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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Matrix population models: construction, analysis and interpretation (1989)
    Sunderland. Mass : Sinauer
    Details Availability
    Call number: PIK M 370-94-0414
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 328 S.
    ISBN: 0878930949
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demography of the endangered North Atlantic right whale (2001)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 414 (2001), S. 537-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Northern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) were formerly abundant in the northwestern Atlantic, but by 1900 they had been hunted to near extinction. After the end of commercial whaling the population was thought to be recovering slowly; however, evidence indicates that it has been declining ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35107054
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition during colonization vs competition after colonization in disturbed environments: A metapopulation approach (1996)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 58 (1996), S. 1187-1207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract How two species interact during and after colonization influences which of them will be present in each stage of succession. In the tolerance model of ecological succession in a patchy environment, empty patches can be colonized by any species, but the ability to tolerate reduced resource levels determines which species will exclude the other. Here, we analyze a meta-population model of the possible roles of competition in colonization and succession, using non-linear Markov chains as a mathematical framework. Different kinds of competition affect the final equilibrial, abundances of the species involved in qualitatively different ways. An explicit criterion is given to determine which interactions have stronger effects on the final equilibrial levels of the weaker, species. Precise conditions are stated for the co-existence of both species. Both species are more likely to co-exist in the presence of an intermediate disturbance frequency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458389
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Density-dependent vital rates and their population dynamic consequences (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 41 (2000), S. 103-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract. We explore a set of simple, nonlinear, two-stage models that allow us to compare the effects of density dependence on population dynamics among different kinds of life cycles. We characterize the behavior of these models in terms of their equilibria, bifurcations, and nonlinear dynamics, for a wide range of parameters. Our analyses lead to several generalizations about the effects of life history and density dependence on population dynamics. Among these are: (1) iteroparous life histories are more likely to be stable than semelparous life histories; (2) an increase in juvenile survivorship tends to be stabilizing; (3) density-dependent adult survival cannot control population growth when reproductive output is high; (4) density-dependent reproduction is more likely to cause chaotic dynamics than density dependence in other vital rates; and (5) changes in development rate have only small effects on bifurcation patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002850070001
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demographic costs of Chaoborus-induced defences in Daphnia pulex: a sensitivity analysis (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 87 (1991), S. 43-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Predator-prey interaction ; Inducible defence ; Population growth ; Daphnia pulex ; Chaoborus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We examined the demographic costs of Chaoborus-induced defensive spine structures in Daphnia pulex. Our aim was to assess the role of resource limitation and the interaction effects of limiting food level and antipredator structures on fitness of D. pulex and to pinpoint those life stages that are most sensitive to changes in the defence regime. Chaoborus-induced and typical morphotypes of D. pulex were reared at high and low food concentrations. Instar-based matrix population models were used to quantify the effects of predator-induction, food and their interaction on fitness of D. pulex. Predator-induction caused a statistically significant reduction in fitness at low food levels, but not at high food levels. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the fitness effects were primarily due to changes in the growth rate in instars 1–5, and secondarily to small reductions in the fertility of instars 5–10. The interaction between Chaoborus exposure and low food concentration was negative, and mediated through growth and fertility components. Both these components were reduced more in the Chaoborus-exposed, low food treatment than would be expected in the absence of interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323778
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant-herbivore interactions (1976)
    Springer
    Oecologia 26 (1976), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plants with the C4 dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthetic CO2 fixation are generally nutritionally inferior to C3 (Calvin cycle) plants as foodstuff for herbivores. A possible contributing factor to this nutritional inferiority is the concentration, in C4 plants, of large quantities of nutritional material in very tough, thick-walled vascular bundle sheath cells which herbivores may not be able to break down. Experiments with 10 species of grass-hoppers from different areas in the United States revealed large numbers of unbroken bundle sheath cells, contents intact, in fecal pellets produced when the grasshoppers were fed C4 vegetation. We conclude that the material stored in C4 bundle sheath cells is at least partially unavailable to herbivores, and that this may contribute to the observed nutritional inferiority of C4 vegetation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582893
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Density effects in a colonial monoculture: experimental studies with a marine bryozoan (Membranipora membranacea L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Oecologia 82 (1990), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Bryozoa ; Demography ; Density dependence ; Coloniality ; Membranipora membranacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Naturally occurring monocultures of plants and animals are not common, despite recent emphasis on the analysis of density effects in artificial plant monocultures. In natural populations, Membranipora membranacea, an encrusting marine bryozoan, usually forms monospecific, nearly even-aged stands on kelp blades. We experimentally manipulated the density of M. membranacea colonies and monitored the responses of individual colonies on settling panels. Colonies undergo a sub-annual cycle of growth, stasis and reproduction, shrinkage, and death. However, crowding by conspecifics accelerates the transition to stasis, triggers early onset of reproduction, and results in increased stage-specific mortality. Unlike many interactions involving colonial invertebrates, overgrowth rarely occurs at boundaries of M. membranacea colonies. Instead, colonies stop growing when they contact conspecifics; therefore more dense assemblages are populated with smaller individual colonies. At the peak in colony size during August, the mean size among colonies grown at high population densities was 300 mm2 less than colonies grown at low densities or approximately 62% smaller. Mortality was concentrated in small size classes; at the end of the season colonies gradually shrank to the smallest size classes and then died. We summarized the demography of M. membranacea colonies on low- and high-density panels using size-classified transition matrices and used loglinear analysis to examine the effects of density and time on the transition patterns. As the amount of free space on panels declined, so did the frequency of upward size-class transitions. Our analysis revealed that free space declined more rapidly on panels in the high density treatment and that the transitional probabilities were sensitive to density of conspecifics and seasonal change, but only for some size classes and during some time periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323539
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular automaton models for competition in patchy environments: Facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of mathematical biology 61 (1999), S. 625-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We have developed cellular automaton models for two species competing in a patchy environment. We have modeled three common types of competition: facilitation (in which the winning species can colonize only after the losing species has arrived) inhibition (in which either species is able to prevent the other from colonizing) and tolerance (in which the species most tolerant of reduced resource levels wins). The state of a patch is defined by the presence or absence of each species. State transition probabilities are determined by rates of disturbance, competitive exclusion, and colonization. Colonization is restricted to neighboring patches. In all three models, disturbance permits regional persistence of species that are excluded by competition locally. Persistence, and hence diversity, is maximized at intermediate disturbance frequencies. If disturbance and dispersal rates are sufficiently high, the inferior competitor need not have a dispersal advantage to persist. Using a new method for measuring the spatial patterns of nominal data, we show that none of these competition models generates patchiness at equilibrium. In the inhibition model, however, transient patchiness decays very slowly. We compare the cellular automaton models to the corresponding mean-field patch-occupancy models, in which colonization is not restricted to neighboring patches and depends on spatially averaged species frequencies. The patch-occupancy model does an excellent job of predicting the equilibrium frequencies of the species and the conditions required for coexistence, but not of predicting transient behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bulm.1999.0090
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  • 9
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    Sensitivity Analysis: Matrix Methods in Demography and Ecology (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: This open access book shows how to use sensitivity analysis in demography. It presents new methods for individuals, cohorts, and populations, with applications to humans, other animals, and plants. The analyses are based on matrix formulations of age-classified, stage-classified, and multistate population models. Methods are presented for linear and nonlinear, deterministic and stochastic, and time-invariant and time-varying cases. Readers will discover results on the sensitivity of statistics of longevity, life disparity, occupancy times, the net reproductive rate, and statistics of Markov chain models in demography. They will also see applications of sensitivity analysis to population growth rates, stable population structures, reproductive value, equilibria under immigration and nonlinearity, and population cycles. Individual stochasticity is a theme throughout, with a focus that goes beyond expected values to include variances in demographic outcomes. The calculations are easily and accurately implemented in matrix-oriented programming languages such as Matlab or R. Sensitivity analysis will help readers create models to predict the effect of future changes, to evaluate policy effects, and to identify possible evolutionary responses to the environment. Complete with many examples of the application, the book will be of interest to researchers and graduate students in human demography and population biology. The material will also appeal to those in mathematical biology and applied mathematics. ; This open access book provides a comprehensive presentation of sensitivity analysis for demographic models Applicable to populations of humans, other animals, and plants Develops mathematical theory and shows examples of application Considers all types of population models (linear and nonlinear, deterministic and stochastic, age-classified and stage-classified)
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Demography ; Statistics  ; Community ecology, Biotic ; Biomathematics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBC Social research and statistics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population and demography ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDE Maths for scientists ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSV Zoology and animal sciences
    Language: English
    Format: image/jpeg
    Format: image/jpeg
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    E-BOOK
  • 10
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    A demographic and evolutionary analysis of maternal effect senescence (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-29
    Description: Maternal effect senescence—a decline in offspring survival or fertility with maternal age—has been demonstrated in many taxa, including humans. Despite decades of phenotypic studies, questions remain about how maternal effect senescence impacts evolutionary fitness. To understand the influence of maternal effect senescence on population dynamics, fitness, and selection, we developed matrix population models in which individuals are jointly classified by age and maternal age. We fit these models to data from individual-based culture experiments on the aquatic invertebrate,Brachionus manjavacas(Rotifera). By comparing models with and without maternal effects, we found that maternal effect senescence significantly reduces fitness forB. manjavacasand that this decrease arises primarily through reduced fertility, particularly at maternal ages corresponding to peak reproductive output. We also used the models to estimate selection gradients, which measure the strength of selection, in both high growth rate (laboratory) and two simulated low growth rate environments. In all environments, selection gradients on survival and fertility decrease with increasing age. They also decrease with increasing maternal age for late maternal ages, implying that maternal effect senescence can evolve through the same process as in Hamilton’s theory of the evolution of age-related senescence. The models we developed are widely applicable to evaluate the fitness consequences of maternal effect senescence across species with diverse aging and fertility schedule phenotypes.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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