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  • 1
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    Spider Antp has a role in leg repression [Developmental Biology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-28
    Description: Evolution often results in morphologically similar solutions in different organisms, a phenomenon known as convergence. However, there is little knowledge of the processes that lead to convergence at the genetic level. The genes of the Hox cluster control morphology in animals. They may also be central to the convergence of morphological traits, but whether morphological similarities also require similar changes in Hox gene function is disputed. In arthropods, body subdivision into a region with locomotory appendages (“thorax”) and a region with reduced appendages (“abdomen”) has evolved convergently in several groups, e.g., spiders and insects. In insects, legs develop in the expression domain of the Hox gene Antennapedia (Antp), whereas the Hox genes Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and abdominal-A mediate leg repression in the abdomen. Here, we show that, unlike Antp in insects, the Antp gene in the spider Achaearanea tepidariorum represses legs in the first segment of the abdomen (opisthosoma), and that Antp and Ubx are redundant in the following segment. The down-regulation of Antp in A. tepidariorum leads to a striking 10-legged phenotype. We present evidence from ectopic expression of the spider Antp gene in Drosophila embryos and imaginal tissue that this unique function of Antp is not due to changes in the Antp protein, but likely due to divergent evolution of cofactors, Hox collaborators or target genes in spiders and flies. Our results illustrate an interesting example of convergent evolution of abdominal leg repression in arthropods by altering the role of distinct Hox genes at different levels of their action.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-13
    Description: Full-length poliovirus complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized by assembling oligonucleotides of plus and minus strand polarity. The synthetic poliovirus cDNA was transcribed by RNA polymerase into viral RNA, which translated and replicated in a cell-free extract, resulting in the de novo synthesis of infectious poliovirus. Experiments in tissue culture using neutralizing antibodies and CD155 receptor-specific antibodies and neurovirulence tests in CD155 transgenic mice confirmed that the synthetic virus had biochemical and pathogenic characteristics of poliovirus. Our results show that it is possible to synthesize an infectious agent by in vitro chemical-biochemical means solely by following instructions from a written sequence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cello, Jeronimo -- Paul, Aniko V -- Wimmer, Eckard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):1016-8. Epub 2002 Jul 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Capsid/metabolism ; Cell-Free System ; DNA, Complementary/*chemical synthesis/genetics ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics ; Female ; *Genome, Viral ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Male ; *Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neutralization Tests ; Poliomyelitis/virology ; *Poliovirus/genetics/immunology/pathogenicity/physiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Viral/*chemical synthesis/genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Virus/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Viral Plaque Assay ; Viral Proteins ; Virulence ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Cell-free, de novo synthesis of poliovirus (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-12-13
    Description: Cell-free translation of poliovirus RNA in an extract of uninfected human (HeLa) cells yielded viral proteins through proteolysis of the polyprotein. In the extract, newly synthesized proteins catalyzed poliovirus-specific RNA synthesis, and formed infectious poliovirus de novo. Newly formed virions were neutralized by type-specific antiserum, and infection of human cells with them was prevented by poliovirus receptor-specific antibodies. Poliovirus synthesis was increased nearly 70-fold when nucleoside triphosphates were added, but it was abolished in the presence of inhibitors of translation or viral genome replication. The ability to conduct cell-free synthesis of poliovirus will aid in the study of picornavirus proliferation and in the search for the control of picornaviral disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Molla, A -- Paul, A V -- Wimmer, E -- AI-15122/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA-28146/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 13;254(5038):1647-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1661029" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Cell-Free System ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry ; Poliovirus/*growth & development ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Viral/analysis/biosynthesis ; Time Factors ; Viral Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry ; *Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Virus attenuation by genome-scale changes in codon pair bias (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-28
    Description: As a result of the redundancy of the genetic code, adjacent pairs of amino acids can be encoded by as many as 36 different pairs of synonymous codons. A species-specific "codon pair bias" provides that some synonymous codon pairs are used more or less frequently than statistically predicted. We synthesized de novo large DNA molecules using hundreds of over-or underrepresented synonymous codon pairs to encode the poliovirus capsid protein. Underrepresented codon pairs caused decreased rates of protein translation, and polioviruses containing such amino acid-independent changes were attenuated in mice. Polioviruses thus customized were used to immunize mice and provided protective immunity after challenge. This "death by a thousand cuts" strategy could be generally applicable to attenuating many kinds of viruses.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754401/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754401/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coleman, J Robert -- Papamichail, Dimitris -- Skiena, Steven -- Futcher, Bruce -- Wimmer, Eckard -- Mueller, Steffen -- AI075219/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI15122/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI075219/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI075219-01A1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI015122/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI015122-34/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 27;320(5884):1784-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1155761.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583614" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis ; Capsid Proteins/*genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Codon ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ; *Genome, Viral ; HeLa Cells ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Poliomyelitis/immunology/virology ; Poliovirus/*genetics/growth & development/immunology/*pathogenicity ; *Poliovirus Vaccines/genetics/immunology ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics/immunology ; Viral Plaque Assay ; Virulence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Preference by association: how memory mechanisms in the hippocampus bias decisions (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-10-16
    Description: Every day people make new choices between alternatives that they have never directly experienced. Yet, such decisions are often made rapidly and confidently. Here, we show that the hippocampus, traditionally known for its role in building long-term declarative memories, enables the spread of value across memories, thereby guiding decisions between new choice options. Using functional brain imaging in humans, we discovered that giving people monetary rewards led to activation of a preestablished network of memories, spreading the positive value of reward to nonrewarded items stored in memory. Later, people were biased to choose these nonrewarded items. This decision bias was predicted by activity in the hippocampus, reactivation of associated memories, and connectivity between memory and reward regions in the brain. These findings explain how choices among new alternatives emerge automatically from the associative mechanisms by which the brain builds memories. Further, our findings demonstrate a previously unknown role for the hippocampus in value-based decisions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wimmer, G Elliott -- Shohamy, Daphna -- R03-DA026957/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 12;338(6104):270-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1223252.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23066083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Association ; Decision Making/*physiology ; Female ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Memory/*physiology ; Neuroimaging ; *Reward ; Social Values ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Statement on scientific publication and security (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Atlas, Ronald -- Campbell, Philip -- Cozzarelli, Nicholas R -- Curfman, Greg -- Enquist, Lynn -- Fink, Gerald -- Flanagin, Annette -- Fletcher, Jacqueline -- George, Elizabeth -- Hammes, Gordon -- Heyman, David -- Inglesby, Thomas -- Kaplan, Samuel -- Kennedy, Donald -- Krug, Judith -- Levinson, Rachel -- Marcus, Emilie -- Metzger, Henry -- Morse, Stephen S -- O'Brien, Alison -- Onderdonk, Andrew -- Poste, George -- Renault, Beatrice -- Rich, Robert -- Rosengard, Ariella -- Salzburg, Steven -- Scanlan, Mary -- Shenk, Thomas -- Tabor, Herbert -- Varmus, Harold -- Wimmer, Eckard -- Yamamoto, Keith -- Journal Editors and Authors Group -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 21;299(5610):1149.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595658" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information ; *Bioterrorism ; Peer Review, Research ; Periodicals as Topic ; *Publishing ; *Security Measures ; *Terrorism ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Computational materials design with first-principles quantum mechanics (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-09-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wimmer, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Sep 8;269(5229):1397-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17731149" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Poliovirus host range is determined by a short amino acid sequence in neutralization antigenic site I (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-07-08
    Description: The mouse-adapted strain of poliovirus type 2 (Lansing) induces fatal poliomyelitis in mice after intracerebral inoculation, whereas mice inoculated with poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney) show no signs of disease. Previous work indicated that the adaptation to mouse virulence is associated with the viral capsid proteins and that mutations in neutralization antigenic site I of poliovirus reduce neurovirulence of the Lansing strain in mice. The role of antigenic site I in mouse neurovirulence was further explored by constructing an antigenic hybrid virus. Six amino acids in antigenic site I of the Mahoney strain were replaced with a sequence specific for the Lansing strain by using a mutagenesis cartridge. The hybrid virus was neutralized by polyclonal antisera elicited by the type 1 and type 2 strains of poliovirus and by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against antigenic site I of type 2 virus. The hybrid virus induced paralytic disease in mice, an observation demonstrating that a short sequence of amino acids in antigenic site I is an important determinant of poliovirus host range. Antigenic site I may be involved in attachment of poliovirus to cells of the mouse central nervous system.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3908517/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3908517/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Murray, M G -- Bradley, J -- Yang, X F -- Wimmer, E -- Moss, E G -- Racaniello, V R -- AI 15122/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 20017/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA 28146/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI015122/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Jul 8;241(4862):213-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2838906" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Antigens, Viral/*physiology ; Capsid/physiology ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Mice ; Nervous System Diseases/microbiology ; Neutralization Tests ; Poliovirus/growth & development/immunology/*pathogenicity ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Eradicating polio: A balancing act (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agol, Vadim -- Cello, Jeronimo -- Chumakov, Konstantin -- Ehrenfeld, Ellie -- Wimmer, Eckard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Jan 22;351(6271):348. doi: 10.1126/science.351.6271.348-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, 142782, Russia. A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia. ; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. ; Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA. Konstantin.Chumakov@fda.hhs.gov. ; NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26798005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Disease Eradication ; *Global Health ; Humans ; Poliomyelitis/*prevention & control ; *Poliovirus
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Biogenic particle formation and aerosol forcing [Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences] (2016)
    Gordon, H., Sengupta, K., Rap, A., Duplissy, J., Frege, C., Williamson, C., Heinritzi, M., Simon, M., Yan, C., Almeida, J., Trostl, J., Nieminen, T., Ortega, I. K., Wagner, R., Dunne, E. M., Adamov, A., Amorim, A., Bernhammer, A.–K., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., Brilke, S., Chen, X., Craven, J. S., Dias, A., Ehrhart, S., Fischer, L., Flagan, R. C., Franchin, A., Fuchs, C., Guida, R., Hakala, J., Hoyle, C. R., Jokinen, T., Junninen, H., Kangasluoma, J., Kim, J., Kirkby, J., Krapf, M., Kurten, A., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., Molteni, U., Monks, S. A., Onnela, A., Perakyla, O., Piel, F., Petaȷa, T., Praplan, A. P., Pringle, K. J., Richards, N. A. D., Rissanen, M. P., Rondo, L., Sarnela, N., Schobesberger, S., Scott, C. E., Seinfeld, J. H., Sharma, S., Sipila, M., Steiner, G., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tome, A., Virtanen, A., Vogel, A. L., Wagner, A. C., Wagner, P. E., Weingartner, E., Wimmer, D., Winkler, P. M., Ye, P., Zhang, X., Hansel, A., Dommen, J., Donahue, N. M., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger, U., Kulmala, M., Curtius, J., Carslaw, K. S.
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-26
    Description: The magnitude of aerosol radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic emissions depends on the baseline state of the atmosphere under pristine preindustrial conditions. Measurements show that particle formation in atmospheric conditions can occur solely from biogenic vapors. Here, we evaluate the potential effect of this source of particles on preindustrial cloud...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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