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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (15.307)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (2.169)
  • 1975-1979  (14.784)
  • 1950-1954  (2.662)
  • 1905-1909  (30)
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  • 101
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 166-171 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Deformation and Hardening Mechanisms of High-Strength Pearlitic Steel WiresThe mechanisms of strain hardening of pearlitic wires with slightly different carbon contents will be discussed in view of microstructural changes. Below the critical deformation degree (ηcrit.) a homogeneous fibre formation of the bcc. α-Fe- and orthorhombic Fe3C-phases takes place. The demage of the fibre structure above ηcrit. is caused by an anomalously high strain hardening rate and a successive fragmentation of the cementite fibres.
    Notizen: Die Mechanismen der Verformungsverfestigung perlitischer Stahldrähte mit differenzierten C-Gehalten wird unter Berücksichtigung der mikrostrukturellen Änderungen diskutiert. Unterhalb des kritischen Verformungsgrades ηkrit. findet homogene Faserbildung der krz. α-Fe- und orthorhombischen Fe3C-Phasen statt. Die Rückbildung des faserförmigen Gefüges oberhalb ηkrit. ist durch die anomale Verformungsverfestigung und die Fragmentierung der Zementitfasern bedingt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 102
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 158-166 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abhängigkeit der Ermüdungsrißwachstums-Parameter von der TemperaturDie folgende Gleichung zur Bestimmung der Rißausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten von Ermüdungsrissen (1): \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c}{\frac{{{\rm da}}}{{{\rm dN}}} = {\rm C}\left[{\left({{\rm K}_{\rm I}^{\rm G} - {\rm K}_{{\rm Imin}}} \right) + \left({\Delta {\rm K}^{\rm T}} \right)} \right]} & {\left[{\left({{\rm K}_{{\rm Imax}} - {\rm K}_{\rm I}^{\rm G}} \right) - \left({\Delta {\rm K}^{\rm T}} \right)} \right]^2} \\\end{array} $$\end{document} gibt den beobachteten Einfluß des R-Verhältnisses korrekt wieder. Ferner wird die unter Spektrumbelastung auftretende Beeinflußung der Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit qualitativ über den Parameter “KIG” berücksichtigt. Die folgende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten eines Ermüdungsrisses, insbesondere die Abhängigkeit der Parameter in der obigen Gleichung von der Temperatur.Für Werkstoffe, die im interessierenden Temperaturbereich weder eine Gefügeumwandlung noch eine Änderung der Bruchmorphologie erfahren, ist der Einfluß der Temperatur auf die Parameter „C“ und „ΔKT“ beschränkt und kann aufgrund relativ weniger experimenteller Daten interpoliert bzw. extrapoliert werden. Die Extrapolation der im Temperaturbereich zwischen 300° K und 900° K am Inconel X-750 festgestellten Temperaturabhängigkeit der Parameter „C“ und „ΔKT“ erlaubt eine sehr gute Vorhersage der bei 4° K zu erwartenden Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeiten.Bei höheren Temperaturen zeigt sich das Ende des durch den Ermüdungsmechanismus kontrollierten Rißwachstum deutlich durch einen steilen Anstieg des Ermüdungsparameter „C“ an. In einem Temperaturbereich von etwa 100° K steigt der Wert des Parameters „C“ um einen Faktor von 102. Diese Art von Information ist von großer Bedeutung für die Verwendung der Werkstoffe unter wechselnder Belastung bei höheren Temperaturen, wie z. B. in nuklearen Energieerzeugungssystemen.
    Notizen: A fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) equation, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c}{\frac{{{\rm da}}}{{{\rm dN}}} = {\rm C}\left[{\left({{\rm K}_{\rm I}^{\rm G} - {\rm K}_{{\rm Imin}}} \right) + \left({\Delta {\rm K}^{\rm T}} \right)} \right]} & {\left[{\left({{\rm K}_{{\rm Imax}} - {\rm K}_{\rm I}^{\rm G}} \right) - \left({\Delta {\rm K}^{\rm T}} \right)} \right]^2} \\\end{array} $$\end{document} had been proposed which predicts the observed R-ratio effects correctly. Conceptually, this equation accounts for spectrum loading effects via the parameter “KIG”. The work presented deals with the temperature effect on the fatigue parameters entering the above FCGR-equation. For materials which do not experience a microstructural or a fracture mode transition within the temperature range of interest, the effect of temperature on the fatigue parameters “C” and “ΔKT” can be interpolated or extrapolated from relatively few experimental data. Extrapolation of these fatigue parameters for Inconel X-750 measured between 300° K and 900° K allowed a very accurate prediction of the FCGR at 4° K.At higher temperatures the end of fatigue controlled crack growth is clearly indicated by a rapid increase of the fatigue parameter “C”. There, the fatigue parameter “C” increases withing a temperature span of 100° K by a factor of 102. This kind of information is of utmost importance for materials application at elevated temperatures as in nuclear systems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 103
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. A45 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 104
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 105
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. A48 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. A64 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 107
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. A68 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 108
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 285-291 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Material - Design - Production
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 109
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Residual Stresses, Definition and Causes of GenerationThe definition of the residual stresses introduced recently and based on the real structure of engineering materials proved its efficiency by the unification of terms and the appropriate explanation of stress sources. Residual stresses of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd order differ essentially in the sources' magnitude.Residual stresses exist principally in superposed form and base mainly on a superposition of several sources sometimes oppositely directed. If the system of principal axes and the distribution of the residual stresses over the cross-section of specimens and parts are known, the superposition of external and internal stresses of the 1st order can be defined clearly by appropriate multidimensional coefficients.
    Notizen: Die vor einigen Jahren vorgestellte Eigenspannungsdefinition, die sich auf den realen Aufbau technischer Werkstoffe und nicht auf ein Begriffssystem der Meßverfahren bezieht, hat sich bewährt, da hiermit eine wesentliche Vereinheitlichung der Begriffe und eine fachgerechte Deutung von Eigenspannungs-Entstehungsursachen erreicht wurde. Eigenspannungen I., II. und III. Art unterscheiden sich im wesentlichen durch die Größenordnung der Eigenspannungsquellen. Eigenspannungen treten meist in überlagerter Form auf und basieren häufig auf einer Überlagerung mehrerer z. T. gegenläufiger Entstehungsursachen. Bei bekanntem Hauptachsensystem und bekannter Verteilung der mehrachsialen Eigenspannungen über den Gesamtquerschnitt von Probestäben und Bauteilen kann durch geeignete Mehrachsigkeits-Kenngrößen die Überlagerung von Last- und Eigenspannungen I. Art eindeutig formuliert werden.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 110
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Simulated Heat-Affected Zone Studies of Hastelloy B-2Gleeble studies show that as-welded HAZ corrosion resistance of a low carbon nickel-molybdenum alloy can be preserved by using gasshielded-arc or covered electrode welding. A heat-affected zone study was conducted on a low carbon, nickel-molybdenum, corrosion resistant alloy, commercially known as Hastelloy alloy B-2. Six different production heats were thermally cycled with the Gleeble apparatus to 1300 °C (2372 °F) under several conditions to simulate the heat-affected zones produced by a number of different welding processes. Specimens were subsequently tested in boiling 10% HCl and in 20% HCl at 150 °C (302 °F) in an autoclave.Most of the corrosion penetration measurements were found to be less than the maximum allowable limits, reaffirming that the as-welded heat-affected zone corrosion resistance of alloy B-2 can be preserved when welding is accomplished with the recommended shielded metal rec, gas tungsten arc, and gas metal arc processes.
    Notizen: An einer korrosionsbeständigen Nickel-Molybdän-Legierung mit niedrigem Kohlenstoffgehalt, bekannt unter der Bezeichnung Hastelloy B-2Hastelloy ist ein eingetragener Handelsname der Cabot Corporation, wurde eine Untersuchung der Wärmeeinflußzone (WEZ) durchgeführt. Sechs verschiedene Produktionsschmelzen wurden im Gleeble-Schweißsimulator Temperaturzyklen bis 1300 °C unter verschiedenen Bedingungen unterworfen, um die Verhältnisse in der Wärmeeinflußzone, wie sie bei Anwendung verschiedener Schweißverfahren vorliegen, zu untersuchen. Die Proben wurden anschließend in 10%iger siedender Salzsäure und in 20%iger Salzsäure im Autoklaven bei 150 °C geprüft. Die Messung der Eindringtiefe ergab bei den meisten Proben Werte, die unterhalb der zulässigen Eindringtiefe liegen. Damit wird erneut bestätigt, daß die Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Hastelloy B-2 in der Wärmeeinflußzone im geschweißten, d. h. nicht wärmenachbehandelten Zustand gegeben ist, wenn die für das Verbindungsschweißen dieses Werkstoffs empfohlenen Schweißverfahren Metall-Lichtbogen-schweißen mit umhüllter Stabelektrode, Wolfram-Inertgas-Schweißen (WIG) und Metall-Inertgas-Schweißen (MIG) angewendet werden.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 111
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. A77 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 112
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. A82 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 113
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 361-366 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Development of Film Pressure in a Pin-on-Disk TribometerIn a Pin-on-disk machine with “parallel surfaces” the load carrying capacity can be increased by additional oscilating normal forces. A formula for the calculation of the filmpressure was developed and the results were compared with those of other authors.
    Notizen: Bei parallelen Gleitflächen läßt sich durch Überlagerung dynamischer Normalkräfte eine beträchtliche Tragfähigkeitssteigerung erzielen. Eine Formel zur Bestimmung des Druckverlaufs im Schmierspalt wird abgeleitet; die Ergebnisse werden mit den Rechenergebnissen anderer Autoren verglichen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 114
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 353-360 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A New Optical Method for Structural Fatigue ControlA new optical method is described for the control of structural components under cyclic loading.The method is based on changes in surface structure produced by cyclic loading of metallic fatigue gauges. For quantitative evaluation the optical reflectivity is measured, which is strongly correlated to the number of loading cycles. To determine the integral cyclic loading fatigue gages are mounted on the structural component. The method is specially characterized by high sensibility and applicability in all technically relevant loading ranges.
    Notizen: Es wird ein neuartiges optisches Verfahren zur Lebensdauerüberwachung von wechselbelasteten Bauteilen beschrieben. Das Verfahren benutzt die durch mechanische Wechselbelastung hervorgerufenen Oberflächenstrukturveränderungen metallischer Meßstreifen, die auf das zu überwachende Bauteil aufgeklebt werden. Als Meßgröße wird die durch Oberflächenstrukturveränderungen verursachte Änderung des optischen Reflexionsvermögens erfaßt. Sie stellt ein Maß für die integrierte Gesamtwechselbelastung des Bauteils dar. Das Verfahren zeichnet sich durch hohe Nachweisempfindlichkeit und Anwendbarkeit in allen technisch relevanten Lastbereichen aus.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 116
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 436-441 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Induction sintering of P/M-partsThe relevant factors effecting induction sintering e. g. skin effect, magnetic forces etc are briefly discussed and based on these the problem are analysed. The results at induction-sintering at 4 KHz in the following systems Fe + Cu, Fe + Cr3Cr2, Fe + MCM, Fe + MCM and Fe are presented and discussed. The strength of induction sintered steels in most cases is high. The elongation values however, should be increased.
    Notizen: Zu Beginn wird auf die für das Induktionssintern wichtigen elektrotechnischen Grundlagen wie z. B. Skineffekt, magnetische Kräfte usw. eingegangen und auf die damit verbundene Problematik eingegangen. Es wurden Versuche zur induktiven Sinterung von Pulvermischungen durch direkte Ankoppelung mit 4 KHz durchgeführt. Die mit den Systemen Fe + Cu, Fe + Cr3C2, Fe + MVM, Fe + MCM und Fe erzielte Ergebnisse wurden mitgeteilt und diskutiert. Während die Festigkeitswerte induktive gesinterter Stähle überwiegend gut sind, bedürfen die Werte der Bruchdehnung noch einer weiteren Verbesserung.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 117
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 449-455 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Prevention of Inertial Force Measurement Inaccuracies Encountered in Pendulum-type DynamometersTest machines, which are equipped with a force measuring device utilizing the inclining pendulum, are subject to dynamic measurement inaccuracies due to the inertia of the pendulum.The initial discussion demonstrates that the dynamic inaccuracy of measurement encountered with test machines using an inclining pendulum - force measurement device can only be calculated for the complete test machine/test piece configuration. With reference to the results of experiments, it will be proved that, as with the experiments carried out by Kravcenko, the indicated dynamic force and the dynamic force in the testpiece are antiphase and unequal.Additionally it will be shown that, through the experiment results, the equation from Schultze/Baumann for the permissible rate of test is confirmed only in the interpretation from Kravcenko.Further equations concerning the limitations of the rate of test are shown and their relevant fields of applications are discussed. Finally, factors are presented which stipulate a reduction of the permissible rate of test or permit an increase in this rate, dependent upon the force-elongation characteristic of the test piece and the measured variable under consideration.
    Notizen: An Prüfmaschinen, welche Kraftmeßeinrichtungen mit Neigungspendeln besitzen, treten durch die Trägheit des Pendels dynamische Meßfehler auf.Es wird zunächst klargestellt, daß die dynamischen Meßfehler bei Prüfmaschinen mit Neigungspendel-Kraftmeßeinrichtungen nur für das Gesamtsystem Prüfmaschine/Probe berechnet werden können.Anhand von Versuchsergebnissen wird nachgewiesen, daß - entsprechend Untersuchungen von Kravčko - die angezeigte dynamische Kraft und die dynamische Probenkraft gegenphasig und ungleich sind. Außerdem wird gezeigt, daß durch die Versuchsergebnisse die Gleichg. von Schultze/Baumann für die zulässige Prüfgeschwindigkeit nur in der Deutung von Kravčko bestätigt wird.Weitere Gleichungen für Die Begrenzung der Prüfgeschwindigkeit wer den angegeben und ihr Einsatzbereich besprochen. Schließlich werden Faktoren angegeben, die je nach dem Kraft-Verlängerungs-Verhalten der Probe und je nach der gesuchten Meßgröße eine Verringerung der zulässigen Prüfgeschwindigkeit bedingen oder eine Vergrößerung der selben zulassen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 36-36 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 119
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. A9 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 120
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 121
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 30-36 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Eine praxisorientierte Untersuchung über den Zusammenhang zwischen Verarbeitung, Anwendung und Eigenschaften von PMMA-KnochenzementenIn den vergangenen 15 Jahren wurden zahlreiche Untersuchungen an Knochenzementen, die der Fixation von Endoprothesen oder der Überbrückung von Knochendefekten dienen, durchgeführt. Dabei lagen die Schwerpunkte auf den Themenbereichen „Biokompatibilität in chemischer und thermischer Hinsicht-Polymerisationsablauf-Struktur-Eigenschaften“. In der Regel wurden speziell festigkeitsorientierte Untersuchungen an mehr oder minder normierten, relativ kleinen Probekörpern durchgeführt. Der unter Berücksichtigung der wesentlichen Randbedingungen auf diesem Wege erarbeitete Erfahrungsfundus läßt wesentliche Fortschritte hinsichtlich der Übertragbarkeit dieser Ergebnisse auf den praktischen Einsatz nicht mehr erwarten. Ein möglicher und nach Ansicht des Verfassers konsequenter nächster Schritt zur weiteren Annäherung modellmäßiger Untersuchungen an praxisrelevante Fragestellungen besteht darin, die bekannten Einzelaspekte methodisch zu einem größeren Komplex zusammenzufassen.Als Ansatz in dieser Richtung wurde ein Untersuchungsverfahren ausgearbeitet, das die Verarbeitung und Einbringung von Knochenzementen in röhrenförmige sowie das Einführen von Endoprothesenschäften in geometrisch-thermisch ähnlicher Weise ermöglicht, wie dies bei großen Röhrenknochen der Fall ist. Dabei wurden Gestalt und Abmessungen der entstehenden Knochenzement-Köcher so gewählt, daß sie Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Beurteilung unterschiedlicher Zementarten, Einbringungsmethoden und Fremdstoffbeimischungen in Hinblick auf die mechanische Tragfähigkeit zulassen. Darüber hinaus sind Vergleiche mit Befunden aus konventionellen Werkstoffuntersuchungen möglich. Die gerätetechnische Lösung des Verfahrens wird vorgestellt, seine Anwendbarkeit hinsichtlich vergleichender Zementuntersuchungen unter Einbeziehung der Parameter „Verarbeitungs- und Einbringungsmodus des Knochenzements“, „Einbringung des Endoprothesenschaftes“ und „Fremdstoffeinschlüsse“ anhand von Meßergebnissen besprochen und die Frage zur Diskussion gestellt, inwieweit ein derartiges Verfahren zur Schulung und objektiven Bewertung der methodischen Kenntnisse angehender Operateure auf diesem Gebiet einen Beitrag leisten Kann.
    Notizen: Bone cements which are used for the fixation of alloplasties as well as for filling and/or bridging of bone defects had been intensively investigated during the past 15 years. Scientists payed close attention to the subjects of “biocompatibility in view of chemical and thermal effects; polymerization process; structure and properties of bone cements”. As a rule, especially tests for the evaluation of strength properties were carried out with more or less standardized and relatively small specimen. The fund of experience, obtained by the methods mentioned above, don't let us hope to have any further significant progress concerning the transferability of these results to practise. A possible step further in the approximation of model experiments with respect to practical problems in the author's opinion should be the methodically combination of the known single aspects to a larger total complex. As a start in this direction a testing method was developed which enables processing and insertion of bone cements as well as the implantation of endoprostheses-shafts into tubular spaces under similar geometrical and thermal conditions as they are present in big tubular bones.Shape and dimensions of the originated bone cement- “quivers” or “jackets” are chosen in a way that experiments are practicable for the comparison of different types of bone cements and implantating methods as well as the testing of intended or unintended admixtures (for example X-ray contrast agent, antibiotics, blood) with respect to the mechanical loading capacity.Furthermore comparisons with the results of conventional mechanical material testings are possible.The contruction of the testing apparatus and the testing procedure will be presented. Its applicability for tests to compare different types of bone cements with respect to the parameters “processing and insertion method”, “implantating endoprostheses-shafts” and “admixtures” will be discussed by means of obtained results. Finally the question is asced wether a method like this can be an aid for training and objectively valuation of the methodical abilities of budding operating surgeons in this field.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 122
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 37-42 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Can Pickling of Weld Seams of Austenitic CrNi-Steels be Replaced by Other Methods of Surface Treatment?After heat treatment or welding stainless steels, scale resp. slag will remain on the surface so that the corrosion resistance of such passivating steels is distinctly lowered. In order to avoid this it is common practice to pickle all weld seams and their surroundings or even the whole apparatus. Pickling solutions for austenitic stainless steels are mixtures of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid and hydrofluric acid with water.For reasons of environmental protection it became desirable to use other surface treatments. This leads to the question whether or not other surface cleaning methods will work as reliable and economical as pickling securing the same corrosion resistance.In this paper the relative merits of some usual cleaning operations and their possible applications are shown, namely brushing, grinding, blasting and, for reasons of comparison, pickling.Our results showed that pickling yields the best cleaning effect and secures the best surface conditions for the formation of a good passive layer. Glass ball-blasting, properly conducted, gives the same cleaning efficiency. Welding and brushing can only be tolerated in special cases.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 123
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 57-59 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Low Cycle Fatigue of Steel in Hydrogen EnvironmentThe low cycle fatigue fracture of a medium strength tempered steel ist studied in compressed hydrogen resp. nitrogen (150 bar). For given strain amplitudes, hydrogen reduced strongly the cycles to failure. Probably the crack growth is accelerated rather than the crack initiation. The frequency had no influence on the number of cycles to failure.
    Notizen: Es wird über den Einfluß von Druckwasserstoff auf das Bruchverhalten eines Vergütungsstahles (Werkstoff-Nr. 1. 7720) bei Belastung im Low Cycle Fatigue Bereich berichtet. Versuche unter H2 und N2 von jeweils 150 bar zeigten beim Wasserstoff eine erhebliche Abnahme der Lastwechselzahl bis zum Bruch. Ursache ist wahrscheinlich die erhöhte Rißausbreitungs-geschwindigkeit. Eine Frequenzabhängigkeit der Lebensdauer wurde nicht festgestellt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 124
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Einfluß eines Temperaturgradienten senkrecht zur Faserachse auf das Gefüge einer gerichtet erstarrten eutektischen 73C-LegierungDie thermische Stabilität einer gerichtet erstarrten eutektischen CoCrCAl-Legierung in einem Temperaturgradienten wird mit dem Verhalten unter isothermen Bedingungen verglichen.Zur Prüfung von gerichtet erstarrten Eutektika in hohem Temperaturgradienten und bei Temperaturen oberhalb 1300 K wurde eine Versuchseinrichtung entwickelt, die Experimente in unterschiedlicher Atmosphäre und im Vakuum ermöglicht. Die Versuche in diesem Gradienten-Ofen ergaben eine Vergröberung der Karbidfasern, die in dieser Legierung die Verstärkungsphase bilden. Durch die Umwandlung von Karbiden wird die Gefügestabilität beeinträchtigt.Diese Effekte werden in bezug auf isotherme Bedingungen diskutiert und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Anwendbarkeit dieser Legierung als Material für Hochtemperatur-Gas-Turbinen überprüft.
    Notizen: The thermal stability of a directionally solidified (d. s.) eutectic CoCrCAl-alloy in a thermal gradient is compared to isothermal conditions.A device has been designed and constructed for examination of d. s. eutectics in high temperature gradients at temperatures above 1300 K in different atmospheres and vacuum.Experiments in this gradient furnace show coarsening of the carbide fibres forming the aligned strengthening phase. A microstructural instability resulting from the transformation of carbide fibres has been observed.These effects are discussed in relation to isothermal conditions and their implications on the applicability of the alloy as high temperature gas turbine blade material.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 125
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Study how to Determine a More Realistic Stress Distribution in Flexed Beams by Using Data Compiled in Tension and Compression Test of the Same Plastic MaterialAn improved description of the behaviour of thermoplastic materials under bending load is derived. The necessary experiments and their results are described and discussed.Tests were run with a four-point-support. Shear strain on the middle of the deflected beam due to the supports was minimized by variation of the distance of the supports.The strain was measured as a function of the thickness of the beam and found to be linear. The beam now was regarded as being built up out of single fibres, each of them uniaxially strained by tension or compression respectively.The results of uniaxial tension and compression tests then were transfered to this deflected beam free of shearing stresses and a non-linear strain-distribution was obtained over the thickness of the beam.From these experimental strain-values a load-capacity-excess was computed, which could even be enlarged, if the different velocities in strain of different fibres were taken into account.Furtheron is shown that beams of thermoplastic materials under flexural load can resist more tensile strain than under uniaxial tension.
    Notizen: Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Ermittlung einer wirklichkeitsnäheren Beanspruchungsverteilung in biegebelasteten Plastomerbauteilen durch Übertragung einachsiger Zug- und Druckversuche auf die Biegung.Hierzu wurden einachsige Zug- und Druckversuche an polymeren Werkstoffen vorgenommen.Die Versuchsergebnisse wurden theoretisch auf die Biegebeanspruchung übertragen und mit der tatsächlich auftretenden Spannungsverteilung korreliert.Weiter wurden die unterschiedlichen Faserdehngeschwindigkeiten bei der Biegung dadurch erfaßt, daß Zug- bzw. Druckversuche mit verschiedenen Abzugsgeschwindigkeiten gefahren wurden die mit den Faserdehngeschwindigkeiten korrespondierten. Die Übertragung auf den Biegeversuch führte zu einer konstruktiven Aussage für die Werkstoffausnutzung.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 126
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. A21 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 127
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. A58 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 128
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. A59 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 129
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 221-229 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Influence of the Cooling Rate on the Separation of δ-Ferrite in Austenite Weld MetalThere exists a lot of literature concerning the significance of δ-ferrite in welding joints of austenitic stainless steels. An information about the influence of the cooling rate on the primary cristallisation is even more limited.The present results show, that the δ-ferrite-quantity measured at room temperature is hardly influenced by the cooling rate. Furthermore the cooling rate seems to influence the primary cristallisation. The well-known result was verified, that the orientation of the polished section plane yield different δ-ferrite-quantities. Moreover it is shown, that the toughness and therefore the critical crack length increases with decreasing δ-ferrite-quantity.
    Notizen: In zahlreicher Literatur wird die Bedeutung des Delta-Ferrit beim Schweißen chemisch beständiger Stähle behandelt.Bei der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird unter anderem der Einfluß der Abkühlgeschwindigkeit auf die Delta-Ferrit-Menge untersucht. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, daß die Abkühlgeschwindigkeit auf die Delta-Ferrit-Ausscheidung von Bedeutung ist. Zum anderen wird die primäre Kristallisation von der Abkühlung beeinflußt.Daß für die Delta-Ferrit-Bestimmung die Schliffebene von Bedeutung ist, konnte ebenfalls durch diese Untersuchungen gezeigt werden. Schließlich wird festgestellt, daß der Delta-Ferrit für das Duktilitätsverhalten von Bedeutung ist und mit steigendem Delta-Ferrit-Gehalt die kritische Rißlänge erniedrigt wird.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 130
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Theoretical Investigation of the Creep Behaviour of a Tube Subjected to Thermal and Mechanical LoadingA tube specimen, in which a constant temperature distribution of axial symmetry is maintained and which is subjected to a constant axial tensile stress is considered. Calculation of the thermal stress and creep strain distribution requires detailed knowledge of the physical properties of the material. A stress analysis, based on successive approximations, is given, which has been extended into the plastic deformation range. As a result, it can be shown that the initial stress pattern is redistributed by time-dependent creep, yielding in a more homogeneous uniaxial stress distribution. From these results a simple formula is derived which gives the steady state stress distribution as well as a characteristic mean or “effective” value of the temperature within the tube wall.
    Notizen: Das Kriechverhalten einer zylindersymmetrischen Hohlprobe, die mit einem radialen Temperaturgradienten belegt ist und axial belastet wird, wird theoretisch untersucht. Ausgehend von der genauen Kenntnis der physikalischen Werkstoffeigenschaften wird die elastische Spannungsverteilung berechnet und die Analyse mittels einer numerischen Approximationsmethode auf den nicht-elastischen Bereich erweitert. Es zeigt sich, daß durch zeitabhängige Fließvorgänge Spannungsumverteilungen stattfinden, die schon im Bereich kleiner Dehnungen zu einem einachsigen, stationären Spannungszustand führen. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wird ein einfacher Ansatz für ein charakteristisches Beanspruchungsprofil abgeleitet, dessen Merkmale die stationäre Spannungsverteilung und eine mittlere Temperatur sind, mit denen das Gesamtkriechverhalten dargestellt werden kann. Der Einfluß lokaler Kriechschädigung auf die Restlebensdauer wird abgeschätzt.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 131
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 230-242 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Verbundwerkstoffe für elektrische KontakteBei der Betrachtung der physikalischen Eigenschaften von Verbundwerkstoffen können generell zwei Gruppen unterschieden werden. Die erste Gruppe umfaßt die „Kombinationseigenschaften“, die wiederum in „Summeneigenschaften“ und „Produkteigenschaften“ unterteilt werden können. Erstere entstehen aus einer Addition der Eigenschaften, letztere aus der Wechselwirkung der beteiligten Komponenten. Die zweite Gruppe umfaßt die „Struktureigenschaften“, d. h. Eigenschaften, die durch Geometrie und Größe der Phasen bestimmt werden.Während Schicht-, Teilchen- und Durchdringungsverbundwerkstoffe als Werkstoffe für elektrische Kontakte schon seit vielen Jahren verwendet werden, stehen die Faserverbundwerkstoffe noch am Beginn einer industriellen Nutzung. Faserverbundwerkstoffe wie Silber-Nickel, Kupfer-Nickel oder Kupfer-Palladium können auf einfache Weise durch Bündeln und gemeinsame Verformung von Manteldrähten hergestellt werden. Silber-Nickel-Faserverbundwerkstoffe mit Nickelgehalten bis 70 Gew.-% werden als Kontaktwerkstoffe in Startern für Leuchtstoffröhren verwendet. Verbundwerkstoffe mit sehr dünnen Nickelfasern zeigen ausgezeichnete magnetische Eigenschaften. Kupfer-Palladium-Faserverbundwerkstoffe weisen beim Schalten von Gleichstrom eine geringe, flächenhafte Materialwanderung auf. Werkstoffe für Zündkerzenmittelelektroden müssen ein gutes Abbrandverhalten, hohe thermische Leitfähigkeit und gute Korrosionsbeständigkeit aufweisen. Für diese Anwendung wurden Kupfer-Nickel-Faserverbundwerkstoffe diskutiert.
    Notizen: Two general groups of physical composite properties can be distinguished. The first group comprises the “combination properties”, which can in turn be subdevided into “sum properties” and “product properties”. The first are due to an addition of the properties, and the latter to the interaction of the components involved. The second group comprises the “structural properties”, i.e. properties which are determined by the geometry and the size of the phases.Since many years metallic composites like laminated composites, particle composites, infiltrated composites and fibre composites have been used for electrical contact applications. Fibre composite contact materials like silver-nickel, copper-nickel and copper-palladium can be fabricated in a simple and thus inexpensive way by bundling sheated wires and subjecting this bundle to severe cold forming with subsequent heat treatments. Silver-nickel fibre composites with up to 70 w.-% nickel are used as electrical contacts for igniters in gas discharge lamps. Moreover composites with very thin nickel fibres show excellent magnetic properties. Electrical contacts made of copper-palladium fibre composites show extremely low material transfer when switching direct currents. Like contact materials, materials for spark plug electrodes have to exhibit a low are erosion, a high thermal conductivity and a good corrosion resistance. Good results have been obtained with copper nickel fibre composites.
    Zusätzliches Material: 29 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 132
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. A61 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 133
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979), S. 256-256 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 134
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 10 (1979) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 135
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Influence of Temperature and Environmental Conditions on Fatigue Behaviour of Metallic MaterialsThe corrosion fatigue behaviour of metallic materials is influenced by environmental conditions. With increasing temperature a similar diminishing of fatigue strength can be observed as in the usual tensile properties. Air and water vapour decrease the number of cycles to fracture because they accelerate the crack propagation by adsorptive and reactive processes at the crack tip.By the effect of pure hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide and mixtures from both appears a marked increasing of crack propagation rate in fracture-mechanical test pieces alternating loaded at low frequency (1 Hz).Corrosive mediums influence also the formation of cracks. A mechanical electrochemical failure mechanism leads to a total loss of fatigue strength.Depending on performance of materials in an aggressive solution active or passive corrosion fatigue occurs. With regard to the form of appearance the two kinds differ in characteristic manner.
    Notizen: Das Ermüdungsverhalten der metallischen Werkstoffe wird von den Umgebungsbedingungen beeinflußt. Bei reinen Metallen und Legierungen wird mit steigender Temperatur ein ähnlicher Abfall der Dauerfestigkeit beobachtet wie bei den Kurzzeitfestigkeitswerten. Luft und Wasserdampf erniedrigen die Bruchlastspielzahl, da sie die Ermüdungsrißausbreitung durch Adsorptions- und Reaktionsprozesse an der Rißspitze beschleunigen.Bei Einwirkung von reinem Wasserstoff, von Schwefelwasserstoff und Gemischen aus beiden wird an Bruchmechanik-Proben, die mit niedriger Frequenz (1 Hz) wechselbeansprucht wurden, eine markante Erhöhung der Rißwachstumsgeschwindigkeit beobachtet.In korrosiv wirkenden Angriffsmitteln wird auch die Rißeinleitung erheblich beeinflußt, ein mechanisch-elektrochemischer Schädigungsmechanismus führt zum Verlust der Dauerfestigkeit. Je nach Werkstoffverhalten in der angreifenden Lösung kann aktive oder passive Schwingungsrißkorrosion auftreten, die sich in der Erscheinungsform in charakteristischer Weise unterscheiden.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 136
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 877-885 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The pulsed-gradient NMR method of Stejskal and Tanner was used to measure the diffusion of oil in synthetic cis-polyisoprene. The diffusion encounters no barriers with spacings at least up to several μm and generally displays free-volume behavior, obeying the WLF temperature dependence between -10°C and +130°C, and the Fujita-Doolittle concentration dependence between 10 and 90 vol-% oil.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 137
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 893-901 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A study was made of the effect of carboxylic monomers, such as itaconic acid, acrylic acid, and methacrylic acid, on the relative distribution of acid in the aqueous serum phase to that on the latex surface to that buried in the particle of carboxylated polystyrene latices prepared by emulsion polymerization. The relative acid distribution of the carboxylated latices was determined by the conductometric titration method of Hen. Effect of carboxylic monomer levels and latex particle size on acid distribution ratio are given. It is shown that itaconic acid, being the most hydrophilic and having the least solubility in styrene, tends to distribute itself in favor of the aqueous serum phase, while acrylic acid, which has limited solubility in styrene and being sufficiently hydrophilic, tends to prefer the particle surface predominantly. Methacrylic acid, being the most hydrophobic of the three carboxylic monomers studied and having good solubility in styrene, is shown to be concentrated inside the particle core. The observed results are compared with other similar findings in the literature and analyzed in the light of accepted mechanisms for emulsion polymerization of carboxylated styrene systems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 138
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 903-914 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The uniplanar orientation of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) crystal was investigated by x-ray and infrared measurements. Thin PPTA films 3-15 μm thick were prepared by coagulating a sulfuric acid solution of PPTA with various coagulants. Two types of uniplanar orientation were observed, depending on the coagulant used. Thin film coagulated with water exhibits (0k0) uniplanar orientation and film coagulated with other coagulants such as methanol, ethanol, and acetone exhibits (h00) uniplanar orientation. These (h00) and (0k0) uniplanar orientations are formed with crystal modifications I and II, respectively. The (0k0) uniplanar orientation transforms to (h00) upon annealing, accompanying crystal transformation from modification II to modifications I. These uniplanar orientations may result from anisotropic crystal growth due to polymer-coagulant interaction along the hydrogen bond direction. The effect of these uniplanar orientations on the mechanical properties was also examined. The thin film having the (0k0) uniplanar orientation shows ductile fracture, whereas the one having the (h00) uniplanar orientation shows brittle fracture upon tensile deformation. These results are explained on the basis of the direction of the uniplanar orientation of the hydrogen-bonded sheet.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 139
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 941-945 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 140
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 915-926 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide)(PTTA) films were prepared from sulfuric acid solution with various coagulants. X-ray diffraction and infrared absorption measurements revealed that the crystal structure of the film coagulated with water showed a new crystal modification II, which was different from the one previously reported by Northolt and Tadokoro et al. The latter structure is called here modification I. Modification II coagulated with water from a solution of lower polymer concentration irreversibly transformed to modification I upon annealing, whereas modification II prepared from highly concentrated solution was thermally stable and scarcely transformed to modification I upon annealing. A liquid crystal-like swollen structure was found in the intermediate stage of the formation of modification II. In this swollen state, x-ray diffraction revealed that water molecules are included in hydrogen-bonded planes and the intermolecular spacing along the van der Waals force direction was unaffected by the existence of the water and remained constant throughout the process of regeneration. Both modifications I and II were found to be stable on treatment with boiling solvents. The transformation of the swollen structure to modification I took place in boiling methanol and acetone.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 141
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 985-993 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The elastic properties of ethylene-propylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers crosslinked to different degrees were studied. A correction of the front factor with respect to temperature has been proposed for calculation of the concentration of network chains from shear modulus G. Deviations from the Gaussian approximation of the dependence of force on deformation were evaluated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 142
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 995-1002 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The thermoelastic properties of ethylene-propylene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers crosslinked to different degrees were studied. An equation was proposed for calculating the relative contribution of the internal energy, fU/f, from the temperature dependence of shear modulus G. Analysis of a relation for calculating fU/f derived on the basis of the Mooney-Rivlin equation was made.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 143
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1077-1093 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The melting and crystallization behavior of poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) and its copolymers with tetramethylene sebacate (≯ 20 mol %) has been studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of the sebacate concentration on equilibrium melting temperature and crystallization behavior is discussed in terms of the theory of equilibrium crystallization of random copolymers. The multiple-melting behavior of these systems is described and interpreted in terms of the theory of equilibrium melting of chain-folded crystals, together with molecular fractionation during crystallization and melting and recrystallization during the DSC scan.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 144
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1117-1129 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The specific surface areas of various particle size ranges of wood and peat were determined. The methods employed are mercury porosimetry, nitrogen adsorption, and solution isotherms. The results indicate that dye solution isotherms offer an accurate means of surface area measurement, however, the values obtained are dependent on (a) the chemical nature of the solute and adsorbent and (b) the molecular dimensions of the solute. Nitrogen isotherms indicate specific surfaces of (21 × 103)-(27 × 103) m2 kg-1 for wood depending on the particle size, while an area of 26.5 × 103 m2 kg-1 was obtained for peat independent of particle size. Acid dye isotherms yield specific surfaces considerably lower than nitrogen isotherm values; for wood (7.3 × 103)-(9.6 × 103) m2 kg-1 and for peat, (5.2 × 103)-(11.8 × 103) m2 kg-1. Basic dye studies, using wood, indicate surface areas similar in magnitude to those obtained from nitrogen isotherms. For peat, however, very large apparent surface areas are obtained (∼100 × 103 m2 kg-1) and are attributed to chemical interaction between dye molecules and adsorbent and stacking of dye molecules.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 145
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1167-1179 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Polyethylene was drawn at temperatures ranging from 30° to 60°C in aggressive and nonaggressive environments. Fibrillation was found to occur in the aggressive environment, and this effect increased with temperature. The temperature effect was more prominent at lower strain rates. Thin films drawn in aggressive environments deformed inhomogeneously. Again, this effect was found to increase with increasing temperatures. Single crystal deformation was also found to be inhomogeneous, and “solvation” of the amorphous surface layer occurred in the presence of the aggressive environment. Infrared measurements of sorption under different loads indicated that there is an increase in the amount of sorbed materials with increasing load. Dynamic mechanical studies revealed the intracrystalline regions to be affected preferentially.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 146
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1189-1201 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of water vapor on a polyimide has been investigated in the temperature region of -190 to 325°C using an automated torsion pendulum. A damping peak, TH2O developes at -122°C (1 Hz) in the thermomechanical spectra of the polymer which is due to water-polymer interactions. The peak intensifies as the humidity of the conditioning atmosphere, at both 30° and at 325°C, increases and attains a limiting value at about 3000 ppmv H2O. The process is reversible. It is concluded that the number of sites in the polymer for interaction with water is low and limited (〈0.3 molecule H2O per polymer repeat unit) and, assuming direct proportionality between the intensity of the loss peak and the amount of water adsorbed, that the adsorption of water vapor follows the Langmuir isotherm.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 147
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1397-1411 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A comprehensive experimental investigation is reported of the bulk polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) to limiting conversion using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator at 40°, 60°, and 80°C. Molecular weight development was followed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
    Zusätzliches Material: 18 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 148
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1431-1442 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Thermal analysis and kinetic studies have shown that oxidative reactions are responsible for acceleration in the rates of weight loss and depolymerization of cellulose on pyrolysis in air at temperatures below 300°C. The oxidative reactions include production of hydroperoxide, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups, which have been investigated at lower temperatures along with the rates of depolymerization and production of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The experimental results are consistent with an autoxidation mechanism involving initiation, propagation, and decomposition reactions. At temperatures above 300°, the rate of pyrolysis is essentially the same in both air and nitrogen, indicating that thermal degradation is independent of the oxidative reactions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 149
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1449-1452 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The biological degradation of acrylonitrile-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile-acrylic acid copolymers has been studied by evaluating copolymer films in a continuous in vitro rumen system. The copolymer films were examined before and after modification by reaction with ethylene oxide gas. The degradation of the acrylonitrile-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer followed a pattern similar to that occurring on thermal degradation. Modification by reaction with ethylene oxide gas, which induces C=N conjugation, did not improve the resistance to degradation. The acrylonitrile-acrylic acid copolymer films disintegrated, but on prior modification by reaction with ethylene oxide they remained virtually unaltered. Modification of the acrylonitrile-acrylic acid copolymer results in crosslinking with an absence of C=N conjugation, leading to improved resistance to biological degradation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 150
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1487-1499 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The mechanical degradation of pulp cellulose fiber was studied at ambient temperature and at 77°K. ESR findings reveal that mechanical degradation occurs via free-radical routes. Three types of mechanoradicals contributing singlet, doublet, and triplet ESR signals are identified. The singlet signals are derived from the alkoxy radicals at C4 positions as a consequence of the cleavage of glucosidic bonds, the radical pairs generated at C1 positions contributing the doublet signals. Triplet signals are derived from the C2 and C3 positions due to the cleavage of C2 and C3 bonds. Of these radicals, alkoxy radicals are the most stable at ambient temperature. Carbon radicals are capable of interacting rapidly with oxygen molecules to produce peroxy radical intermediates, where alkoxy radicals are inert toward oxygen molecules. ESR study also reveals that cellulose mechanoradicals are capable of initiating vinyl polymerization. MMA propagating radicals are identified when the monomers are in contact with cellulose mechanoradicals. The ability of mechanoradicals to initiate graft copolymerization from cellulose fiber is discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 151
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1501-1508 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Modified polyethyleneimine products are hydrophobic with products from monohalotin reactants soluble in HMPA, DMSO, CHCI3 and 2,4-pentanedione, while products from dihalotin reactants are insoluble in all solvents. Antifungal activity varies markedly with the nature of the tin moiety. For products from triphenyltin chloride, antifungal activity is widespread and suitable to about 40 ppb of the polymer, which is clearly acceptable for medical and industrial uses. Thus, such modified polymers can be used as retarders of fungi related rot and mildew. The products show moderate high-temperature stabilities.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 152
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1453-1460 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A relatively simple, reproducible method for the determination of grafting in high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) shows that high- and low-graft HIPS exhibit differences in morphology following treatment with an oxidative etching solution. Because this method is quite sensitive to small differences, it yields a more definitive evaluation of grafting in the finished polymer than any other previously used analytical procedure. These differences have been quantified, and the data used to compare relative grafting in polystyrenes reinforced with the same or different rubber types. The method shows an increase in grafting when either the peroxide initiator feed level or 1,2-vinyl content of the polybutadiene is increased.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 153
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1595-1600 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: By treatment with alkali in 2-methoxyethanol, poly(vinyl chloride) is converted to an insoluble network structure. On subsequent oxidation with 65% HNO3, a water-soluble mixture of acids is obtained. Per 1000 carbon atoms of the original polymer chain, approximately 4 moles succinic acid, 2 moles glutaric acid, and 1 mole adipic acid are found. In spite of the fact that the occurrence of succinic acid is in the same order as tail-to-tail polymerization in PVC, it must be assumed that unexpected aggregation of more than two CH2 groups is due to rearrangement during the alkali treatment or the oxidation procedure.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 154
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1639-1646 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A three-parameter equation is put forward to evaluate the [η] of polymer solution from a wide range of concentrations, up to a relative viscosity of 100. The equation is tested by viscometric data of polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(1-vinylnaphthalene), poly(2-vinylnaphthalene), and poly(4-vinylbiphenyl) at different temperatures and in a variety of solvents including mixed solvents. A statistical method is employed to analyze the experimental data. It is found that the values of [η] obtained by the new equation are consistently lower than those derived from the Huggins equation. However, the discrepancy is not more than 3% on average, and it does not affect the values of Mark-Houwink constants significantly. Other parameters of the equation are also computed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 155
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1653-1670 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Extrusion die swell of natural rubber compounded with a wide variety of carbon blacks has been determined in a capillary rheometer using a long circular die. The range of variation of carbon black loading, surface area, and structure are, respectively, 10 to 60 phr, 44 to 124 m2/g, and 78 to 120 cc/100 g. The effective carbon black volume fraction ϕe not participating in the strain recovery leading to die swell is assumed to be the sum of the actual filler volume fraction and the fraction of unextractable rubber determined experimentally for each compound. Bagley and Duffey's analysis of extrusion die swell of unfilled polymers as unconstrained elastic recovery was adopted for a filled elastomeric system whose relative shear modulus (G/G0) is assumed to vary as (1 - ϕe)-N. The matrix shear modulus G0, originally introduced by Nakazima and Shida on the basis of a linearized approximation, will depend on the shear stress level because of nonlinear deformation. The power N will vary with shear stress which changes the orientation of carbon black aggregates. Except for these features, die swell data for a wide range of carbon black compounds fall on a single curve when plotted in the manner of the predicted relation between the wall shear stress, die swell, and ϕe. Replacing ϕe by Medalia's ϕ′ based on an equivalent sphere concept introduces a larger scatter around the mean curve.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 156
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1587-1587 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 157
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1589-1593 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The following experiment was performed based on the assumption that the characteristic structural features of high molecular weight poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) should be present to the same extent in its low molecular weight fractions. Two PVC fractions of molecular weight, 1500 and 800, respectively, (0.14% of total polymer) were isolated from bulk PVC (Mn 32,000) by extraction with methanol. This extract was transformed into paraffins by a new hydrogenation method using an excess of Raney nickel in order to facilitate identification. 13C-NMR spectral data of the paraffins showed that almost 2 out of 1000 carbon atoms were linked to a side chain with more than five carbon atoms, and 5 out of 1000 carbon atoms were methyl branched. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses confirmed that the low molecular weight paraffins consisted of a sequence of even-numbered homologs. These findings suggest indirectly that the surprisingly low degradation temperature of PVC is due to the arrangement of the chlorine atoms rather than to the branching of the alkyl chain.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 158
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1619-1638 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The morphology associated with the liquid-induced crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) blended either with poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) (PTMT), atactic polystyrene (APS), or polycarbonate of bisphenol A (PC) was studied, along with the effects of nucleating agents and polymer molecular weight on this type of crystallization in PET. It was found that melt-mixed blends of PET and either PTMT or PC led to an apparent well-mixed, two-component material in which some copolymer formation may be in evidence judging from the material superstructure. Blending PET with APS appeared to produce distinctly phase-separated materials in which PET could be crystallized and APS dissolved out of the structure as a result of treatment of the blend with certain types of liquid. The incorporation of nucleating agents into PET was shown to measurably influence the spherulitic character of the subsequently liquid-induced crystallized polymer. Finally, it was determined that liquid-induced crystallized PET samples with number-average molecular weights of 18,000 and 30,000 had identical characteristic morphology and apparent crystallization kinetics.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 159
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1759-1767 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Two polyanions and two polycations were prepared by the esterification of poly(vinyl alcohol). Properties of their neutral polyelectrolyte complex membranes were compared with those of polyelectrolyte membranes. The charged state on the membranes was related closely to the mechanochemical reaction, the salt rejection, and the solution permeability. Both the salt rejection and the water flux of neutral polyelectrolyte complex memberanes were lower than those of the corresponding acidic or basic complex membranes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 160
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1671-1677 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Small-angle x-ray methods were used to evaluate macromolecular parameters such as specific inner surface of the dispersed phase; transversal lengths such as length of inhomogeneity and length of coherence; and the air fraction of the scattering particles in Sansevieria roxburghi; these parameters were found to be 12.76 × 10-6 Å-1, 549.9 Å, 15.21 Å, and 0.17%, respectively. A small-angle Kratky camera was used for the experimental measurements, and the theories of Kratky and Kratky and Porod were utilized to evaluate these parameters. The sample under investigation is treated as a densely packed colloidal system belonging to general micelle systems.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 161
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1699-1721 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Various methods are described and compared for the determination of particle size distributions (PSD) in the submicron range by a technique known as hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC). Data are presented for a series of monodisperse latexes to establish the validity of the Mie theory of light scattering in describing the detector optical density signal. Analyses for the PSD involve corrections to the experimental HDC chromatograms for the effects of dispersion and are broadly classified as integral and numerical methods. Comparisons of calculations are made to chromatograms for polydisperse latexes as well as synthetic, discontinuous distributions and show the critical role of the optical density-particle size relationship in determining resolution and calculation stability. An integral method involving a non-Gaussian form for the dispersion function and a polynomial expansion for the chromatogram and an iterative numerical method involving modifications of a previously published technique are shown to give the best results for the PSD. The discussion includes an analysis of the possibility of improved signal resolution using turbidity in the absorption wavelength region and refractive index measurements. The conclusion is reached that increased resolution with turbidity is preferable to refractive index measurement since lower particle concentrations can be used.
    Zusätzliches Material: 24 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 162
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1893-1896 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 163
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1907-1913 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Solvent barrier studies for fluorinated polyethylene have shown that the fluorinated surfaces reduce the rate of permeation for many solvents. The barrier property has been related to physical and chemical properties of the solvent. For instance, solvents having a dielectric constant between 7 and 10 were not retained as well as solvents with a dielectric constant less than 7.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 164
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1803-1810 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Chemically modified cotton fabric samples having different amounts of aromatic amino groups were prepared. These modified samples were reacted with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) under a variety of conditions using the pad-dry-thermofixation technique. The extent of the reaction (expressed as %P) was dependent of the degree of chemical modification of cotton, temperature and time of heating, and pH of the treating bath as well as incorporation of Lyofix CHN (N-methylol finishing agent), MgCl2·6H2O (catalyst), and urea at various concentrations. THPC did react with the modified cotton having a nitrogen content over a range of 0.4%-1.3% even in the absence of catalyst at a temperature as low as 30°C for 10 min to impart durable flame resistance to cotton. Increasing the temperature up to 80°C enhanced considerably the extent of reaction; he latter remained practically constant upon further increase in temperature. The reaction was favored in acidic media (pH 4-6), whereas alkaline media (pH 9-11) inhibited it. Incorporation of Lyofix CHN (9%), MgCl26H2O (1%), and urea (5%) along with THPC (25%) in the treating bath required a curing temperature of 120°C and a curing time of 5 min to achieve a fabric containing as much as 2.7% phosphorus with excellent durable flame resistance. A tentative mechanism of the reaction between THPC and the modified cotton was also elicited.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 165
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1833-1849 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The diffusion coefficient at zero concentration and the free volume parameters in Fujita's free volume theory were measured for benzene, hexane, and heptane in modified polyethylene films using an unsteady-state absorption technique. Films were modified by gamma irradiation, solvent conditioning, and post- and preirradiation conditioning. Dc=0 was found to drop with irradiation, the drop being larger the larger the molecular size of the diffusing molecule. A relationship for the dependance of Dc=0 on the crosslink density is proposed. Solvent conditioning led to an increase in Dc=0 directly proportional to the swelling power of the conditioning agent and to the molecular size of the diffusant molecule. In most cases, combined treatment resulted in an increase in Dc=0, the extent of which was dependent upon the relative effect of the swellant and the irradiation dose. In all cases, postirradiation conditioning led to values of Dc=0 higher than those obtained by preirradiation conditioning. The fractional free volume of the polymer was found to decrease with irradiation, showing a marked drop at low doses when reaching a state where the dose was of small effect. Changes in f(0,T) with conditioning and with combined treatment followed the same general pattern as Dc=0. β(T) was unaffected by any kind of treatment studied. Bd changed in practically the same manner as f(0,T) but in the opposite direction. A method is proposed for the optimum choice of a membrane modification procedure based on solubility and diffusivity results.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 166
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1851-1862 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A dynamic absorption technique was employed to determine the solubility of benzene, hexane, and heptane in modified polyethylene films. Films were modified by solvent annealing, crosslinking, and combinations thereof. Solvent annealing was found to increase the solubility while crosslinking led to its diminution. The effect of combined treatment on the solubility was found to be dependent on the sequence of treatment, the swelling power of the conditioning agent, and the irradiation dose. A slight effect of the solvent-diffusant pair was also observed. The solubility of the various vapors in crosslinked films was found to vary linearly with temperature. Solubility of some vapors in some of the conditioned films showed maxima with respect to temperature. The changes in solubility were explained in terms of the relative changes in the molecular volume of the diffusant and of the segmental mobility of the network chains with the various experimental conditions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 167
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2065-2071 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide, which functions as an inhibitor of the zinc dialkyldithiocarbamate-accelerated sulfur vulcanization, has been investigated by Mooney scorch measurements at 120°C and continuous measurements in a Vuremo curometer at temperatures from 100 to 140°C. The inhibition effect is due to the formation of a complex with zinc dialkyldithiocarbamate. The stability of the complex was calculated using the Hückel method which includes charge self-consistency on the central atom. The calculations are in a good agreement with the experimental results which illustrate that tetramethylthiuram disulfide, unlike an actual prevulcanization inhibitor, plays a significant role in all the stages of vulcanization. It decreases the crosslinking rate and increases the ultimate extent of vulcanization and its activation energy.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 168
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 1973-1985 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Comparisons were made of differential scanning-calorimetric (DSC) thermograms of both liquid and powdered commercial phenol-formaldehyde resins. By a combination of the results from analyses under a variety of conditions, such as ambient pressure, high pressure, using freeze-dried samples, and also by direct observation of the resin-curing process in wood-veneer assemblies, the curing reactions of phenol-formaldehyde resins were found to differ for resol and novolac systems. At a heating rate of 10°C/min, the resol resin showed endothermic curing reactions at temperatures of about 150°C, while the novolac-type resin showed an exothermic peak maximum at about 160°C. Results are presented to show how DSC can be used to differentiate between a resol and novolac system.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 169
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2125-2131 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: p-Phenylene oxadiazole/N-methyl hydrazide copolymers were prepared by polymerization of terephthalic acid, dimethyl terephthalate, and hydrazine sulfate in fuming sulfuric acid, and coagulation of the polymer was obtained in aqueous sulfuric acid. Fibers spun from these copolymers have unusually high strength and modulus, making these materials attractive for the reinforcement of articles such as tires. Yarn tenacities of 16-21 gpd and moduli of 350-450 gpd were obtained. Yarn of these copolymers showed no significant degradation under conditions to which a tire cord material is subjected in tire building and end use. In their performance in vehicle tires, tire cords were found to be competitive with other reinforcing agents such as fiber glass, steel, and commercial poly(p-phenyleneterephthalamide).
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 170
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2139-2146 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The electrokinetic properties such as zeta potential, surface charge density, and surface conductivity of polyester fibers grafted with acrylic acid and acrylonitrile were measured when cationic dye solutions were streamed through. The presence of the cationic dyes on the surface of the fibers and their specific adsorption at the carboxylic groups in the acrylic acid graft copolymer produce lowering of zeta potential. The decrease in surface charge density as the percent graft increases is due to the decrease in surface area of the fibers due to the adsorption of the cationic dyes. The same trend is observed with acrylonitrile-grafted fibers. The surface conductivity of the acrylonitrile-grafted polyester fibers increases with increase in dye concentration of the streaming solution. The results for the 27.4% grafted sample differed from those of the 7.32% and 12.1% grafts, which is indicative of the formation of a three-dimensional network causing change in both the physical structure as well as the chemical nature of the surface of the substrate.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 171
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2073-2082 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The deformational, swelling, and potentiometric behavior of ionized water-swollen gels of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-methacrylic acid (MA) copolymers used in biomedical and separation applications was investigated. With increasing degrees of neutralization α, the swelling degree strongly increases and the modulus Gs decreases. For the copolymers with MA content ≥ 30 mole-%, the dependence of Gs on α passes through a minimum. Comparison of the results with the modified theory of rubber elasticity shows that the decrease in Gs at low concentrations of charges on the chain is controlled mainly by the degree of swelling. At higher α, both the finite extensibility of network chains, caused by a high degree of swelling, and electrostatic interactions contribute to Gs. The dependence of the interaction parameter χ on the volume fraction of polymer in the gel, v2, is independent of α and closely resembles the dependence obtained for other hydrophilic polymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 172
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2099-2115 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Methods for the elucidation of the chemical components of polyurethane foams are described. Foam samples of 50 mg were hydrolyzed in aqueous base and the resulting mixture of polyols and polyamines was analyzed by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CI-MS) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The aromatic polyamines, which were separated by HPLC, produced few fragment ions under methane chemical ionization and were identified without difficulty. Each propoxylated homolog in the mixture of polyols was detected by CI-MS techniques, and approximate molecular weight profiles are presented for each polyol studied. Chemical ionization spectra are listed for samples of standard polyols and of base-hydrolyzed isocyanates. The hydrolysis products from urethane foam formulations were easily related to the standard compounds via CI-MS. These methods should be applicable to polymeric materials containing urethane, urea, and ester link-ages.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 173
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2133-2138 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The kinetics of grafting of acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, and vinyl acetate onto polyester fiber by catalytic initiation and radiation were studied. The energy of activation determined for acrylic acid grafting by the catalytic method was 10.7 kcal/mole and that for vinyl acetate grafting by the radiation method, 11.7 kcal/mole. In the case of acrylonitrile grafting by the catalytic method, the rate of grafting decreased with increase in temperature of grafting, showing the differential behavior of the precipitating type of polymer from that of homogeneous polymerization.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 174
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2155-2168 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: An experimental study of the solution properties of poly(m-phenyleneisophthalamide) (MPD-I) in dimethylacetamide (DMA)/LiCl solutions is presented. Differential refractometry, light scattering photometry, dilute and concentrated solution viscometry, and normal stress experiments are reported and interpreted. This polymer in the concentration range investigated does not exhibit mesophase behavior in contrast to its para-linked analog. Generally, it behaves as a flexible polymer molecule; however, its capacity to become a polyelectrolyte strongly influences its behavior in the presence of LiCl. MPD-I is self-associated when dissolved in pure DMA but dissociates in DMA/LiCl solvent systems. The Zimm plots of MPD-I in DMA/LiCl solutions show distortion, probably due to polymer-salt interactions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 175
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2189-2195 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A polyhydrazide was prepared from terephthaldihydrazide (TDH) and terephthaloyl chloride (TCl) and copolyhydrazides from oxalicdihydrazide (ODH) and from TCl with a 50:50 molar mixture of ODH and TDH. The 50:50 copolymer gave superior spinning performance and fiber properties and was studied extensively as a candidate for tire cords. The best yarn tensile properties were 21.6 gpd (grams/denier) tenacity, 6% elongation, and 443 gpd modulus. Temperature resistance and creep resistance were good, while the resistance to uv light was only fair. Stability in rubber and adhesion to rubber were good. In radial tires built with equal-strength belts, mileage from tires having the copolymer cord in the belts was equal to that of steel-belted tires.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 176
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2225-2231 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of nine derivatives of salicylanilides on the elastic properties of ultraviolet-aged natural rubber have been investigated. The results are compared with similar blends without additives and also with reference samples containing phenyl salicylate. The compounds showed variable effects, but both o-Cl and p-OCH3 derivatives showed remarkable effects. They both help in the thermal crosslinking. Also, natural rubber samples containing these derivatives showed remarkable stability in tensile stress, elongation, and swelling.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 177
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2253-2264 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A technique is described for producing a thick interlayer composite material composed of an epoxy resin as the matrix and an acrylic-coated fiberglass filler. Through the use of electrostatic forces, the fibers are encapsulated with a controlled, uniform layer(s) of the rubbery acrylic polymer. This coating is then crosslinked. These fibers are subsequently placed into the epoxy matrix, whereby the interfacial properties of the composite become modified. Rapid diffusion of the resin and curing agent results in an interpenetrating network being formed at the glass-epoxy interface. The placement of a uniform latex coating on the fiberglass surface results in improvements in the mechanical properties of the composite. Increases in damping, impact strength, and tensile properties are described.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 178
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2279-2291 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: In poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyacrylamide films containing the corresponding polymer-Cu2+ complexes, the reason why the films may gain surface electrical semiconductivity as high as 10-3 Ω-1 when treated with acetone solution of iodine was investigated. Optical and scanning electron microscope observations indicated that the coagulated polymer-Cu2+ complexes favor the appearance of the high conductivity and that the state of coagulation depends on the anions of the copper salts used as well as two parameters, F1 ≡ [Cu2+]/[MU] and F2 ≡ [OH-]/[Cu2+], where [MU] is the molar concentration of monomeric units of the polymer and [OH-] is that of hydroxide ions added. The effectiveness of the anions in causing coagulation decreases in the order of SO42- 〉 Cl- 〉 NO3- ≈ Br-. The whitish substance that appears on the film surface after the iodine treatment gives x-ray Debye-Scherrer rings characteristic of γ-CuI. The γ-CuI surface layer adheres to the film rather firmly, at least in polyacrylamide, and is responsible for the conductivity. By controlling the state of coagulation of the complexes and hence the formation of the γ-CuI surface layer, we have produced films with anisotropic surface electrical semiconductivity, i.e., σ∥ ≈ 10-4 Ω-1 and σ∥/σ⊥ = 1 ˜ 103. Optical and ESR spectra are also obtained to understand the mechanism of γ-CuI formation and to clarify the optical properties of the films.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 179
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2327-2334 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Cation-exchange resins have been synthesized through the condensation of N-vinylcarbazole and poly(N-vinylcarbazole) with furfural in presence of anhydrous AlCl3 and subsequent sulfonation of the condensates. The resins have been characterized in respect to their polyfunctionality, exchange capacity, and thermal stability.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 180
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2343-2353 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Polyethylenimine membranes consisting of linear polyethylenimine (PEI) and polyepichlorohydrin (PECH) were prepared by casting and heating an N,N-dimethylformamide solution of the two polymers under nitrogen at 100°C for 60 min. The membrane was also prepared by a heat-press method in a conventional manner. The cast membrane obtained was transparent. The membrane has a crosslinked structure due to the reaction between the secondary amino groups in PEI and the chloromethyl groups in PECH. Although a larger feed ratio of PEI/PECH gave membranes with a larger adsorption capacity for Cu2+ ions, the optimum ratio was 40/100 with respect to mechanical properties. A belt conveyor system using the PEI membrane was able to transport Cu2+ ions from one bath to another. In a diffusion dialysis against 1N HCl, the PEI membrane crosslinked rather tightly showed a specific ion-selective transfer character. For example, in Cu2+-Ca2+ system the permeability ratio Pcu/Pca was about 3.8. The selectivity arises from the difference between affinities (extractabilities) of PEI toward metal ions. The selectivity was changed depending on the pH value.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 181
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2397-2407 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The pervaporation performances of membranes obtained by radiation grafting of N-vinylpyrrolidone onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene), polyethylene, polybutene, and poly(dimethylsiloxane) films were studied using a water-dioxane azeotropic mixture. The influence of the following parameters was examined: grafting ratios, radiation dose rates, nature of the base films, poly(tetrafluoroethylene) film-making methods, and structural transition. An attempt has been made to interpret the results in terms of variations in the number, size, and density of the grafted domains which form the diffusion paths for the permeating molecules. Based on this interpretation, a general rule is proposed for selecting adpated methods to prepare efficient pervaporation membranes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 182
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2373-2384 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: High molecular weight polyisobutylene samples were degraded by milling at 320 K. The degradation process was followed by determining the course of the changes in molecular weight distributions (MWD) that were obtained by gel permeation chromatography. After long milling times degradation stops or at least the rate of rupture becomes extremely small, the molecular weight approaching an apparent minimum value (Mm) of 0.4 × 106. The rate of degradation decreases in the course of the first ½ to 1 hr from an initial value to one constant up to at least 3 hr if the maximum shear rate is higher than about 6 s-1. At lower shear rates the rate of scission is constant from the start. When milling is stopped for 24 hr, high initial rupture rate is observed on resumption of milling at high shear rate, again followed by a drop in rate to the same value as before the interruption. The initial rates are independent of shear rate, whereas the subsequent constant rates are proportional to the rate of shear. These observations are discussed in terms of an equilibrium between the formation of multimolecular “rheological units” and the tendency, due to thermal motion, to form a homogeneous entanglement network. The MWDs are compared with those calculated from a model based on a given relation between probability of scission (P) and molecular weight and an assumed probability distribution (Q) of rupture site along the length of the polymer moelecules. The observed MWDs are incompatible with those calculated from models in which Mm = 0 or in which breakage near the center of the molecule is favored. They agree rather well with computed MWDs based on the assumptions that P ∞ MW and Q is the symmetrical beta function between points along the molecule Mm removed from the ends, where Mm is (0.4-0.5) × 106. The mechanism of rupture appears to be the same for low and for high shear rates.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 183
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2409-2418 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The kinetics of polycondensation and copolycondensation of terephthaloyl chloride with numerous bisphenols in α-chloronaphthalene solutions were examined. The values of activation energy E of the polycondensation processes were calculated. Isokinetic temperatures for different systems of monomers were determined. A series of syntheses of copolyesters at isokinetic temperature and other temperatures was carried out. The products obtained during the reaction were examined. It was found that at isokinetic temperature the composition of the products is independent of the extent of reaction, whereas at other temperatures it depends on the reactivity ratio of monomers used, as well as on the extent of reaction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 184
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2425-2434 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The state of cellulose as defined by its crystallinity, grinding, and average degree of polymerization (D.P.) highly influences the grafting yield. Grinding of cellulose with a Wiley mill results in decreased grafting, while grinding with a ball mill or treatment with ethylenediamine, both of which lead to decrystallization of cellulose, nearly inhibits the grafting reaction from taking place. On the other hand, decreased D.P. leads to increased grafting yield. The governing factor being attributed to the specific surface of the cellulose. Increased specific surface, as decreased D.P., brings about an increase in the active sites formed on the cellulose and hence an increase in the grafting yield. However, this occurs up to a limit beyond which further increase in the specific surface, respectively, the formed active sites, as grinding with a Wiley mill and decrystallization, brings about termination reactions through disproportionation and coupling of the exceedingly increased free radicals, and hence grafting is decreased or nearly inhibited. Drying of cellulose at 105°C resulted in decreased grafting yield. This was attributed to condensation of the cellulose structure. It has been also found that the grafting yield is influenced by the type and origin of cellulose whose reactivities differ for different monomers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 185
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2463-2479 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The viscoelastic melt behavior of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPOPPO is a registered trademark of the General Electric Company. resin), high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), and a 35-65 blend of these polymers has been characterized by measuring the steady shear viscosity and primary normal stress difference and the dynamic storage and loss moduli as functions of shear rate or frequency and temperature. Time-temperature superpositioning was used to generate master curves of each type of data for a reference temperature of 260°C. This procedure required five different empirical shift factors for each material. These shift factors show large differences between PPO resin and HIPS and exhibited large deviations from the WLF equation with universal constants. This result suggests that the temperature dependence of the relaxation processes in PPO resin is significantly different from the temperature dependence of HIPS relaxations. Flow activation energies computed from the viscosity data for PPO resin are much higher and more shear sensitive than those calculated for HIPS. The computed relaxation spectra clearly display the effect of long-time relaxation mechanisms associated with PPO molecules when compared to HIPS. The 35-65 blend exhibits general rheological compatibility with material parameters and responses intermediate between PPO resin and HIPS. This result is indicative of a high degree of segmental mixing for the two components in the blend.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 186
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2537-2540 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 187
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2579-2590 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The study of the adsorption of an organosiloxane onto a fumed silica was undertaken in order to improve our knowledge of the reinforcement of silicon rubbers by silica. IR and gas-phase chromatography techniques were used to characterize the adsorption of octamethyltetracyclosiloxane. At room temperature, the occurrence of hydrogen bonding between the solute and the adsorbent was shown. The amount of material adsorbed according to this mechanism was shown to be strongly dependent on temperature. The heats of adsorption at various covering ratios were calculated from the isotherms measured at temperatures close to 150°C.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 188
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2711-2717 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The tensile mechanical properties of diethylenetriamine (DETA)-cured bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) epoxies prepared from 9, 11 and 13 phr DETA are reported as a function of thermal history, strain-rate and test temperature. These epoxies exhibit macroscopic yield stresses and 〉10% ultimate elongations. The mechanical properties of these epoxies exhibit a free-volume dependence as a function of thermal history. Annealing below Tg causes an increase in the macroscopic yield stress and a decrease in the ultimate elongation, whereas quenching from above Tg lowers the yield stress and increases the elongation. These mechanical property modifications are shown to be reversible with reversible thermal-anneal cycles. The activation volumes associated with Eyring's theory for stress-activated viscous flow for the DGEBA-DETA epoxies are within the range of values (9-12 nm3) reported for noncrosslinked polymers. These observations suggest that the DGEBA-DETA epoxies are not as highly crosslinked as would be expected from normal addition reactions of epoxide groups with primary and secondary amines. The formation of lower crosslink density networks is discussed in terms of potential chemical reactions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 189
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2757-2761 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The base-catalyzed sulfur-1,2-ethanedithiol reactions appear to follow pseudo first-order kinetics as determined by TGA. The activation energy has been determined to be 26.1 kcal/mol with either cyclo-octameric or catenapolymeric sulfur.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 190
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The aromatic polysulfone poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenyleneiso-propylidene-1,4-phenylene) (I) showed no change in flexural yield strength after doses of γ-radiation up to 600 Mrad in vacuum at 35,80, and 125°C (Tg = 190°C)). However, the flexural strength decreased markedly with doses above 100 Mrad on irradiation in air, to 40-60% of the initial value after 200-400 Mrad, depending on the sample and the irradiation conditions. Chain crosslinking was predominant over scission for irradiation in vacuum at all temperatures; (G(X), G(S), and G(S)/G(X) increased with the irradiation temperature, but G(S)/G(X) decreased to zero above Tg. Poly(oxy-1,4-phenylenesulfonyl-1,4-phenylene) (II) behaved similarly, except that the flexural strength was found to be very dependent on the thermal treatment of the sample. This polymer showed a remarkable retention of its mechanical properties on irradiation up to 200°C (Tg = 230°C) in the absence of air, the flexural strength being retained up to 500 Mrad. Radiation annealing occurred at 35°C in vacuum and air and combined radiation and thermal annealing at 125 and 220°C. Progressive removal of surface layers from flexural test bars of I irradiated in air showed that the decrease in flexural strength with dose could be explained by a decrease in the molecular weight towards the surface resulting from radiation-oxidation reactions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 191
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2821-2823 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 192
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2855-2869 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of extent of degradation of poly(m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene) on the quantity and molecular weight of the residue is described. Comparative studies on polystyrene and poly(m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene) have indicated significant differences between the two polymers. Torsional braid analysis has shown the crosslinked residue from poly(m-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene), produced at temperatures greater than 150°C, to be obtained on the heating cycle rather than the cooling cycle, and mechanisms to account for this phenomenon are discussed. The physical form of the residue has been found to be molecular weight dependent, and this has been discussed in terms of the differences in “melt temperature” relative to the “onset temperature” for crosslinking. The quantity and composition of the fraction volatile at pyrolysis temperature, involatile at ambient temperature are discussed. The components of this fraction were identified by GPC and mass spectrometry and include oligomers containing the secondary amino function. Mechanisms involving N-alkyl and N-aryl scission are proposed to account for the observed products.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 193
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2929-2931 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The technique for staining unsaturated additives within cotton fibers reacts osmium tetroxide with a sorbyl moiety which has been attached to the cellulose chain. Resulting electron micrographs indicate that contrast is considerably enhanced. Measurements of fibrillar size averaged 0.30 nm, closely approximating the values in the literature.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 194
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2909-2922 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Zeta potential measurements by the streaming current method were performed on pulp (DP) fibers with or without irreversibly adsorbed monolayers of cationic polyelectrolyte. Factors affecting the electrokinetic properties of these fibers, such as the amount of adsorbed polymer, the polymer molecular weight (Mn 50,000 and 200,000), ionic strength (10-5 ∼ 10-2M KCl), and the pH of the streaming medium (KCl solution), were examined. As the amount of adsorbed polymer increased, the negative zeta potential of the fibers decreased until the polarity of the zeta potential was reversed to the positive side. A marked change in the value of zeta potential was not observed when the formation of the saturated monolayer was completed. The zeta potential also varied in proportion to an increase in the amount of polymer adsorbed. Experimental results are interpreted with reference to the origin of the surface charge, the amphoteric nature of the surface, the modes of adsorption, and the adsorbed polymer chain configuration. Possible effects of the adsorbed monolayer formation on the structural change of the electric double layer at the fiber surface are discussed. It is concluded that the formation of a monolayer of cationic polyelectrolytes on the negatively charged cellulose fibers under the condition of k1 〉 k2 (part I) provides a means to arbitrarily control the charge of the fibers until formation of a saturated monolayer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 195
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2939-2943 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A strong acid ferromagnetic cation-exchange resin based on styrene divinylbenzene polymer has been prepared and characterized.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 196
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3041-3049 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The constants a,b of the equation log M̄n = a - b log [lim (ΔR/c)] in benzene and chloroform were obtained at 25, 37, and 45°C for the Knauer vapor osmometer and compared with those published by Brzeziňski et al. for the Mechrolab 302. It was found that the constant b in the above solvents had identical values, depending on the temperature used. The value of a depends on the resistance of the thermistors. The procedure used for obtaining lim (ΔR/c) from the concentration dependence is discussed. Comparison of the limiting slope dependence and the gradient dependence reveals the error of the zero point, which cannot always be eliminated by employing a procedure by Glover.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 197
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Grafting of 2-methyl-5-vinyl pyridine (MVP) onto partially carboxymethylated cotton having 6 meq COOH/100 g cellulose (PCMC) was effected by a Fe2+-H2O2 redox system. Different graft yields were obtained by varying MVP concentration from 10 to 100 wt % PCMC. In a subsequent step these graft copolymers were treated with epichlorohydrin. Dyeing of untreated cotton, PCMC, PCMC grafted with MVP, and epichlorohydrin-treated poly(MVP)-PCMC graft copolymers was carried out at room temperature (27°C) for varying lengths of time (2.5-60 min) in the absence of alkali catalyst or any other additives. Three reactive dyes, Procion Red M-GS, Procion Orange Brown H-2GS, and Remazole Brilliant Blue; a direct dye, Orangé Solophényle 2RL; and an acid dye, Erio Blue Marine 2GR were used at a concentration of 2% by weight of material. It was found that none of the three reactive dyes or the acid dye interacts with untreated cotton or PCMC. In contrast, the direct dye did. PCMC grafted with MVP, on the other hand, showed a substantial extent of dye exhaustion regardless of the dye used. After-treatment of poly(MVP)-PCMC graft copolymers with epichlorohydrin significantly enhanced the extent of dye exhaustion. The latter reacted almost 100% with all the dye examined, irrespective of the graft yield, which varied from 1.6% to 63%. Dyeings for reactive dyes withstood soaping for 1 hr at boil and extraction with 50% dimethylformamide, whereas dyeings for the direct dye and the acid dye failed to do so. It is believed that the presence of pyridine moieties in the graft act as an internal, built-in catalyst for expediting the reaction of reactive dyes with cellulose hydroxyls and behave as a weak base capable of salt-linkage formation in case of the acid and direct dyes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 198
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3139-3142 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 199
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3155-3166 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A new method is developed to estimate the reactivity ratios from composition-conversion data based on nonlinear regression. Previously published experimental data for the copolymerization of acrylic acid and acrylamide are analyzed by the new method and the results compared to those reported by the original investigators. Composition-conversion data were collected for this copolymerization system at intermediate conversion levels and over a limited range of compositions. Values for the reactivity ratios at 40°C were obtained from these data by the new algorithm and compared to the literature values.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 200
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 3271-3280 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: It has been shown that the pyrolysis of cellulose at low pressure (1.5 Torr) can be described by a three reaction model. In this model, it is assumed that an “initiation reaction” leads to formation of an “active cellulose” which subsequently decomposes by two competitive first-order reactions, one yielding volatiles and the other char and a gaseous fraction. Over the temperature range of 259-341°C, the rate constants of these reactions, ki (for cellulose → “active cellulose”), kv (for “active cellulose” → “volatiles”), and kc (for “active cellulose” → char + the gaseous fraction) are given by ki = 1.7 × 1021e- (58,000/RT) min -1, kv = 1.9 × 1016e- (47,300/RT) min-1, and kc = 7.9 × 1011e- (36,600/RT) min-1, respectively.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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