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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuron-specific enolase and S-100 protein immunohistochemistry for defining the structure and topographical relationship of the different enteric nerve plexuses in the small intestine of the pig (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 256 (1989), S. 65-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuron-specific enolase ; S-100 protein ; Enteric nervous system ; Small intestine ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological and topographical features of the intramural enteric nervous system in the small intestine of the pig has been studied on whole mounts by means of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein immu-nohistochemistry. A clear visualization of the myenteric plexus allows the recognition of its characteristic morphology, including the thin tertiary plexus coursing within the smooth muscle layers. In the tela submucosa two ganglionated plexuses, each with its own specific characteristics, can clearly be demonstrated: (1) the plexus submucosus externus (Schabadasch) located near the inner surface of the circular muscle layer at the abluminal side of the submucosal vascular arcades, and (2) the plexus submucosus internus (Meissner) close to the outer surface of the lamina muscularis mucosae at the luminal side of the submucosal vascular arcades. Due to the possibility to trace clearly the perivascular plexuses of these vascular arcades by use of immunohistochemical techniques with antibodies to NSE and S-100 protein, the two submucosal nerve plexuses can be demonstrated with exceptional clarity. This is the first report of an investigation of the intramural nerve plexuses of the small intestine of the pig using the NSE and S-100 immunostaining methods, which is sufficiently detailed to substantiate the characteristic topography and structure of the two submucosal plexuses and their relation to the smooth muscle layers and perivascular plexuses. The level of NSE immunoreactivity for enteric neurons displays great variation, a substantial proportion of the type-II neurons appearing strongly stained. Although little is known of the specific function of these enzymes, proposals are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224719
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuromedin U-immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the small intestine of the pig and its coexistence with substance P and CGRP (1989)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 258 (1989), S. 331-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromedin U (NMU) ; Substance P (SP) ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ; Enteric nervous system ; Nerve plexus ; Small intestine ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the small intestine of the pig, neuromedin U (NMU)-immunoreactivity was mainly confined to the nerve plexus of the inner submucosal and mucosal regions. After colchicine treatment, a high number of immunoreactive nerve cell bodies was observed in the plexus submucosus internus (Meissner), whereas only a low number was found in the plexus submucosus externus (Schabadasch). The plexus myentericus as well as the aganglionic nerve meshworks in the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers almost completely lacked NMU-immunoreactivity. Double-labeling experiments demonstrated the occurrence of distinct NMU-containing neuron populations in the plexus submucosus internus: (1) relatively large type-II neurons revealing immunoreactivity for NMU and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and/or substance P (SP); (2) a group of small NMU- and SP-immunoreactive neurons; (3) a relatively low number of small neurons displaying immunoreactivity for NMU but not for SP. Based on its distributional pattern, it is concluded that NMU plays an important role in the regulation and control of mucosal functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239453
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the enteric nervous system of the developing human digestive tract (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 235-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nitric oxide ; Nitric oxide synthase ; NADPH-diaphorase ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Enteric nervous system ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated indirectly the presence of nitric oxide in the enteric nervous system of the digestive tract of human fetuses and newborns by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunocytochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry. In the stomach, NOS immunoactivity was confined to the myenteric plexus and nerve fibres in the outer smooth musculature; few immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were found in ganglia of the outer submucous plexus. In the pyloric region, a few nitrergic perikarya were seen in the inner submucous plexus and some immunoreactive fibres were found in the muscularis mucosae. In the small intestine, nitrergic neurons clustered just underneath or above the topographical plane formed by the primary nerve strands of the myenteric plexus up to the 26th week of gestation, after which stage, they occurred throughout the ganglia. Many of their processes contributed to the dense fine-meshed tertiary nerve network of the myenteric plexus and the circular smooth muscle layer. NOS-immunoreactive fibres directed to the circular smooth muscle layer originated from a few NOS-containing perikarya located in the outer submucous plexus. In the colon, caecum and rectum, labelled nerve cells and fibres were numerous in the myenteric plexus; they were also found in the outer submucous plexus. The circular muscle layer had a much denser NOS-immunoreactive innervation than the longitudinally oriented taenia. The marked morphological differences observed between nitrergic neurons within the developing human gastrointestinal tract, together with the typical innervation pattern in the ganglionic and aganglionic nerve networks, support the existenc of distinct subpopulations of NOS-containing enterice neurons acting as interneurons or (inhibitory) motor neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319421
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distinct distribution of CGRP-, enkephalin-, galanin-, neuromedin U-, neuropeptide Y-, somatostatin-, substance P-, VIP- and serotonin-containing neurons in the two submucosal ganglionic neural networks of the porcine small intestine (1990)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 260 (1990), S. 367-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Submucosal plexuses ; Enteric nervous system ; Small intestine ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In addition to differences between the two submucosal ganglionic neural networks, i.e., the plexus submucosus externus (Schabadasch) and the plexus submucosus internus (Meissner), with respect to the occurrence and distribution of serotonin as neurotransmitter, immunocytochemistry also revealed a distinct distribution for various neuropeptides in these two plexuses. Immunoreactivity for galanin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, neuromedin U, enkephalin, somatostatin and neuropeptide Y was found in varicose and non-varicose nerve fibres of both submucosal ganglionic plexuses, albeit with a distinct distributional pattern. The difference in neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator content between both neural networks became even more obvious when attention was focussed on the immunoreactivity of the nerve cell bodies for these substances. Indeed, neuropeptide Y, enkephalin-and somatostatin-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya as well as serotonergic neuronal cell bodies appear solely in the plexus submucosus externus. Neuromedin U-immunoreactive perikarya, mostly coexisting with substance P, are observed in large numbers in the plexus submucosus internus, whilst they are rare in the plexus submucosus externus. Double-labelling immunostaining for substance P with CGRP and galanin revealed a different coexistence pattern for the two submucosal ganglionic plexuses. The differing chemical content of the neuronal populations supports the hypothesis that the existence of the two submucosal ganglionic plexuses, present in most large mammals including man, not only reflects a morphological difference but also points to differentiated functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318639
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