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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Carbonate sedimentology and petrology (1989)
    Washington, DC : American Geophysical Union
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: 9/M 92.1389
    In: Short course in geology
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: vii, 160 Seiten , Diagramme
    ISBN: 0875907008
    Series Statement: Short course in geology 4
    Classification:
    Petrology, Petrography
    Language: English
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    A color guide to the petrography of sandstones, siltstones, shales and associated rocks (2014)
    Tulsa, OK : American Association of Petroleum Geologists
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: 9/S 90.0096(109)
    In: AAPG memoir
    Description / Table of Contents: Grains: Quartz and silica -- Monocrystalline -- Polycrystalline -- Feldspars -- Plagioclase -- Potassium feldspars -- Rock fragments -- Sedimentary rock fragments -- Metamorphic rock fragments -- Igneous rock fragments -- Accessory minerals -- Light minerals: Muscovite ; Biotite ; Chlorite -- Ultrastable heavy minerals: Zircon, tourmaline and rutile -- Intermediate-stability heavy minerals: Apatite ; Epidote ; Zoisite and clinozoisite ; Garnet ; Kyanite ; Monzonite, sillimanite and staurolite ; Titanite -- Unstable heavy minerals: Amphibole, pyroxene and olivine -- Opaque minerals -- Associated detrital grains and rocks: Carbonate grains ; Siliceous grains and rocks ; Phosphatic grains and rocks ; Organic grains and rocks ; Evaporite grains and rocks ; Green marine clays and rocks ; Green marine clays and ironstones ; Iron-rich grains and iron formations ; Tuffaceous deposits -- Texture and classification: Sand and sandstone textures -- Sandstone classification -- Mudrocks: Siltstones, mudstones, claystones and shales -- Diagenesis: Synsedimentary and surficial diagenetic features -- Compaction -- Cementation: Introduction. Quartz and silica ; Quartz overgrowths ; Polycrystalline quartz cements ; Amorphous silica cements -- Cementation: Feldspars -- Cementation: Clays ; Chamosite ; Glauconite ; Kaolinite/dickite ; Smectite and illite/smectite ; Illite/sericite ; Chlorite -- Cementation: Zeolites -- Cementation: Carbonates ; Calcite ; Siderite ; Dolomite ; Ankerite -- Cementation: Sulfates and halides ; Gypsum ; Anhydrite ; Barite ; Celestite and halite -- Cementation: Iron oxides and sulfides -- Cementation: Other cements -- Dissolution -- Replacement and recrystallization: Feldspars ; Carbonates ; Sulfates ; Other -- Deformation features -- Other topics: Porosity -- Paragenesis -- Emerging techniques
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XVI, 526 Seiten , Ill. , 1 DVD-ROM
    ISBN: 0891813896 , 9780891813897
    Series Statement: AAPG Memoir 109
    Classification:
    Petrology, Petrography
    Language: English
    Note: GrainsChapter 1: Quartz and silica - Monocrystalline - Polycrystalline -- Chapter 2: Feldspars - Plagioclase - Potassium feldspars -- Chapter 3: Rock fragments - Sedimentary rock fragments - Metamorphic rock fragments - Igneous rock fragments -- Chapter 4: Accessory minerals - Light minerals: Muscovite - Biotite - Chlorite ; Ultrastable heavy minerals: Zircon, tourmaline and rutile ; Intermediate-stability heavy minerals: Apatite - Epidote - Zoisite and clinozoisite - Garnet - Kyanite - Monzonite, sillimanite and staurolite - Titanite ; Unstable heavy minerals: Amphibole, pyroxene and olivine ; Opaque minerals -- Chapter 5: Associated detrital grains and rocks: Carbonate grains - Siliceous grains and rocks - Phosphatic grains and rocks - Organic grains and rocks - Evaporite grains and rocks - Green marine clays and rocks - Green marine clays and ironstones - Iron-rich grains and iron formations - Tuffaceous deposits.. , Texture and ClassificationChapter 6: Sand and sandstone textures -- Chapter 7: Sandstone classification.. , MudrocksChapter 8: Siltstones, mudstones, claystones and shales.. , DiagenesisChapter 9: Synsedimentary and surficial diagenetic features -- Chapter 10: Compaction -- Chapter 11: Cementation - Introduction / Quartz and silica - Quartz overgrowths - Polycrystalline quartz cements - Amorphous silica cements -- Chapter 12: Cementation - Feldspars -- Chapter 13: Cementation - Clays - Chamosite - Glauconite - Kaolinite/dickite - Smectite and illite/smectite - Illite/sericite - Chlorite -- Chapter 14: Cementation - Zeolites -- Chapter 15: Cementation - Carbonates - Calcite - Siderite - Dolomite - Ankerite -- Chapter 16: Cementaton - Sulfates and halides - Gypsum - Anhydrite - Barite - Celestite and halite -- Chapter 17: Cementation - Iron oxides and sulfides -- Chapter 18: Cementation - Other cements -- Chapter 19: Dissolution -- Chapter 20: Replacement and recrystallization - Feldspars - Carbonates - Sulfates - Other -- Chapter 21: Deformation features.. , Other topicsChapter 22: Porosity -- Chapter 23: Paragenesis -- Chapter 24: Emerging techniques..
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  • 3
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Aspects of diagenesis : based on symposia, sponsored by the Eastern and by the Rocky Mountain Sections, The Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (1979)
    Tulsa, Okla.
    Details Availability
    Call number: G 8011
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 443 S.
    Series Statement: Special publication 26
    Location: Upper compact magazine
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dolomitization of the Capitan Formation forereef facies (Permian, west Texas and New Mexico): seepage reflux revisited (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Sedimentology 49 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Interpretation of seepage reflux dolomitization is commonly restricted to intervals containing evaporites even though several workers have modelled reflux of mesosaline brines. This study looked at the partially dolomitized forereef facies of the Capitan Formation to test the extent of reflux dolomitization and evaluate the possible role of the near-backreef mesosaline carbonate lagoon as an alternative source of dolomitizing fluids. The Capitan Formation forereef facies ranges from 10% to 90% dolomite. Most of the dolomite is fabric preserving and formed during early burial after marine cementation, before and/or during evaporite cementation and before stylolitization. Within the forereef facies, dolomite follows depositional units, with debris-flow and grain-flow deposits the most dolomitized and turbidity-current deposits the least. The amount of dolomite increases with stratigraphic age and decreases downslope. Within the reef facies, dolomite is restricted to haloes around fractures and primary cavities except where the reef facies lacks marine cements and, in contrast, is completely dolomitized. This dolomite distribution supports dolomitization by sinking fluids. Oxygen isotopic values for fabric-preserving dolomite (δ18O = 0·9 ± 1·0‰, N = 101) support dolomitization by sea water to isotopically enriched sea water. These values are closer to the near-backreef dolomite (δ18O = 2·1 ± 0·7‰, N = 48) than the hypersaline backreef dolomite (δ18O = 3·6 ± 0·9‰, N = 11). Therefore, the fabric-preserving dolomite is consistent with dolomitization during seepage reflux of mainly mesosaline brines derived from the near-backreef carbonate lagoon. The occurrence of mesosaline brine reflux in the Capitan Formation has important implications for dolomitization in forereef facies and elsewhere. First, any area with a restricted carbonate lagoon may be dolomitized by refluxing brines even if there are no evaporite facies present. Secondly, such brines may travel significant distances vertically provided permeable pathways (such as fractures) are present. Therefore, the absence of immediately overlying evaporite or restricted facies is not sufficient cause to eliminate reflux dolomitization from consideration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2002.00492.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Late-stage calcites in the Permian Capitan Formation and its equivalents, Delaware Basin margin, west Texas and New Mexico: evidence for replacement of precursor evaporites (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 39 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Comparison of Upper Guadalupian fore-reef, reef and back-reef strata from outcrops in the Guadalupe Mountains with equivalent subsurface cores from the northern and eastern margins of the Delaware Basin indicates that extensive evaporite diagenesis has occurred in both areas. In both surface and subsurface sections, the original sediments were extensively dolomitized and most primary and secondary porosity was filled with anhydrite. These evaporites were emplaced by reflux of evaporitic fluids from shelf settings through solution-enlarged fractures and karstic sink holes into the underlying strata. Outcrop areas today, however, contain no preserved evaporites in reef and fore-reef sections and only partial remnants of evaporites are retained in back-reef settings. In their place, these rocks contain minor silica, very large volumes of coarse sparry calcite and some secondary porosity. The replacement minerals locally form pseudomorphs of their evaporite precursors and, less commonly, contain solid anhydrite inclusions.Some silicification, dissolution of anhydrite and conversion of anhydrite to gypsum have occurred in these strata where they are still buried at depths in excess of 1 km; however, no calcite replacements were noted from any subsurface core samples. Subsurface alteration has also led to the widespread, late-stage development of large- and small-scale dissolution breccias.The restriction of calcite cements to very near-surface sections, petrographic evidence that the calcites post-date hydrocarbon emplacement, and the highly variable but generally ‘light’carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures of the spars all indicate that calcite precipitation is a very late diagenetic (telogenetic) phenomenon. Evaporite dissolution and calcitization reactions have only taken place where Permian strata were flushed with meteoric fluids as a consequence of Tertiary uplift, tilting and breaching of regional hydrological seals. A typical sequence of alteration involves initial corrosion of anhydrite, one or more stages of hydration/dehydration during conversion to gypsum, dissolution of gypsum and precipitation of sparry calcite. Such evaporite dissolution and replacement processes are probably continuing today in near-outcrop as well as deeper settings.This study emphasizes the potential importance of telogenetic processes in evaporite diagenesis and in the precipitation of carbonate cements. The extensive mineralogical and petrophysical transformations which these strata have undergone during their uplift indicates that considerable caution must be exercised in using surface exposures to interpret subsurface reservoir parameters in evaporitic carbonate rocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb01035.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palaeokarst-influenced depositional and diagenetic patterns in Upper Permian carbonates and evaporites, Karstryggen area, central East Greenland (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 40 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The Karstryggen area of eastern Greenland represents the western edge of sedimentation in the Jameson Land Basin, an arm of the northern Zechstein seaway. Upper Permian strata of this area were deposited as two major sequences. The first marine incursion transgressed largely peneplaned Lower Permian strata and deposited thin, paralic conglomerates, sandstones and shales (the Huledal Formation) followed by a thick package of carbonates and evaporites (the Karstryggen Formation). Although the Karstryggen Formation represents the transgressive maximum of this sequence, it contains only marginal or restricted marine strata, including micritic, stromatolitic and peloidal carbonates and thick, but localized, bedded gypsum deposits. These lithofacies indicate that relatively arid climates prevailed in this basin, as in most of the Zechstein region.A major regression, associated with a change to a more humid climate, terminated Karstryggen sedimentation. Pre-existing evaporites and carbonates underwent diagenetic alteration, including widespread calcitization and dissolution of gypsum. More importantly, topographic relief in excess of 120 m was generated by fluvial drainage systems and karstic sinkholes.A second marine incursion, accompanied by a return to a semi-arid climate, drowned this high relief topography, producing a complex sequence of strata (the Wegener Halvø Formation) in which sedimentation was greatly influenced by the rugged underlying terrain. Marine cemented algal-molluscan grainstones draped pre-existing palaeotopography during the initial stages of flooding. Continued drowning led to differential sedimentation on ‘highs’ and in ‘lows’. Oolitic and bryozoan-brachiopod grainstones formed as shoals on the crests of most prominences, whereas shales, conglomeratic debris flows, evaporites, or oolitic turbidites were deposited in the lows. More restricted sedimentation took place in the westernmost areas which lay closest to the mainland shoreline and were situated to the west of a palaeotopographic ridge. There, oolitic, stromatolitic and evaporitic strata were deposited under hypersaline conditions indicative of a return to more arid climatic conditions.Three subcycles mark smaller scale relative changes of sea level that occurred during deposition of the Wegener Halvø Formation; they are delimited by regional surfaces with moderate relief (5–20 m) developed during subaerial exposure. Widespread diagenetic changes, including leaching of aragonitic grains, dissolution/collapse brecciation of evaporites and meteoric calcite cementation, occurred in association with these smaller scale sequence boundaries, again reflecting climatic oscillations.Relative sea level fluctuations, coupled with regional climate changes, played a dominant role in determining both depositional and diagenetic relations in these strata. These features undoubtedly extend into subsurface parts of this basin as well as into yet unexplored areas of the northern Zechstein Basin and Barents Shelf, and may have economic significance for the localization of hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1993.tb01368.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional setting and role of meteoric water in dolomite formation and diagenesis in an evaporite basin: studies in the Zechstein (Permian) deposits of Poland (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 43 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The Zechstein Basin of Poland was an area of widespread cyclical deposition of carbonates and evaporites during Late Permian time. The Zechstein shelves, along both the northern and the southern margins of the basin, were sites of shallow-water sedimentation during the formation of the Main Dolomite and Platy Dolomite, two widespread carbonate units. These units consist of oolitic, peloidal, skeletal, micritic and evaporitic carbonates formed in depositional settings ranging from open marine to coastal (lagoonal, sabkha and salina). Although originally deposited as limestones, the Main Dolomite and Platy Dolomite are inferred to have been completely replaced by dolomite through very early stage (essentially penecontemporaneous) reflux of hypersaline brines.The dolomites of the two basin margins, however, have very different petrographic and isotopic characteristics. Many northern shelf dolomites show early stage calcitization (dedolomitization) and even, in some cases, evidence of a subsequent redolomitization event. These northern shelf samples also have a broad range of carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios (up to 12%0 for oxygen). Samples from the southern shelf, on the other hand, are petrographically much simpler; they do not show complex calcitization and redolomitization patterns. Likewise, their isotopic values are much more tightly clustered, with only about a 5%0 range of oxygen isotopic ratios.The differences between dolomites of the same age from the northern and southern margins are best explained by regional variations in river water influx during episodic exposure events associated with regional or global sea-level fluctuations. The distribution of clastic terrigenous materials and palaeokarstic features indicate that areas of the northern shelf had extensive river input, an influx largely lacking on the southern shelf. Early formed dolomites appear to have been calcitized during sea-level lowstands through the infiltration of meteoric fluids into the evaporitic dolomites created during the previous highstand. In some cases, redolomitization occurred when meteoric fluids were again replaced by hypersaline brines during subsequent sea-level highstands.Although repeated sea-level fluctuations are clearly evident in these strata, it is likely that associated climatic changes (rainfall variations) also played a role in forming these complex diagenetic patterns. Age-equivalent strata from Texas and New Mexico (from sites at much lower palaeolatitudes) show no such alteration patterns; samples from Greenland (slightly higher palaeolatitudes) show even more intense diagenetic alteration during depositional cycles. Thus, the examination of patterns of diagenesis may be useful in interpreting ancient, palaeolatitudinally sensitive climate patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1996.tb01516.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation and diagenesis of bedding cycles in uppermost Cretaceous chalks of the Dan Field, Danish North Sea (1998)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd, UK
    Sedimentology 45 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Metre-scale lithologic cycles, visible in core and on logs from Maastrichtian chalks of the Dan Field, were examined to determine their mechanisms of deposition and relation to hydrocarbon production. The lower parts of cycles consist of porous, cream-coloured, largely non-stylolitic, commonly laminated chalk with limited bioturbation (mainly escape burrows). Cycles are capped by thinner intervals of white to grey, hard, stylolitic chalk with concentrations of bioclastic material, intense burrowing and few preserved primary sedimentary structures. The cycle caps contain nearly twice as much Mg as compared to the more porous parts of cycles and also have slightly larger δ18O values (−4·1‰ for the caps; −4·4‰ for porous zones). There is a significant reduction of average cycle thickness, as well as total thickness of the Maastrichtian chalk section, from SW to NE across the Dan Field. The cycle thinning largely results from a reduced thickness of porous chalks from the lower parts of cycles and thus is reflected in lower average porosity and permeability on the NE side of the field. These data indicate that episodic winnowing removed fine-grained constituents from highstanding northeastern areas. Porous cycle bases were deposited at relatively high rates that precluded complete bioturbation; preserved laminae, coupled with escape burrows, reflect episodic sediment influx in areas that flank the seafloor highs. Cycle tops apparently accumulated more slowly (throughout the region, but especially on seafloor highs), perhaps because of reduced productivity of planktic organisms. Slower sedimentation allowed more complete bioturbation and destruction of sedimentary structures, and also led to incipient high-magnesium calcite seafloor cementation (sufficient to yield firmer sediment and enhanced burrow preservation, but not to form true hardgrounds). Thus, the elevated magnesium contents and reduced porosity of the cycle caps reflect very early diagenetic processes that were only partially modified by burial diagenesis.Rates of chalk deposition, as inferred from physical and geochemical evidence, appear to be a significant control on reservoir characteristics in North Sea chalks. The highest average porosities and permeabilities are found in areas with the highest sediment accumulation rates where seafloor diagenesis is minimized. Topographic depressions at the time of sedimentation can thus be expected to have the best production characteristics, and synsedimentary topographic highs should have the thinnest sections and the poorest petrophysical properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.1998.0148e.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Replacement of evaporites within the Permian Park City Formation, Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 41 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The Permian Park City Formation consists of cyclically bedded subtidal to supratidal carbonates, cherts and siltstones. Early diagenesis of Park City Formation carbonates occurred under the influence of waters ranging from evaporative brines to dilute meteoric solutions and resulted in evaporite emplacement (syndepositional nodules and cements), as well as dolomitization, silicification and leaching of carbonate grains.Major differences are seen, however, in the diagenetic patterns of subsurface and surface sections of Park City Formation rocks. Subsurface samples are characterized by extensively preserved evaporite crystals and nodules, and preserve evidence of significant silicification (chert, chalcedony and megaquartz) and minor calcitization of evaporites. In outcrop sections, the evaporites are more poorly preserved, and have been replaced by silica and calcite and also leached. The resultant mouldic porosity is filled with widespread, very coarse, blocky calcite spar.These replacements appear to be multistage phenomena. Field and petrographic evidence indicates that silicification involved direct replacement of evaporites and occurred during the early stages of burial prior to hydrocarbon migration. Siliceous sponge spicules provided a major source of silica, and the fluids involved in replacement were probably a mixture of marine and meteoric waters. A second period of replacement and minor calcitization is inferred to have occurred during deep burial (under the influence of thermochemical sulphate reduction), although the presence of hydrocarbons probably retarded most other diagenetic reactions during this time interval. The major period of evaporite diagenesis, however, occurred during late stage uplift. The late stage replacement and pore-filling calcites have δ13C values ranging from 0·5 to -25·3%, and δ18O values of -16·1 to -24·30 (PDB), reflecting extensive modification by meteoric water. Vigorous groundwater flow, associated with mid-Tertiary block faulting, led to migration of meteoric fluids through the porous carbonates to depths of several kilometres. These waters reacted with the in situ hydrocarbon-rich pore fluids and evaporite minerals, and precipitated calcite cements.The Tosi Chert appears to have been an even more open system to fluid migration during its burial and has undergone a much more complex diagenetic history, as evidenced by multiple episodes of silicification, calcitization (ferroan and non-ferroan), and hydrocarbon emplacement.The multistage replacement processes described here do not appear to be restricted to the Permian of Wyoming. Similarly complex patterns of alteration have been noted in the Permian of west Texas, New Mexico, Greenland and other areas, as well as in strata of other ages. Thus, multistage evaporite dissolution and replacement may well be the norm rather than the exception in the geological record.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1994.tb01449.x
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  • 10
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    Palaeokarst-influenced depositional and diagenetic patterns in Upper Permian carbonates and evaporites, Karstryggen area, central East Greenland (1993)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0037-0746
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-3091
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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