ALBERT — All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

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Global and regional temperature change over the past 4.5 million years (2024)

Clark, Peter U ; Shakun, Jeremy D ; Rosenthal, Yair ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 383(6685), pp. 884-890, ISSN: 0036-8075

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Publication Date: 2024-03-21

Description: Much of our understanding of Cenozoic climate is based on the record of δ18O measured in benthic foraminifera. However, this measurement reflects a combined signal of global temperature and sea level, thus preventing a clear understanding of the interactions and feedbacks of the climate system in causing global temperature change. Our new reconstruction of temperature change over the past 4.5 million years includes two phases of long-term cooling, with the second phase of accelerated cooling during the Middle Pleistocene Transition (1.5 to 0.9 million years ago) being accompanied by a transition from dominant 41,000-year low-amplitude periodicity to dominant 100,000-year high-amplitude periodicity. Changes in the rates of long-term cooling and variability are consistent with changes in the carbon cycle driven initially by geologic processes, followed by additional changes in the Southern Ocean carbon cycle. 〈/jats:p〉

Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

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Driving forces of Antarctic krill abundance (2023)

Ryabov, Alexey ; Berger, Uta ; Blasius, Bernd ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 9(50), ISSN: 2375-2548

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Publication Date: 2023-12-18

Description: Antarctic krill, crucial to the Southern Ocean ecosystem and a vital fisheries resource, is endangered by climate change. Identifying drivers of krill biomass is therefore essential for determining catch limits and designating protection zones. We present a modeling approach to pinpointing effects of sea surface temperature, ice cover, chlorophyll levels, climate indices, and intraspecific competition. Our study reveals that larval recruitment is driven by both competition among age classes and chlorophyll levels. In addition, while milder ice and temperature in spring and summer favor reproduction and early larval survival, both larvae and juveniles strongly benefit from heavier ice and colder temperatures in winter. We conclude that omitting top-down control of resources by krill is only acceptable for retrospective or single-year prognostic models that use field chlorophyll data but that incorporating intraspecific competition is essential for longer-term forecasts. Our findings can guide future krill modeling strategies, reinforcing the sustainability of this keystone species.

Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

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A Review of Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Linkages: Past Changes, Mechanisms, and Future Projections (2023)

Wang, Qiang ; Shu, Qi ; Wang, Shizhu ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: EPIC3Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Research, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2, ISSN: 2771-0378

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Publication Date: 2023-08-08

Description: 〈jats:p〉Arctic Ocean gateway fluxes play a crucial role in linking the Arctic with the global ocean and affecting climate and marine ecosystems. We reviewed past studies on Arctic–Subarctic ocean linkages and examined their changes and driving mechanisms. Our review highlights that radical changes occurred in the inflows and outflows of the Arctic Ocean during the 2010s. Specifically, the Pacific inflow temperature in the Bering Strait and Atlantic inflow temperature in the Fram Strait hit record highs, while the Pacific inflow salinity in the Bering Strait and Arctic outflow salinity in the Davis and Fram straits hit record lows. Both the ocean heat convergence from lower latitudes to the Arctic and the hydrological cycle connecting the Arctic with Subarctic seas were stronger in 2000–2020 than in 1980–2000. CMIP6 models project a continuing increase in poleward ocean heat convergence in the 21st century, mainly due to warming of inflow waters. They also predict an increase in freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean, with the largest increase in freshwater export expected to occur in the Fram Strait due to both increased ocean volume export and decreased salinity. Fram Strait sea ice volume export hit a record low in the 2010s and is projected to continue to decrease along with Arctic sea ice decline. We quantitatively attribute the variability of the volume, heat, and freshwater transports in the Arctic gateways to forcing within and outside the Arctic based on dedicated numerical simulations and emphasize the importance of both origins in driving the variability.〈/jats:p〉

Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

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Chasing iron bioavailability in the Southern Ocean: Insights from Phaeocystis antarctica and iron speciation (2023)

Fourquez, Marion ; Janssen, David J ; Conway, Tim M ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 9(26), pp. eadf9696-eadf9696, ISSN: 2375-2548

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Publication Date: 2024-03-01

Description: Dissolved iron (dFe) availability limits the uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the Southern Ocean (SO) biological pump. Hence, any change in bioavailable dFe in this region can directly influence climate. On the basis of Fe uptake experiments with Phaeocystis antarctica, we show that the range of dFe bioavailability in natural samples is wider (〈1 to ~200% compared to free inorganic Fe′) than previously thought, with higher bioavailability found near glacial sources. The degree of bioavailability varied regardless of in situ dFe concentration and depth, challenging the consensus that sole dFe concentrations can be used to predict Fe uptake in modeling studies. Further, our data suggest a disproportionately major role of biologically mediated ligands and encourage revisiting the role of humic substances in influencing marine Fe biogeochemical cycling in the SO. Last, we describe a linkage between in situ dFe bioavailability and isotopic signatures that, we anticipate, will stimulate future research.

Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

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Improving Arctic sea-ice thickness estimates with the assimilation of CryoSat-2 summer observations (2023)

Min, Chao ; Yang, Qinghua ; Luo, Hao ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: EPIC3Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Research, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2, ISSN: 2771-0378

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Publication Date: 2024-02-13

Description: 〈jats:p〉Rapidly shrinking Arctic sea ice has had substantial impacts on the Earth system. Therefore, reliably estimating the Arctic sea-ice thickness (SIT) using a combination of available observations and numerical modeling is urgently needed. Here, for the first time, we assimilate the latest CryoSat-2 summer SIT data into a coupled ice-ocean model. In particular, an incremental analysis update scheme is implemented to overcome the discontinuity resulting from the combined assimilation of biweekly SIT and daily sea-ice concentration (SIC) data. Along with improved estimates of sea-ice volume, our SIT estimates corrected the overestimation of SIT produced by the reanalysis that assimilates only SIC in summer in areas where the sea ice is roughest and experiences strong deformation, e.g., around the Fram Strait and Greenland. This study suggests that the newly developed CryoSat-2 SIT product, when assimilated properly using our approach, has great potential for Arctic sea-ice simulation and prediction.〈/jats:p〉

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Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial (2023)

Lau, Sally CY ; Wilson, Nerida G ; Golledge, Nicholas R ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 382(6677), pp. 1384-1389, ISSN: 0036-8075

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Publication Date: 2024-02-22

Description: The marine-based West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is considered vulnerable to irreversible collapse under future climate trajectories, and its tipping point may lie within the mitigated warming scenarios of 1.5° to 2°C of the United Nations Paris Agreement. Knowledge of ice loss during similarly warm past climates could resolve this uncertainty, including the Last Interglacial when global sea levels were 5 to 10 meters higher than today and global average temperatures were 0.5° to 1.5°C warmer than preindustrial levels. Using a panel of genome-wide, single-nucleotide polymorphisms of a circum-Antarctic octopus, we show persistent, historic signals of gene flow only possible with complete WAIS collapse. Our results provide the first empirical evidence that the tipping point of WAIS loss could be reached even under stringent climate mitigation scenarios.

Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

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7

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Erratum to “A Review of Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Linkages: Past Changes, Mechanisms, and Future Projections” (2023)

Wang, Qiang ; Shu, Qi ; Wang, Shizhu ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: EPIC3Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Research, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2, ISSN: 2771-0378

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Publication Date: 2024-01-20

Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

Type: Article , peerRev

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Structure-informed microbial population genetics elucidate selective pressures that shape protein evolution (2023)

Kiefl, Evan ; Esen, Ozcan C ; Miller, Samuel E ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 9(8), pp. eabq4632-eabq4632, ISSN: 2375-2548

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Publication Date: 2024-04-03

Description: 〈jats:p〉Comprehensive sampling of natural genetic diversity with metagenomics enables highly resolved insights into the interplay between ecology and evolution. However, resolving adaptive, neutral, or purifying processes of evolution from intrapopulation genomic variation remains a challenge, partly due to the sole reliance on gene sequences to interpret variants. Here, we describe an approach to analyze genetic variation in the context of predicted protein structures and apply it to a marine microbial population within the SAR11 subclade 1a.3.V, which dominates low-latitude surface oceans. Our analyses reveal a tight association between genetic variation and protein structure. In a central gene in nitrogen metabolism, we observe decreased occurrence of nonsynonymous variants from ligand-binding sites as a function of nitrate concentrations, revealing genetic targets of distinct evolutionary pressures maintained by nutrient availability. Our work yields insights into the governing principles of evolution and enables structure-aware investigations of microbial population genetics.〈/jats:p〉

Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

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9

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Caribbean salinity anomalies contributed to variable North Atlantic circulation and climate during the Common Era (2023)

Zhuravleva, Anastasia ; Bauch, Henning A ; Mohtadi, Mahyar ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 9(44), pp. eadg2639-eadg2639, ISSN: 2375-2548

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Publication Date: 2024-04-24

Description: Paleoceanographic reconstructions show that the strength of North Atlantic currents decreased during the Little Ice Age. In contrast, the role of ocean circulation in climate regulation during earlier historical epochs of the Common Era (C.E.) remains unclear. Here, we reconstruct sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity in the Caribbean Basin for the past 1700 years using the isotopic and elemental composition of planktic foraminifera tests. Centennial-scale SST and salinity variations in the Caribbean co-occur with (hydro)climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere and are linked to a North Atlantic SST forcing. Cold phases around 600, 800, and 1400 to 1600 C.E. are characterized by Caribbean salinification and Gulf of Mexico freshening that implies reductions in the strength of North Atlantic surface circulation. We suggest that the associated changes in the meridional salt advection contributed to the historical climate variability of the C.E.

Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

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Antarctic marine life under pressure (2022)

Meyer, Bettina ; Kawaguchi, So

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 378(6617), pp. 230-230, ISSN: 0036-8075

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Publication Date: 2023-05-10

Description: 〈jats:p〉 Next week, the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) convenes in Hobart, Tasmania, to examine the state of marine life in the Southern Ocean. As part of the Antarctic Treaty System, this convention entered into force in 1982, and its focus on the region’s environmental integrity has never been more important, given the increasing effects of climate change and commercial fishing. An important focus over the past 40 years has been Antarctic krill, 〈jats:italic〉Euphausia superba〈/jats:italic〉 (hereafter krill), a keystone species that helps to hold this marine ecosystem together. Climate and fishing stresses should prompt the CCAMLR to address whether management of krill fishing is at a level that protects the Southern Ocean from losing its overall balance of marine life and the oceanic processes that regulate global climate. 〈/jats:p〉

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Spatial heterogeneity and environmental predictors of permafrost region soil organic carbon stocks (2021)

Mishra, Umakant ; Hugelius, Gustaf ; Shelef, Y ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Publication Date: 2024-04-22

Description: Large stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC) have accumulated in the northern hemisphere permafrost region, but their current mounts and future fate remain uncertain. By analyzing an unprecedented dataset combining 〉2,700 soil profiles with environmental variables in a geospatial framework, we generated spatially explicit estimates of permafrost-region SOC stocks, quantified spatial heterogeneity, and identified key environmental predictors. We estimated 1014−175+194 Pg C are stored in the top 3 m of permafrost region soils. The greatest uncertainties occurred in circumpolar toe-slope positions and in flat areas of the Tibetan region. We found that soil wetness index and elevation are the dominant topographic controllers and surface air temperature (circumpolar region) and precipitation (Tibetan region) are significant climatic controllers of SOC stocks. Our results provide the first high-resolution geospatial assessment of permafrost region SOC stocks and their relationships with environmental factors, which are crucial for modeling the response of permafrost affected soils to changing climate.

Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article

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A global environmental crisis 42,000 years ago (2021)

Cooper, Alan ; Turney, Chris S. M. ; Palmer, Jonathan ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Publication Date: 2024-02-07

Description: Geological archives record multiple reversals of Earth’s magnetic poles, but the global impacts of these events, if any, remain unclear. Uncertain radiocarbon calibration has limited investigation of the potential effects of the last major magnetic inversion, known as the Laschamps Excursion [41 to 42 thousand years ago (ka)]. We use ancient New Zealand kauri trees (Agathis australis) to develop a detailed record of atmospheric radiocarbon levels across the Laschamps Excursion. We precisely characterize the geomagnetic reversal and perform global chemistry-climate modeling and detailed radiocarbon dating of paleoenvironmental records to investigate impacts. We find that geomagnetic field minima ~42 ka, in combination with Grand Solar Minima, caused substantial changes in atmospheric ozone concentration and circulation, driving synchronous global climate shifts that caused major environmental changes, extinction events, and transformations in the archaeological record.

Type: Article , PeerReviewed

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Post-2020 goals overlook genetic diversity (2020)

Laikre, Linda ; Hoban, Sean ; Bruford, Michael W. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Publication Date: 2023-02-08

Type: Article , PeerReviewed

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Temporal and spatial interactions between river bed roughness, geometry, bedload transport and flow hydraulics in mountain streams (2019)

Jong, Carmen

Inst. für Geograph. Wiss. der Freien Univ., Berlin

In: Herausgeberexemplar (FU Berlin) | ZB 20559:59

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Publication Date: 2021-03-29

Description: The study explores the influence of bedload transport and ﬂow hydraulics on the spatial and temporal dynamics of bed roughness and geometry in mountain streams. In order to investigate these complex interrelationships, each topic is treated separately. A new relative roughness coefficient, K3, is applied in the spatial and temporal roughness analyses. Detailed analyses of the highly variable natural fluid and sedimentary interactions are performed in the three mountain streams instead of using an estimated mean shear stress value to predict and describe river bed dynamics. Finally, the spatial and temporal interrelationships between roughness, geometry, ﬂow dynamics and bedload transport are summarised in the new F.A.S.T. (Fluid And Sediment Transfer) model.

Description: research

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen

Keywords: 910.02 ; Hydrodynamik, Strömungslehre {Hydrologie, Flüsse} ; Flow Dynamics ; Flow Hydraulics ; Bedload ; Bed Roughness ; Mountain Stream ; Germany ; United States

Language: English

Type: monograph_digi

Format: 232

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Ergebnisse zur jungpleistozänen Entwicklung der Langseerinne Südangelns in Schleswig-Holstein (2019)

Wünnemann, Bernd

Inst. für Geograph. Wiss. der Freien Univ., Berlin

In: Herausgeberexemplar (FU Berlin) | ZB 20559:55

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Publication Date: 2021-03-29

Description: Das unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. K. Kaiser durchgeführte und von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft geförderte Forschungsprojekt zur Jungpleistozängliederung Schwansens und der Rahmenbereiche wurde in den Jahren 1986 bis 1988 auf das Gebiet der Langseerinne im südlichen Angeln von Schleswig—Holstein erweitert. Ziel des Projektes war, durch Kombination verschiedener Arbeitsmethoden in der Quartärforschung detailliertere Aussagen zur Morpho-‚ Litho-‚ Pedo-, Bio- und Chronostraﬁgraphie zu gewinnen und damit den Verlauf der weichselzeitlichen Degiaziation dieses Raumes sowie die daran geknüpften Formungsprozesse näher zu erfassen und bereits vorhandene Forschungsergebnisse (EGGERS 1934; HECK 1943; GRIPP 1954, 1964 u.a.) im Detail zu ergänzen und gegebenenfalls neu zu bewerten.

Description: research

Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen

Keywords: 910.02 ; VAR 800 ; Langsee ; Jungpleistozän ; Physische Geographie Schleswig-Holsteins {Geographie} ; Periglazialerscheinungen ; Schleswig-Holstein ; Deglaziation ; FID-GEO-DE-7

Language: German , English

Type: monograph_digi

Format: 179

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Rapid approach to complex boronic acids (2019)

Neochoritis, C. G., Shaabani, S., Ahmadianmoghaddam, M., Zarganes-Tzitzikas, T., Gao, L., Novotna, M., Mitrikova, T., Romero, A. R., Irianti, M. I., Xu, R., Olechno, J., Ellson, R., Helan, V., Kossenjans, M., Groves, M. R., Dömling, A.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science Advances

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉The compatibility of free boronic acid building blocks in multicomponent reactions to readily create large libraries of diverse and complex small molecules was investigated. Traditionally, boronic acid synthesis is sequential, synthetically demanding, and time-consuming, which leads to high target synthesis times and low coverage of the boronic acid chemical space. We have performed the synthesis of large libraries of boronic acid derivatives based on multiple chemistries and building blocks using acoustic dispensing technology. The synthesis was performed on a nanomole scale with high synthesis success rates. The discovery of a protease inhibitor underscores the usefulness of the approach. Our acoustic dispensing–enabled chemistry paves the way to highly accelerated synthesis and miniaturized reaction scouting, allowing access to unprecedented boronic acid libraries.〈/p〉

Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548

Topics: Natural Sciences in General

Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Hippocampal theta phases organize the reactivation of large-scale electrophysiological representations during goal-directed navigation (2019)

Kunz, L., Wang, L., Lachner-Piza, D., Zhang, H., Brandt, A., Dümpelmann, M., Reinacher, P. C., Coenen, V. A., Chen, D., Wang, W.-X., Zhou, W., Liang, S., Grewe, P., Bien, C. G., Bierbrauer, A., Navarro Schröder, T., Schulze-Bonhage, A., Axmacher, N.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science Advances

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉Humans are adept in simultaneously following multiple goals, but the neural mechanisms for maintaining specific goals and distinguishing them from other goals are incompletely understood. For short time scales, working memory studies suggest that multiple mental contents are maintained by theta-coupled reactivation, but evidence for similar mechanisms during complex behaviors such as goal-directed navigation is scarce. We examined intracranial electroencephalography recordings of epilepsy patients performing an object-location memory task in a virtual environment. We report that large-scale electrophysiological representations of objects that cue for specific goal locations are dynamically reactivated during goal-directed navigation. Reactivation of different cue representations occurred at stimulus-specific hippocampal theta phases. Locking to more distinct theta phases predicted better memory performance, identifying hippocampal theta phase coding as a mechanism for separating competing goals. Our findings suggest shared neural mechanisms between working memory and goal-directed navigation and provide new insights into the functions of the hippocampal theta rhythm.〈/p〉

Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548

Topics: Natural Sciences in General

Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Voter information campaigns and political accountability: Cumulative findings from a preregistered meta-analysis of coordinated trials (2019)

Dunning, T., Grossman, G., Humphreys, M., Hyde, S. D., McIntosh, C., Nellis, G., Adida, C. L., Arias, E., Bicalho, C., Boas, T. C., Buntaine, M. T., Chauchard, S., Chowdhury, A., Gottlieb, J., Hidalgo, F. D., Holmlund, M., Jablonski, R., Kramon, E., Larre

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science Advances

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉Voters may be unable to hold politicians to account if they lack basic information about their representatives’ performance. Civil society groups and international donors therefore advocate using voter information campaigns to improve democratic accountability. Yet, are these campaigns effective? Limited replication, measurement heterogeneity, and publication biases may undermine the reliability of published research. We implemented a new approach to cumulative learning, coordinating the design of seven randomized controlled trials to be fielded in six countries by independent research teams. Uncommon for multisite trials in the social sciences, we jointly preregistered a meta-analysis of results in advance of seeing the data. We find no evidence overall that typical, nonpartisan voter information campaigns shape voter behavior, although exploratory and subgroup analyses suggest conditions under which informational campaigns could be more effective. Such null estimated effects are too seldom published, yet they can be critical for scientific progress and cumulative, policy-relevant learning.〈/p〉

Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548

Topics: Natural Sciences in General

Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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An ultrafast system for signaling mechanical pain in human skin (2019)

Nagi, S. S., Marshall, A. G., Makdani, A., Jarocka, E., Liljencrantz, J., Ridderström, M., Shaikh, S., ONeill, F., Saade, D., Donkervoort, S., Foley, A. R., Minde, J., Trulsson, M., Cole, J., Bönnemann, C. G., Chesler, A. T., Bushnell, M. C., McGlone,

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science Advances

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉The canonical view is that touch is signaled by fast-conducting, thickly myelinated afferents, whereas pain is signaled by slow-conducting, thinly myelinated ("fast" pain) or unmyelinated ("slow" pain) afferents. While other mammals have thickly myelinated afferents signaling pain (ultrafast nociceptors), these have not been demonstrated in humans. Here, we performed single-unit axonal recordings (microneurography) from cutaneous mechanoreceptive afferents in healthy participants. We identified A-fiber high-threshold mechanoreceptors (A-HTMRs) that were insensitive to gentle touch, encoded noxious skin indentations, and displayed conduction velocities similar to A-fiber low-threshold mechanoreceptors. Intraneural electrical stimulation of single ultrafast A-HTMRs evoked painful percepts. Testing in patients with selective deafferentation revealed impaired pain judgments to graded mechanical stimuli only when thickly myelinated fibers were absent. This function was preserved in patients with a loss-of-function mutation in mechanotransduction channel PIEZO2. These findings demonstrate that human mechanical pain does not require PIEZO2 and can be signaled by fast-conducting, thickly myelinated afferents.〈/p〉

Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548

Topics: Natural Sciences in General

Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Osteoblastic lysosome plays a central role in mineralization (2019)

Iwayama, T., Okada, T., Ueda, T., Tomita, K., Matsumoto, S., Takedachi, M., Wakisaka, S., Noda, T., Ogura, T., Okano, T., Fratzl, P., Ogura, T., Murakami, S.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science Advances

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉Mineralization is the most fundamental process in vertebrates. It is predominantly mediated by osteoblasts, which secrete mineral precursors, most likely through matrix vesicles (MVs). These vesicular structures are calcium and phosphate rich and contain organic material such as acidic proteins. However, it remains largely unknown how intracellular MVs are transported and secreted. Here, we use scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscopy and super-resolution microscopy for assessing live osteoblasts in mineralizing conditions at a nanolevel resolution. We found that the calcium-containing vesicles were multivesicular bodies containing MVs. They were transported via lysosome and secreted by exocytosis. Thus, we present proof that the lysosome transports amorphous calcium phosphate within mineralizing osteoblasts.〈/p〉

Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548

Topics: Natural Sciences in General

Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Global restoration opportunities in tropical rainforest landscapes (2019)

Brancalion, P. H. S., Niamir, A., Broadbent, E., Crouzeilles, R., Barros, F. S. M., Almeyda Zambrano, A. M., Baccini, A., Aronson, J., Goetz, S., Reid, J. L., Strassburg, B. B. N., Wilson, S., Chazdon, R. L.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science Advances

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉Over 140 Mha of restoration commitments have been pledged across the global tropics, yet guidance is needed to identify those landscapes where implementation is likely to provide the greatest potential benefits and cost-effective outcomes. By overlaying seven recent, peer-reviewed spatial datasets as proxies for socioenvironmental benefits and feasibility of restoration, we identified restoration opportunities (areas with higher potential return of benefits and feasibility) in lowland tropical rainforest landscapes. We found restoration opportunities throughout the tropics. Areas scoring in the top 10% (i.e., restoration hotspots) are located largely within conservation hotspots (88%) and in countries committed to the Bonn Challenge (73%), a global effort to restore 350 Mha by 2030. However, restoration hotspots represented only a small portion (19.1%) of the Key Biodiversity Area network. Concentrating restoration investments in landscapes with high benefits and feasibility would maximize the potential to mitigate anthropogenic impacts and improve human well-being.〈/p〉

Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548

Topics: Natural Sciences in General

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Role of indentation depth and contact area on human perception of softness for haptic interfaces (2019)

Dhong, C., Miller, R., Root, N. B., Gupta, S., Kayser, L. V., Carpenter, C. W., Loh, K. J., Ramachandran, V. S., Lipomi, D. J.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science Advances

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉In engineering, the "softness" of an object, as measured by an indenter, manifests as two measurable parameters: (i) indentation depth and (ii) contact area. For humans, softness is not well defined, although it is believed that perception depends on the same two parameters. Decoupling their relative contributions, however, has not been straightforward because most bulk—"off-the-shelf"—materials exhibit the same ratio between the indentation depth and contact area. Here, we decoupled indentation depth and contact area by fabricating elastomeric slabs with precise thicknesses and microstructured surfaces. Human subject experiments using two-alternative forced-choice and magnitude estimation tests showed that the indentation depth and contact area contributed independently to perceived softness. We found an explicit relationship between the perceived softness of an object and its geometric properties. Using this approach, it is possible to design objects for human interaction with a desired level of perceived softness.〈/p〉

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Binding energy of solvated electrons and retrieval of true UV photoelectron spectra of liquids (2019)

Nishitani, J., Yamamoto, Y.-i., West, C. W., Karashima, S., Suzuki, T.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science Advances

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉The electronic energy and dynamics of solvated electrons, the simplest yet elusive chemical species, is of interest in chemistry, physics, and biology. Here, we present the electron binding energy distributions of solvated electrons in liquid water, methanol, and ethanol accurately measured using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photoelectron spectroscopy of liquids with a single-order high harmonic. The distributions are Gaussian in all cases. Using the EUV and UV photoelectron spectra of solvated electrons, we succeeded in retrieving sharp electron kinetic energy distributions from the spectra broadened and energy shifted by inelastic scattering in liquids, overcoming an obstacle in ultrafast UV photoelectron spectroscopy of liquids. The method is demonstrated for the benchmark systems of charge transfer to solvent reaction and ultrafast internal conversion of hydrated electron from the first excited state.〈/p〉

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Magnetization switching using topological surface states (2019)

Li, P., Kally, J., Zhang, S. S.- L., Pillsbury, T., Ding, J., Csaba, G., Ding, J., Jiang, J. S., Liu, Y., Sinclair, R., Bi, C., DeMann, A., Rimal, G., Zhang, W., Field, S. B., Tang, J., Wang, W., Heinonen, O. G., Novosad, V., Hoffmann, A., Samarth, N., Wu

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science Advances

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉Topological surface states (TSSs) in a topological insulator are expected to be able to produce a spin-orbit torque that can switch a neighboring ferromagnet. This effect may be absent if the ferromagnet is conductive because it can completely suppress the TSSs, but it should be present if the ferromagnet is insulating. This study reports TSS-induced switching in a bilayer consisting of a topological insulator Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Se〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 and an insulating ferromagnet BaFe〈sub〉12〈/sub〉O〈sub〉19〈/sub〉. A charge current in Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Se〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 can switch the magnetization in BaFe〈sub〉12〈/sub〉O〈sub〉19〈/sub〉 up and down. When the magnetization is switched by a field, a current in Bi〈sub〉2〈/sub〉Se〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 can reduce the switching field by ~4000 Oe. The switching efficiency at 3 K is 300 times higher than at room temperature; it is ~30 times higher than in Pt/BaFe〈sub〉12〈/sub〉O〈sub〉19〈/sub〉. These strong effects originate from the presence of more pronounced TSSs at low temperatures due to enhanced surface conductivity and reduced bulk conductivity.〈/p〉

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Carbon speciation in organic fossils using 2D to 3D x-ray Raman multispectral imaging (2019)

Georgiou, R., Gueriau, P., Sahle, C. J., Bernard, S., Mirone, A., Garrouste, R., Bergmann, U., Rueff, J.-P., Bertrand, L.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science Advances

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉The in situ two-dimensional (2D) and 3D imaging of the chemical speciation of organic fossils is an unsolved problem in paleontology and cultural heritage. Here, we use x-ray Raman scattering (XRS)–based imaging at the carbon K-edge to form 2D and 3D images of the carbon chemistry in two exceptionally preserved specimens, a fossil plant dating back from the Carboniferous and an ancient insect entrapped in 53-million-year-old amber. The 2D XRS imaging of the plant fossil reveals a homogeneous chemical composition with micrometric "pockets" of preservation, likely inherited from its geological history. The 3D XRS imaging of the insect cuticle displays an exceptionally well preserved remaining chemical signature typical of polysaccharides such as chitin around a largely hollowed-out inclusion. Our results open up new perspectives for in situ chemical speciation imaging of fossilized organic materials, with the potential to enhance our understanding of organic specimens and their paleobiology.〈/p〉

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Repair of tooth enamel by a biomimetic mineralization frontier ensuring epitaxial growth (2019)

Shao, C., Jin, B., Mu, Z., Lu, H., Zhao, Y., Wu, Z., Yan, L., Zhang, Z., Zhou, Y., Pan, H., Liu, Z., Tang, R.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science Advances

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉The regeneration of tooth enamel, the hardest biological tissue, remains a considerable challenge because its complicated and well-aligned apatite structure has not been duplicated artificially. We herein reveal that a rationally designed material composed of calcium phosphate ion clusters can be used to produce a precursor layer to induce the epitaxial crystal growth of enamel apatite, which mimics the biomineralization crystalline-amorphous frontier of hard tissue development in nature. After repair, the damaged enamel can be recovered completely because its hierarchical structure and mechanical properties are identical to those of natural enamel. The suggested phase transformation–based epitaxial growth follows a promising strategy for enamel regeneration and, more generally, for biomimetic reproduction of materials with complicated structure.〈/p〉

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Non-Abelian band topology in noninteracting metals (2019)

Wu, Q., Soluyanov, A. A., Bzdusek, T.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science First Release

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈sec〉〈st〉Electron energy bands of crystalline solids generically exhibit degeneracies called band-structure nodes. Here, we introduce non-Abelian topological charges that characterize line nodes inside the momentum space of〈/st〉〈p〉〈b〉-symmetric crystalline metals with weak spin-orbit coupling. We show that these are quaternion charges, similar to those describing disclinations in biaxial nematics. Starting from two-band considerations, we develop the complete many-band description of nodes in the presence of 〈/b〉 〈b〉and mirror symmetries, which allows us to investigate the topological stability of nodal chains in metals. The non-Abelian charges put strict constraints on the possible nodal line configurations. Our analysis goes beyond the standard approach to band topology, and implies the existence of 1D topological phases not present in existing classifications.〈/b〉〈/p〉〈/sec〉

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An interacting topological phase (2019)

Stajic, J.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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CRISPR propels a smart hydrogel (2019)

Han, D., Li, J., Tan, W.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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NAD depletion as pathogen response (2019)

Hines, P. J.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Geography of loss (2019)

Weiland, M.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Reducing tropical deforestation (2019)

Seymour, F., Harris, N. L.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Warning signs (2019)

Servick, K.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Italian ministry aids animal rights groups (2019)

Abbott, A.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Pathways to prevention (2019)

Miller, G.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Sharing data (2019)

Greenbaum, D., Gerstein, M.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Manifold destiny (2019)

Mao, S.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Ebb and flow of parasite populations (2019)

Ash, C.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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The slow earthquake spectrum in the Japan Trench illuminated by the S-net seafloor observatories (2019)

Nishikawa, T., Matsuzawa, T., Ohta, K., Uchida, N., Nishimura, T., Ide, S.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Description: 〈p〉Investigating slow earthquake activity in subduction zones provides insight into the slip behavior of megathrusts, which can provide important clues about the rupture extent of future great earthquakes. Using the S-net ocean-bottom seismograph network along the Japan Trench, we mapped a detailed distribution of tectonic tremors, which coincided with very-low-frequency earthquakes and a slow slip event. Compiling these and other related observations, including repeating earthquakes and earthquake swarms, we found that the slow earthquake distribution is complementary to the Tohoku-Oki earthquake rupture. We used our observations to divide the megathrust in the Japan Trench into three along-strike segments characterized by different slip behaviors. We found that the rupture of the Tohoku-Oki earthquake, which nucleated in the central segment, was terminated by the two adjacent segments.〈/p〉

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Programmable CRISPR-responsive smart materials (2019)

English, M. A., Soenksen, L. R., Gayet, R. V., de Puig, H., Angenent-Mari, N. M., Mao, A. S., Nguyen, P. Q., Collins, J. J.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉Stimuli-responsive materials activated by biological signals play an increasingly important role in biotechnology applications. We exploit the programmability of CRISPR-associated nucleases to actuate hydrogels containing DNA as a structural element or as an anchor for pendant groups. After activation by guide RNA–defined inputs, Cas12a cleaves DNA in the gels, thereby converting biological information into changes in material properties. We report four applications: (i) branched poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels releasing DNA-anchored compounds, (ii) degradable polyacrylamide-DNA hydrogels encapsulating nanoparticles and live cells, (iii) conductive carbon-black–DNA hydrogels acting as degradable electrical fuses, and (iv) a polyacrylamide-DNA hydrogel operating as a fluidic valve with an electrical readout for remote signaling. These materials allow for a range of in vitro applications in tissue engineering, bioelectronics, and diagnostics.〈/p〉

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Keeping RNA processing contained (2019)

Vinson, V.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Major subpopulations of Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa (2019)

Amambua-Ngwa, A., Amenga-Etego, L., Kamau, E., Amato, R., Ghansah, A., Golassa, L., Randrianarivelojosia, M., Ishengoma, D., Apinjoh, T., Maïga-Ascofare, O., Andagalu, B., Yavo, W., Bouyou-Akotet, M., Kolapo, O., Mane, K., Worwui, A., Jeffries, D., Simp

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Description: 〈p〉Understanding genomic variation and population structure of 〈i〉Plasmodium falciparum〈/i〉 across Africa is necessary to sustain progress toward malaria elimination. Genome clustering of 2263 〈i〉P. falciparum〈/i〉 isolates from 24 malaria-endemic settings in 15 African countries identified major western, central, and eastern ancestries, plus a highly divergent Ethiopian population. Ancestry aligned to these regional blocs, overlapping with both the parasite’s origin and with historical human migration. The parasite populations are interbred and shared genomic haplotypes, especially across drug resistance loci, which showed the strongest recent identity-by-descent between populations. A recent signature of selection on chromosome 12 with candidate resistance loci against artemisinin derivatives was evident in Ghana and Malawi. Such selection and the emerging substructure may affect treatment-based intervention strategies against 〈i〉P. falciparum〈/i〉 malaria.〈/p〉

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A roadmap for malaria research (2019)

Winzeler, E. A.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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The 200-year effort to see the embryo (2019)

Wallingford, J. B.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Maleness-on-the-Y (MoY) orchestrates male sex determination in major agricultural fruit fly pests (2019)

Meccariello, A., Salvemini, M., Primo, P., Hall, B., Koskinioti, P., Dalikova, M., Gravina, A., Gucciardino, M. A., Forlenza, F., Gregoriou, M.-E., Ippolito, D., Monti, S. M., Petrella, V., Perrotta, M. M., Schmeing, S., Ruggiero, A., Scolari, F., Giordan

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science First Release

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉In insects, rapidly evolving primary sex-determining signals are transduced by a conserved regulatory module controlling sexual differentiation. In the agricultural pest 〈i〉Ceratitis capitata〈/i〉 (Mediterranean fruit fly, Medfly) we identified a Y-linked gene, 〈i〉Maleness-on the-Y〈/i〉 (〈i〉MoY〈/i〉), encoding a small protein that is necessary and sufficient for male development. Silencing or disruption of 〈i〉MoY〈/i〉 in XY embryos causes feminization whereas overexpression of 〈i〉MoY〈/i〉 in XX embryos induces masculinization. Crosses between transformed XY females and XX males give rise to males and females, indicating that a Y chromosome can be transmitted by XY females. 〈i〉MoY〈/i〉 is Y-linked and functionally conserved in other species of the Tephritidae family, highlighting its potential to serve as a tool for developing more effective control strategies against these major agricultural insect pests.〈/p〉

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Safe and effective gene delivery (2019)

Maroso, M.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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CRISPR comes to the silver screen (2019)

Winkleman, T.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Financial crisis looms at Brazilian science agency (2019)

Mega, E. R.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Phospho-dependent phase separation of FMRP and CAPRIN1 recapitulates regulation of translation and deadenylation (2019)

Kim, T. H., Tsang, B., Vernon, R. M., Sonenberg, N., Kay, L. E., Forman-Kay, J. D.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Description: 〈p〉Membraneless organelles involved in RNA processing are biomolecular condensates assembled by phase separation. Despite the important role of intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs), the specific interactions underlying IDR phase separation and its functional consequences remain elusive. To address these questions, we used minimal condensates formed from the C-terminal disordered regions of two interacting translational regulators, FMRP and CAPRIN1. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of FMRP-CAPRIN1 condensates revealed interactions involving arginine-rich and aromatic-rich regions. We found that different FMRP serine/threonine and CAPRIN1 tyrosine phosphorylation patterns control phase separation propensity with RNA, including subcompartmentalization, and tune deadenylation and translation rates in vitro. The resulting evidence for residue-specific interactions underlying co–phase separation, phosphorylation-modulated condensate architecture, and enzymatic activity within condensates has implications for how the integration of signaling pathways controls RNA processing and translation.〈/p〉

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NAD+ cleavage activity by animal and plant TIR domains in cell death pathways (2019)

Horsefield, S., Burdett, H., Zhang, X., Manik, M. K., Shi, Y., Chen, J., Qi, T., Gilley, J., Lai, J.-S., Rank, M. X., Casey, L. W., Gu, W., Ericsson, D. J., Foley, G., Hughes, R. O., Bosanac, T., von Itzstein, M., Rathjen, J. P., Nanson, J. D., Boden, M.,

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉SARM1 (sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1) is responsible for depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in its oxidized form (NAD〈sup〉+〈/sup〉) during Wallerian degeneration associated with neuropathies. Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors recognize pathogen effector proteins and trigger localized cell death to restrict pathogen infection. Both processes depend on closely related Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains in these proteins, which, as we show, feature self-association–dependent NAD〈sup〉+〈/sup〉 cleavage activity associated with cell death signaling. We further show that SARM1 SAM (sterile alpha motif) domains form an octamer essential for axon degeneration that contributes to TIR domain enzymatic activity. The crystal structures of ribose and NADP〈sup〉+〈/sup〉 (the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) complexes of SARM1 and plant NLR RUN1 TIR domains, respectively, reveal a conserved substrate binding site. NAD〈sup〉+〈/sup〉 cleavage by TIR domains is therefore a conserved feature of animal and plant cell death signaling pathways.〈/p〉

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Genomic analysis informs malaria evolution (2019)

Sibley, C. H.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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News at a glance (2019)

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Images from the surface of asteroid Ryugu show rocks similar to carbonaceous chondrite meteorites (2019)

Jaumann, R., Schmitz, N., Ho, T.- M., Schröder, S. E., Otto, K. A., Stephan, K., Elgner, S., Krohn, K., Preusker, F., Scholten, F., Biele, J., Ulamec, S., Krause, C., Sugita, S., Matz, K.- D., Roatsch, T., Parekh, R., Mottola, S., Grott, M., Michel, P.,

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Description: 〈p〉The near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu is a 900-m-diameter dark object expected to contain primordial material from the solar nebula. The Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) landed on Ryugu’s surface on 3 October 2018. We present images from the MASCOT camera (MASCam) taken during the descent and while on the surface. The surface is covered by decimeter- to meter-sized rocks, with no deposits of fine-grained material. Rocks appear either bright, with smooth faces and sharp edges, or dark, with a cauliflower-like, crumbly surface. Close-up images of a rock of the latter type reveal a dark matrix with small, bright, spectrally different inclusions, implying that it did not experience extensive aqueous alteration. The inclusions appear similar to those in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites.〈/p〉

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Comment on "Legacy nitrogen may prevent achievement of water quality goals in the Gulf of Mexico" (2019)

Ballard, T. C., Michalak, A. M., McIsaac, G. F., Rabalais, N. N., Turner, R. E.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Description: 〈p〉Van Meter 〈i〉et al〈/i〉. (Reports, 27 April 2018, p. 427) warn that achieving nitrogen reduction goals in the Gulf of Mexico will take decades as a result of legacy nitrogen effects. We discuss limitations of the modeling approach and demonstrate that legacy effects ranging from a few years to decades are equally consistent with observations. The presented time scales for system recovery are therefore highly uncertain.〈/p〉

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No inflation of threatened species (2019)

Purvis, A., Butchart, S. H. M., Brondizio, E. S., Settele, J., Diaz, S.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Spastin uses its network (2019)

Vinson, V.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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The Malaria Cell Atlas: Single parasite transcriptomes across the complete Plasmodium life cycle (2019)

Howick, V. M., Russell, A. J. C., Andrews, T., Heaton, H., Reid, A. J., Natarajan, K., Butungi, H., Metcalf, T., Verzier, L. H., Rayner, J. C., Berriman, M., Herren, J. K., Billker, O., Hemberg, M., Talman, A. M., Lawniczak, M. K. N.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Description: 〈p〉Malaria parasites adopt a remarkable variety of morphological life stages as they transition through multiple mammalian host and mosquito vector environments. We profiled the single-cell transcriptomes of thousands of individual parasites, deriving the first high-resolution transcriptional atlas of the entire 〈i〉Plasmodium berghei〈/i〉 life cycle. We then used our atlas to precisely define developmental stages of single cells from three different human malaria parasite species, including parasites isolated directly from infected individuals. The Malaria Cell Atlas provides both a comprehensive view of gene usage in a eukaryotic parasite and an open-access reference dataset for the study of malaria parasites.〈/p〉

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The case for strategic and managed climate retreat (2019)

Siders, A. R., Hino, M., Mach, K. J.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Mapping the malaria parasite (2019)

Ash, C.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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60

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The global soil community and its influence on biogeochemistry (2019)

Crowther, T. W., van den Hoogen, J., Wan, J., Mayes, M. A., Keiser, A. D., Mo, L., Averill, C., Maynard, D. S.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Description: 〈p〉Soil organisms represent the most biologically diverse community on land and govern the turnover of the largest organic matter pool in the terrestrial biosphere. The highly complex nature of these communities at local scales has traditionally obscured efforts to identify unifying patterns in global soil biodiversity and biogeochemistry. As a result, environmental covariates have generally been used as a proxy to represent the variation in soil community activity in global biogeochemical models. Yet over the past decade, broad-scale studies have begun to see past this local heterogeneity to identify unifying patterns in the biomass, diversity, and composition of certain soil groups across the globe. These unifying patterns provide new insights into the fundamental distribution and dynamics of organic matter on land.〈/p〉

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Robust memories through neuron networks (2019)

Stern, P.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Joining the laser welding club (2019)

Grocholski, B.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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63

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Ultrafast laser welding of ceramics (2019)

Penilla, E. H., Devia-Cruz, L. F., Wieg, A. T., Martinez-Torres, P., Cuando-Espitia, N., Sellappan, P., Kodera, Y., Aguilar, G., Garay, J. E.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Description: 〈p〉Welding of ceramics is a key missing component in modern manufacturing. Current methods cannot join ceramics in proximity to temperature-sensitive materials like polymers and electronic components. We introduce an ultrafast pulsed laser welding approach that relies on focusing light on interfaces to ensure an optical interaction volume in ceramics to stimulate nonlinear absorption processes, causing localized melting rather than ablation. The key is the interplay between linear and nonlinear optical properties and laser energy–material coupling. The welded ceramic assemblies hold high vacuum and have shear strengths comparable to metal-to-ceramic diffusion bonds. Laser welding can make ceramics integral components in devices for harsh environments as well as in optoelectronic and/or electronic packages needing visible-radio frequency transparency.〈/p〉

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Landing on the surface of Ryugu (2019)

Smith, K. T.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Salmon-smeared notebooks reveal fisheries past bounty (2019)

Ogden, L. E.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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66

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Linking development to metabolism (2019)

Mao, S.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Suicide--turning the tide (2019)

Nordentoft, M., Erlangsen, A.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Think local when protecting forests (2019)

Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink, J.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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69

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Observation of a symmetry-protected topological phase of interacting bosons with Rydberg atoms (2019)

de Leseleuc, S., Lienhard, V., Scholl, P., Barredo, D., Weber, S., Lang, N., Büchler, H. P., Lahaye, T., Browaeys, A.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Description: 〈p〉The concept of topological phases is a powerful framework for characterizing ground states of quantum many-body systems that goes beyond the paradigm of symmetry breaking. Topological phases can appear in condensed-matter systems naturally, whereas the implementation and study of such quantum many-body ground states in artificial matter require careful engineering. Here, we report the experimental realization of a symmetry-protected topological phase of interacting bosons in a one-dimensional lattice and demonstrate a robust ground state degeneracy attributed to protected zero-energy edge states. The experimental setup is based on atoms trapped in an array of optical tweezers and excited into Rydberg levels, which gives rise to hard-core bosons with an effective hopping generated by dipolar exchange interaction.〈/p〉

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A CRISPR set of materials (2019)

Lavine, M. S.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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71

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Response to Comment on "Legacy nitrogen may prevent achievement of water quality goals in the Gulf of Mexico" (2019)

Van Meter, K. J., Van Cappellen, P., Basu, N. B.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Description: 〈p〉Ballard 〈i〉et al〈/i〉. argue that our prediction of a 30-year or longer recovery time for Gulf of Mexico water quality is highly uncertain, and that much shorter time lags are equally likely. We demonstrate that their argument, based on the use of a two-component regression model, does not sufficiently consider fundamental watershed processes or multiple lines of evidence suggesting the existence of decadal-scale lags.〈/p〉

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Paths out of darkness (2019)

Couzin-Frankel, J.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Canadian cannabis research hits licensing logjam (2019)

Wadman, M.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Super-old mantle plumes (2019)

Grocholski, B.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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75

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TIR domains of plant immune receptors are NAD+-cleaving enzymes that promote cell death (2019)

Wan, L., Essuman, K., Anderson, R. G., Sasaki, Y., Monteiro, F., Chung, E.-H., Osborne Nishimura, E., DiAntonio, A., Milbrandt, J., Dangl, J. L., Nishimura, M. T.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Description: 〈p〉Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors activate cell death and confer disease resistance by unknown mechanisms. We demonstrate that plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains of NLRs are enzymes capable of degrading nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in its oxidized form (NAD〈sup〉+〈/sup〉). Both cell death induction and NAD〈sup〉+〈/sup〉 cleavage activity of plant TIR domains require known self-association interfaces and a putative catalytic glutamic acid that is conserved in both bacterial TIR NAD〈sup〉+〈/sup〉-cleaving enzymes (NADases) and the mammalian SARM1 (sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1) NADase. We identify a variant of cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose as a biomarker of TIR enzymatic activity. TIR enzymatic activity is induced by pathogen recognition and functions upstream of the genes 〈i〉enhanced disease susceptibility 1〈/i〉 (〈i〉EDS1〈/i〉) and 〈i〉N requirement gene 1〈/i〉 (〈i〉NRG1〈/i〉), which encode regulators required for TIR immune function. Thus, plant TIR-NLR receptors require NADase function to transduce recognition of pathogens into a cell death response.〈/p〉

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A gut check (2019)

Lavine, M. S.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Microbes' role in soil decomposition (2019)

Sugden, A. M.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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New Products (2019)

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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79

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Persistence of neuronal representations through time and damage in the hippocampus (2019)

Gonzalez, W. G., Zhang, H., Harutyunyan, A., Lois, C.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Description: 〈p〉How do neurons encode long-term memories? Bilateral imaging of neuronal activity in the mouse hippocampus reveals that, from one day to the next, ~40% of neurons change their responsiveness to cues, but thereafter only 1% of cells change per day. Despite these changes, neuronal responses are resilient to a lack of exposure to a previously completed task or to hippocampus lesions. Unlike individual neurons, the responses of which change after a few days, groups of neurons with inter- and intrahemispheric synchronous activity show stable responses for several weeks. The likelihood that a neuron maintains its responsiveness across days is proportional to the number of neurons with which its activity is synchronous. Information stored in individual neurons is relatively labile, but it can be reliably stored in networks of synchronously active neurons.〈/p〉

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A tale of two trenches (2019)

Houston, H.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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81

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Seeing the embryo (2019)

Alderton, G.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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82

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Codemakers find algorithms immune to quantum hacks (2019)

Cho, A.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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83

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Calvin F. Quate (1923-2019) (2019)

Rugar, D., Giessibl, F.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Arctic researchers prepare to go with the floes (2019)

Kintisch, E.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Publication Date: 2019

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Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

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85

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Microbial metabolites control the thymic development of mucosal-associated invariant T cells (2019)

Legoux, F., Bellet, D., Daviaud, C., El Morr, Y., Darbois, A., Niort, K., Procopio, E., Salou, M., Gilet, J., Ryffel, B., Balvay, A., Foussier, A., Sarkis, M., El Marjou, A., Schmidt, F., Rabot, S., Lantz, O.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science First Release

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉How the microbiota modulate immune functions remains poorly understood. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are implicated in mucosal homeostasis and absent in germ-free mice. Here, we show that commensal bacteria govern murine MAIT intrathymic development, as MAIT cells did not recirculate to the thymus. MAIT development required 〈i〉RibD〈/i〉 expression in bacteria, indicating that production of the MAIT antigen 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-〈scp〉d〈/scp〉-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU) was necessary. 5-OP-RU rapidly traveled from mucosal surfaces to the thymus, where it was captured by the major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecule MR1. This led to increased numbers of the earliest MAIT precursors and the expansion of more mature receptor–related orphan receptor t–positive MAIT cells. Thus, a microbiota-derived metabolite controls development of mucosally targeted T cells, in a process blurring the distinction between exogenous and self-antigens.〈/p〉

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N6-methyladenosine RNA modification-mediated cellular metabolism rewiring inhibits viral replication (2019)

Liu, Y., You, Y., Lu, Z., Yang, J., Li, P., Liu, L., Xu, H., Niu, Y., Cao, X.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science First Release

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Description: 〈p〉Host cell metabolism can be modulated by viral infection, affecting viral survival or clearance. The cellular metabolism rewiring mediated by 〈i〉N〈/i〉〈sup〉6〈/sup〉-methyladenosine (m〈sup〉6〈/sup〉A) modification in virus-host interaction remains largely unknown. Here we report that in response to viral infection, host cells impair the enzymatic activity of RNA m〈sup〉6〈/sup〉A demethylase ALKBH5. This increases the m〈sup〉6〈/sup〉A methylation on α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) mRNA to reduce its mRNA stability and protein expression. Reduced OGDH decreases the production of metabolite itaconate that is required for viral replication. With reduced OGDH and itaconate production in vivo, ALKBH5-deficient mice display an innate immune response-independent resistance to viral challenge. Our findings reveal that m〈sup〉6〈/sup〉A RNA modification-mediated down-regulation of OGDH-Itaconate pathway reprograms cellular metabolism to inhibit viral replication, proposing potential targets for controlling viral infection.〈/p〉

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Phase-change heterostructure enables ultralow noise and drift for memory operation (2019)

Ding, K., Wang, J., Zhou, Y., Tian, H., Lu, L., Mazzarello, R., Jia, C., Zhang, W., Rao, F., Ma, E.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science First Release

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉Artificial intelligence and other data-intensive applications have escalated the demand for data storage and processing. New computing devices, e.g., phase-change random access memory (PCRAM) based neuro-inspired devices, are promising options for breaking the von Neumann barrier by unifying storage with computing in memory cells. However, current PCRAM devices have considerable noise and drift in electrical resistance that erodes the precision and consistency of these devices. We designed a phase-change heterostructure (PCH) consisting of alternately stacked phase-change and confinement nanolayers to suppress the noise and drift, allowing reliable iterative RESET and cumulative SET operations for high-performance neuro-inspired computing. Our PCH architecture is amenable to industrial production as an intrinsic materials solution, without complex manufacturing procedure nor much increased fabrication cost.〈/p〉

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Choosing male or female (2019)

Purnell, B. A.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Innovations in an ATPase/ATP synthase (2019)

Funk, M. A.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Certification for gene-edited forests (2019)

Strauss, S. H., Boerjan, W., Chiang, V., Costanza, A., Coleman, H., Davis, J. M., Lu, M.-Z., Mansfield, S. D., Merkle, S., Myburg, A., Nilsson, O., Pilate, G., Powell, W., Seguin, A., Valenzuela, S.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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A reverse route into metastasis (2019)

Ferrarelli, L. K.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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92

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Structure and conformational plasticity of the intact Thermus thermophilus V/A-type ATPase (2019)

Zhou, L., Sazanov, L. A.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Description: 〈p〉V (vacuolar)/A (archaeal)-type adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases), found in archaea and eubacteria, couple ATP hydrolysis or synthesis to proton translocation across the plasma membrane using the rotary-catalysis mechanism. They belong to the V-type ATPase family, which differs from the mitochondrial/chloroplast F-type ATP synthases in overall architecture. We solved cryo–electron microscopy structures of the intact 〈i〉Thermus thermophilus〈/i〉 V/A-ATPase, reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs, in three rotational states and two substates. These structures indicate substantial flexibility between V〈sub〉1〈/sub〉 and V〈sub〉o〈/sub〉 in a working enzyme, which results from mechanical competition between central shaft rotation and resistance from the peripheral stalks. We also describe details of adenosine diphosphate inhibition release, V〈sub〉1〈/sub〉-V〈sub〉o〈/sub〉 torque transmission, and proton translocation, which are relevant for the entire V-type ATPase family.〈/p〉

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Familial roots of an opioid epidemic (2019)

Wible, B.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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94

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Venezuela's upheaval threatens Yanomami (2019)

Mondolfi, A. E. P., Grillet, M. E., Tami, A., Oliveira-Miranda, M. A., Noguera, L. D., Hotez, P., Oletta, J. F.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Probing an evolutionary riddle (2019)

Culotta, E.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Stand out as a speaker (2019)

His, M.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Slow earthquake segmentation (2019)

Grocholski, B.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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98

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Exploring genetic interaction manifolds constructed from rich single-cell phenotypes (2019)

Norman, T. M., Horlbeck, M. A., Replogle, J. M., Ge, A. Y., Xu, A., Jost, M., Gilbert, L. A., Weissman, J. S.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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Description: 〈p〉How cellular and organismal complexity emerges from combinatorial expression of genes is a central question in biology. High-content phenotyping approaches such as Perturb-seq (single-cell RNA-sequencing pooled CRISPR screens) present an opportunity for exploring such genetic interactions (GIs) at scale. Here, we present an analytical framework for interpreting high-dimensional landscapes of cell states (manifolds) constructed from transcriptional phenotypes. We applied this approach to Perturb-seq profiling of strong GIs mined from a growth-based, gain-of-function GI map. Exploration of this manifold enabled ordering of regulatory pathways, principled classification of GIs (e.g., identifying suppressors), and mechanistic elucidation of synergistic interactions, including an unexpected synergy between 〈i〉CBL〈/i〉 and 〈i〉CNN1〈/i〉 driving erythroid differentiation. Finally, we applied recommender system machine learning to predict interactions, facilitating exploration of vastly larger GI manifolds.〈/p〉

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Reading an anguished brain (2019)

Underwood, E.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science

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100

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Numerical operations in living cells by programmable RNA devices (2019)

Endo, K., Hayashi, K., Saito, H.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science Advances

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Publication Date: 2019

Description: 〈p〉Integrated bioengineering systems can make executable decisions according to the cell state. To sense the state, multiple biomarkers are detected and processed via logic gates with synthetic biological devices. However, numerical operations have not been achieved. Here, we show a design principle for messenger RNA (mRNA) devices that recapitulates intracellular information by multivariate calculations in single living cells. On the basis of this principle and the collected profiles of multiple microRNA activities, we demonstrate that rationally programmed mRNA sets classify living human cells and track their change during differentiation. Our mRNA devices automatically perform multivariate calculation and function as a decision-maker in response to dynamic intracellular changes in living cells.〈/p〉

Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548

Topics: Natural Sciences in General

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