ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Minerals are intrinsically resistant to the processes that homogenize silicate liquids—their compositions thus yield an archive of volcanic and magmatic processes that are invisible at the whole rock scale. New experiments, and recent advances in micro-analytical techniques open a new realm of detail regarding the mineralogical record; this volume summarizes some of this progress. The alliance of the sub-fields reviewed in this volume bear upon fundamental issues of volcanology: At what depths are eruptions triggered, and over what time scales? Where and why do magmas coalesce before ascent? If magmas stagnate for thousands of years, what forces are responsible for initiating final ascent, or the degassing processes that accelerate upward motion? To the extent that we can answer these questions, we move towards formulating tests of mechanistic models of volcanic eruptions (e.g., Wilson, 1980; Slezin, 2003; Scandone et al., 2007), and hypotheses of the tectonic controls on magma transport (e.g., ten Brink and Brocher, 1987; Takada, 1994; Putirka and Busby, 2007). Our goal, in part, is to review how minerals can be used to understand volcanic systems and the processes that shape them; we also hope that this work will spur new and integrated studies of volcanic systems. Our review begins by tracing the origins of mineral grains, and methods to estimate pressures (P) and temperatures (T) of crystallization. Hammer shows how "dynamic" experiments (conducted with varying P or T) yield important insights into crystal growth. Chapters by Putirka, Anderson, and Blundy and Cashman review various igneous geothermometers and geobarometers and introduce new calibrations. Among these chapters are many familiar models involving olivine, amphibole, feldspar, pyroxene, and spinel. Blundy and Cashman introduce new methods based on phase equilibria, and in another chapter, Hansteen and Klügel review P estimation based on densities of entrapped fluids and appropriate equations of state. Rutherford's chapter returns to the issue of disequilibrium, with a review of methods to estimate magma ascent rates, and a summary of results. Our volume then moves to a review of melt inclusions. Kent shows how pre-mixed magma compositions can be preserved as inclusions, providing a window into pre-eruptive conditions. Métrich and Wallace review the volatile contents in basaltic melt inclusions and "magma degassing paths". Such methods rely upon vapor saturation pressures, which are derived from experimentally calibrated models. Chapters by Moore and Blundy and Cashman test two of the most important models, by Newman and Lowenstern (2002) (VolatileCalc) and Papale et al. (2006). Moore provides a guide to the appropriate use of these models, and their respective errors. The next four chapters document insights obtained from isotopic studies and diffusion profiles. Ramos and Tepley review developments of micro-analytical isotope measurements, which now have the potential to elucidate even the most cryptic of open system behaviors. Cooper and Reid examine the time scales for such processes through U-series age dating techniques, and Bindeman reviews oxygen isotopes and their uses as tracers of both magmas and crystals. Costa then reviews yet another means to estimate the rates of magmatic processes, using mineral diffusion profiles, with important implications for magma processing. In the next two chapters, Streck reviews an array of imaging methods and mineral textures, and their potential for disentangling mixed magmas, and Armienti takes a new look at the analysis of crystal size distributions (CSD), with applications to Mt. Etna. Our volume concludes with a chapter by Bachmann and Bergantz summarizing compositional zonations and a review of the thermal and compositional forces that drive open system behavior. Finally, descriptions of many of the most common analytical approaches are also reviewed within these chapters. Analytical topics include: secondary ion mass spectrometry (Blundy and Cashman; Kent); electron microprobe (Blundy and Cashman; Kent; Métrich and Wallace; laser ablation ICP-MS (Kent; Ramos and Tepley); Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Moore; Métrich and Wallace); microsampling and isotope mass spectrometry (Ramos and Tepley); U-series measurement techniques (Cooper and Reid); Nomarski differential interference contrasts (Streck); micro-Raman spectroscopy (Métrich and Wallace); back-scattered electron microscopy, and cathodoluminescence (Blundy and Cashman). As noted, our hope is that integrated studies can bring us closer to understanding how volcanic systems evolve and why eruptions occur. Our primary goal is to review how minerals can be used to understand volcanic systems; we also hope that this review might spur new and integrated studies of volcanic systems.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Physical properties of magma; 3. Intrusion of magma; 4. Forms of igneous bodies; 5. Cooling of igneous bodies and other diffusion processes; 6. Classification of igneous rocks; 7. Introduction to thermodynamics; 8. Free energy and phase equilibria; 9. Thermodynamics of solutions; 10. Phase equilibria in igneous systems; 11. Effects of volatiles on melt equilibria; 12. Crystal growth; 13. Isotope geochemistry related to petrology; 14. Magmatic processes; 15. Igneous rock associations; 16. Metamorphism and metamorphic facias; 17. Deformation and textures of metamorphic rocks; 18. Graphic analysis of metamorphic mineral assemblages; 19. Geothermometry, geobarometry, and mineral reactions among solid solutions; 20. Mineral reactions involving H2O and CO2; 21. Material transport during metamorphism; 22. Pressure-temperature-time paths and heat transfer during metamorphism; 23. Origin of rocks

Description / Table of Contents: This book about rock stress is suitable for students in geosciences and rock engineering, who need to broaden their horizons about the Stress Field of the Earth's Crust. The book covers the topic so that geosciences students will be able to grasp the Cauchy Stress Principle without fear of matrix transformations in an exercise. Students interested in mathematics, physics and engineering will learn how strain gauges are used to obtain in-situ stress by the overcoring method. Leading edge technology in determining rock stress like quadruple packer and the Kaiser effect are presented together with classical methods like hydraulic fracturing. Borehole techniques (breakouts) and core-based methods (anelastic strain recovery) are illustrated. With respect to stress data, we choose to present the scientific ultra-deep drilling project KTB (Germany), the excavation for nuclear waste disposal at Olkiluoto (Finland) and the drilling into a seismic active fault zone at SAFOD (USA). Stress compilations viewed by the World Stress Map project are presented and interpreted in terms of plate tectonics.

Description / Table of Contents: Several different databases and models have been developed over many years of petrological study carried out by several European and non-European groups on mantle xenoliths, peridotite massifs, ophiolites and mafic magmas spanning in age from Archaean to Recent times. This volume aims to bring together these different approaches and to integrate the geochemical perceptions of the European upper mantle. The papers include regional petrological studies of the European lithospheric mantle, from Spain to the Pannonian Basin, from Corsica and Serbia as far north as Svalbard. Six contributions are based on studies of mantle xenoliths, while the remaining three deal with ophiolitic and peridotitic complexes. A further article provides an update on the textural classification of mantle rocks using a computer-aided approach and there is an introductory overview.

Description / Table of Contents: Petroleum geoscience comprises those geoscientific disciplines which are of greatest significance for the exploration and recovery of oil and gas. These include petroleum geology, of which sedimentary geology is the main foundation along with the contextual and modifying principles of regional, tectonic and structural geology. Additionally, biostratigraphy and micropalaeontology, organic geochemistry, and geophysical exploration and production techniques are all important tools for petroleum geoscientists

Description / Table of Contents: Numerical modelling of geodynamic processes was predominantly the domain of high-level mathematicians experienced in numerical and computational techniques. Now, for the first time, students and new researchers in the Earth Sciences can learn the basic theory and applications from a single, accessible reference text. Assuming only minimal prerequisite mathematical training (simple linear algebra and derivatives) the author provides a solid grounding in basic mathematical theory and techniques, including continuum mechanics and partial differential equations, before introducing key numerical and modelling methods. 8 well-documented, state-of the-art visco-elasto-plastic, 2-D models are then presented, which allow robust modelling of key dynamic processes such as subduction, lithospheric extension, collision, slab break-off, intrusion emplacement, mantle convection and planetary core formation. Incorporating 47 practical exercises and 67 MATLAB examples (for which codes are available online at www.cambridge.org/gerya), this textbook provides a user-friendly introduction for graduate courses or self-study, encouraging readers to experiment with geodynamic models.

Description / Table of Contents: Dynamics of Ice Sheets and Glaciers presents an introduction to the dynamics and thermodynamics of flowing ice masses on Earth. Based on an outline of general continuum mechanics, the different initial-boundary-value problems for the flow of ice sheets, ice shelves, ice caps and glaciers are systematically derived. Special emphasis is put on developing hierarchies of approximations for the different systems, and suitable numerical solution techniques are discussed. A separate chapter is devoted to glacial isostasy. The book is appropriate for graduate courses in glaciology, cryospheric sciences, environmental sciences, geophysics and related fields.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1.Introduction D. Fettes and J. Desmons; 2. Classification and nomenclature scheme R. Schmid, D. Fettes, B. Harte, E. Davis, J. Desmons, W. Smulikowski, F. Sassi, K. Brodie, P. Arkai, W. Wimmenauer, I. Bryhni, O. Rosen, J. Coutinho, H. Krautner, S. Sen, V. Zharikov, N. Pertsev, V. Rusinov, E. Callegari, D. Stoffler, R. Grieve and J. Siivola; 3. Glossary

Description / Table of Contents: Continuum mechanics underlies many geological and geophysical phenomena, from earthquakes and faults to the fluid dynamics of the Earth. This interdisciplinary book provides geoscientists, physicists and applied mathematicians with a class-tested, accessible overview of continuum mechanics. Starting from thermodynamic principles and geometrical insights, the book surveys solid, fluid and gas dynamics. In later review chapters, it explores new aspects of the field emerging from nonlinearity and dynamical complexity and provides a brief introduction to computational modeling. Simple, yet rigorous, derivations are used to review the essential mathematics. The author emphasizes the full three-dimensional geometries of real-world examples, enabling students to apply this in deconstructing solid earth and planet-related problems. Problem sets and worked examples are provided, making this a practical resource for graduate students in geophysics, planetary physics and geology and a beneficial tool for professional scientists seeking a better understanding of the mathematics and physics within Earth sciences.

Description / Table of Contents: Grains: Quartz and silica -- Monocrystalline -- Polycrystalline -- Feldspars -- Plagioclase -- Potassium feldspars -- Rock fragments -- Sedimentary rock fragments -- Metamorphic rock fragments -- Igneous rock fragments -- Accessory minerals -- Light minerals: Muscovite ; Biotite ; Chlorite -- Ultrastable heavy minerals: Zircon, tourmaline and rutile -- Intermediate-stability heavy minerals: Apatite ; Epidote ; Zoisite and clinozoisite ; Garnet ; Kyanite ; Monzonite, sillimanite and staurolite ; Titanite -- Unstable heavy minerals: Amphibole, pyroxene and olivine -- Opaque minerals -- Associated detrital grains and rocks: Carbonate grains ; Siliceous grains and rocks ; Phosphatic grains and rocks ; Organic grains and rocks ; Evaporite grains and rocks ; Green marine clays and rocks ; Green marine clays and ironstones ; Iron-rich grains and iron formations ; Tuffaceous deposits -- Texture and classification: Sand and sandstone textures -- Sandstone classification -- Mudrocks: Siltstones, mudstones, claystones and shales -- Diagenesis: Synsedimentary and surficial diagenetic features -- Compaction -- Cementation: Introduction. Quartz and silica ; Quartz overgrowths ; Polycrystalline quartz cements ; Amorphous silica cements -- Cementation: Feldspars -- Cementation: Clays ; Chamosite ; Glauconite ; Kaolinite/dickite ; Smectite and illite/smectite ; Illite/sericite ; Chlorite -- Cementation: Zeolites -- Cementation: Carbonates ; Calcite ; Siderite ; Dolomite ; Ankerite -- Cementation: Sulfates and halides ; Gypsum ; Anhydrite ; Barite ; Celestite and halite -- Cementation: Iron oxides and sulfides -- Cementation: Other cements -- Dissolution -- Replacement and recrystallization: Feldspars ; Carbonates ; Sulfates ; Other -- Deformation features -- Other topics: Porosity -- Paragenesis -- Emerging techniques

Description / Table of Contents: This comprehensive textbook presents an overview of petroleum geoscience for geologists active in the petroleum industry, while also offering a useful guide for students interested in environmental geology, engineering geology and other aspects of sedimentary geology. In this second edition, new chapters have been added and others expanded, covering geophysical methods in general and electromagnetic exploration methods in particular, as well as reservoir modeling and production, unconventional resources and practical petroleum exploration

Description / Table of Contents: Geological fluids are a central theme linking the petrography and chemistry of all rock types, deformation processes on the microscopic to the continental scale, and the concentration of economic resources. The fundamental importance of fluid migration and evolution to rock composition and structure is reflected in a growing interest in fluid processes, including a series of successful conferences on water-rock interaction. he papers in this volume are intended to give a review of the whole spectrum of current geofluids research. The papers include international case studies and are written by leading experts in the field. - First overview of fluids research - Examples of commercial applications of fluids research - Reviews research for the non-specialist - Up-to-date extensive bibliographies - Promotes methodological transfer between oil and minerals industries - Explains theory behind and consequences of fluid flow processes

Description / Table of Contents: Geoscientists need to familiarize themselves with the characteristics of actual plate motions. A popular, current thesis relates the state of stress to the degree of coupling of the two convergent plates. Recent two-dimentional, finite element modelling has demonstrated how the stress in the overriding plate is critically dependent on wether the subduction zone is locked (i.e. high degree of coupling) or unlocked. Thus the compressional stress regime occurs in locked systems, and extensional strees in unlocked systems; a gradient from compression in the fore-arc to extension in the back-arc is said to characterize partially locked system. However, studies of the strain field in real cases (modern arc regions) clearly indicate the prevalence of subhorizontal extension orientated nearly perpendicular to the arc. Implicit in these real observations is the suggestion that stresses resulting from plate coupling are either not transmitted to the volcanic arc, or else locked subduction zones are uncommon and extension may be the normal mode of behaviour. The rationale and evidence for extension and coeval volcanism at consuming plate margins is presented. Using mainly Cenozoic case histories for oceanic and continental margin arcs, structural evidence is presented, which demonstrates that volcanism in most arc systems is contemporaneous with normal faulting and subsidence as a general case. Representive, modern geochemical data sets are provided and integrated in a petrological discussion for each case history. The western Pacific, now widely regard as a type region for the study of convergent plate margin processes, is particularly well represented. Also included is evidence from less commonly insvestigated regions, where subduction has ceased or is no longer obvious but an association with an arc is unequivocal. By these means, it is hoped that this volume contains a representative cross-section of current research on extension-related arc volcanism in broadest sense, and that it will stimulate further discussion and research into the complex tectonics and petrology of covergent plate margins.

Description / Table of Contents: The subduction zone volatile cycle is key to understanding the petrogenesis, transport, storage and eruption of arc magmas. Volatiles control the flux of slab components into the mantle wedge, are responsible for melt generation through lowering the solidi of mantle materials and influence the crystallizing phase assemblages in the overriding crust. Further, the rates and extents of degassing during magma storage and decompression affect magma rheology, ultimately control eruption style and have consequences for the environmental impact of explosive arc volcanism. This book highlights recent progress in constraining the role of volatiles in magmatic processes. Individual book sections are devoted to tracing volatiles from the subducting slab to the overriding crust, their role in subvolcanic processes and eruption triggering, as well as magmatic-hydrothermal systems and volcanic degassing. For the first time, all aspects of the overarching theme of volatile cycling are covered in detail within a single volume.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: General considerations for geophysical methods applied to agriculture / Barry J. Allred, M. Reza Ehsani, and Jeffrey J. Daniels -- Past, present, and future trends of soil electrical conductivity measurement using geophysical methods / Dennis L. Corwin -- History of ground-penetrating radar applications in agriculture / M.E. Collins -- Theoretical insight on the measurement of soil electrical conductivity / Dennis L. Corwin, Scott M. Lesch, and Hamid J. Farahani -- Resistivity methods / Barry J. Allred, Douglas Groom, M. Reza Ehsani, and Jeffrey J. Daniels -- Electromagnetic induction methods / Jeffrey J. Daniels, Mark Vendl, M. Reza Ehsani, and Barry J. Allred -- Ground-penetrating radar methods (GPR) / Jeffrey J. Daniels, M. Reza Ehsani, and Barry J. Allred -- Magnetometry, self-potential, and seismic : additional geophysical methods having potentially significant future use in agriculture / Barry J. Allred, Michael Rogers, M. Reza Ehsani, and Jeffrey J. Daniels -- Integration of global positioning systems (GPS) into agricultural geophysics / Dorota A. Grejner-Brzezinska -- Integration of geographic information systems (GISs) with agricultural geophysics / Carolyn J. Merry

Description / Table of Contents: "Physical Properties of Rocks - a Workbook" is a symbiosis of a brief description of physical fundamentals of rock properties (based on typical experimental results and relevant theories and models) with a guide for practical use of different theoretical concepts. For this purpose a companion web site contains a selection of model based equations in excel worksheets for practical application and training by the user to work with his own data or to "play" in order to demonstrate the effects of various input information and to demonstrate the effects of various input information in petrophysical work. In two special chapters the problem of relationships between petrophysical parameters based on various model concepts is presented as a foundation for combined interpretation. This part also contains the author's 'structured model'. The workbook is a result of the more than 40 years experience of the author in teaching at universities and industrial courses. It presents all practical relevant properties of rock in one volume. It offers experimental and theoretical fundamentals in a systematic framework. It gives special focus on relationships between properties. - Contents: 1. Rocks - their classification and composition Overview, Introduction Igneous (magmatic) rocks Metamorphic rocks Sedimentary rocks 2. Pore space properties Overview, Introduction Porosity Specific internal surface Fluids in the pore space - the term "saturation" Permeability Wettability Fluid distribution - capillary pressure in a reservoir 3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) petrophysical properties Physical origin, the principle of a NMR-measurement Description of the relaxation process (longitudinal and transverse relaxation) NMR Relaxation mechanisms of fluids in pores and fluid-surface effects Bulk relaxation and surface relaxation Diffusion-induced relaxation Description of relaxation as a multi-exponential decay - data inversion Applications Porosity and pore volume partitioning Pore size, capillary pressure and permeability estimate Fluid (hydrocarbon) typing 4 Density Definition and units Density of rock constituents Density of rocks 5 .Nuclear/Radioactive Properties Fundamentals Natural radioactivity Origin of natural gamma radiation Potassium, Uranium, and Thorium in minerals Potassium, uranium, and thorium content of rocks Spectral and integral measurements - the API unit Applications Radioactive heat generation Gamma Interactions Fundamentals Gamma-Gamma-PE measurement for mineral identification Gamma-Gamma-Density measurement and porosity estimate Neutron interactions Fundamentals Porosity from neutron measurements 6. Elastic Properties Fundamentals Results of experimental investigations, empirical equations Rock constituents Velocity of igneous and metamorphic rocks Velocity of sedimentary rocks Relationships between Vp and Vs - the Castagna equation AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) - basic principles and link to physical properties Anisotropy Theories Overview Bounds for elastic moduli: Voigt, Reuss and Hashin-Shtrikman bounds Sphere pack models nclusion models A simpified model for fractured rocks Gassman and Biot model - modelling of fluid effects The problem of multiphase pore fluids Inelastic properties - attenuation of elastic waves Overview, definition and units Absorption of elastic waves in rocks - overview Absorption of seismic waves in igneous rocks Absorption of seismic waves in sedimentary rocks Absorption mechanisms . 7 . Electrical properties Fundamentals Electrical properties of rock components Minerals - solid components Pore fluids Specific electrical resistivity of Rocks Overview The specific electrical resistivity of porous clean rocks - Archies equations Partial water saturation Archie - rocks: Theories and models Sheet models Inclusion models Capillary models Shaly sands Introduction - The Shaly Sand Problem Laminated Shaly Sands - the Poupon Equation Dispersed Shaly Sand - the Waxman-Smits Equation Dual Water Model Simandoux Equation (1963) Indonesia Equation Comparison of some shaly sand equations Dielectric properties of rocks Conduction and Polarization - the complex nature of the two processes Experimental results - the real component of permittivity Theories and models Spectral Induced Polarization Basic mechanisms Traditional parameters of IP measurements IP in ore containing rocks IP in porous rocks 8. Thermal Properties Thermal properties of minerals and pore contents Thermal properties of rocks - experimental data Overview Thermal properties of magmatic and metamorphic rocks Sedimentary rocks Some notes about thermal expansion Theories and models Sheet models - series and parallel model Sheet models - modifications and comparable mixing rules Inclusion models 9. Magnetic properties Basics and units Magnetic properties of rock constituents Magnetic properties of rocks Overview - Rock Magnetization Susceptibility range for rock types - induced magnetization Correlations between susceptibility and content of magnetic substances Natural remanent magnetization (NRM) 10. Geomechanical properties Overview, Introduction Classification parameters Fundamental geomechanical properties and processes Correlation between static and dynamic moduli Correlation between geophysical properties and strength properties 11. Relationships between petrophysical properties - fundamentals of combined interpretation Introduction and motivation Empirical equations Relationships based on sheet models Fundamentals of combined interpretation volume based models Determination of volumetric rock composition (mineral fractions, porosity) of porous rocks - 12. Model with internal structure and bonding properties The concept of a "structured model" Porosity Electrical properties - resistivity Elastic wave velocities General equation Discussion of the "porosity-factor" Discussion of the "contact elasticity-factor" Change of structure and bonding Strength properties - a relationship between velocity and strength

Description / Table of Contents: Volcanic eruptions are the clear and dramatic expression of dynamic processes in planet Earth. The author explains in a concise and easy to understand manner the basics and most recent findings in the field. Based on over 300 color figures and the model of plate tectonics, the book offers insight into the generation of magmas and the occurrence and origin of volcanoes. The analysis and description of volcanic structures is followed by process oriented chapters discussing the role of magmatic gases as well as explosive mechanisms and sedimentation of volcanic material. The final chapters deal with the forecast of eruptions and their influence on climate.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Plio-Quaternary Magmatism in Italy. - The Tuscany Magmatic Province. - The Umbria-ultra-alkaline Province. - The Roman Province. - Roccamonafina Province. - The Campania Province and Mt. Vulture. - The Aeolian Arc. - Sicily Na-alkaline Province. - Tyrrhenian Sea and Sardinia. - Geodynamic Setting.