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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-04-13
    Description: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are believed to have genetic and environmental origins, yet in only a modest fraction of individuals can specific causes be identified. To identify further genetic risk factors, here we assess the role of de novo mutations in ASD by sequencing the exomes of ASD cases and their parents (n = 175 trios). Fewer than half of the cases (46.3%) carry a missense or nonsense de novo variant, and the overall rate of mutation is only modestly higher than the expected rate. In contrast, the proteins encoded by genes that harboured de novo missense or nonsense mutations showed a higher degree of connectivity among themselves and to previous ASD genes as indexed by protein-protein interaction screens. The small increase in the rate of de novo events, when taken together with the protein interaction results, are consistent with an important but limited role for de novo point mutations in ASD, similar to that documented for de novo copy number variants. Genetic models incorporating these data indicate that most of the observed de novo events are unconnected to ASD; those that do confer risk are distributed across many genes and are incompletely penetrant (that is, not necessarily sufficient for disease). Our results support polygenic models in which spontaneous coding mutations in any of a large number of genes increases risk by 5- to 20-fold. Despite the challenge posed by such models, results from de novo events and a large parallel case-control study provide strong evidence in favour of CHD8 and KATNAL2 as genuine autism risk factors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613847/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613847/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neale, Benjamin M -- Kou, Yan -- Liu, Li -- Ma'ayan, Avi -- Samocha, Kaitlin E -- Sabo, Aniko -- Lin, Chiao-Feng -- Stevens, Christine -- Wang, Li-San -- Makarov, Vladimir -- Polak, Paz -- Yoon, Seungtai -- Maguire, Jared -- Crawford, Emily L -- Campbell, Nicholas G -- Geller, Evan T -- Valladares, Otto -- Schafer, Chad -- Liu, Han -- Zhao, Tuo -- Cai, Guiqing -- Lihm, Jayon -- Dannenfelser, Ruth -- Jabado, Omar -- Peralta, Zuleyma -- Nagaswamy, Uma -- Muzny, Donna -- Reid, Jeffrey G -- Newsham, Irene -- Wu, Yuanqing -- Lewis, Lora -- Han, Yi -- Voight, Benjamin F -- Lim, Elaine -- Rossin, Elizabeth -- Kirby, Andrew -- Flannick, Jason -- Fromer, Menachem -- Shakir, Khalid -- Fennell, Tim -- Garimella, Kiran -- Banks, Eric -- Poplin, Ryan -- Gabriel, Stacey -- DePristo, Mark -- Wimbish, Jack R -- Boone, Braden E -- Levy, Shawn E -- Betancur, Catalina -- Sunyaev, Shamil -- Boerwinkle, Eric -- Buxbaum, Joseph D -- Cook, Edwin H Jr -- Devlin, Bernie -- Gibbs, Richard A -- Roeder, Kathryn -- Schellenberg, Gerard D -- Sutcliffe, James S -- Daly, Mark J -- KL2 RR024977/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD015052/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM071558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD055751/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH057881/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH061009/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH089004/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH089025/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH089175/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH089208/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH089482/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH084676/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH089175/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH089208/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- TL1 RR024978/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003067/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024975/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Apr 4;485(7397):242-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11011.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22495311" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Autistic Disorder/*genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics ; Exome/genetics ; Exons/*genetics ; Family Health ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Multifactorial Inheritance/genetics ; Mutation/*genetics ; Phenotype ; Poisson Distribution ; Protein Interaction Maps ; Transcription Factors/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-11-05
    Description: The genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorder involves the interplay of common and rare variants and their impact on hundreds of genes. Using exome sequencing, here we show that analysis of rare coding variation in 3,871 autism cases and 9,937 ancestry-matched or parental controls implicates 22 autosomal genes at a false discovery rate (FDR) 〈 0.05, plus a set of 107 autosomal genes strongly enriched for those likely to affect risk (FDR 〈 0.30). These 107 genes, which show unusual evolutionary constraint against mutations, incur de novo loss-of-function mutations in over 5% of autistic subjects. Many of the genes implicated encode proteins for synaptic formation, transcriptional regulation and chromatin-remodelling pathways. These include voltage-gated ion channels regulating the propagation of action potentials, pacemaking and excitability-transcription coupling, as well as histone-modifying enzymes and chromatin remodellers-most prominently those that mediate post-translational lysine methylation/demethylation modifications of histones.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4402723/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4402723/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉De Rubeis, Silvia -- He, Xin -- Goldberg, Arthur P -- Poultney, Christopher S -- Samocha, Kaitlin -- Cicek, A Erucment -- Kou, Yan -- Liu, Li -- Fromer, Menachem -- Walker, Susan -- Singh, Tarinder -- Klei, Lambertus -- Kosmicki, Jack -- Shih-Chen, Fu -- Aleksic, Branko -- Biscaldi, Monica -- Bolton, Patrick F -- Brownfeld, Jessica M -- Cai, Jinlu -- Campbell, Nicholas G -- Carracedo, Angel -- Chahrour, Maria H -- Chiocchetti, Andreas G -- Coon, Hilary -- Crawford, Emily L -- Curran, Sarah R -- Dawson, Geraldine -- Duketis, Eftichia -- Fernandez, Bridget A -- Gallagher, Louise -- Geller, Evan -- Guter, Stephen J -- Hill, R Sean -- Ionita-Laza, Juliana -- Jimenz Gonzalez, Patricia -- Kilpinen, Helena -- Klauck, Sabine M -- Kolevzon, Alexander -- Lee, Irene -- Lei, Irene -- Lei, Jing -- Lehtimaki, Terho -- Lin, Chiao-Feng -- Ma'ayan, Avi -- Marshall, Christian R -- McInnes, Alison L -- Neale, Benjamin -- Owen, Michael J -- Ozaki, Noriio -- Parellada, Mara -- Parr, Jeremy R -- Purcell, Shaun -- Puura, Kaija -- Rajagopalan, Deepthi -- Rehnstrom, Karola -- Reichenberg, Abraham -- Sabo, Aniko -- Sachse, Michael -- Sanders, Stephan J -- Schafer, Chad -- Schulte-Ruther, Martin -- Skuse, David -- Stevens, Christine -- Szatmari, Peter -- Tammimies, Kristiina -- Valladares, Otto -- Voran, Annette -- Li-San, Wang -- Weiss, Lauren A -- Willsey, A Jeremy -- Yu, Timothy W -- Yuen, Ryan K C -- DDD Study -- Homozygosity Mapping Collaborative for Autism -- UK10K Consortium -- Cook, Edwin H -- Freitag, Christine M -- Gill, Michael -- Hultman, Christina M -- Lehner, Thomas -- Palotie, Aaarno -- Schellenberg, Gerard D -- Sklar, Pamela -- State, Matthew W -- Sutcliffe, James S -- Walsh, Christiopher A -- Scherer, Stephen W -- Zwick, Michael E -- Barett, Jeffrey C -- Cutler, David J -- Roeder, Kathryn -- Devlin, Bernie -- Daly, Mark J -- Buxbaum, Joseph D -- 5UL1 RR024975/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- MH077139/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH089482/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH095034/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD15052/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P50 HD055751/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH061009/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH083565/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH089482/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH094400/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH095797/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH097849/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH100229/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS073601/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01MH083565/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH089208/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R37 MH057881/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- RC2MH089952/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 HG002295/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH100209/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH100229/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH100233/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH100239/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01MH100209/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01MH100229/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01MH100233/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01MH100239/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003067/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- UL1TR000445/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ -- WT091310/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- WT098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Nov 13;515(7526):209-15. doi: 10.1038/nature13772. Epub 2014 Oct 29.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25363760" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/*genetics/pathology ; Chromatin/*genetics/metabolism ; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly ; Exome/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics ; Germ-Line Mutation/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation/*genetics ; Mutation, Missense/genetics ; Nerve Net/metabolism ; Odds Ratio ; Synapses/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Numerische Mathematik 14 (1970), S. 435-447 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An application of stability analysis by the energy method is made to a practical problem of unsteady viscous flow solved numerically by Fromm. The practical stability criterion for the scheme is determined and a rigorous proof of convergence to a smooth solution is given. It is also shown how to construct an energy for any 3-level scalar difference equation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
  • 5
    Publication Date: 1970-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-599X
    Electronic ISSN: 0945-3245
    Topics: Mathematics
    Published by Springer
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