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  • Springer Nature  (28.244)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (27.574)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 2020-2023  (41)
  • 1960-1964  (55.777)
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  • 1
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    Deep water inflow slowed offshore expansion of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet at the Eocene-Oligocene transition (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications Earth & Environment, Springer Nature, 3(1)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-02-21
    Beschreibung: The stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is threatened by the incursion of warm Circumpolar Deepwater which flows southwards via cross-shelf troughs towards the coast there melting ice shelves. However, the onset of this oceanic forcing on the development and evolution of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet remains poorly understood. Here, we use single- and multichannel seismic reflection profiles to investigate the architecture of a sediment body on the shelf of the Amundsen Sea Embayment. We estimate the formation age of this sediment body to be around the Eocene-Oligocene Transition and find that it possesses the geometry and depositional pattern of a plastered sediment drift. We suggest this indicates a southward inflow of deep water which probably supplied heat and, thus, prevented West Antarctic Ice Sheet advance beyond the coast at this time. We conclude that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has likely experienced a strong oceanic influence on its dynamics since its initial formation.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Catching the Main Ethiopian Rift evolving towards plate divergence (2022)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-02-11
    Beschreibung: Magmatism accompanies rifting along divergent plate boundaries, although its role before continental breakup remains poorly understood. For example, the magma-assisted Northern Main Ethiopian Rift (NMER) lacks current volcanism and clear tectono-magmatic relationships with its contiguous rift portions. Here we define its magmatic behaviour, identifying the most recent eruptive fissures (EF) whose aphyric basalts have a higher Ti content than those of older monogenetic scoria cones (MSC), which are porphyritic and plagioclase-dominated. Despite these differences, calculations highlight a similar parental melt for EF and MSC products, suggesting only a different evolutionary history after melt generation. While MSC magmas underwent a further step of storage at intermediate crustal levels, EF magmas rose directly from the base of the crust without contamination, even below older polygenetic volcanoes, suggesting rapid propagation of transcrustal dikes across solidified magma chambers. Whether this recent condition in the NMER is stable or transient, it indicates a transition from central polygenetic to linear fissure volcanism, indicative of increased tensile conditions and volcanism directly fed from the base of the crust, suggesting transition towards mature rifting.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 21821
    Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Arctic glaciers record wavier circumpolar winds (2022)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature Climate Change, Nature Publishing Group, 12(3), pp. 249-255
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-06-20
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
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  • 4
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    Environmental stability and phenotypic plasticity benefit the cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus in an acidified fjord (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Communications Biology, Springer Nature, 5(683)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-07-13
    Beschreibung: The stratified Chilean Comau Fjord sustains a dense population of the cold-water coral (CWC) Desmophyllum dianthus in aragonite supersaturated shallow and aragonite under- saturated deep water. This provides a rare opportunity to evaluate CWC fitness trade-offs in response to physico-chemical drivers and their variability. Here, we combined year-long reciprocal transplantation experiments along natural oceanographic gradients with an in situ assessment of CWC fitness. Following transplantation, corals acclimated fast to the novel environment with no discernible difference between native and novel (i.e. cross-transplanted) corals, demonstrating high phenotypic plasticity. Surprisingly, corals exposed to lowest ara- gonite saturation (Ωarag 〈 1) and temperature (T 〈 12.0 °C), but stable environmental condi- tions, at the deep station grew fastest and expressed the fittest phenotype. We found an inverse relationship between CWC fitness and environmental variability and propose to consider the high frequency fluctuations of abiotic and biotic factors to better predict the future of CWCs in a changing ocean.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    Mid-Pliocene El Niño/Southern Oscillation suppressed by Pacific intertropical convergence zone shift (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Springer Nature, ISSN: 1752-0908
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-08-16
    Beschreibung: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the dominant driver of year-to-year climate variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, impacts climate pattern across the globe. However, the response of the ENSO system to past and potential future temperature increases is not fully understood. Here we investigate ENSO variability in the warmer climate of the mid-Pliocene (~3.0–3.3 Ma), when surface temperatures were ~2–3 °C above modern values, in a large ensemble of climate models—the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project. We show that the ensemble consistently suggests a weakening of ENSO variability, with a mean reduction of 25% (±16%). We further show that shifts in the equatorial Pacific mean state cannot fully explain these changes. Instead, ENSO was suppressed by a series of off-equatorial processes triggered by a northward displacement of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone: weakened convective feedback and intensified Southern Hemisphere circulation, which inhibit various processes that initiate ENSO. The connection between the climatological intertropical convergence zone position and ENSO we find in the past is expected to operate in our warming world with important ramifications for ENSO variability.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    Sea ice surface temperatures from helicopter-borne thermal infrared imaging during the MOSAiC expedition (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Data, Springer Nature, 9(1), ISSN: 2052-4463
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-06-27
    Beschreibung: The sea ice surface temperature is important to understand the Arctic winter heat budget. We conducted 35 helicopter flights with an infrared camera in winter 2019/2020 during the Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition. The flights were performed from a local, 5 to 10 km scale up to a regional, 20 to 40 km scale. The infrared camera recorded thermal infrared brightness temperatures, which we converted to surface temperatures. More than 150000 images from all flights can be investigated individually. As an advanced data product, we created surface temperature maps for every flight with a 1 m resolution. We corrected image gradients, applied an ice drift correction, georeferenced all pixels, and corrected the surface temperature by its natural temporal drift, which results in time-fixed surface temperature maps for a consistent analysis of one flight. The temporal and spatial variability of sea ice characteristics is an important contribution to an increased understanding of the Arctic heat budget and, in particular, for the validation of satellite products.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 7
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    Diversity and origins of bacterial and archaeal viruses on sinking particles reaching the abyssal ocean (2022)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-06-14
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Luo, E., Leu, A. O., Eppley, J. M., Karl, D. M., & DeLong, E. F. Diversity and origins of bacterial and archaeal viruses on sinking particles reaching the abyssal ocean. ISME Journal, 16, : 1627–1635, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-022-01202-1.
    Beschreibung: Sinking particles and particle-associated microbes influence global biogeochemistry through particulate matter export from the surface to the deep ocean. Despite ongoing studies of particle-associated microbes, viruses in these habitats remain largely unexplored. Whether, where, and which viruses might contribute to particle production and export remain open to investigation. In this study, we analyzed 857 virus population genomes associated with sinking particles collected over three years in sediment traps moored at 4000 m in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Particle-associated viruses here were linked to cellular hosts through matches to bacterial and archaeal metagenome-assembled genome (MAG)-encoded prophages or CRISPR spacers, identifying novel viruses infecting presumptive deep-sea bacteria such as Colwellia, Moritella, and Shewanella. We also identified lytic viruses whose abundances correlated with particulate carbon flux and/or were exported from the photic to abyssal ocean, including cyanophages. Our data are consistent with some of the predicted outcomes of the viral shuttle hypothesis, and further suggest that viral lysis of both autotrophic and heterotrophic prokaryotes may play a role in carbon export. Our analyses revealed the diversity and origins of prevalent viruses found on deep-sea sinking particles and identified prospective viral groups for future investigation into processes that govern particle export in the open ocean.
    Beschreibung: This project is funded by grants from the Simons Foundation (#329108 to EFD and DMK, #721223 to EFD, and #721252 to DMK) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF3777 to EFD and GBMF3794 to DMK). Partial support for EL was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (PGSD3-487490-2016).
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
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  • 8
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    Intracellular nitrate storage by diatoms can be an important nitrogen pool in freshwater and marine ecosystems (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Communications Earth & Environment, Springer Nature, 3(1), ISSN: 2662-4435
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-07-06
    Beschreibung: Identifying and quantifying nitrogen pools is essential for understanding the nitrogen cycle in aquatic ecosystems. The ubiquitous diatoms represent an overlooked nitrate pool as they can accumulate nitrate intracellularly and utilize it for nitrogen assimilation, dissipation of excess photosynthetic energy, and Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA). Here, we document the global co-occurrence of diatoms and intracellular nitrate in phototrophic microbial communities in freshwater (n = 69), coastal (n = 44), and open marine (n = 4) habitats. Diatom abundance and total intracellular nitrate contents in water columns, sediments, microbial mats, and epilithic biofilms were highly significantly correlated. In contrast, diatom community composition had only a marginal influence on total intracellular nitrate contents. Nitrate concentrations inside diatom cells exceeded ambient nitrate concentrations ∼100–4000-fold. The collective intracellular nitrate pool of the diatom community accounted for 〈1% of total nitrate in pelagic habitats and 65–95% in benthic habitats. Accordingly, nitrate-storing diatoms are emerging as significant contributors to benthic nitrogen cycling, in particular through Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium activity under anoxic conditions.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 9
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    Non-syntrophic methanogenic hydrocarbon degradation by an archaeal species (2022)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Nature Publishing Group, 601(7892), pp. 257-262
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-08-11
    Beschreibung: The methanogenic degradation of oil hydrocarbons can proceed through syntrophic partnerships of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and methanogenic archaea1,2,3. However, recent culture-independent studies have suggested that the archaeon ‘Candidatus Methanoliparum’ alone can combine the degradation of long-chain alkanes with methanogenesis4,5. Here we cultured Ca. Methanoliparum from a subsurface oil reservoir. Molecular analyses revealed that Ca. Methanoliparum contains and overexpresses genes encoding alkyl-coenzyme M reductases and methyl-coenzyme M reductases, the marker genes for archaeal multicarbon alkane and methane metabolism. Incubation experiments with different substrates and mass spectrometric detection of coenzyme-M-bound intermediates confirm that Ca. Methanoliparum thrives not only on a variety of long-chain alkanes, but also on n-alkylcyclohexanes and n-alkylbenzenes with long n-alkyl (C≥13) moieties. By contrast, short-chain alkanes (such as ethane to octane) or aromatics with short alkyl chains (C≤12) were not consumed. The wide distribution of Ca. Methanoliparum4,5,6 in oil-rich environments indicates that this alkylotrophic methanogen may have a crucial role in the transformation of hydrocarbons into methane.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 10
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    Energy threshold changes in volcanic activity at Mt. Etna (Italy) inferred from volcanic tremor (2022)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-28
    Beschreibung: From the 2010s on, pattern classification has proven an effective method for flagging alerts of volcano unrest before eruptive activity at Mt. Etna, Italy. The analysis has been applied online to volcanic tremor data, and has supported the surveillance activity of the volcano that provides timely information to Civil Protection and other authorities. However, after declaring an alert, no one knows how long the volcano unrest will last and if a climactic eruptive activity will actually begin. These are critical aspects when considering the effects of a prolonged state of alert. An example of longstanding unrest is related to the Christmas Eve eruption in 2018, which was heralded by several months of almost continuous Strombolian activity. Here, we discuss the usage of thresholds to detect conditions leading to paroxysmal activity, and the challenges associated with defining such thresholds, leveraging a dataset of 52 episodes of lava fountains occurring in 2021. We were able to identify conservative settings regarding the thresholds, allowing for an early warning of impending paroxysm in almost all cases (circa 85% for the first 4 months in 2021, and over 90% for the whole year). The chosen thresholds also proved useful to predict that a paroxysmal activity was about to end. Such information provides reliable numbers for volcanologists for their assessments, based on visual information, which may not be available in bad weather or cloudy conditions.
    Beschreibung: Project IMPACT (A multidisciplinary Insight on the kinematics and dynamics of Magmatic Processes at Mt. Etna Aimed at identifying preCursor phenomena and developing early warning sysTems). IMPACT belongs to the Progetti Dipartimentali INGV [DIP7], https://progetti.ingv.it/index.php/it/progetti-dipartimentali/vulcani/impact#informazioni-sul-progetto.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 17895
    Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Volcanic tremor ; Volcano monitoring ; Pattern recognition ; Self Organizing maps ; Fuzzy clustering ; Mt. Etna ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 05.01. Computational geophysics
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    The impact of faulting complexity and type on earthquake rupture dynamics (2022)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-31
    Beschreibung: The statistical properties of seismicity are known to be affected by several factors such as the rheological parameters of rocks. We analysed the earthquake double-couple as a function of the faulting type. Here we show that it impacts the moment tensors of earthquakes: thrust- faulting events are characterized by higher double-couple components with respect to strike- slip- and normal-faulting earthquakes. Our results are coherent with the stress dependence of the scaling exponent of the Gutenberg-Richter law, which is anticorrelated to the double- couple. We suggest that the structural and tectonic control of seismicity may have its origin in the complexity of the seismogenic source marked by the width of the cataclastic damage zone and by the slip of different fault planes during the same seismic event; the sharper and concentrated the slip as along faults, the higher the double-couple. This phenomenon may introduce bias in magnitude estimation, with possible impact on seismic forecasting.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 258
    Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): double couple ; damage zone ; different fault type ; seismicity ; tectonics ; fault type ; seismicity ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Evidence for late glacial oceanic carbon redistribution and discharge from the Pacific Southern Ocean (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 13, 12 p., ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-11-14
    Beschreibung: Southern Ocean deep-water circulation plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. On geological time-scales, upwelling along the Chilean continental margin likely contributed to the deglacial atmospheric carbon dioxide rise, but little quantitative evidence exists of carbon storage. Here, we use a new X-ray Micro-Computer-Tomography method to assess foraminiferal test dissolution as proxy for paleo-carbonate ion concentrations [CO3^2−]. Our subantarctic Southeast Pacific sediment core depth transect shows significant deep-water [CO3^2−] variations during the Last Glacial Maximum and Deglaciation (10 – 22 ka BP). We provide evidence for an increase in [CO3^2−] during the early deglacial period (15-19 ka BP), followed by a ca. 40 µmol kg^-1 reduction in Lower Circumpolar Deepwater (CDW). This decreased Pacific to Atlantic export of low-carbon CDW contributed to significantly lowered carbon storage within the Southern Ocean, highlighting the importance of a dynamic Pacific–Southern Ocean deep-water reconfiguration for shaping late-glacial oceanic carbon storage, and subsequent deglacial oceanic-atmospheric CO2 transfer.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
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  • 13
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    Southern Ocean biogenic blooms freezing-in Oligocene colder climates (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 13(1), pp. 1-10, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-11-24
    Beschreibung: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Crossing a key atmospheric CO〈jats:sub〉2〈/jats:sub〉 threshold triggered a fundamental global climate reorganisation ~34 million years ago (Ma) establishing permanent Antarctic ice sheets. Curiously, a more dramatic CO〈jats:sub〉2〈/jats:sub〉 decline (~800–400 ppm by the Early Oligocene(~27 Ma)), postdates initial ice sheet expansion but the mechanisms driving this later, rapid drop in atmospheric carbon during the early Oligocene remains elusive and controversial. Here we use marine seismic reflection and borehole data to reveal an unprecedented accumulation of early Oligocene strata (up to 2.2 km thick over 1500 × 500 km) with a major biogenic component in the Australian Southern Ocean. High-resolution ocean simulations demonstrate that a tectonically-driven, one-off reorganisation of ocean currents, caused a unique period where current instability coincided with high nutrient input from the Antarctic continent. This unrepeated and short-lived environment favoured extreme bioproductivity and enhanced sediment burial. The size and rapid accumulation of this sediment package potentially holds ~1.067 × 10〈jats:sup〉15〈/jats:sup〉 kg of the ‘missing carbon’ sequestered during the decline from an Eocene high CO〈jats:sub〉2〈/jats:sub〉-world to a mid-Oligocene medium CO〈jats:sub〉2〈/jats:sub〉-world, highlighting the exceptional role of the Southern Ocean in modulating long-term climate.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 14
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    Exploring Employee Perceptions towards Smart Working during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Comparative Analysis of Two Italian Public Research Organizations (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-16
    Beschreibung: Of all the socio-economic changes caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the disruption to workforce organizations will probably leave the largest indelible mark. The way work will be organized in the future will be closely linked to the experience of work-ing under the same institution’s response to the pandemic. This paper aims to fill the gap in knowledge about smart working (SW) in public organizations, with a focus on the experience of the employees of two Italian research organizations, CNR and INGV. Analysing primary data, it explored and assessed how SW had been experi-enced following the implementation of governmental measures aimed at limiting the spread of COVID-19
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 815–833
    Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Combining audio and visual displays to highlight temporal and spatial seismic patterns (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-03-16
    Beschreibung: Data visualization, and to a lesser extent data sonification, are classic tools to the scientific community. However, these two approaches are very rarely combined, although they are highly complementary: our visual system is good at recognizing spatial patterns, whereas our auditory system is better tuned for temporal patterns. In this article, data representation methods are proposed that combine visualization, sonification, and spatial audio techniques, in order to optimize the user’s perception of spatial and temporal patterns in a single display, to increase the feeling of immersion, and to take advantage of multimodal integration mechanisms. Three seismic data sets are used to illustrate the methods, covering different physical phenomena, time scales, spatial distributions, and spatio-temporal dynamics. The methods are adapted to the specificities of each data set, and to the amount of information that the designer wants to display. This leads to further developments, namely the use of audification with two time scales, the switch from pure audification to time-modulated noise, and the switch from pure audification to sonic icons. First user feedback from live demonstrations indicates that the methods presented in this article seem to enhance the perception of spatio-temporal patterns, which is a key parameter to the understanding of seismically active systems, and a step towards apprehending the processes that drive this activity.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 125–142
    Beschreibung: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): 04.06. Seismology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Short-term clustering modeling of seismicity in Eastern Aegean Sea (Greece): a retrospective forecast test of the 2017 Mw = 6.4 Lesvos, 2017 Mw = 6.6 Kos and 2020 Mw = 7.0 Samos earthquake sequences (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-11-03
    Beschreibung: Short-term earthquake clustering properties in the Eastern Aegean Sea (Greece) area investigated through the application of an epidemic type stochastic model (Epidemic Type Earthquake Sequence; ETES). The computations are performed in an earthquake catalog covering the period 2008 to 2020 and including 2332 events with a completeness threshold of Mc = 3.1 and separated into two subcatalogs. The first subcatalog is employed for the learning period, which is between 2008/01/01 and 2016/12/31 (N = 1197 earthquakes), and used for the model’s parameters estimation. The second subcatalog from 2017/01/01 to 2020/11/10 (1135 earthquakes), in which the sequences of 2017 Mw = 6.4 Lesvos, 2017 Mw = 6.6 Kos and 2020 Mw = 7.0 Samos main shocks are included, and used for a retrospective forecast testing based on the constructed model. The estimated model parameters imply a swarm like behavior, indicating the ability of earthquakes of small to moderate magnitude above Mc to produce their own offsprings, along with the stronger earthquakes. The retrospective evaluation of the model is examined in the three aftershock sequences, where lack of foreshocks resulted in low predictability of the mainshocks, with estimated daily probabilities around 10– 5. Immediately after the mainshocks occurrence the model adjusts with notable resemblance between the expected and observed aftershock rates, particularly for earthquakes with M ≥ 3.5.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1085–1099
    Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Simulation of non-stationary stochastic ground motions based on recent Italian earthquakes (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-11-29
    Beschreibung: This work presents an up-to-date model for the simulation of non-stationary ground motions, including several novelties compared to the original study of Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996). The selection of the input motion in the framework of earthquake engineering has become progressively more important with the growing use of nonlinear dynamic analyses. Regardless of the increasing availability of large strong motion databases, ground motion records are not always available for a given earthquake scenario and site condition, requiring the adoption of simulated time series. Among the different techniques for the generation of ground motion records, we focused on the methods based on stochastic simulations, considering the time- frequency decomposition of the seismic ground motion. We updated the non-stationary stochastic model initially developed in Sabetta and Pugliese (Bull Seism Soc Am 86:337–352, 1996) and later modified by Pousse et al. (Bull Seism Soc Am 96:2103–2117, 2006) and Laurendeau et al. (Nonstationary stochastic simulation of strong ground-motion time histories: application to the Japanese database. 15 WCEE Lisbon, 2012). The model is based on the S-transform that implicitly considers both the amplitude and frequency modulation. The four model parameters required for the simulation are: Arias intensity, significant duration, central frequency, and frequency bandwidth. They were obtained from an empirical ground motion model calibrated using the accelerometric records included in the updated Italian strong-motion database ITACA. The simulated accelerograms show a good match with the ground motion model prediction of several amplitude and frequency measures, such as Arias intensity, peak acceleration, peak velocity, Fourier spectra, and response spectra.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 3287–3315
    Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    Insights on the Italian Seismic Network from location uncertainties (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-12-01
    Beschreibung: Probabilistic earthquake locations provide confidence intervals for the hypocentre solutions such as errors encountered in the position, the origin time, and in magnitude. If the relationship of the parameters relative to the local arrangement of the seismic network is considered, such as the node distance, the number of stations, the seismic gap, and the quality of phase readings), the uncertainties can then provide insights on the location capability of the network. In this paper, we collect the earthquake data recorded from the Italian Seismic Network for a time span of 5 years. The data pertain to three different catalogues according to the progressive refinement phases of the location procedure: automatic location, revised location, and published location. By means of spatial analysis,we assess the distribution of the location-related and network-related estimators across the study area. These estimators are subsequently combined to assess the existence of spatial correlations at a local scale. The results indicate that the Italian network is generally able to provide robust locations at the national scale and for smaller earthquakes, and the elongated shape of Italy (and of its network) does not cause systematic bias in the locations. However, we highlight the existence of subregions in which the performance of the network is weaker. At present, a unique 2D, 3-layer velocity model is used for the earthquake location procedure, and this could represent the main limitation for the improvement of the locations. Therefore, the assessment of locally optimized velocity models is the priority for the homogenization and the improvement of the Italian Seismic Network performance.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1061–1076
    Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    New trenching results along the İznik segment of the central strand of the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey): an integration with preexisting data (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-12-06
    Beschreibung: This paper provides a new contribution to the construction of the complex and fragmentary mosaic of the Late Holocene earthquakes history of the İznik segment of the central strand of the North Anatolian Fault (CNAF) in Turkey. The CNAF clearly displays lower dextral slip rates with respect to the northern strand however, surface rupturing and large damaging earthquakes (M 〉 7) occurred in the past, leaving clear signatures in the built and natural environments. The association of these historical events to specific earthquake sources (e.g., Gemlik, İznik, or Geyve fault segments) is still a matter of debate. We excavated two trenches across the İznik fault trace near Mustafali, a village about 10 km WSW of İznik where the morphological fault scarp was visible although modified by agricultural activities. Radiocarbon and TL dating on samples collected from the trenches show that the displaced deposits are very recent and span the past 2 millennia at most. Evidence for four surface faulting events was found in the Mustafali trenches. The integration of these results with historical data and previous paleoseismological data yields an updated Late Holocene history of surface-rupturing earthquakes along the İznik Fault in 1855, 740 (715), 362, and 121 CE. Evidence for the large M7 + historical earthquake dated 1419 CE generally attributed to this fault, was not found at any trench site along the İznik fault nor in the subaqueous record. This unfit between paleoseismological, stratigraphic, and historical data highlights one more time the urge for extensive paleoseismological trenching and offshore campaigns because of the high potential to solve the uncertainties on the seismogenic history (age, earthquake location, extent of the rupture and size) of this portion of NAFZ and especially on the attribution of historical earthquakes to the causative fault.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 115–128
    Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Beschreibung: N/A or not JCR
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    Checking the site categorization criteria and amplification factors of the 2021 draft of Eurocode 8 Part 1–1 (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-11-29
    Beschreibung: In this paper the site categorization criteria and the corresponding site amplification factors proposed in the 2021 draft of Part 1 of Eurocode 8 (2021-draft, CEN/TC250/SC8 Working Draft N1017) are first introduced and compared with the current version of Eurocode 8, as well as with site amplification factors from recent empirical ground motion prediction equations. Afterwards, these values are checked by two approaches. First, a wide dataset of strong motion records is built, where recording stations are classified according to 2021-draft, and the spectral amplifications are empirically estimated computing the site-to-site residuals from regional and global ground motion models for reference rock conditions. Second, a comprehensive parametric numerical study of one-dimensional (1D) site amplification is carried out, based on randomly generated shear-wave velocity profiles, classified according to the new criteria. A reasonably good agreement is found by both approaches. The most relevant discrepancies occur for the shallow soft soil conditions (soil category E) that, owing to the complex interaction of shear wave velocity, soil deposit thickness and frequency range of the excitation, show the largest scatter both in terms of records and of 1D numerical simulations. Furthermore, 1D numerical simulations for soft soil conditions tend to provide lower site amplification factors than 2021-draft, as well as lower than the corresponding site-to-site residuals from records, because of higher impact of non-linear (NL) site effects in the simulations. A site-specific study on NL effects at three KiK-net stations with a significantly large amount of high-intensity recorded ground motions gives support to the 2021-draft NL reduction factors, although the very limited number of recording stations allowing such analysis prevents deriving more general implications. In the presence of such controversial arguments, it is reasonable that a standard should adopt a prudent solution, with a limited reduction of the site amplification factors to account for NL soil response, while leaving the possibility to carry out site-specific estimations of such factors when sufficient information is available to model the ground strain dependency of local soil properties.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 4199–4234
    Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 21
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    Exceedance of design actions in epicentral areas: insights from the ShakeMap envelopes for the 2016–2017 central Italy sequence (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-11-29
    Beschreibung: ShakeMap is the tool to evaluate the ground motion effect of earthquakes in vast areas. It is useful to delimit the zones where the shaking is expected to have been most significant, for civil defense rapid response. From the earthquake engineering point of view, it can be used to infer the seismic actions on the built environment to calibrate vulnerability models or to define the reconstruction policies based on observed damage vs shaking. In the case of long-lasting seismic sequences, it can be useful to develop ShakeMap envelopes, that is, maps of the largest ground intensity among those from the ShakeMap of (selected) events of a seismic sequence, to delimit areas where the effects of the whole sequence have been of structural engineering relevance. This study introduces ShakeMap envelopes and discusses them for the central Italy 2016–2017 seismic sequence. The specific goals of the study are: (i) to compare the envelopes and the ShakeMap of the main events of the sequence to make the case for sequence-based maps; (ii) to quantify the exceedance of design seismic actions based on the envelopes; (iii) to make envelopes available for further studies and the reconstruction planning; (iv) to gather insights on the (repeated) exceedance of design seismic actions at some sites. Results, which include considerations of uncertainty in ShakeMap, show that the sequence caused exceedance of design hazard in thousands of square kilometers. The most relevant effects of the sequence are, as expected, due to the mainshock, yet seismic actions larger than those enforced by the code for structural design are found also around the epicenters of the smaller magnitude events. At some locations, the succession of ground-shaking that has excited structures, provides insights on structural damage accumulation that has likely taken place; something that is not accounted for explicitly in modern seismic design. The envelopes developed are available as supplemental material.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 5391–5414
    Beschreibung: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 22
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    Automatic inspection and analysis of digital waveform images by means of convolutional neural networks (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-12-13
    Beschreibung: Analyzing seismic data to get information about earthquakes has always been a major task for seismologists and, more in general, for geophysicists. Recently, thanks to the technological development of observation systems, more and more data are available to perform such tasks. However, this data “grow up” makes “human possibility” of data processing more complex in terms of required efforts and time demanding. That is why new technological approaches such as artificial intelligence are becoming very popular and more and more exploited. In this paper, we explore the possibility of interpreting seismic waveform segments by means of pre-trained deep learning. More specifically, we apply convolutional networks to seismological waveforms recorded at local or regional distances without any pre-elaboration or filtering. We show that such an approach can be very successful in determining if an earthquake is “included” in the seismic wave image and in estimating the distance between the earthquake epicenter and the recording station.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1347–1359
    Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 23
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    Midlatitude climatology of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness over two solar cycles (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-10-25
    Beschreibung: Themain climatological features of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness (τ ) for the Northern hemispheremidlatitudes are analyzed. F2-layer peak electron density values recorded at three midlatitude ionospheric stations (Chilton 51.5° N, 0.6° W, U.K.; Roquetes 40.8° N, 0.5° E, Spain;Wallops Island 37.9° N, 75.5°W, USA) and vertical total electron content values from colocated ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System receivers are used to calculate a dataset of τ values for the last two solar cycles, considering only magnetically quiet periods. Results are presented both as grids of binned medians and as boxplots as a function of local time and month of the year, for different solar activity levels. Corresponding trends are first compared to those output by the midlatitude empirical model developed by Fox et al. (Radio Sci 26:429–438, 1991) and then discussed in the light of what is known so far. From this investigation, the strong need to implement an improved empirical model of τ has emerged. Both Space Weather and Space Geodesy applications might benefit from such model. Therefore, both the dataset and the methodology described in the paper represent a first fundamental step aimed at implementing an empirical climatological model of the ionospheric equivalent slab thickness. The study highlighted also that at midlatitudes τ shows the following main patterns: daytime values considerably smaller than nighttime ones (except in summer); well-defined maxima at solar terminator hours; a greater dispersion during nighttime and solar terminator hours; no clear and evident solar activity dependence.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 124
    Beschreibung: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
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  • 24
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    Fracturing and healing of basaltic magmas during explosive volcanic eruptions (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-11-26
    Beschreibung: The eruption of basaltic magmas dominates explosive volcanism on Earth and other planets within the Solar System. The mechanism through which continuous magma fragments into volcanic particles is central in governing eruption dynamics and the ensuing hazards. However, the mechanism of fragmentation of basaltic magmas is still disputed, with both viscous and brittle mechanisms having been proposed. Here we carry out textural analysis of the products of ten eruptions from seven volcanoes by scanning electron microscopy. We find broken crystals surrounded by intact glass that testify to the brittle fragmentation of basaltic magmas during explosive activity worldwide. We then replicated the natural textures of broken crystals in laboratory experiments where variably crystallized basaltic melt was fragmented by rapid deformation. The experiments reveal that crystals are broken by the propagation of a network of fractures through magma, and that afterwards the fractures heal by viscous flow of the melt. Fracturing and healing affect gas mobility, stress distribution, and bubble and crystal size distributions in magma. Our results challenge the idea that the grain size distribution of basaltic eruption products reflects the density of fractures that initially fragmented the magma and ultimately indicate that brittle fracturing and viscous healing of magma may underlie basaltic explosive eruptions globally.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 248–254
    Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 25
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    Neapolitan volcanoes (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-12-24
    Beschreibung: This book serves as a guide to discovering the most interesting volcano sites in Italy. Accompanied by some extraordinary contemporary images of active Neapolitan volcanoes, it explains the main volcanic processes that have been shaping the landscape of the Campania region and influencing human settlements in this area since Greek and Roman times and that have prompted leading international scientists to visit and study this natural volcanology laboratory. While volcanology is the central topic, the book also addresses other aspects related to the area’s volcanism and is divided into three sections: 1) Neapolitan volcanic activity and processes (with a general introduction to volcanology and its development around Naples together with descriptions of the landscape and the main sites worth visiting); 2) Volcanoes and their interactions with local human settlements since the Bronze Age, recent population growth and the transformation of the territory; 3) The risks posed by Neapolitan Volcanoes, their recent activity and the problem of forecasting any future eruption.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
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    Northern Hemisphere drought risk in a warming climate (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Springer Nature, 4(1), ISSN: 2397-3722
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-02-15
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Discovery and quantification of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms among oxygenated tropical Cuban stony corals (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Babbin, A. R., Tamasi, T., Dumit, D., Weber, L., Rodríguez, M. V. I., Schwartz, S. L., Armenteros, M., Wankel, S. D., & Apprill, A. Discovery and quantification of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms among oxygenated tropical Cuban stony corals. ISME Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00845-2.
    Beschreibung: Coral reef health depends on an intricate relationship among the coral animal, photosynthetic algae, and a complex microbial community. The holobiont can impact the nutrient balance of their hosts amid an otherwise oligotrophic environment, including by cycling physiologically important nitrogen compounds. Here we use 15N-tracer experiments to produce the first simultaneous measurements of ammonium oxidation, nitrate reduction, and nitrous oxide (N2O) production among five iconic species of reef-building corals (Acropora palmata, Diploria labyrinthiformis, Orbicella faveolata, Porites astreoides, and Porites porites) in the highly protected Jardines de la Reina reefs of Cuba. Nitrate reduction is present in most species, but ammonium oxidation is low potentially due to photoinhibition and assimilatory competition. Coral-associated rates of N2O production indicate a widespread potential for denitrification, especially among D. labyrinthiformis, at rates of ~1 nmol cm−2 d−1. In contrast, A. palmata displays minimal active nitrogen metabolism. Enhanced rates of nitrate reduction and N2O production are observed coincident with dark net respiration periods. Genomes of bacterial cultures isolated from multiple coral species confirm that microorganisms with the ability to respire nitrate anaerobically to either dinitrogen gas or ammonium exist within the holobiont. This confirmation of anaerobic nitrogen metabolisms by coral-associated microorganisms sheds new light on coral and reef productivity.
    Beschreibung: Research was conducted in the Gardens of the Queen, Cuba in accordance with the requirements of the Republic of Cuba, conducted under permit NV2370 and NV2568 issued by the Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. We gratefully acknowledge funding for this research by MIT Sea Grant award #2018-DOH-49-LEV, Simons Foundation award #622065, and MIT ESI seed funding to ARB, the MIT Montrym, Ferry, and mTerra Seed Grant Funds, and the generous contributions by Dr Bruce L. Heflinger.
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    Time-series transcriptomics from cold, oxic subseafloor crustal fluids reveals a motile, mixotrophic microbial community (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Seyler, L. M., Trembath-Reichert, E., Tully, B. J., & Huber, J. A. Time-series transcriptomics from cold, oxic subseafloor crustal fluids reveals a motile, mixotrophic microbial community. Isme Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00843-4.
    Beschreibung: The oceanic crustal aquifer is one of the largest habitable volumes on Earth, and it harbors a reservoir of microbial life that influences global-scale biogeochemical cycles. Here, we use time series metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data from a low-temperature, ridge flank environment representative of the majority of global hydrothermal fluid circulation in the ocean to reconstruct microbial metabolic potential, transcript abundance, and community dynamics. We also present metagenome-assembled genomes from recently collected fluids that are furthest removed from drilling disturbances. Our results suggest that the microbial community in the North Pond aquifer plays an important role in the oxidation of organic carbon within the crust. This community is motile and metabolically flexible, with the ability to use both autotrophic and organotrophic pathways, as well as function under low oxygen conditions by using alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate and thiosulfate. Anaerobic processes are most abundant in subseafloor horizons deepest in the aquifer, furthest from connectivity with the deep ocean, and there was little overlap in the active microbial populations between sampling horizons. This work highlights the heterogeneity of microbial life in the subseafloor aquifer and provides new insights into biogeochemical cycling in ocean crust.
    Beschreibung: The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation sponsored most of the observatory components at North Pond through grant GBMF1609. This work was supported by NSF OCE-1062006, OCE-1745589 and OCE-1635208 to J.A.H. E.T.R. was supported by a NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship with the NASA Astrobiology Institute and a L’Oréal USA For Women in Science Fellowship. The Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI OCE-0939564) also supported the participation of J.A.H. and B.T. This is C-DEBI contribution number 548.
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    Quantifying the effects of hydrogen on carbon assimilation in a seafloor microbial community associated with ultramafic rocks (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Coskun, O. K., Vuillemin, A., Schubotz, F., Klein, F., Sichel, S. E., Eisenreich, W., & Orsi, W. D. Quantifying the effects of hydrogen on carbon assimilation in a seafloor microbial community associated with ultramafic rocks. Isme Journal. (2021), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01066-x.
    Beschreibung: Thermodynamic models predict that H2 is energetically favorable for seafloor microbial life, but how H2 affects anabolic processes in seafloor-associated communities is poorly understood. Here, we used quantitative 13C DNA stable isotope probing (qSIP) to quantify the effect of H2 on carbon assimilation by microbial taxa synthesizing 13C-labeled DNA that are associated with partially serpentinized peridotite rocks from the equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The rock-hosted seafloor community was an order of magnitude more diverse compared to the seawater community directly above the rocks. With added H2, peridotite-associated taxa increased assimilation of 13C-bicarbonate and 13C-acetate into 16S rRNA genes of operational taxonomic units by 146% (±29%) and 55% (±34%), respectively, which correlated with enrichment of H2-oxidizing NiFe-hydrogenases encoded in peridotite-associated metagenomes. The effect of H2 on anabolism was phylogenetically organized, with taxa affiliated with Atribacteria, Nitrospira, and Thaumarchaeota exhibiting the most significant increases in 13C-substrate assimilation in the presence of H2. In SIP incubations with added H2, an order of magnitude higher number of peridotite rock-associated taxa assimilated 13C-bicarbonate, 13C-acetate, and 13C-formate compared to taxa that were not associated with peridotites. Collectively, these findings indicate that the unique geochemical nature of the peridotite-hosted ecosystem has selected for H2-metabolizing, rock-associated taxa that can increase anabolism under high H2 concentrations. Because ultramafic rocks are widespread in slow-, and ultraslow-spreading oceanic lithosphere, continental margins, and subduction zones where H2 is formed in copious amounts, the link between H2 and carbon assimilation demonstrated here may be widespread within these geological settings.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—Project-ID 364653263—TRR 235 to WDO and WE, and under Germany’s Excellence Strategy—EXC 2077-390741603. The work was also supported by the Dalio Explore Fund and LMU Mentoring Program. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
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    Small sinking particles control anammox rates in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone (2021)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Nature Publishing Group, 12(1), pp. 1-12
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-08-15
    Beschreibung: Anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (anammox) in oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) is a major pathway of oceanic nitrogen loss. Ammonium released from sinking particles has been suggested to fuel this process. During cruises to the Peruvian OMZ in April–June 2017 we found that anammox rates are strongly correlated with the volume of small particles (128–512 µm), even though anammox bacteria were not directly associated with particles. This suggests that the relationship between anammox rates and particles is related to the ammonium released from particles by remineralization. To investigate this, ammonium release from particles was modelled and theoretical encounters of free-living anammox bacteria with ammonium in the particle boundary layer were calculated. These results indicated that small sinking particles could be responsible for ~75% of ammonium release in anoxic waters and that free-living anammox bacteria frequently encounter ammonium in the vicinity of smaller particles. This indicates a so far underestimated role of abundant, slow-sinking small particles in controlling oceanic nutrient budgets, and furthermore implies that observations of the volume of small particles could be used to estimate N-loss across large areas.
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    Degradation of biological macromolecules supports uncultured microbial populations in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments (2021)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Castro, S. P., Borton, M. A., Regan, K., de Angelis, I. H., Wrighton, K. C., Teske, A. P., Strous, M., & Ruff, S. E. Degradation of biological macromolecules supports uncultured microbial populations in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments. Isme Journal. (2021), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01026-5.
    Beschreibung: Hydrothermal sediments contain large numbers of uncultured heterotrophic microbial lineages. Here, we amended Guaymas Basin sediments with proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids or lipids under different redox conditions and cultivated heterotrophic thermophiles with the genomic potential for macromolecule degradation. We reconstructed 20 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of uncultured lineages affiliating with known archaeal and bacterial phyla, including endospore-forming Bacilli and candidate phylum Marinisomatota. One Marinisomatota MAG had 35 different glycoside hydrolases often in multiple copies, seven extracellular CAZymes, six polysaccharide lyases, and multiple sugar transporters. This population has the potential to degrade a broad spectrum of polysaccharides including chitin, cellulose, pectin, alginate, chondroitin, and carrageenan. We also describe thermophiles affiliating with the genera Thermosyntropha, Thermovirga, and Kosmotoga with the capability to make a living on nucleic acids, lipids, or multiple macromolecule classes, respectively. Several populations seemed to lack extracellular enzyme machinery and thus likely scavenged oligo- or monomers (e.g., MAGs affiliating with Archaeoglobus) or metabolic products like hydrogen (e.g., MAGs affiliating with Thermodesulfobacterium or Desulforudaceae). The growth of methanogens or the production of methane was not observed in any condition, indicating that the tested macromolecules are not degraded into substrates for methanogenesis in hydrothermal sediments. We provide new insights into the niches, and genomes of microorganisms that actively degrade abundant necromass macromolecules under oxic, sulfate-reducing, and fermentative thermophilic conditions. These findings improve our understanding of the carbon flow across trophic levels and indicate how primary produced biomass sustains complex and productive ecosystems.
    Beschreibung: We are grateful to the captain and crew of the R/V Atlantis AT37-06 as well as the crew of the human occupied vehicle Alvin for their tireless support. Sampling at Guaymas Basin was supported by NSF (OCE-1357238).
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    Metabolic versatility of the nitrite-oxidizing bacterium Nitrospira marina and its proteomic response to oxygen-limited conditions (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Bayer, B., Saito, M. A., McIlvin, M. R., Lucker, S., Moran, D. M., Lankiewicz, T. S., Dupont, C. L., & Santoro, A. E. (2020). Metabolic versatility of the nitrite-oxidizing bacterium Nitrospira marina and its proteomic response to oxygen-limited conditions. Isme Journal, doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00828-3.
    Beschreibung: The genus Nitrospira is the most widespread group of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and thrives in diverse natural and engineered ecosystems. Nitrospira marina Nb-295T was isolated from the ocean over 30 years ago; however, its genome has not yet been analyzed. Here, we investigated the metabolic potential of N. marina based on its complete genome sequence and performed physiological experiments to test genome-derived hypotheses. Our data confirm that N. marina benefits from additions of undefined organic carbon substrates, has adaptations to resist oxidative, osmotic, and UV light-induced stress and low dissolved pCO2, and requires exogenous vitamin B12. In addition, N. marina is able to grow chemoorganotrophically on formate, and is thus not an obligate chemolithoautotroph. We further investigated the proteomic response of N. marina to low (∼5.6 µM) O2 concentrations. The abundance of a potentially more efficient CO2-fixing pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (POR) complex and a high-affinity cbb3-type terminal oxidase increased under O2 limitation, suggesting a role in sustaining nitrite oxidation-driven autotrophy. This putatively more O2-sensitive POR complex might be protected from oxidative damage by Cu/Zn-binding superoxide dismutase, which also increased in abundance under low O2 conditions. Furthermore, the upregulation of proteins involved in alternative energy metabolisms, including Group 3b [NiFe] hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase, indicate a high metabolic versatility to survive conditions unfavorable for aerobic nitrite oxidation. In summary, the genome and proteome of the first marine Nitrospira isolate identifies adaptations to life in the oxic ocean and provides insights into the metabolic diversity and niche differentiation of NOB in marine environments.
    Beschreibung: We thank John B. Waterbury and Frederica Valois for providing the culture of Nitrospira marina Nb-295T and for continued advice about cultivation. The N. marina genome was sequenced as part of US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Community Sequencing Project 1337 to CLD, AES, and MAS in collaboration with the user community. We thank Claus Pelikan for bioinformatic assistance. This research was supported by a Simons Foundation Early Career Investigator in Marine Microbiology and Evolution Award (345889) and US National Science Foundation (NSF) award OCE-1924512 to AES. Proteomics analysis was supported by NSF awards OCE-1924554 and OCE-1850719, and NIH award R01GM135709 to MAS. BB was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) Project Number: J4426-B (“The influence of nitrifiers on the oceanic carbon cycle”), SL by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) grant 016.Vidi.189.050, and CLD by NSF award OCE-125999.
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  • 33
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    Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ferrer-González, F. X., Widner, B., Holderman, N. R., Glushka, J., Edison, A. S., Kujawinski, E. B., & Moran, M. A. Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy. ISME Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00811-y.
    Beschreibung: The communities of bacteria that assemble around marine microphytoplankton are predictably dominated by Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales, and families within the Gammaproteobacteria. Yet whether this consistent ecological pattern reflects the result of resource-based niche partitioning or resource competition requires better knowledge of the metabolites linking microbial autotrophs and heterotrophs in the surface ocean. We characterized molecules targeted for uptake by three heterotrophic bacteria individually co-cultured with a marine diatom using two strategies that vetted the exometabolite pool for biological relevance by means of bacterial activity assays: expression of diagnostic genes and net drawdown of exometabolites, the latter detected with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance using novel sample preparation approaches. Of the more than 36 organic molecules with evidence of bacterial uptake, 53% contained nitrogen (including nucleosides and amino acids), 11% were organic sulfur compounds (including dihydroxypropanesulfonate and dimethysulfoniopropionate), and 28% were components of polysaccharides (including chrysolaminarin, chitin, and alginate). Overlap in phytoplankton-derived metabolite use by bacteria in the absence of competition was low, and only guanosine, proline, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were predicted to be used by all three. Exometabolite uptake pattern points to a key role for ecological resource partitioning in the assembly marine bacterial communities transforming recent photosynthate.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (5503) and the National Science Foundation (IOS-1656311) to MAM, ASE, and EBK, and by the Simons Foundation grant 542391 to MAM within the Principles of Microbial Ecosystems (PriME) Collaborative.
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  • 34
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    Return to rapid ice loss in Greenland and record loss in 2019 detected by the GRACE-FO satellites (2020)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Communications Earth & Environment, Nature Publishing Group, 1(1), pp. 1-8
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-06-20
    Beschreibung: Between 2003-2016, the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) was one of the largest contributors to sea level rise, as it lost about 255 Gt of ice per year. This mass loss slowed in 2017 and 2018 to about 100 Gt yr−1. Here we examine further changes in rate of GrIS mass loss, by analyzing data from the GRACE-FO (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment – Follow On) satellite mission, launched in May 2018. Using simulations with regional climate models we show that the mass losses observed in 2017 and 2018 by the GRACE and GRACE-FO missions are lower than in any other two year period between 2003 and 2019, the combined period of the two missions. We find that this reduced ice loss results from two anomalous cold summers in western Greenland, compounded by snow-rich autumn and winter conditions in the east. For 2019, GRACE-FO reveals a return to high melt rates leading to a mass loss of 223 ± 12 Gt month−1 during the month of July alone, and a record annual mass loss of 532 ± 58 Gt yr−1.
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  • 35
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    Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Zakem, E. J., Mahadevan, A., Lauderdale, J. M., & Follows, M. J. Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 288–301, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0523-8.
    Beschreibung: Mechanistic description of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism is necessary for diagnostic and predictive modeling of fixed nitrogen loss in anoxic marine zones (AMZs). In a metabolic model where diverse oxygen- and nitrogen-cycling microbial metabolisms are described by underlying redox chemical reactions, we predict a transition from strictly aerobic to predominantly anaerobic regimes as the outcome of ecological interactions along an oxygen gradient, obviating the need for prescribed critical oxygen concentrations. Competing aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms can coexist in anoxic conditions whether these metabolisms represent obligate or facultative populations. In the coexistence regime, relative rates of aerobic and anaerobic activity are determined by the ratio of oxygen to electron donor supply. The model simulates key characteristics of AMZs, such as the accumulation of nitrite and the sustainability of anammox at higher oxygen concentrations than denitrification, and articulates how microbial biomass concentrations relate to associated water column transformation rates as a function of redox stoichiometry and energetics. Incorporating the metabolic model into an idealized two-dimensional ocean circulation results in a simulated AMZ, in which a secondary chlorophyll maximum emerges from oxygen-limited grazing, and where vertical mixing and dispersal in the oxycline also contribute to metabolic co-occurrence. The modeling approach is mechanistic yet computationally economical and suitable for global change applications.
    Beschreibung: We are grateful for the thorough and thoughtful comments of two anonymous reviewers. We also thank Andrew Babbin for helpful comments. EJZ was supported by the Simons Foundation (Postdoctoral Fellowship in Marine Microbial Ecology). AM was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR #N000-14-15-1-2555). JML was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF #OCE-1259388). MJF was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF #3778) and the Simons Foundation: the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology (SCOPE #329108) and the Simons Collaboration on Computational Biogeochemical Modeling of Marine Ecosystems (CBIOMES #549931).
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  • 36
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    Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ponnudurai, R., Heiden, S. E., Sayavedra, L., Hinzke, T., Kleiner, M., Hentschker, C., Felbeck, H., Sievert, S. M., Schlüter, R., Becher, D., Schweder, T., & Markert, S. Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host-symbiont interactions. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 649–656, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0517-6.
    Beschreibung: Deep-sea Bathymodiolus mussels and their chemoautotrophic symbionts are well-studied representatives of mutualistic host–microbe associations. However, how host–symbiont interactions vary on the molecular level between related host and symbiont species remains unclear. Therefore, we compared the host and symbiont metaproteomes of Pacific B. thermophilus, hosting a thiotrophic symbiont, and Atlantic B. azoricus, containing two symbionts, a thiotroph and a methanotroph. We identified common strategies of metabolic support between hosts and symbionts, such as the oxidation of sulfide by the host, which provides a thiosulfate reservoir for the thiotrophic symbionts, and a cycling mechanism that could supply the host with symbiont-derived amino acids. However, expression levels of these processes differed substantially between both symbioses. Backed up by genomic comparisons, our results furthermore revealed an exceptionally large repertoire of attachment-related proteins in the B. thermophilus symbiont. These findings imply that host–microbe interactions can be quite variable, even between closely related systems.
    Beschreibung: Thanks to captain, crew, and pilots of the research vessels Atlantis (ROV Jason cruise AT26–10 in 2014) and Meteor (cruise M82–3 in 2010). We thank Jana Matulla, Sebastian Grund, and Annette Meuche for excellent technical assistance during sample preparation, MS measurements in the Orbitrap Classic, and TEM imaging preparation, respectively. We appreciate Nikolaus Leisch’s help with TEM image interpretation, Inna Sokolova’s advice on bivalve physiology, and Marie Zühlke’s support during manuscript revision. RP was supported by the EU-funded Marie Curie Initial Training Network ‘Symbiomics’ (project no. 264774) and by a fellowship of the Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V. TH was supported by the German Research Foundation DFG (grant MA 6346/2–1 to SM). The Atlantis cruise was funded by a grant of the US National Science Foundation’s Dimensions of Biodiversity program to SMS (OCE-1136727).
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  • 37
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    Coordinated transformation of the gut microbiome and lipidome of bowhead whales provides novel insights into digestion (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Miller, C. A., Holm, H. C., Horstmann, L., George, J. C., Fredricks, H. F., Van Mooy, B. A. S., & Apprill, A. Coordinated transformation of the gut microbiome and lipidome of bowhead whales provides novel insights into digestion. ISME Journal, 14, (2019): 688-701, doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0549-y.
    Beschreibung: Whale digestion plays an integral role in many ocean ecosystems. By digesting enormous quantities of lipid-rich prey, whales support their energy intensive lifestyle, but also excrete nutrients important to ocean biogeochemical cycles. Nevertheless, whale digestion is poorly understood. Gastrointestinal microorganisms play a significant role in vertebrate digestion, but few studies have examined them in whales. To investigate digestion of lipids, and the potential contribution of microbes to lipid digestion in whales, we characterized lipid composition (lipidomes) and bacterial communities (microbiotas) in 126 digesta samples collected throughout the gastrointestinal tracts of 38 bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) harvested by Alaskan Eskimos. Lipidomes and microbiotas were strongly correlated throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Lipidomes and microbiotas were most variable in the small intestine and most similar in the large intestine, where microbiota richness was greatest. Our results suggest digestion of wax esters, the primary lipids in B. mysticetus prey representing more than 80% of total dietary lipids, occurred in the mid- to distal small intestine and was correlated with specific microorganisms. Because wax esters are difficult to digest by other marine vertebrates and constitute a large reservoir of carbon in the ocean, our results further elucidate the essential roles that whales and their gastrointestinal microbiotas play in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nutrients in high-latitude seas.
    Beschreibung: Devonshire Foundation (to CAM), Marine Mammal Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI; to CAM), WHOI Ocean Life Institute (to AA and CAM), Dalio Foundation’s Dalio Ocean Initiative (now ‘OceanX’) (to AA), National Science Foundation (OCE-1756254 and OPP-1543328 to BASVM). Samples were collected under Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service permit numbers 17350-00, 17350-01, and 17350-02 to North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management.
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  • 38
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    Potential virus-mediated nitrogen cycling in oxygen-depleted oceanic waters (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gazitua, M. C., Vik, D. R., Roux, S., Gregory, A. C., Bolduc, B., Widner, B., Mulholland, M. R., Hallam, S. J., Ulloa, O., & Sullivan, M. B. Potential virus-mediated nitrogen cycling in oxygen-depleted oceanic waters. Isme Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00825-6.
    Beschreibung: Viruses play an important role in the ecology and biogeochemistry of marine ecosystems. Beyond mortality and gene transfer, viruses can reprogram microbial metabolism during infection by expressing auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) involved in photosynthesis, central carbon metabolism, and nutrient cycling. While previous studies have focused on AMG diversity in the sunlit and dark ocean, less is known about the role of viruses in shaping metabolic networks along redox gradients associated with marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). Here, we analyzed relatively quantitative viral metagenomic datasets that profiled the oxygen gradient across Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP) OMZ waters, assessing whether OMZ viruses might impact nitrogen (N) cycling via AMGs. Identified viral genomes encoded six N-cycle AMGs associated with denitrification, nitrification, assimilatory nitrate reduction, and nitrite transport. The majority of these AMGs (80%) were identified in T4-like Myoviridae phages, predicted to infect Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria, or in unclassified archaeal viruses predicted to infect Thaumarchaeota. Four AMGs were exclusive to anoxic waters and had distributions that paralleled homologous microbial genes. Together, these findings suggest viruses modulate N-cycling processes within the ETSP OMZ and may contribute to nitrogen loss throughout the global oceans thus providing a baseline for their inclusion in the ecosystem and geochemical models.
    Beschreibung: We thank Sullivan Lab members and Heather Maughan for comments on the paper, Bess Ward for her contribution in the N-cycle context of our story, Kurt Hanselmann for his assistance in the calculations of the Gibbs-free energies, and the scientific party and crew of the R/V Atlantis (grant OCE-1356056 to MRM) for the sampling opportunity and support at sea. This work was funded in part by awards from the Agouron Institute to OU and MBS, a Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Investigator Award (#3790) and NSF Biological Oceanography Awards (#1536989 and #1829831) to MBS, and the Millennium Science Initiative (grant ICN12_019-IMO) to OU. The work conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
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  • 39
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    Physiological dynamics of chemosynthetic symbionts in hydrothermal vent snails (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Breusing, C., Mitchell, J., Delaney, J., Sylva, S. P., Seewald, J. S., Girguis, P. R., & Beinart, R. A. Physiological dynamics of chemosynthetic symbionts in hydrothermal vent snails. Isme Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-0707-2.
    Beschreibung: Symbioses between invertebrate animals and chemosynthetic bacteria form the basis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems worldwide. In the Lau Basin, deep-sea vent snails of the genus Alviniconcha associate with either Gammaproteobacteria (A. kojimai, A. strummeri) or Campylobacteria (A. boucheti) that use sulfide and/or hydrogen as energy sources. While the A. boucheti host–symbiont combination (holobiont) dominates at vents with higher concentrations of sulfide and hydrogen, the A. kojimai and A. strummeri holobionts are more abundant at sites with lower concentrations of these reductants. We posit that adaptive differences in symbiont physiology and gene regulation might influence the observed niche partitioning between host taxa. To test this hypothesis, we used high-pressure respirometers to measure symbiont metabolic rates and examine changes in gene expression among holobionts exposed to in situ concentrations of hydrogen (H2: ~25 µM) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S: ~120 µM). The campylobacterial symbiont exhibited the lowest rate of H2S oxidation but the highest rate of H2 oxidation, with fewer transcriptional changes and less carbon fixation relative to the gammaproteobacterial symbionts under each experimental condition. These data reveal potential physiological adaptations among symbiont types, which may account for the observed net differences in metabolic activity and contribute to the observed niche segregation among holobionts.
    Beschreibung: We thank the Schmidt Ocean Institute, the crew of the R/V Falkor and the pilots of the ROV ROPOS for facilitating the sample collections and shipboard experiments, and the Broad Institute Microbial ‘Omics Core for preparing and sequencing the transcriptomic libraries. This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Numbers NSF OCE-1536653 (to PRG), OCE-1536331 (to RAB and JSS), OCE-1819530 and OCE-1736932 (to RAB).
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  • 40
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    Viral elements and their potential influence on microbial processes along the permanently stratified Cariaco Basin redoxcline (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Mara, P., Vik, D., Pachiadaki, M. G., Suter, E. A., Poulos, B., Taylor, G. T., Sullivan, M. B., & Edgcomb, V. P. Viral elements and their potential influence on microbial processes along the permanently stratified Cariaco Basin redoxcline. ISME Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00739-3.
    Beschreibung: Little is known about viruses in oxygen-deficient water columns (ODWCs). In surface ocean waters, viruses are known to act as gene vectors among susceptible hosts. Some of these genes may have metabolic functions and are thus termed auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs). AMGs introduced to new hosts by viruses can enhance viral replication and/or potentially affect biogeochemical cycles by modulating key microbial pathways. Here we identify 748 viral populations that cluster into 94 genera along a vertical geochemical gradient in the Cariaco Basin, a permanently stratified and euxinic ocean basin. The viral communities in this ODWC appear to be relatively novel as 80 of these viral genera contained no reference viral sequences, likely due to the isolation and unique features of this system. We identify viral elements that encode AMGs implicated in distinctive processes, such as sulfur cycling, acetate fermentation, signal transduction, [Fe–S] formation, and N-glycosylation. These AMG-encoding viruses include two putative Mu-like viruses, and viral-like regions that may constitute degraded prophages that have been modified by transposable elements. Our results provide an insight into the ecological and biogeochemical impact of viruses oxygen-depleted and euxinic habitats.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grant OCE-1336082 to VPE, OCE-1335436 to GTT, OCE-1536989, a Moore Foundation Award (#3790) to MBS, and WHOI subaward A101259 to MP. The sequencing conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute is supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231.
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  • 41
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    Sediment dynamics of a divergent bay-marsh complex (2020)
    Springer Nature
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © Springer Nature , 2020. This article is posted here by permission of Springer Nature for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nowacki, D. J., & Ganju, N. K. Sediment dynamics of a divergent bay-marsh complex. Estuaries and Coasts, (2020), doi:10.1007/s12237-020-00855-5.
    Beschreibung: Bay–marsh systems, composed of an embayment surrounded by fringing marsh incised by tidal channels, are widely distributed coastal environments. External sediment availability, marsh-edge erosion, and sea-level rise acting on such bay–marsh complexes may drive diverse sediment-flux regimes. These factors reinforce the ephemeral and dynamic nature of fringing marshes: material released by marsh-edge erosion becomes part of a bay–marsh exchange that fuels the geomorphic evolution of the coupled system. The dynamics of this sediment exchange determine the balance among seaward export, deposition on the embayment seabed, flux into tidal channels, and import to the marsh platform. In this work, we investigate the sediment dynamics of a transgressive bay–marsh complex and link them to larger-scale considerations of its geomorphic trajectory. Grand Bay, Alabama/Mississippi, is a shallow microtidal embayment surrounded by salt marshes with lateral erosion rates of up to 5 m year−1. We collected 6 months of oceanographic data at four moorings within Grand Bay and its tidal channels to assess hydrographic conditions and net sediment-flux patterns and augmented the observations with numerical modeling. The observations imply a divergent sedimentary system in which a majority of the suspended sediment is exported seaward, while a smaller fraction is imported landward via tidal channels, assisting in vertical marsh-plain accumulation, maintenance of channel and intertidal-flat morphologies, and landward transgression. These results describe a dynamic system that is responsive to episodic atmospheric forcing in the absence of a strong tidal signal and the presence of severe lateral marsh loss.
    Beschreibung: We thank the staff of the Grand Bay NERR for their role in facilitating fieldwork within Grand Bay. Jonathan Pitchford, also of the Grand Bay NERR, provided the SET data. Giulio Mariotti and an anonymous reviewer are acknowledged for their helpful comments.
    Schlagwort(e): Salt marsh ; Geomorphic trajectory ; Sediment flux
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bird Song (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1239-1240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] IT is well known that bird song is much more than a sweet expression of domestic emotion, that it conveys many things, including aggression, courtship, territory ownership and other bits of information important to birds in their social life. Hence, the investigation of the vocalization of birds is ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041239b0
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Natural Plant Growth Regulators (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1240-1240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] REGULATEURS Naturels de la Croissance Vegetale ooo*o reports the proceedings of the fifth in the series of international conferences on plant growth regulators, which was held at Gif-sur-Yvette in July 1963, under the auspices of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Most of the text ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041240a0
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Biology of the Antarctic Seas (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1239-1239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] FIVE of the eight papers presented here are devoted to experimental biology, with contributions from J. S. Bunt, E. Z. El-Sayed, E. F. Mandelli and Y. Sugimura on primary organic production, D. E. Wohlschlag on the respiratory metabolism and ecology of some Antarctic fishes, and M. A. McWhinnie on ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041239a0
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    35-Gc/s, 70-Gc/s and 94-Gc/s Cytherean Radiation (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1242-1245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] INTEREST in Cytherean radiating characteristics, defined by measurements at many different wavelengths on many different occasions, has been heightened by the prospect of physical exploration of Venus by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and many and varied models have been ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041242a0
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Scientific Societies in India (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1250-1252 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] RECENT investigations of the sociology of science have suggested a major shift in the organization of science and scientists. The general suggestion is that although science previously was a closed system1, now it is not so. Science is now a part of society and, as such, is subjected to the same ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041250a0
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  • 47
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    Digitale Medien
    Prof. Louis Page (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1253-1254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] THE well-known French zoologist, Louis Fage, member of the Academic des Sciences, Commandeur de la Legion d'Honneur, died in Dijon on May 28, in his eighty-first year. Formerly professor at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, and at the Institut Oceano-graphique, he was outstanding as ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041253b0
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The Royal Society : S. G. Brown Medal and Award (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1254-1254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] IN January 1964 the Council of the Royal Society announced the establishment of a fund, following a bequest under the will of the late S. G. Brown, the income from which would be used to offer annually an S. G. Brown Award and Medal for an outstanding contribution, based on work carried out during ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041254a0
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Microbiology in the University of Birmingham : Prof. H. Smith (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1255-1255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] DR. H. SMITH, at present head of chemical pathology at the Microbiological Research Establishment, Porton, has been appointed to the chair of microbiology in the University of Birmingham, as from January 1, 1965, in succession to Prof. D. G. Catcheside, who has been appointed to the chair of ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041255a0
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Science in Parliament (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1255-1256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Aircraft Industry IN a statement to the House of Commons on December 9, the Minister of Aviation, Mr. R. Jenkins, announced that Lord Plowdon had accepted the Government's invitation to serve as chairman of a committee to consider the future place and organization of the aircraft industry in ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041255c0
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Private Foundations in the United States (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1259-1259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] TNFORMATION on research and other activities of 272 X. private philanthropic foundations gleaned from a survey conducted by the U.S. National Science Foundation in 1960 is summarized in a report issued by the Foundation *. Research funds accounted for 20 per cent of the total expenditure of 437 ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041259a0
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    High-Temperature Dyeing (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1260-1260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] A HALF-DAY conference on "Continuous High-temperature Dyeing" was held at the Shirley Institute, Didsbury, Manchester, on November 18. The conference consisted of two lectures given by staff from the Institute, each followed by an interval for discussion. In a joint paper, entitled "The Principles ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041260a0
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oceanography in Brazil (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1261-1262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] THE recent symposium on the oceanography of the western South Atlantic organized by the Brazilian Academy of Sciences (Rio de Janeiro, September 14-18) was an important step in the development of the investigation of the sea in South America. For many years there has been an active interest in ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041261a0
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sub-Units of the Catalase Molecule Seen by Electron Microscopy (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1262-1264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Clear pictures of protein molecules are difficult to y_〉l obtain with the electron microscope, although in size the molecules should be easily within its resolving power. At present, negative staining is the most generally successful way of showing detail down to the molecular level. This is done ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041262b0
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Golgi Cell Inhibition in the Cerebellar Cortex (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1265-1266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] THE Golgi cells or large stellate cells of the granular layer were first described by Camillo Golgi in 1886 (ref. 1). These cells are among the largest neurones in the cerebellar cortex, being second in size only to the Purkinje cells. As illustrated in Fig. 1A, the bodies of the Golgi cells are ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041265a0
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Elucidation of the Biosynthetic Pathway of Thyroidal 3:5:3″ Triiodothyronine by Means of Isotope Position Experiments (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1271-1273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] SO far only two theoretically probable routes for tri-iodothyronine biosynthesis have been proposed. Gross and Pitt-Rivers1 suggested that it might arise by removal of one iodine atom from thyroxine. Roche, Michel, Michel and Lissitzky2, being unable to demonstrate de-iodination of thyroxine by ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041271a0
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    β-Lactoglobulins (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1275-1279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] MILK is the natural food of the new-born mammal and it must be well balanced to serve as the sole nourishment. The needs of the young vary considerably from species to species, and it is not surprising to find marked variation in the composition of milks of various species. Furthermore, the ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041275a0
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Magnetic Variations produced by Ocean Swell (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1290-1291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] In connexion with such measurements, it is necessary to take into account the varying magnetic field associated with the electric currents induced in the sea-water by its motion across the Earth's magnetic field. This problem has recently been receiving some attention. For example, formulae giving ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041290a0
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Directional Property of Electrode Surfaces (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1294-1295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] It is clear that it can occur only if the Helmholtz double layer at the electrode/electrolyte surface is non-uniform in the direction of the applied potential gradient, so that currents which pass from the electrolyte through the layer to the material of the electrode, and back into the electrolyte ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041294a0
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Annealing Behaviour of Recoil Cobalt-57 Atoms in Hexammine Nickel Chloride (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1296-1296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Hexammine nickel chloride Ni(NH3)6Cl2 was prepared by the orthodox method and recrystallized in concentrated ammonia1. Ni(NH3)6Cl2 labelled with 57M (half-life: 36 h) was prepared in the same way as aforementioned starting from metallic nickel powder irradiated by y-rays of 20 MeV. y-Ravs were ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041296a0
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Crystal Structure of Manganese Cyclopentadienide (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1298-1299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] A crystal of manganese ci/cfopentadienide was obtained by vacuum sublimation and introduced in a Lindemann glass capillary in a nitrogen atmosphere. Its morphology was similar to that described by Weiss and Fisher1, and the cell dimensions and systematic absences as determined by iron and ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041298a0
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry of Fluorobenzene in Aqueous and Other Solutions (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1300-1301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] We have now investigated the related case of fluoro-benzene. This was chosen since fluorine, as an aromatic substituent, has properties which in many aspects resemble those of hydrogen. In particular, the bond energy C-F on aromatic carbon is even stronger (115 3 kcal) (ref. 2) than the aromatic ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041300a0
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electron Microscope Investigation of Lactic Dehydrogenase Agent (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1302-1302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Three pools of heparinized blood were obtained from C^lBLfFg mice 24-36 h after an intraperitoneal injection of 0-1 ml. of a preparation containing 103'5ID50/ml, of the LDH agent. Plasma was collected by centrifugation at 2,000 r.p.m. for 20 min, diluted with an equal volume of Eagle's basal ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041302a0
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Enzymatic Oxidation of Galactose-6-phosphate (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1304-1305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] For the work described here, the G-6-PD from human erythrocytes was isolated by fractionation on DEAE-cellulose and precipitation with ammonium sulphate resulting in about a 200-fold increase in specific activity from the original hsemolysate4. This preparation was free of 6-phosphogluconate ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041304a0
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of Basic Antibiotics on Serum- and Liver-cholesterol Concentrations in Chicks (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1306-1306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] As neomycin is very poorly absorbed from the gut, its action is probably restricted to the intestinal lumen. The modifications of the intestinal flora, induced by the antibiotic, are generally considered to be responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of this drug. Nevertheless, the ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041306a0
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interaction of Cytochrome c with Yeast D (—) Lactic Oxidase (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1302-1303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] In simultaneous and independent work, Roy8 noticed an analogous ineffectiveness of cytochrome c on a D( -) lactic oxidase system, obtained by using a French pressure cell. He presented two hypotheses to explain the different behaviour of his preparation as compared with that by Gregolin and Singer, ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041302b0
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Lipids in the Skin of Mice Deficient in Essential Fatty Acids (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1305-1306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Two groups of BUB female mice were used. One group consisted of essential fatty-acid deficient mice kept on a fat-free diet for 11 weeks. The diet was composed of Fenton's casein No. 4, 5 g; vitamin-free test casein, 15 g; dextrose, 72 g; salt mix No. 2, 4 g; non-nutritive fibre, 4 g. The other ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041305a0
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Trigeminus Reflex in Young Infants (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1312-1312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] This work was supported by a grant from the Deutsche ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041312a0
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of Pituitary Thyrotrophin on the Diglyceride/Triglyceride Interrelationships in Thyroid Tissue (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1313-1315 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Individual vessels were filled with 150-200 mg (wet wt.) of canine thyroid slices and incubated at 38 in an atmosphere of 95 per cent oxygen + 5 per cent carbon dioxide using diluents and techniques similar to those described earlier6. Uniformly labelled glucose-14C (glucose -U-14C; New England ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041313a0
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Thermogenesis and Thyroid Action (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1311-1312 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] The net result of the latter action is to drive the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) toward alpha-glycerophosphate (a-G-P) by a DPNH-requiring enzyme in the extra-mitochondrial phase, and conversely to facilitate the reverse reaction within the mito-chondrial compartment, wherein the ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041311a0
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Potassium-free Effect in Squid Axons (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1312-1313 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Preliminary trials showed that two different methods yielded giant axons with a low [Na]*. In the first, axons were immersed for 6 h in 400 mM KC1 + 50 mM CaCl2 solution with the pTL adjusted to 8-0 with trie. Such axons had, on analysis, [Na]* of about 35 mM. In a second method, axons were ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041312b0
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sources of Noradrenaline in the ‘Immunosympathectomized’ Rat (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1315-1316 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] It was, therefore, of interest to know whether these animals, in addition to having lost most of the neurones of the paravertebral sympathetic chains, had been deprived of their prevertebral abdominal sympathetic ganglia. Hooded rats were injected for the first five days after birth either with ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041315a0
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  • 73
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    Digitale Medien
    Rapid Induction by Acetylcholine, Bradykinin and Potassium of a Nociceptive Response in Mice and its Selective Antagonism by Aspirin (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1316-1318 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] An apparently nociceptive response of mice to intra-peritoneal injection of phenylbenzoquinone or acetic acid has been much used in testing analgesic drugs1-7. In this response, which has been described as 'writhing', 'squirming', 'stretching' or 'cramping5, the dominant feature is a wave of ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041316b0
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Breaking of Immunological Paralysis by Injection of a Specific Depolymerase (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1319-1320 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Table 1. EFFECT OF TYPE III DEPOLYMERASE ON IMMUNOLOGICAL PARALYSIS Interval between SIII Sill and D3 Bled after (/ug) (days) 0-1 0-1 100 100 100 100 100 1/4 1 2 100 5 100 6 100 7 100 8 100 18 100 69 100 92 2,000 1 2,000 2 2,000 3 2,000 4 2,000 5 2,000 6 2,000 7 ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041319a0
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Continuous-flow Micro Double Diffusion Technique with Cellulose Acetate (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1321-1322 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Fig.1. Micro double diffusion reaction in cellulose acetate between egg albumen, rabbit anti-egg albumen serum (RAE), and rabbit anti-horse albumen serum (RAHA) stained with Ponceau S For these reasons, we have developed a technique designed to combine the advantages of the continuous-flow system ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041321a0
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  • 76
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    Digitale Medien
    Serum Enzymes in the Jaundiced Homozygous Gunn Rat (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1323-1323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Blood specimens were obtained from the tail vein of male rats and the serum was analysed for glutamic-oxal-acetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase2, lactic dehydro-genase3, cholinesterase4 and aldolase5. Normal values for the activities of the five serum enzymes were established by analysing ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041323a0
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  • 77
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    Digitale Medien
    Adenosine-triphosphatase and Potassium Retention in X-irradiated Erythrocytes (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1324-1326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] The potassium-dependent ATP-ase was inhibited only by 1 mM ouabain in rat erythrocyte ghosts (Fig. 1) or haemolysates. The high concentration of ouabain required to inhibit this ATP-ase corresponds well with the high concentrations required to inhibit active ion transport in rat thyroid or ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041324a0
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  • 78
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    Digitale Medien
    Cyclical Behavioural Activity in the Pregnant Golden Hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse) (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1327-1328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] The most commonly occurring categories were sleeping and presence in the nest, which are not wholly dependent on one another, for though sleeping only occurs in the nest other activities, such as grooming, are also commonly performed there. Sleeping also increases significantly during pregnancy, ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041327a0
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  • 79
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    Digitale Medien
    Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth and Multiplication of Some Soil Microorganisms and Unicellular Green Algae (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1328-1329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Experiments utilizing bacteria have shown that no stimulation of growth or multiplication was found on introducing gibberellic acid into the culture media1-3. However, on applying the acid or 'Gibrel' (potassium salt of the acid) in the soil certain biochemical processes become more active, such as ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041328b0
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  • 80
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    Digitale Medien
    Sensitivity to Dinitrophenol of Potassium Absorption in Carrot Root Tissue Cultures (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1330-1331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] The cultures were grown in liquid media in the manner described by Caplin and Steward4 except that in our experiments the coconut milk used to stimulate growth had previously been desalted. The advantage of this modification is that it makes possible the examination of absorption from media of ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041330a0
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  • 81
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    Digitale Medien
    Dream Deprivation: an Experimental Reappraisal (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1337-1338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Two male graduate student subjects were screened for emotional and physical health. A large room equipped for normal daytime activities was provided and the subjects were continually observed by hospital volunteers in order to prevent any sleeping. The subjects were taken to the EEG laboratory at ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041337a0
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nervous Control of Flight Orientation in a Beetle (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1333-1333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] In an investigation of flight orientation in the rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes boas, I have found that change of direction about the yaw axis is accompanied by a unilateral increase in frequency of the nervous input to the fibrillar flight muscles. Extracellular recordings have been obtained from the ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041333a0
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Antiviral Activity of Gliotoxin and Gliotoxin Acetate (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1333-1334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Gliotoxin (I) (ref. 1) was first isolated in 1936 by Weindling and Emerson2 and afterwards by others from culture filtrates of species of Gliodadium (?), Tri-choderma, Aspergillus and Penicillium3. Its inhibitory activity towards bacteria, fungi and transplantable neoplasms is well known4. There ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041333b0
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  • 84
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    Digitale Medien
    Blood Culture Method for the Study of Bovine Chromosomes (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1335-1337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Venous blood, drawn aseptically into a syringe previously rinsed with 0-2 ml. of 1 per cent sodium heparin solution, was used in all experiments. The growth medium used for the cultivation of blood cells was Connaught's '72597', supplemented with 20 per cent inactivated calf serum, 0-08 per cent ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041335a0
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  • 85
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    Digitale Medien
    Forthcoming Events (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1339-1339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] (Meetings marked icith an asterisk are open to the public) Tuesday, December 29 INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY (in the Lecture Hall of the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7), at 11.30 a.m.-Dr. L. Broadbent: "Being a Biologist" (Christmas Lecture for Children). ROYAL ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041339a0
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  • 86
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    Digitale Medien
    Reports and other Publications (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1340-1340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] (not included in the monthly Books Supplement) Great Britain and Ireland Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Mycological Papers. No. 95: A Supplementary List of Plant Diseases in Nyasaland. By D. C. M. Corbett. Pp. 16. 7s. 6d. No. 96: Revision of British Gymnoascaceae. By A. E. Apinis. Pp. 56 + 3 ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041340a0
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  • 87
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    Digitale Medien
    Synthetic Organic Chemistry (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1122-1123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] BAND XII/l. In the period 1848-64 Prof. W. von J-J Hofmann, working in the Royal College of Chemistry, carried out some extraordinarily able researches on the organic derivatives of phosphorus. The subject was afterwards comparatively neglected for very many years, being largely replaced by a much ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041122a0
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  • 88
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    Digitale Medien
    Pharmacy in the Hebrew University, Jerusalem: Prof. M. Donbrow (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1139-1139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] DR. MAX DONBROW, principal lecturer in the School of Pharmacy of Chelsea College of Science and Technology, has been appointed professor, and head of the Department of Pharmacy in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem as from. January 1965. His published research is concerned with the application of ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041139b0
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  • 89
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    Digitale Medien
    [Book Reviews] (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1128-1128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] DR. KEMENY, head of the Department of Mathematics at Dartmouth College (U.S.A.), has made many successful experiments in presenting modern mathematics to his advanced pupils. The books on Finite Mathematics of which he is part-author show how far he has gone in removing dead wood and in introducing ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041128a0
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  • 90
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    Digitale Medien
    The Royal Society: Anniversary Address (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1129-1134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] AWARD OF MEDALS, 1964 Copley Medal : Prof. S. Chapman, F.R.S. PROF. S. CHAPMAN is distinguished for his contributions to many aspects of physics, astronomy and geophysics. His work on the kinetic theory of gases now forms the basis for much detailed study of gaseous phenomena, and more than forty ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041129a0
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  • 91
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    Digitale Medien
    The Council for National Academic Awards (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1134-1136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] THE Council for National Academic Awards was established by Royal Charter in September 1964. Its president is Sir Harold Roxbee Cox, and there are 21 members. The Secretary of State for Education and Science has appointed Mr. C. R. English and Mr. J. A. R. Pimlott as assessors, and Dr. J. G. ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041134a0
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  • 92
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    Digitale Medien
    Congenital Absence of Pain (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1140-1140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Dr. H. J. Kingsley and Dr. J. E. A. David of Bulawayo have described (Central African Journal of Medicine, 10 (8), 1964) the case of a girl aged 22 months. She was subject to temper tantrums, and during these tantrums would bang herself on the head or bite herself. She appeared to be completely ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041140c0
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  • 93
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    Digitale Medien
    Physiology in the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland: Dr. J. D. Nelms (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1139-1139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] DR. J. D. NELMS, at present research medical officer in the Climatic Research Laboratory of the Institute of Aviation Medicine attached to the University of Birmingham, has been appointed head of the Department of Physiology in the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland from a date to be ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041139a0
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  • 94
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    Digitale Medien
    Nuclear Physics in the Weizmann Institute of Science: Dr. Peter Hillman (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1139-1139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] DR. PETER HILLMAN has been appointed head of the Department of Nuclear Physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science at Rehovoth, in succession to Prof. Amos de-Shalit, who has held the post since 1954. Prof. de-Shalit remains in the service of the Institute but has assumed a wider range of duties. ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041139c0
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  • 95
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    Digitale Medien
    The Museums Journal (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1139-1139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] THE September issue of The Museums Journal (64, No. 2; September 1964) includes an article on the extensive modernization which has been carried out at the Whitworth Gallery, Manchester. The collections include early and contemporary water-colours and textiles with some sculpture and oil paintings. ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041139e0
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  • 96
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    Digitale Medien
    U.S. Institute for Biomedical Research (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1142-1142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] AN Institute for Biomedical Research is to be established by the American Medical Association Education and Research Foundation and will be officially opened on July 1, 1965. Laboratory and animal research facilities for the Institute will be located in a new addition to the American Medical ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041142a0
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  • 97
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    Digitale Medien
    Bleeding in the Surgical Patient (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1140-1140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] SURGEONS throughout the world can scarcely fail to be interested in the recent issue of the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences entitled Bleeding in the Surgical Patient, in which 68 experts, who met at a conference held by the Academy in May 1963, discuss various aspects of the general ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041140b0
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  • 98
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    Digitale Medien
    Primary Education in Britain (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1145-1146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] THE National Union of Teachers has published, under the title First Things First*, a memorandum of evidence submitted to the Central Advisory Council for Education (England), under the chairmanship of Lady Plowden, which presents the results of extensive consultation with teachers serving in ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041145b0
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  • 99
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    Digitale Medien
    Corrigendum (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1141-1141 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] In the communication by Prof. J. L. R. Candela et al. entitled "Effect of Glucose on Insulin Secretion in vitro by Rabbit Pancreas pre-incubated with p-Hydroxybutyrate" (Nature, 203, 758; 1964) lines 16 and 17 should read "... Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing p-hydroxybutyrate 1 x 10~2 M . . ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041141e0
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  • 100
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    Digitale Medien
    Announcements (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 204 (1964), S. 1141-1141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] A SYMPOSIUM on "Human Palaeopathology", organized by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, will be held in Washington on January 14. Further information can be obtained from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2041141d0
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