion-induced relaxation Description of relaxation as a multi-exponential decay - data inversion Applications Porosity and pore volume partitioning Pore size, capillary pressure and permeability estimate Fluid (hydrocarbon) typing 4 Density Definition and units Density of rock constituents Density of rocks 5 .Nuclear/Radioactive Properties Fundamentals Natural radioactivity Origin of natural gamma radiation Potassium, Uranium, and Thorium in minerals Potassium, uranium, and thorium content of rocks Spectral and integral measurements - the API unit Applications Radioactive heat generation Gamma Interactions Fundamentals Gamma-Gamma-PE measurement for mineral identification Gamma-Gamma-Density measurement and porosity estimate Neutron interactions Fundamentals Porosity from neutron measurements 6. Elastic Properties Fundamentals Results of experimental investigations, empirical equations Rock constituents Velocity of igneous and metamorphic rocks Velocity of sedimentary rocks Relationships between Vp and Vs - the Castagna equation AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) - basic principles and link to physical properties Anisotropy Theories Overview Bounds for elastic moduli: Voigt, Reuss and Hashin-Shtrikman bounds Sphere pack models nclusion models A simpified model for fractured rocks Gassman and Biot model - modelling of fluid effects The problem of multiphase pore fluids Inelastic properties - attenuation of elastic waves Overview, definition and units Absorption of elastic waves in rocks - overview Absorption of seismic waves in igneous rocks Absorption of seismic waves in sedimentary rocks Absorption mechanisms . 7 . Electrical properties Fundamentals Electrical properties of rock components Minerals - solid components Pore fluids Specific electrical resistivity of Rocks Overview The specific electrical resistivity of porous clean rocks - Archies equations Partial water saturation Archie - rocks: Theories and models Sheet models Inclusion models Capillary models Shaly sands Introduction - The Shaly Sand Problem Laminated Shaly Sands - the Poupon Equation Dispersed Shaly Sand - the Waxman-Smits Equation Dual Water Model Simandoux Equation (1963) Indonesia Equation Comparison of some shaly sand equations Dielectric properties of rocks Conduction and Polarization - the complex nature of the two processes Experimental results - the real component of permittivity Theories and models Spectral Induced Polarization Basic mechanisms Traditional parameters of IP measurements IP in ore containing rocks IP in porous rocks 8. Thermal Properties Thermal properties of minerals and pore contents Thermal properties of rocks - experimental data Overview Thermal properties of magmatic and metamorphic rocks Sedimentary rocks Some notes about thermal expansion Theories and models Sheet models - series and parallel model Sheet models - modifications and comparable mixing rules Inclusion models 9. Magnetic properties Basics and units Magnetic properties of rock constituents Magnetic properties of rocks Overview - Rock Magnetization Susceptibility range for rock types - induced magnetization Correlations between susceptibility and content of magnetic substances Natural remanent magnetization (NRM) 10. Geomechanical properties Overview, Introduction Classification parameters Fundamental geomechanical properties and processes Correlation between static and dynamic moduli Correlation between geophysical properties and strength properties 11. Relationships between petrophysical properties - fundamentals of combined interpretation Introduction and motivation Empirical equations Relationships based on sheet models Fundamentals of combined interpretation volume based models Determination of volumetric rock composition (mineral fractions, porosity) of porous rocks - 12. Model with internal structure and bonding properties The concept of a "structured model" Porosity Electrical properties - resistivity Elastic wave velocities General equation Discussion of the "porosity-factor" Discussion of the "contact elasticity-factor" Change of structure and bonding Strength properties - a relationship between velocity and strength

Description / Table of Contents: Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks presents a large number of diagrams showing the stability relations among minerals and groups of minerals found in metamorphic rocks. The diagrams help to determine the pressure and temperature conditions under which a given set of metamorphic rocks may have formed. Other parameters that control metamorphic mineral assemblages are also discussed and pitfalls resulting from simplifications and generalizations are highlighted. The book discusses the most common metamorphic rock types, their nomenclature, structure and graphical representation of their mineral assemblages. Part I defines basic principles of metamorphism, introduces metamorphic processes, geologic thermometry and barometry and defines metamorphic grade. Part II presents in a systematic way mineralogical changes and assemblages found in the most common types of metamorphic rocks. The computation of diagrams is based on recent advances in quantitative petrology and geochemistry. An extensive bibliography, including the key contributions and classic papers in the field, make it an invaluable source book for graduate students and professional geologists.

Description / Table of Contents: The subduction zone volatile cycle is key to understanding the petrogenesis, transport, storage and eruption of arc magmas. Volatiles control the flux of slab components into the mantle wedge, are responsible for melt generation through lowering the solidi of mantle materials and influence the crystallizing phase assemblages in the overriding crust. Further, the rates and extents of degassing during magma storage and decompression affect magma rheology, ultimately control eruption style and have consequences for the environmental impact of explosive arc volcanism. This book highlights recent progress in constraining the role of volatiles in magmatic processes. Individual book sections are devoted to tracing volatiles from the subducting slab to the overriding crust, their role in subvolcanic processes and eruption triggering, as well as magmatic-hydrothermal systems and volcanic degassing. For the first time, all aspects of the overarching theme of volatile cycling are covered in detail within a single volume.

Description / Table of Contents: Die von der Agentur Enerchange herausgegebene Publikation umfasst 19 Expertenbeiträge, die einen fundierten Überblick über wesentliche Aspekte der Entwicklung von Geothermieprojekten geben. Als Kooperationspartner konnte der GtV-Bundesverband Geothermie gewonnen werden.

Description / Table of Contents: Petroleum geoscience comprises those geoscientific disciplines which are of greatest significance for the exploration and recovery of oil and gas. These include petroleum geology, of which sedimentary geology is the main foundation along with the contextual and modifying principles of regional, tectonic and structural geology. Additionally, biostratigraphy and micropalaeontology, organic geochemistry, and geophysical exploration and production techniques are all important tools for petroleum geoscientists