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  • 101
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    Some magnetic null lines of astrophysical interest. II (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A list of magnetic null lines from selected spectroscopic analyses is presented for possible use in detailed studies of magnetic Ap stars. The presented data represent an extension of the magnetic null lines whose usefulness Shore and Adelman (1974) have recently demonstrated for the study of the overall physical conditions prevailing in the atmospheres of peculiar A stars and for testing the consequences of the mechanism of selective elemental diffusion.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 86
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  • 102
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    CH and CH/+/ in interstellar clouds (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recycling and loss rates for a typical interstellar cloud are considered, giving attention to disagreements concerning some of the production rates. It is pointed out that the formation rate of CH(+) via vibrationally excited hydrogen molecules exceeds in many situations rates of other processes. In low density clouds comparable amounts of CH and CH(+) are produced when the fast dissociative recombination rate is used.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 168
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  • 103
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    Studies of hydrodynamic events in stellar evolution. III Ejection of planetary nebulae (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Investigation of the dynamic behavior of the hydrogen-rich envelope (0.101 solar mass) of an evolved star (1.1 solar mass) as the luminosity rises to 19,000 solar luminosities during the second ascent of the red-giant branch. For luminosities in the range 3100 less than L less than 19,000 solar luminosities the H-rich envelope pulsates like a long-period variable (LPV) with periods of the order of a year. As L reaches 19,000 solar luminosities, the entire H-rich envelope is ejected as a shell with speeds of a few times 10 km sec. The ejection occurs on a time scale of a few LPV pulsation periods. This ejection is shown to be related to the formation of a planetary nebula. The computations are based on an implicit hydrodynamic computer code. Tand rho-dependent opacities and excitation and ionization energies are included. As the H-rich envelope is accelerated off the stellar core, the gap between envelope and core is approximated by a vacuum filled with radiation.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 1
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  • 104
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    Far-infrared emission from H II regions. II - Multicolor photometry of selected sources and 2.2 min resolution maps of M42 and NGC 2024 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Medium- and broad-bandwidth photometric measurements have been made of seven compact H II regions at wavelengths between 30 and 650 microns. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the far-infrared flux is continuum radiation from dust grains. Color temperatures range from 33 to 85 K. For most of the sources, the infrared flux is low enough so that the dust could conceivably be mixed with the ionized gas. In at least one case, however, the far-infrared spectrum and luminosity of the source cannot be reconciled with reasonable grain models unless the far-infrared flux comes from a shell surrounding the H II region. M42 (Orion) and NGC 2024 (Orion B) have been mapped at 90 microns with a resolution (half-power beam diameter) of 2.2 min. Although the peak far-infrared brightness in M42 occurs at the position of the Kleinmann-Low infrared nebula, most of the flux originates in a more extended (about 6 x 8 min) source. The energy for the diffuse component could be supplied by the stars in the Trapezium cluster. However, the single early-type star visible in NGC 2024 is not luminous enough to account for either the infrared flux or the observed free-free flux.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 1
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  • 105
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    Jupiter after Pioneer - A progress report (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In December 1973, Pioneer 10 became the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of Jupiter. The spacecraft passed through the Jovian magnetosphere in two weeks and sent back more than 300 pictures of the big planet. Measurements were conducted of EM fields, energetic particles, and micrometeoroids. Radio occultations observed are discussed along with observations in the infrared and ultraviolet range, magnetic measurements, questions of trajectory analysis, and data obtained with the aid of a plasma analyzer. Pioneer 10 has confirmed as inescapable the fact that Jupiter radiates more energy than it receives from the sun.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 251; Sept. 6
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  • 106
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    Observations at Mercury encounter by the plasma science experiment on Mariner 10 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A fully developed bow shock and magnetosheath were observed near Mercury, providing unambiguous evidence for a strong interaction between Mercury and the solar wind. Inside the sheath there is a distinct region analogous to the magnetosphere or magnetotail of earth, populated by electrons with lower density and higher temperature than the electrons observed in the solar wind or magnetosheath. At the time of encounter, conditions were such that a perpendicular shock was observed on the inbound leg and a parallel shock was observed on the outbound leg of the trajectory, and energetic plasma electron events were detected upstream from the outbound shock crossing. The interaction is most likely not atmospheric, but the data clearly indicate that the obstacle to solar wind flow is magnetic, either intrinsic or induced.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Science; 185; July 12
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  • 107
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    Mercury's atmosphere from Mariner 10 - Preliminary results (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analysis of data obtained by the ultraviolet experiment on Mariner 10 indicates that Mercury is surrounded by a thin atmosphere consisting in part of helium. The partial pressure of helium at the terminator is about 5 trillionths of a millibar. The total surface pressure of the atmosphere is less than about 2 billionths of a millibar. Upper limits are set for the abundance of various gases, including hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, argon, neon, and xenon. The wavelength dependence of Mercury's surface albedo is similar to that of the moon over a broad range of wavelengths from 500 to 1600 A. Strong signals were recorded by the airglow instrument as Mariner 10 passed through the cavity behind Mercury. They are as yet unexplained but may provide information on the properties of the local plasma.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Science; 185; July 12
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  • 108
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    Mercury's surface - Preliminary description and interpretation from Mariner 10 pictures (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The surface morphology and optical properties of Mercury resemble those of the moon in remarkable detail and record a very similar sequence of events. Chemical and mineralogical similarity of the outer layers of Mercury and the moon is implied; Mercury is probably a differentiated planet with a large iron-rich core. Differentiation is inferred to have occurred very early. No evidence of atmospheric modification of landforms has been found. Large-scale scarps and ridges unlike lunar or Martian features may reflect a unique period of planetary compression near the end of heavy bombardment by small planetesimals.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Science; 185; July 12
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  • 109
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    Preliminary infrared radiometry of the night side of Mercury from Mariner 10 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The infrared radiometer on Mariner 10 measured the thermal emission from the planet with a spatial resolution element as small as 40 kilometers in a broad wavelength band centered at 45 micrometers. The minimum brightness temperature (near local midnight) in these near-equatorial scans was 100 K. Along the track observed, the temperature declined steadily from local sunset to near midnight, behaving as would be expected for a homogeneous, porous material with a thermal inertia only slightly larger than that of the moon. From near midnight to dawn, however, the temperature fluctuated over a range of about 10 K.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Science; 185; July 12
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  • 110
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    Infrared photometry of Titan (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A set of observations of Titan at wavelengths from 1.6 through 34 microns shows that Titan has a remarkably low albedo near 1.6 micron. Thermal flux observations for 10 years at 10.6 microns and for 5 years at 21 microns suggest that the thermal properties of Titan remained constant over this period and are independent of phase. Narrowband photometry between 17 and 25 microns does not indicate the presence of a structure characteristic of a hydrogen-rich atmosphere. An atmospheric model consistent with the observations is proposed for Titan.-
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 15
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  • 111
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    The widths of the solar He I and He II lines at 584, 537, and 304 A (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 15
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  • 112
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    A new measurement of the Hercules X-1 X-ray pulse profile (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Report on measurements of a triple-peaked 1.24-sec pulse profile in a 1-minute rocket-borne exposure to Her X-1, in contrast to the double-peaked profiles expected from models which maximize the X-ray emission at the magnetic equator of an accreting neutron star. The profile exhibits statistically significant energy dependence, with the emission greater than about 12 keV having narrower peaks which appear to lag (by approximately 5% of the pulse period) the corresponding peaks at lower energies. Approximately one-third of the total emission from the source is nonpulsed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 15
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  • 113
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    Ultraviolet photometry from the orbiting astronomical observatory. XV - The strongly magnetic variable HD 215441 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Wisconsin Experiment Package on OAO-2 was used to obtain light curves of the strongly magnetic, variable Ap star HD 215441 over the wavelength range 1550 to 4250 A. This star is characterized by a lack of outstanding spectrum variability at wavelengths accessible from the ground, while undergoing UBV photometric variations of large amplitude. The observations of HD 215441 demonstrate that an Ap star need not be a striking spectrum variable at blue-visible wavelengths for its photometric variations to be controlled by opacity variations in the ultraviolet.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
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  • 114
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    The enhancement of ultraviolet line opacities in the atmospheres of peculiar A stars (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 32; 3, Ma; May 1974
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  • 115
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    Real-time shipboard orbit determination using Kalman filtering techniques (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The real-time tracking and orbit determination program used on board the NASA tracking ship, the USNS Vanguard, is described in this paper. The computer program uses a variety of filtering algorithms, including an extended Kalman filter, to derive real-time orbit determinations (position-velocity state vectors) from shipboard tracking and navigation data. Results from Apollo missions are given to show that orbital parameters can be estimated quickly and accurately using these methods.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems; AES-10; July 197
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  • 116
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    Apollo drill core depth relationships (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Preliminary depth relationships are presented for the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 drill core samples. For a given depth in any of these drill stems, the in situ lunar surface depth can be estimated. Ranges of uncertainty are also established, based on percent core recovery and degree of sample disturbance. The most likely explanation for the sample disturbance observed in the top three sections of the Apollo 16 drill stem is sample migration after the stem was capped on the lunar surface; essentially no sample was lost. Similar disturbance occurred in the Apollo 17 drill core, although to a lesser degree. The average original bulk densities (i.e., before any disturbance occurred) of the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 drill cores are 1.76, 1.59, and 1.87 g/cu cm, respectively. The Apollo 15 and 17 values are probably close to the in situ values; but the Apollo 16 average in situ density could be as much as 13% less than the already low density in the drill core.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: The Moon; 10; June 197
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  • 117
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    High-spectral-resolution measurements of the H I 1216 and Mg II 2800 emissions from Arcturus (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: High-spectral-resolution scans of H I 1216 and Mg II 2796, 2803 obtained using the ultraviolet spectrometer abroad the Copernicus satellite show broad and very asymmetrical emission profiles. The ratio of the line widths to the solar values is consistent with a law similar to the Wilson-Bappu relation for the calcium K reversal. A fit of the interstellar absorption profile indicates that the average H density toward this nearby star is low, 0.02-0.1 per cu cm.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 188; Mar. 15
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  • 118
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    Transitions 2s/2/ 2p/k/ - 2s 2p/k+1/ of the F I, O I, and N I isoelectronic sequences (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Transitions of the type 2s/2/ 2p/k/ - 2s 2p/k+1/ have been identified for the elements from titanium through nickel for ions of the fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen isoelectronic sequences. Wavelengths, visual intensity estimates, and energies are given. The energy differences of levels of the ground configuration are compared with predictions based on semiempirical equations derived by Edlen. Some of the lines of these isoelectronic sequences should be strong lines in solar-flare spectra.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 188; Mar. 1
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  • 119
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    Interpretation of epsilon Aurigae. II - Infrared excess, secondary light variations, and plausible formation of a planetary system (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Infrared excess based on the disk model proposed in a previous paper was computed. It was found that the disk alone will emit infrared radiation below the margin of detection. However, if individual condensations are present, the combined result of the disk proper and the condensations yields results of infrared excesses that are consistent with observations. The presence of condensations also makes the secondary light variation understandable. An elementary theory is developed that analyzes such light variations. The result of the analysis yields the size of the orbit of the condensation around the secondary component.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 1
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  • 120
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    Solar luminosity variations and the climate of Mars (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Attempts to resolve the solar neutrino flux problem have led to suggestions of large scale oscillations in the solar luminosity on a geological time scale. A simple climatological model of Mars indicates that its climate may be much more sensitive to luminosity changes than the earth's because of strong positive feedback mechanisms at work on Mars. Mariner-9 photographs of Mars show an abundance of large sinuous channels that point to an epoch of higher atmospheric pressures and abundant liquid water. Such an epoch could have been the result of large-scale, solar luminosity variations. However, our climatological model suggests that other less controversial mechanisms, such as obliquity or polar albedo changes, also could have led to such an epoch. As more becomes known about Mars, it may prove possible to formulate a history of Martian climate. By discovering effects that cannot be due to other mechanisms one may be able to form a chronology of solar luminosity variations to compare with data from the earth.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 287-294
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  • 121
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    Apparent relationship between solar-sector boundaries and 300-mb vorticity: Possible explanation in terms of upward propagation of planetary-scale waves (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The selection process for sector structure boundary crossings used in vorticity correlation studies is examined and the possible influence of ascending planetary scale waves is assessed. It is proposed that some of the observed correlations between geomagnetic and meteorological variations may be due to meteorological effects on the geometric variables, rather than due to common solar origin.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Possible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorol. Phenomena; p 260-265
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  • 122
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    A preliminary report on the magnetic measurements of samples 72275 and 72255 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The direction and magnitude of natural remanent magnetization of five approximately 3-g subsamples of 72275 and 72255 and the high field saturation magnetization, coercive force, and isothermal remanent magnetization of 100-mg chip from each of these samples, were studied. Given an understanding of the magnetization processes, group 1 experiments provide information about the absolute direction of the ancient magnetizing field and a qualitative estimate of its size (paleointensity). The group 2 experiments yield a quantitative estimate of the iron content and a qualitative ideal of the grain sizes.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs. Interdisciplinary Studies of Samples from Boulder 1, Sta. 2, Apollo 17, Vol. 1; p 153-156
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  • 123
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    Spectral reflectance of 72275 from Boulder 1, Station 2, Apollo 17 (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectral reflectance measurements were made of samples 72275,103 (chip) and 72275,98 (saw cuttings). Both the chips and the cuttings consist mainly of friable feldspathic breccia. Sample 72275,103, a chip taken from eastend piece 72275,27, is rich in gray polymict breccia. The saw cuttings were derived from the entire rock, but they are probably strongly biased toward the friable feldspathic matrix material that has been preferentially disaggregated. The spectra of both samples show two prominent absorption bands arising from Fe2(+) in pyroxene. The depths of these bands are large enough to preclude the presence of much glass or opaque material in the samples. From the spectral properties alone, it is clear that the samples are not soil breccias nor vitric breccias, as, of course, has been verified by petrography. The wavelengths of the principal absorption bands plot on the pyroxene trend, indicating that orthopyroxene is spectrally dominant.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs. Interdisciplinary Studies of Samples from Boulder 1, Sta. 2, Apollo 17, Vol. 1; p 157-160
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  • 124
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    U-Th-Pb systematics (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following boulder samples are analyzed for U, Th, and Pb concentrations and for Pb isotopic compositions: 72275,53/matrix; 72275,73/matrix; 72275,81/dark rind, clast #1; 72275,117/white interior, clast #1; 72255,49/Civet Cat clast; 72255,54/light gray matrix; and 72255,67/dark gray matrix.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs. Interdisciplinary Studies of Samples from Boulder 1, Sta. 2, Apollo 17, Vol. 1; p 145-148
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  • 125
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    Preliminary results of experiments to duplicate Boulder textures by thermal sintering of powders (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiments seem to indicate that at the low pressures characteristic of an ejecta blanket, sintering or sintering/devitrification could have lithified boulder 1 matrix materials and produced the textural types observed in 72255 and 72275. This very preliminary conclusion is consistent with other observations that granitic clasts have undergone a slight degree of partial melting (and have therefore experienced temperatures on the order of 1000 C). It is concluded that maskelynite in the boulder is completely devitrified.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Interdisciplinary Studies of Samples From Boulder 1, Sta. 2, Apollo 17, Vol. 1; p 111-120
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  • 126
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    Petrology (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Boulder 1 as a whole can be considered a complex polymict breccia consisting of lithic and breccia clasts seated in a matrix that ranges from friable and poorly sintered to densely welded. Only two of the four samples collected from boulder 1, Station 2 have been examined in detail: 72255 and 72275. Of the remaining two, only two undocumented thin sections from 72235 have been studied, while none from 72215 has been examined. Sample 72275 was collected as representative of the boulder matrix, whereas the other three samples were thought to be large clasts.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Interdisciplinary Studies of Samples From Boulder 1, Sta. 2, Apollo 17, Vol. 1; p 35-109
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  • 127
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    Morphology and surface mapping (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Of the many boulders photographed at the Apollo 17 site, boulder 1 from Station 2 is unique in having a strongly developed foliation. Resistant layers form four steeply inclined ridges separated by joint planes or by deeply eroded beds of softer materials. A prominent cleavage, or set of cross joints, is oriented almost normal to the foliation. The cleavage is expressed as subparallel cracks, some of which are open fissures. The entire surface of the boulder is rough and studded by dark colored knobs ranging in diameter from 1 to 15 cm. It is a polymict breccia containing at least one type of rock that has not been recognized in any other lunar sample, and it records an unusual minor element distribution and magnetic history.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Interdisciplinary Studies of Samples From Boulder 1, Sta. 2, Apollo 17, Vol. 1; p 9-33
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  • 128
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    Astronautics in past and future (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The contributions of Oberth in the development of rocket technology as a basis for the conduction of manned and unmanned space flights are considered, giving attention also to other rocket pioneers, including Ziolkowski, Ganswindt, von Hoefft, and Goddard. Early stages in rocket development in Germany, Russia, and the U.S. are examined. The launching of Sputnik I in October 1957 was the beginning of a new era in the history of mankind. The start of this new era of space exploration and space utilization comes at a time when the limited resources of the earth begin to impose severe restrictions upon the continuing growth of human technology and civilization. It is predicted that the new space technology will provide the means for overcoming these restrictions. Future space programs, which are partly based on the development of the space shuttle, are discussed, taking into account the international aspects of the new plans for the utilization and the study of space.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astronautik; 11; 3, 19; 1974
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  • 129
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    The structure and circulation of the deep Venus atmosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simple model for the structure of a nonrotating Hadley regime in an atmosphere with large thermal inertia is developed. The radiative fluxes are estimated by using a linearization about the radiative equilibrium state, and the dynamical fluxes are estimated by using scaling analysis. The requirement that differential heating by these fluxes be in balance in both the meridional and vertical directions leads to two equations for the mean static stability and meridional temperature contrast. The solution depends on two parameters: the strength of the radiative heating, as measured by the static stability of the radiative equilibrium state; and the ratio of the time it takes an external gravity wave to traverse the atmosphere to the time it would take the atmosphere to cool off radiatively. It is shown that it is not necessary to invoke convection to explain the approximate adiabatic lapse rate in the Venus atmosphere, but a greenhouse effect is necessary to explain the high surface temperatures.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 31; Sept
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  • 130
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    Note on ultraviolet hydroxyl observations of Comet Kohoutek (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations of hydroxyl (OH) emission from Comet Kohoutek were made during the evening of 24 January 1974, from an altitude of 41,000 feet. The comet, of visual magnitude 5.5 at the time of observation, was photographed with an f/1.3 Maksutov slitless spectrograph of 150-mm aperture. This spectrograph used a double quartz prism as the dispersion element to isolate the OH radiation in the low-resolution spectrum. A nearly spherical coma of OH about three arc minutes diameter, as observed from an earth-comet distance of 0.88 AV, was photographed. The OH emission was the strongest feature in the spectrum and produced an irradiance of 3 billionths erg per sq cm per sec at the earth.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 86
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  • 131
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    The optical absorption of solid grains in astrophysical environments (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The optical absorptivity of grains of solid material in infrared sources is investigated by the comparison of calculated and observed temperatures and distances of the grains from the source of illumination. It is found that for the few sources for which appropriate measurements have been made, the calculated distances of blackbody particles agree well with the measured values - a result which could lead to misleading conclusions about grain properties. The ratio of optical absorptivity to infrared emissivity is calculated for several sources taking into account expected effects of real grain materials. The measured angular size of dust shells surrounding stars can lead to information about the optical properties of grains under astrophysical conditions.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 86
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    Gamma ray astronomy (1974)
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    Description: The various source mechanisms for celestial gamma rays are reviewed. The gamma-ray data are examined as a source of information about the processes and source locations for the production of charged particle cosmic rays, galactic structure, explosive nucleosynthesis in supernovae, regions of confinement for cosmic rays, regions where matter-antimatter annihilation occurs, and the general condition in cosmological space both in the past and present. Topics include gamma rays from pi mesons by nuclear interactions, nuclear and supernovae lines, diffuse emission and discrete sources, interstellar absorption and detection of gamma rays, and others. A brief view of the available gamma-ray detection systems and techniques is presented.
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  • 133
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    Solar coronal holes as sources of recurrent geomagnetic disturbances (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Observations of the solar corona by Oso 7 have been used in a superposed epoch analysis to study the relationships between classes of coronal features and geomagnetic activity. Both bright coronal regions and regions of less than average brightness were investigated. It was found that for the period from January 1972 through January 1973, a significant enhancement in geomagnetic activity occurred 2-3 days after central meridian passage of large coronal holes that extended to within 5 deg of the solar subearth point when they were on the meridian. Large coronal holes appear to satisfy the requirements for 'M regions' which were hypothesized to be responsible for recurrent geomagnetic disturbances (Bartels, 1934). If solar wind high-speed streams originate preferentially in these regions, their velocity at the base of the corona will be substantially higher than that expected from an axisymmetric solar wind model.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 134
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    Creep response of the lunar crust in mare regions from an analysis of crater deformation (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The settling trends of 318 lunar mare craters are compared with predictions of numerical finite-element models in order to determine the creep response of the upper lunar mare crust. No settling is evident in craters smaller than 5 km in diameter. Settling rates of larger craters increase as function of crater size in a manner suggesting a nonlinear lunar creep response corresponding to the power law epsilon = 8.3 x 10 to the minus 34th sigma squared where epsilon is the strain rate and sigma is the differential stress. However, the observed nonlinearity is probably an apparent nonlinearity resulting from the temperature-induced viscosity decrease with depth due to a lunar crustal temperature gradient of 3 C/km and a creep activation energy of 20 kcal/mole. It is concluded that creep in the lunar medium is essentially Newtonian, and that the effective viscosity of the upper lunar mare is (1.6 plus or minus 0.3) x 10 to the 25th poise.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors; 8; 4, Ju; June 197
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  • 135
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    Magnetic coordinates for the Pioneer 10 Jupiter encounter (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The magnetic coordinates of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft and the five innermost satellites are given around the time of Jupiter encounter, Dec. 1-8, 1973. The D sub 2 offset dipole model of Smith et al. (1974) is used to make the calculations. Magnetic coordinates are needed for the interpretation of the trapped particle measurements, including the absorption effects of the satellites. Contours of constant field magnitude and magnetic latitude are given at the surface of Jupiter for the D sub 2 model. The system III longitude of a spacecraft at Jupiter is derived, and formulas are given for the relationships between system I, II, and III longitudes. The longitude of the magnetic dipole increases by about 3 deg/yr, owing to the inaccurate rotation rate used to define system III longitude.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 136
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    Prediction and identification of some forbidden lines in the Ne I sequence (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A magnetic quadrupole transition which according to a prediction by Garstang (1969) is to have an appreciable transition probability in the higher ions of the Ne I sequence has recently been observed in Fe XVII with high resolution by Parkinson (1973), at 17.086 A. Values of an interval predicted by calculations of Crance (1973) are plotted in a graph. Interval values obtained from the curve are used to predict the values of certain transition wavelengths in the ions Si V Cr XV.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Solar Physics; 37; July 197
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  • 137
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    Stellar model chromospheres. II - Procyon /F5 IV-V/ (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Derivation of a model for the chromosphere and upper photosphere of Procyon (F5 IV-V) based on calibrated observations of the K and 8542-A lines of Ca II, the k(2796-A) line of Mg II, and the K-line wings. The feasibility of this model synthesis approach to derive a preliminary model chromosphere is demonstrated despite the lack of spatial and spectral resolution associated with solar chromospheric studies. The proposed upper photosphere model is very similar to the radiative equilibrium Procyon model of Strom and Kurucz (1966), while the proposed chromospheric model is similar to the quiet solar chromosphere temperature distribution of Shine (1973) in the 6000 to 8000 K range.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Aug. 15
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  • 138
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    Complex infrared emission features in the spectrum of beta Lyrae (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Spectra of beta Lyrae over the spectral region from 5800 to 11,000 per cm (1.76 to 0.9 micron) at two different phases have been obtained. They show a remarkable emission-absorption complex at 9231 per cm, a highly structured emission at P beta, and several additional broad weak emissions.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 1
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  • 139
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    Large-amplitude hydromagnetic waves (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Several aspects of the theory of large-amplitude hydromagnetic waves and their behavior in the interplanetary medium are examined. The characteristic modes of the full (i.e., nonlinearized) MHD equations and their modification by collisionless and finite-frequency effects are considered. Special attention is paid to the transverse Alfven mode, which is undamped and characterized by strictly constant pressure, density, and B; this seems to be the predominant propagating fluctuation at 1 AU. It is shown that its propagation in the small-wavelength (WKB) approximation is essentially identical to that of the small-amplitude Alfven wave of linearized theory. It is also suggested that its presence at 1 AU may provide a natural explanation of the observed power anisotropy of the fluctuations. A second-order analysis is used to study fluctuations that are not characteristic modes. It is found that for a small range of propagation directions, and subject to third-order effects, a finite-amplitude wave can exist that is linearly polarized with delta B perpendicular to both B sub zero and k; such a wave can damp nonlinearly.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; June 1
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  • 140
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    Survey of the galactic background radiation at 3.93 and 6.55 MHz (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A survey of the galactic background radiation at 3.93 and 6.55 MHz is presented for the region between declinations of -60 and +60 deg. The observations were obtained with the 229-m traveling-wave V-antenna on the Radio Astronomy Explorer-1 satellite with an angular resolution of the order of one steradian. The results are consistent with the findings of high-resolution ground-based surveys at low frequencies and provide a first step in extending such observations over the whole sky.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 79; July 197
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  • 141
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    Copernicus spectra of beta Lyrae (1974)
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    Description: The observations reported were made in August and September 1973. The principal data were scans in the low resolution mode at phases nearly coincident with the two light minima. Shorter scans were obtained at the two quadrature phases. The data show that the secondary component of beta Lyrae is a hotter object than the visible B8 star. The velocity amplitude of the lines suggests that the secondary is the more massive object, by a factor of several times.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 249; June 7
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  • 142
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    The ultraviolet spectrum of Eta Canis Majoris, B5 Ia (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: vol. 27; May 1974
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  • 143
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    Photon opacity in surfaces of magnetic neutron stars (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Approximate expressions are derived for free-free, bound-free, and Thomson cross-sections of photons by gaseous matter in the presence of superstrong magnetic fields. For photons in modes whose electric field polarization is perpendicular to this magnetic field, the cross-section is reduced by approximately the squared ratio of the photon frequency to the electron cyclotron frequency if this ratio is small.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; May 15
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  • 144
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    Orbital elements and absolute dimensions of the eclipsing system LY Aurigae (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Orbital solutions were obtained for the early-type eclipsing binary LY Aurigae from the light curves obtained with the OAO-2 by Heap and from the V light curve obtained from ground-based observations by Mayer and Horak. The solutions take into account the existence of a nearby companion not accounted for by previous investigators. The spectroscopic observations by Mayer and Batten were used to compute absolute dimensions for the binary orbit and for each component. This binary system presents an unique opportunity to determine accurately the absolute dimensions of an O9.5 III star.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 1
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  • 145
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    Scorpius X-1 - Origin of the radio and hard X-ray emissions (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The consequences of models for the central radio source and the hard X-ray emitting region in Sco X-1 are examined. The radio emission could result from noncoherent synchrotron radiation, and the X-rays may be produced by bremsstrahlung. It is shown that both these mechanisms require a mass outflow from Sci X-1. The radio source is located at about 30 million km from the center of the star, and its linear dimensions do not exceed 300 million km. The magnetic field in the radio source is on the order of 1 gauss. If the hard X-rays are produced by thermal bremsstrahlung, their source is located between 10,000 and 50,000 km from the center of the star, the temperature is 2 billion K, and the emission measure is 2 times 10 to the 56th power per cu cm. This hot plasma loses energy inward by conduction and outward by supersonic expansion. The rates of energy loss for both of these processes are about 10 to the 36th ergs per sec, comparable to the total luminosity of Sco X-1.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 1
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  • 146
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    On the abundance of Europium (1974)
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    Description: The inclusion of the effects of hyperfine splitting can significantly lower the abundance estimate of Eu from singly ionized lines which lie on the flat portion of the curve of growth. In the 21 cool Ap stars studied by Adelman and the five Am stars studied by Smith, the Eu abundance was reduced by 0.4 dex on the average. In individual cases, the reductions were as great as 0.9 dex. This makes the Eu abundance comparable to that of its neighboring rare earths Sm and Gd in the Ap stars and less than Sm and Gd in the Am stars, but still substantially overabundant with respect to solar values.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Feb. 1
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  • 147
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    Interplanetary stream interfaces (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: At 1 AU there is a distinct boundary (the stream interface) in the interaction region of a stream in the solar wind, characterized by an abrupt drop in density, a similar increase in temperature, and a small increase in speed. In some cases, this is a tangential discontinuity, in others it is probably evolving into a tangential discontinuity. It is suggested that stream interfaces form in the interplanetary medium as a consequence of the nonlinear evolution of streams generated by an increase in temperature in the solar envelope. This evolution eventually leads to the formation of a reverse shock behind the interface and a forward shock ahead of it. Two instances in which both a stream interface and a reverse shock had developed at 1 AU are presented. Examples of flare-generated shocks that passed through a stream and were observed near a stream interface are also presented. It is shown that stream interfaces are definitely not the same structures that others have identified as piston boundaries.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 148
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    Limb darkening of two latitudes of Jupiter at phase angles of 34 and 109 deg (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The imaging photopolarimeter aboard Pioneer 10 produced hundreds of red and blue images of Jupiter covering a wide range of phase angles and having good linearity and signal-to-noise characteristics. In this preliminary analysis the limb darkening across two of the red images (at phase angles of about 34 and 109 deg) in both a prominent dark belt and a bright zone are compared with multiple-scattering models. Of the simple models tried, the smallest deviations from the observations result for ones consisting of a thin absorbing layer above a semiinfinite atmosphere of particles scattering according to the Henyey-Greenstein phase function. The asymmetry parameter for the best fits to both the belt and the zone data is in the range g = 0 to 0.25, corresponding to particles small in comparison with the wavelength of red light. The phase integral derived from the models lies in the range of about 1.5 to 1.6, implying a substantial internal heat source for Jupiter.
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    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Sept. 1
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  • 149
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    Comet Kohoutek drawings from Skylab (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 48; Oct. 197
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  • 150
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    Interstellar CH and CH+ from the evaporation of grain mantles (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Reexamination of a model originally suggested by Bates and Spitzer (1951) for interstellar molecule production by evaporation of grain mantles. It is shown that allowance for reactions involving CH(+), formerly ignored, remove the difficulties experienced by Bates and Spitzer. The essential features of CH and CH(+) observations in the directions of certain stars can be understood on the basis of this model.
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    Type: Royal Astronomical Society; vol. 168
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  • 151
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    Analytic pulsar models (1974)
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    Description: An analytical procedure is given for solving the Einstein equations of a rotating fluid body. It is demonstrated that an analytic model of uniform denisty, representing a slowly rotating neutron star, can describe both differentially and uniformly rotating stars.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 192; Sept. 1
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  • 152
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    Simulation of low thrust guidance problems (1974)
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    Description: The determination of optimal rocket control profiles and the guidance procedures used to approximate these profiles have received much attention. Simple guidance procedures have sufficed for the Apollo flights. A modified version of the linear tangent guidance law is developed which can be used for a low-thrust orbital maneuvering system such as the space shuttle. The modification allows the estimation of gravity over long thrusting arcs which is necessary for low thrust systems.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Automatica; 10; May 1974
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  • 153
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    One- and multi-component models of the upper photosphere based on molecular spectra. III (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Solar Physics; 36; June 197
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  • 154
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    Magnetic field observations near Mercury - Preliminary results from Mariner 10 (1974)
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    Description: Results are presented from a preliminary analysis of data obtained near Mercury on Mar. 29, 1974 by the NASA-GSFC magnetic field experiment on Mariner 10. Rather unexpectedly, a very well-developed, detached bow shock wave, which develops as the super-Alfvenic solar wind interacts with the planet, has been observed. In addition, a magnetosphere-like region, with maximum field strength of 98 gammas at closest approach (704 kilometers altitude), has been observed, contained within boundaries similar to the terrestrial magnetopause. The obstacle deflecting the solar wind flow is global in size, but the origin of the enhanced magnetic field has not yet been uniquely established. The field may be intrinsic to the planet and distorted by interaction with the solar wind.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Science; 185; July 12
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  • 155
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    Interstellar lines in the ultraviolet spectrum of delta Scorpii (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of a study of the interstellar resonance lines of the cosmologically most abundant elements with the aid of a spectrograph sensitive in the range from 1150 to 1700 A. These lines were analyzed by curve-of-growth techniques to yield column densities from which abundances relative to atomic hydrogen were determined. With the exception of silicon, the relative abundances of the detected species for which column densities could be determined are less by a factor of 1.8 to 8.6 than the relative solar abundances. Silicon, on the other hand, is slightly overabundant by a factor of 1.6.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 190; June 15
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  • 156
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    The Kelly chondrite - A parent body surface metabreccia (1974)
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    Description: A study of the Kelly chondrite classes it as a monomict breccia rather than a polymict breccia as it was originally described. Microprobe analyses of differently textured clasts are very similar to each other and to well-known LL-type chondrites. Clast and matrix olivine compositions are well within the range of LL-chondrite olivine. A correlation is found between the degree of recrystallization and plagioclase composition. Petrographic observations of shocked, annealed, and unshocked clasts coupled with particle size distribution measurements indicate strongly that Kelly is similar to lunar metabreccias in mode of formation. It is theorized that Kelly is an LL-chondrite parent body metabreccia representing the final accumulation phase of the parent body.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology; 44; 1974
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  • 157
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    Magnetic fields and diffusion processes in peculiar A stars (1974)
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    Description: The detailed effects of a magnetic field on the equilibrium surface abundances of Ap stars as well as on the diffusion velocity are considered. The equivalent widths of the magnetic null lines are shown to be functions of the magnetic field strength. Furthermore, null lines can be used to help distinguish between inhomogeneities in abundance and in magnetic field strength and to determine ionization temperatures. The results of the diffusion mechanism with magnetic fields are used to interpret the phenomenon of spectrum variability. A review of the observational aspects of null lines in the magnetic Ap stars is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 191; July 1
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  • 158
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    Structure of the visible Jovian clouds (1974)
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    Description: A study of the hydrogen quadrupole line intensities at the center of the planetary disk was conducted during the 1972 apparition of Jupiter. The study involved the observation of the S(1) lines of the H2 (3-0) and (4-0) quadrupole bands. The observations show that the abundance of hydrogen detected at these frequencies is extremely variable because of rapid changes in the structure of the visible clouds.
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    Type: Nature; 249; June 14
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  • 159
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    Venus ionosphere - An interpretation of Mariner 10 observations (1974)
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    Description: The dayside ionosphere of Venus observed by Mariner 10 may be understood in terms of a dynamic interaction with the solar wind which results in a compressed topside above an 'F2 ledge' consisting of O(+) and a dynamically unaffected F1 layer corresponding to a neutral temperature of about 380 K and consisting of O2(+) and CO2(+). The top of the upper ledge appears to be an ionopause caused by solar wind scavenging of He(+), representing a solar-wind obstacle consistent with the bow shock observations.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 1; May 1974
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  • 160
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    Photolysis of CO-NH3 mixtures and the Martian atmosphere (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It has already been noted (Ferris and Nicodem, 1972) that although neither CO2 nor H2O affected the rate of NH3 photolysis, CO accelerated the photodecomposition of ammonia, with the formation of a solid product. The photolysis of NH3 in the presence of CO is investigated in greater detail not only because of the potential significance to atmospheric photochemistry on Mars, but also because of the possibility of photocatalytic reactions of NH3 and CO on the Martian surface and in the interstellar medium. These photoreactions may also have occurred on the primitive earth.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 249; May 31
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  • 161
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    Are BL Lac-type objects nearby black holes (1974)
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    Description: It is pointed out that isolated black holes accreting interstellar gas can account for the characteristic properties of the Lacertids. Emission spectra for various interstellar gas densities and black hole masses are compared with the data plotted by Strittmatter et al. (1972) for the BL Lac-type objects. Rough estimates indicate that there may indeed be a finite number of stellar-mass black holes close to the earth as required by the theory. If it is determined that the BL Lac-type objects lie outside of the galactic disk a black hole accretion model may still apply if certain conditions are satisfied.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 250; July 12
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  • 162
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    A chondrule - Evidence of energetic impact unlikely (1974)
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    Description: It had been concluded by Lange and Larimer (1973) that the morphology and mineralogy of an unusual chondrule from the Ngawi meteorite are the results of a highly energetic impact within the solar nebula. The evidence for this conclusion is examined. It is found that the chondrule does not show evidence of high relative velocities in the solar nebula. It is pointed out that arguments against chondrule production by impact on planetary surfaces on the basis of ejection velocities are not supported by laboratory experiments.
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    Type: Science; 185; July 26
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  • 163
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    Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy of CO2 on Mars (1974)
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    Description: An infrared heterodyne spectrometer operating near 11 micrometers with a resolving power of 1,500,000 has been used to obtain spectral line profiles of carbon dioxide absorption in the Martian atmosphere. For a periodic calibration of the system sensitivity, a black body at 500 K was placed in front of the chopper. Atmospheric transmission was determined by measuring heterodyne signals from the moon and Mars as a function of the zenith angle.
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    Type: Nature; 250; July 12
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  • 164
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    Water and carbon in rusty lunar rock 66095 (1974)
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    Description: The reported study of the lunar rock 66095 included the determination of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen isotope ratios. One group of experiments with rock 66095 and meteoritic rust involved the examination of the O-18 content of the oxygen in the ferric oxide found on the rock and the determination of the O-18 content in the oxygen of the adsorbed or hydration water. It is suggested that the enrichment of the rock 66095 in volatile materials is caused by volcanic or fumarolic activity. Water released by such activity may be juvenile lunar water.
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    Type: Science; 185; July 26
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  • 165
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    Radio observations of two clusters of galaxies (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Maps including the Coma and Hercules clusters of galaxies were made at 195, 318, and 611 MHz, and were compared with optical counts of galaxies in the clusters. An extended region of radio emission approximately 20 minutes in diameter was observed at the center of the Coma cluster. A distributed source region was also observed which appears to include the Hercules cluster, although the possibility that it is just an irregularity in the galactic foreground radiation cannot be completely ruled out.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 187; Jan. 1
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  • 166
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    Appendix A: Specimen 72275 documentation (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The friability of the matrix of specimen 72275 caused numerous fragments and an abundance of fines to break away from the main mass during transport from the moon and handling in the lunar receiving laboratory. Samples 72275,1 to 72275,14 were labeled during PET examination. Samples 72275,1, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 were placed in storage, and the remainder were distributed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Interdisciplinary Studies of Samples from Boulder 1, Sta. 2, Apollo 17, Vol. 1; p 161-178
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  • 167
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    Track studies of samples 72255 and 72275 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Optical microscopic studies of two intermediate pieces of 72255, located 1 to 3 cm below the surface, indicate an upper limit to the track exposure age of 15 to 20 m.y. A striking feature of the track studies of breccias 72255 and 72275 is the peculiar etching behavior of many of the feldspar and olivine crystals. After standard etching procedures, crystal surfaces are frequently irregular and bumpy, presumably owing to nonuniform dissolution of the surface. Although this effect was not observed in feldspars or olivines in samples from other missions, it is apparently widespread among Apollo 17 samples.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs. Interdisciplinary Studies of Samples from Boulder 1, Sta. 2, Apollo 17, Vol. 1; p 149-151
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  • 168
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    Rb-Sr age of the Civet Cat clast, 72255, 41 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Plagioclase rich clasts, orthopyroxene rich matrix, purified pyroxene, and plagioclase from the Civet Cat clast define a Rb-Sr isochron age of 4.18 + or - 0.04 x 10 to the 9th power yr and an initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio of 0.69922 + or - 0.00005. The fit of all data to the line is within error except for plagioclase 3, and blank corrections are essentially negligible. The decay constant used is 1.39 x 10 to the minus 11th power yr.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs. Interdisciplinary Studies of Samples from Boulder 1, Sta. 2, Apollo 17, Vol. 1; p 139-143
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  • 169
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    Siderophile and volatile trace elements in 72255 and 72275 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Of six samples from boulder 1 at Station 2, four contain a unique meteoritic component, which is attributed to the Crisium projectile. The other two samples are meteorite free, igneous rocks: an unusual, alkali- and Ge-rich pigeonitic basalt, and an alkali-poor norite of unexceptional trace element chemistry.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs. Interdisciplinary Studies of Samples from Boulder 1, Sta. 2, Apollo 17, Vol. 1; p 131-137
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  • 170
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    Major and trace element concentrations in samples from 72275 and 72255 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analytical data have been obtained for Co, Sc, Hf, Zn, Cr, Ga, Rb, Cs, Ni, major elements, and rare earth elements in eight samples from boulder 1. The data for trace elements were obtained by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. Major elements, except Na and Mn, were obtained by atomic absorption spectral photometry. Values for Na and Mn were obtained by neutron activation analysis of the same powder that was later dissolved to provide the atomic absorption analyses.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Smithsonian Astrophys. Obs. Interdisciplinary Studies of Samples from Boulder 1, Sta. 2, Apollo 17, Vol. 1; p 121-129
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  • 171
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    Interpretation of epsilon Aurigae. III (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The light curve expected from the eclipse of a star by a companion possessing a semitransparent disk has been investigated. Two computational procedures for deriving the light curve based on the geometrically thin-disk model are given here. Using these procedures, we have calculated the light curves of epsilon Aur based on different sets of parameters including those given previously by Wilson. We have also studied the light curve of epsilon Aur based on a geometrically thick disk model, and have advanced two proposals in order to understand the change in the shape of the light curve from one eclipse to the next, namely, (1) the rapid evolution that occurs in the disk and (2) the density waves in the disk and/or individual condensations that are revolving around the secondary each in an independent way.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 189; May 1
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  • 172
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    Neutrino reactions in strong magnetic field (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Presentation of the energy losses due to several neutrinos processes: (1) synchrotron neutrinos, (2) pair annihilation neutrinos, (3) plasmon neutrinos, and (4) photoneutrinos in the presence of a superstrong magnetic field. Numerical results are tabulated and illustrated for several values of densities and temperatures. In the low density regime, the presence of a magnetic field decreases the luminosity, whereas the opposite is true at higher densities. This last effect is, however, almost entirely due to the existence of a new process, the synchrotron neutrinos that disappear when H goes to zero. Even though the overall effect can only be quantitatively ascertained after a complete cooling computation is performed, one should however expect a much lower temperature for neutron star surface than the one computed in the case where H is zero.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 28; May 1974
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  • 173
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    Implications of Jupiter's early contraction history for the composition of the Galilean satellites (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Icarus; 21; Mar. 197
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  • 174
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    Electrical properties of lunar soil sample 15301,38 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Electrical property measurements have been made on an Apollo 15 lunar soil sample in ultrahigh vacuum from room temperature to 827 C for the frequency spectrum from 100 Hz through 1 MHz. The dielectric constant, the total ac loss tangent, and the dc conductivity were measured. The dc conductivity showed no thermal hysteresis, but an irreversible (in vacuum) thermal effect was found in the dielectric loss tangent on heating above 700 C and during the subsequent cooling. This appears to be related to several effects associated with lunar glass above 700 C. The sample also showed characteristic low-frequency dispersion in the dielectric constant with increasing temperature, presumably due to Maxwell-Wagner intergranular effects. The dielectric properties may be fitted to a model involving a Cole-Cole frequency distribution that is relatively temperature-independent below 200 C and follows a Boltzmann temperature distribution with an activation energy of 2.5 eV above 200 C. The dc conductivity is fitted by an exponential temperature distribution and becomes the dominant loss above 700 C.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Apr. 10
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  • 175
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    Martian tidal pressure and wind fields obtained from the Mariner 9 infrared spectroscopy experiment (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Using temperature fields derived from the Mariner 9 infrared spectroscopy experiment, the Martian atmospheric tidal pressure and wind fields are calculated. Temperature as a function of local time, latitude, and atmospheric pressure level is obtained by secular and longitudinal averaging of the data. The resulting temperature field is approximated by a spherical harmonic expansion, retaining one symmetric and one asymmetric term each for wavenumber zero and wavenumber one. Vertical averaging of the linearized momentum and continuity equations results in an inhomogeneous tidal equation for surface pressure fluctuations with the driving function related to the temperature field through the geopotential function and the hydrostatic equation. Solutions of the tidal equation show a diurnal fractional pressure amplitude approximately equal to one-half the vertically averaged diurnal fractional temperature amplitude.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 31; Mar. 197
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  • 176
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    Scientific objectives of space exploration (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: One of the objectives of space exploration is the study of the properties of the interplanetary and the interstellar medium. The second objective is concerned with the exploration of the moon and the other planets in the solar system. A third objective involves the investigation of stellar and galactic characteristics and phenomena. An outline of the results obtained with regard to the three objectives of space exploration is presented together with plans for future space-related studies.
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  • 177
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    The formation of the moon (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Supporting evidence for the fission hypothesis for the origin of the moon is offered. The maximum allowable amount of free iron now present in the moon would not suffice to extract the siderophiles from the lunar silicates with the observed efficiency. Hence extraction must have been done with a larger amount of iron, as in the mantle of the earth, of which the moon was once a part, according to the fission hypothesis. The fission hypothesis gives a good resolution of the tektite paradox. Tektites are chemically much like products of the mantle of the earth; but no physically possible way has been found to explain their production from the earth itself. Perhaps they are a product of late, deep-seated lunar volcanism. If so, the moon must have inside it some material with a strong resemblance to the earth's mantle.
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  • 178
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    Preliminary results of the Apollo 17 infrared scanning radiometer (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The thermal emission of the lunar surface has been mapped by an infrared scanner from lunar orbit. Samples from approximately 250,000 scans reveal the full range of lunar temperatures from 80 to 400 K. The temperature resolution was 1 K with about plus or minus 2 K absolute precision. Spatial resolution was approximately 2 km over most of the horizon-to-horizon scan. The total mapped area amounted to approximately 30% of the lunar surface. The data currently available confirms the large population of nighttime thermal anomalies in western Oceanus Procellarum predicted by earth-based observations. Most of these 'hot spots' are associated with fresh impact features or boulder fields. Also seen in the data are 'cold spots' where the local nighttime temperature is depressed relative to the general soil background. Such regions exhibiting low surface conductivity are inferred to be relatively young, nonimpact features.
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  • 179
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    Lunar gravity via the Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellites (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Dense Doppler tracking coverage of the Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellites over ten and eighteen day periods when periapsis altitudes were 15-50 km has provided detailed gravity mapping of the lunar frontside. Many new gravity features are revealed, including one that does not correlate with any visible topographic structure. All unfilled craters sampled are negative anomalies. The mascons consistently produce gravity heights that load the surface with about 800 kg/sq cm excess mass. The Orientale region is represented with a solution grid of 177 point masses that clearly show the ringed structure. The eastern limb is also displayed with a solution grid of point masses. The gravity variations over the central portion of the frontface are shown as line-of-sight acceleration contours in milligals.
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  • 180
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    Magnetic fields of Mars and Venus - Solar wind interactions (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent USSR studies of the magnetic field and solar wind flow in the vicinity of Mars and Venus confirm earlier U.S. reports of a bow shock wave developed as the solar wind interacts with these planets. Mars 2 and 3 magnetometer experiments report the existence of an intrinsic planetary magnetic field, sufficiently strong to form a magnetopause, deflecting the solar wind around the planet and its ionosphere. This is in contrast to the case for Venus, where it is assumed to be the ionosphere and processes therein which are responsible for the solar wind deflection. An empirical relationship appears to exist between planetary dipole magnetic moments and their angular momentum for the Moon, Mars, Venus, Earth, and Jupiter. Implications for the magnetic fields of Mercury and Saturn are discussed.
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  • 181
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    Evidence for an approximately 4.5 aeon age of plagioclase clasts in a lunar highland breccia (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Argon from neutron-irradiated mineral separates and whole rock samples of a metamorphosed breccia (65015) from Apollo 16 has been analyzed with a large number of gas extraction steps in order to obtain a high resolution in the apparent ages and to identify the gas released from different sources. The results on plagioclase show a Ar-40/Ar-39 plateau age of 3.98 b.y. which is attributed to the time of metamorphism, and an age of about 4.5 b.y. in the high-temperature fraction. Correlation of the release pattern with Ar-37 instead of Ar-39 permits the association of the approximate 4.5 b.y. age with relict plagioclasts which were demonstrated in previous petrographic and Rb-Sr studies as being unequilibrated. This result suggests that it is possible to identify lithic components which represent the early lunar crust.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 248; Mar. 15
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  • 182
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    Special perturbations employing osculating reference states (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The concept of employing osculating reference position and velocity vectors in the numerical integration of the equations of motion of a satellite is examined. The choice of the reference point is shown to have a significant effect upon numerical efficiency and the class of trajectories described by the differential equations of motion. For example, when the position and velocity vectors on the osculating orbit at a fixed reference time are chosen, a universal formulation is yielded. For elliptical orbits, however, this formulation is unattractive for numerical integration purposes due to Poisson terms (mixed secular) appearing in the equations of motion. Other choices for the reference point eliminate this problem but usually at the expense of universality. A number of these formulations, including a universal one, are considered here. Comparisons of the numerical characteristics of these techniques with those of the Encke method are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Celestial Mechanics; 9; Mar. 197
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  • 183
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    Lunar magnetism and an early cold moon (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Models of lunar magnetism have involved dynamo action in a fluid core in an early hot moon; an early cold moon magnetized some time before 4 billion years ago, which has subsequently heated up; and local field sources which, in some models, are related to impact. The present work examines the second possibility and shows that, provided the moon contained a few percent of metallic iron and was exposed to an extra-lunar field of about 10 or 20 oersted while much of it was still below the Curie point of iron, a restricted class of thermal evolution models, which satisfy the known constraints, can be derived.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 249; May 17
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  • 184
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    Ultraviolet observations of Venus from Mariner 10 - Preliminary results (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An objective grating spectrometer on Mariner 10 has measured airglow in the wavelength range 200 to 1700 angstroms. The data reveal the presence of significant concentrations of hydrogen, helium, carbon, and oxygen atoms in the upper atmosphere of Venus. A preliminary analysis of the hydrogen data indicates an exospheric temperature of 400 K. There is evidence for intense airglow emission at wavelengths longward of 1350 angstroms; the nature of this emission is unclear, but the radiation is spatially extensive and detectable on both day and night sides of the planet.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Science; 183; Mar. 29
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  • 185
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    Preliminary infrared radiometry of Venus from Mariner 10 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The intensity of emission at 45 micrometers, measured with high spatial resolution along a single crossing of the Venus disk, is presented. On the average, the observed darkening toward the limb varies nearly linearly with the cosine of the emission angle. The brightness temperature, extrapolated to normal emission, is 255 K. The limb darkening curve, interpreted in a linear approximation, implies that the atmosphere is quite opaque, with an absorption coefficient of 0.24 per kilometer. Changes in curvature present in the limb darkening curve suggest the existence of thermal inhomogeneities with scale comparable to that of the dark markings shown by ultraviolet images.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Science; 183; Mar. 29
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  • 186
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    Strongly differentiated material in high-inclination and retrograde orbits (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two definitive spectra of strongly differentiated meteors are discussed. The meteors entered the earth's atmosphere at velocities greater than 40 km/sec from high-inclination and retrograde orbits. Both were magnesium-calcium particles, and their spectra show them to be highly deficient in iron and sodium. The moon and the asteroids have been discussed as sources of such calcium-rich achondrites, but these sources give low or intermediate geocentric velocities. Long-period comets and meteoroids of probable cometary origin are the only objects now known to have orbits similar to the orbits of these two meteors.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 79; Feb. 197
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  • 187
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    Helium in the Martian atmosphere - Thermal loss considerations (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Helium concentrations in the Martian atmosphere are estimated assuming that the helium production on Mars (comparable to its production on earth) via the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium is in steady state equilibrium with its thermal escape. Although nonthermal losses would tend to reduce the estimated concentrations, these concentrations are not necessarily an upper limit since higher production rates and/or a possibly lower effective exospheric temperature over the solar activity cycle could increase them to even higher values. The computed helium concentration at the Martian exobase (200 km) is 8 million atoms/cu cm. Through the lower exosphere, the computed helium concentrations are 30-200 times greater than the Mariner-measured atomic hydrogen concentrations. It follows that helium may be the predominant constituent in the Martian lower exosphere and may well control the orbital lifetime of Mars-orbiting spacecraft.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 22; Mar. 197
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  • 188
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    Pulsar flux-density spectra (1974)
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    Description: Time-averaged flux-density spectra of ten pulsars have been obtained on the basis of simultaneous observations at six frequencies between 250 and 8085 MHz. The effects of interstellar scintillation on the accuracy of the measurements are discussed. All of the pulsars exhibited a power-law spectrum at high frequencies with spectral indices between negative 1.6 and negative 3.0. Several of the pulsars show a more positive spectral index at the low-frequency end of the data.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 189; Apr. 1
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  • 189
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    Thermal emission of Saturn's rings and disk at 34 microns (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The relative thermal emission from the rings and disk of Saturn in the band from 29 to 43 micrometers has been measured with the aid of ground-based observations in which new filter techniques were used. The new data provide an important constraint for separating the thermal properties of Saturn from those of its rings. The results reported support previous suggestions of a large internal heat source for Saturn.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 248; Apr. 19
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  • 190
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    The peculiar A star HD 215441 (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Line identifications are given for the sharp-lined strong magnetic Ap star HD 215441 in the spectral region from 3638 to 4644 A near magnetic maximum. Lines of Cl II and Ti III were found in addition to those of atomic species previously identified. Comparison of the spectrum with those of normal B and other hot magnetic Ap stars shows that this star shares the anomalies of other silicon stars. The derived magnetic field strength does not depend on a line's stage of ionization, excitation potential, or wavelength, but rather is the same for lines of all atomic species. Thus the magnetic field strength is not a function of physical depth in the line-forming regions of the atmosphere of HD 215441.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: vol. 27; Mar. 197
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  • 191
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    Wind tunnel simulations of light and dark streaks on Mars (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Wind tunnel experiments have revealed a characteristic flow field pattern over raised-rim craters which causes distinctive zones of aeolian erosion and deposition. Comparisons of the results with Mariner 9 images of Mars show that some crater-associated dark zones result from wind erosion and that some crater-associated light streaks are depositional.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Science; 183; Mar. 1
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  • 192
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    Comparison of the far ultraviolet spectra of Venus and Mars (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Both Venus and Mars have largely CO2 atmospheres and as a result should be similar above the turbopause. Thus it is of interest to compare the far ultraviolet spectra of the two planets, both for similarities and for differences. A comparison between the Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectra of Mars and a spectrum of the total disk of Venus obtained from a sounding rocket is described. Data in the 1240- to 1800-A were used. Both the absolute and the relative intensities were compared.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Feb. 1
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  • 193
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    Motion of the sources for type II and type IV radio bursts and flare-associated interplanetary disturbances (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Shock waves are indirectly observed as the source of type II radio bursts, whereas magnetic bottles are identified as the source of moving metric type IV radio bursts. The difference between the expansion speeds of these waves and bottles is examined during their generation and propagation near the flare regions. It is shown that, although generated in the explosive phase of flares, the bottles behave quite differently from the waves and that the bottles are generally much slower than the waves. It has been suggested that the waves are related to flare-associated interplanetary disturbances which produce SSC geomagnetic storms. These disturbances may, therefore, be identified as interplanetary shock waves. The relationship among magnetic bottles, shock waves near the sun, and flare-associated disturbances in interplanetary space is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 79; Feb. 1
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  • 194
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    Options for Mars exploration (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The many possible post-Viking 1975 Mars mission options are explored. These include small atmospheric probe/landers (adaptations of the Venus Pioneer to Mars), repeat Vikings with and without science changes, long-life orbiters to provide coverage of both hemispheres for a full Martian year, small rovers deployed from the Viking lander with ranges of up to 1 km from it, large autonomous rovers, Mars sample-return missions and, finally, missions to the satellites of Mars, including sample return. The examination includes energy requirements and time frames.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 12; Feb. 197
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  • 195
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    Skylab II - Seeing the sun in a different light (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The second Skylab mission continued the detailed investigation of man's interrelated physiological functions as they react to the novel situation of weightlessness in orbit. In general terms, the most important finding is that the increase in mission duration from 28 to 59 days failed to reveal any effects that would put a specific upper limit on the time that men can live in weightlessness. Observations of the sun during the second mission covered almost two full solar revolutions, yielding detailed data on the evolution of several active regions as they traversed the face of the sun, disappeared around the limb, then reappeared on the next cycle.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 12; Feb. 197
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  • 196
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    Lunar petrology conference (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Papers delivered at the conference, held in July, 1973, in Houston, are reviewed. The prominent topics include the recognition of primary highland rock types, the nature of lunar breccias, the calculation of mineral equilibration in breccias as a temperature-time function, the nature of lunar regolith, a classification of mare basalts based on composition and texture, and current theories of origin of mare basalts. An attempt to evaluate the relation between the earliest period of lunar evolution and the available lunar data is also noted.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: EOS; 55; Jan. 197
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  • 197
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    Temperature of the thermosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The vertical temperature contrast for the thermosphere of Titan is estimated considering heating by absorption of solar energy, energy loss through infrared radiation by polyatomic molecules, and energy transfer by thermal conduction between the regions of energy deposition and loss. Current observational data suggest a CH4/H2 mixing ratio of approximately greater than 1, and a vertical temperature contrast smaller than 10 K. However, it is highly probable that H2 and CH4 are not in equilibrium in the thermosphere if there are large H2 escape rates.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The Atmos. of Titan; p 144
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  • 198
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    Radio observations of Titan (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Saturn and Titan have been observed at three frequencies (1420, 2695, and 8085 MHz) with the NRAO interferometer. A clear positive Titan detection has been obtained at 8085 MHz. Assuming Titan's radius is 2500 km, the radio brightness temperature (i.e. for unit emissivity) is 115 + or - 35 K.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The Atmos. of Titan; p 143
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  • 199
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    Organic chemistry in the atmosphere (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The existence of an at least moderately complex organic chemistry on Titan is stipulated based on clear evidence of methane, and at least presumptive evidence of hydrogen in its atmosphere. The ratio of methane to hydrogen is the highest of any atmosphere in the solar system. Irradiation of hydrogen/methane mixtures produces aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. A very reasonable hypothesis assumes that the red cloud cover of Titan is made of organic chemicals. Two-carbon hydrocarbons experimentally produced from irradiated mixtures of methane, ammonia, water, and hydrogen bear out the possible organic chemistry of the Titanian environment.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: The Atmos. of Titan; p 134-142
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  • 200
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    Atomic hydrogen distribution (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Several possible H2 vertical distributions in Titan's atmosphere are considered with the constraint of 5 km-A a total quantity. Approximative calculations show that hydrogen distribution is quite sensitive to two other parameters of Titan's atmosphere: the temperature and the presence of other constituents. The escape fluxes of H and H2 are also estimated as well as the consequent distributions trapped in the Saturnian system.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The Atmos. of Titan; p 123-133
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