Publication Date:
1981-01-30
Description:
Aversive classical conditioning of Aplysia californica, a gastropod mollusk suited for neurobiological study, produces a learned reaction to the chemosensory conditioned stimulus that is expressed as a marked facilitation of four defensive responses: two graded reflexes (head and siphon withdrawal), an all-or-none fixed act (inking), and a complex fixed action pattern (escape locomotion). In addition, the conditioned stimulus produces a concomitant depression of at least one appetitive response, feeding. These extensive and selective actions of the conditioned stimulus in Aplysia resemble the actions of conditioned fear stimuli in higher mammals and suggest that the functional equivalent of fear occurs in invertebrates and thus may be an adaptive mechanism that is widespread in the animal kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walters, E T -- Carew, T J -- Kandel, E R -- 5K02MH0081/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- 5K05MH18558/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- 5T32MH1574/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Jan 30;211(4481):504-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7192881" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
Keywords:
Animals
;
Aplysia/*physiology
;
Association Learning/*physiology
;
Avoidance Learning/physiology
;
Behavior, Animal/physiology
;
Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology
;
Defense Mechanisms
;
Fear/*physiology
;
Humans
;
Learning/*physiology
Print ISSN:
0036-8075
Electronic ISSN:
1095-9203
Topics:
Biology
,
Chemistry and Pharmacology
,
Computer Science
,
Medicine
,
Natural Sciences in General
,
Physics
