ALBERT

Notes: Abstract. The final products of the CODE Analysis Center (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe) of the International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS) stem from overlapping 3-days-arcs. Until 31 December, 1994 these long arcs were computed from scratch, i.e. by processing three days of observations of about 40 stations (by mid 1995 about 60 stations were used) of the IGS Global Network in our parameter estimation program GPSEST. Because one-day-arcs have to be produced first (for the purpose of error detection etc.) the actual procedure was rather time-consuming. In the present article we develop the mathematical tools necessary to form arcs based on the normal equation systems of consecutive short arcs (one-day-solutions in the case of CODE). The procedure in its simplest version is as follows: • Each short arc is described by six initial conditions and a number of dynamical orbit parameters (e.g. radiation pressure parameters). The resulting long arc in turn shall be based on n consecutive short arcs and described by six initial conditions and again the same number of dynamical parameters as in the short arcs. • By asking position and velocity to be continuous at the boundaries of the short arcs we obtain a long arc which is actually defined by one set of initial conditions and n sets of dynamical parameters (if n short arcs are combined). • By asking the dynamical parameters to be identical in consecutive short arcs, the resulting long arc is characterized by exactly the same number of orbit parameters as each of the short arcs. • This procedure is not yet optimized because formally all n sets of orbit parameters have to be set up and solved for in the long arc solution (although they are not independent). In order to allow for an optimized solution we derive all necessary relations to eliminate the unnecessary parameters in the combination. Each long arc is characterized by the actual number of independent orbit parameters. The resulting procedure is very efficient. From the point of view of the result the new procedure is completely equivalent to an actual re-evaluation of all observations pertaining to the long arc. It is much more efficient and flexible, however because it allows us to construct 2-day-arcs, 3-day-arcs, etc. based on the previously stored daily normal equation systems without requiring much additional CPU time. The theory is developed in the first four sections. Technical aspects are dealt with in appendices A and B. The actual implementation into the Bernese GPS Software system and test results are given in section 5.