ALBERT

Description: Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of emergence and circulation of new human seasonal influenza virus variants is a key scientific and public health challenge. The global circulation patterns of influenza A/H3N2 viruses are well characterized, but the patterns of A/H1N1 and B viruses have remained largely unexplored. Here we show that the global circulation patterns of A/H1N1 (up to 2009), B/Victoria, and B/Yamagata viruses differ substantially from those of A/H3N2 viruses, on the basis of analyses of 9,604 haemagglutinin sequences of human seasonal influenza viruses from 2000 to 2012. Whereas genetic variants of A/H3N2 viruses did not persist locally between epidemics and were reseeded from East and Southeast Asia, genetic variants of A/H1N1 and B viruses persisted across several seasons and exhibited complex global dynamics with East and Southeast Asia playing a limited role in disseminating new variants. The less frequent global movement of influenza A/H1N1 and B viruses coincided with slower rates of antigenic evolution, lower ages of infection, and smaller, less frequent epidemics compared to A/H3N2 viruses. Detailed epidemic models support differences in age of infection, combined with the less frequent travel of children, as probable drivers of the differences in the patterns of global circulation, suggesting a complex interaction between virus evolution, epidemiology, and human behaviour.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4499780/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4499780/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bedford, Trevor -- Riley, Steven -- Barr, Ian G -- Broor, Shobha -- Chadha, Mandeep -- Cox, Nancy J -- Daniels, Rodney S -- Gunasekaran, C Palani -- Hurt, Aeron C -- Kelso, Anne -- Klimov, Alexander -- Lewis, Nicola S -- Li, Xiyan -- McCauley, John W -- Odagiri, Takato -- Potdar, Varsha -- Rambaut, Andrew -- Shu, Yuelong -- Skepner, Eugene -- Smith, Derek J -- Suchard, Marc A -- Tashiro, Masato -- Wang, Dayan -- Xu, Xiyan -- Lemey, Philippe -- Russell, Colin A -- 093488/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 093488/Z/10/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095831/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 260864/European Research Council/International -- MR/J008761/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 AI 107034/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI107034/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 TW008246/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- R01 TW008246-01/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- U01 GM110721/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 GM110721-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U117512723/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U54 GM111274/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jul 9;523(7559):217-20. doi: 10.1038/nature14460. Epub 2015 Jun 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. ; 1] MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK [2] Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. ; SGT Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, Village Budhera, District Gurgaon, Haryana 122505, India. ; National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India. ; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA. ; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London NW7 1AA, UK. ; King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Guindy, Chennai 600032, India. ; 1] World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia [2] Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. ; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. ; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China. ; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan. ; 1] Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA [2] Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK [3] Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK. ; 1] Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK [2] Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands. ; 1] Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [3] Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. ; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26053121" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉