ALBERT

Description: The animal remains (mostly of shells, fish, and turtles) collected by Mr. H. R. VAN HEEKEREN and Mr. C. J. DU RY at the Indian site Sint Jan II, Curaçao, in March, 1960, include a few specimens of mammals. As was the case with the Indian site Santa Cruz, on Aruba (HOOIJER, 1960), several forms are represented that are no longer extant on the island, although this does not imply that all of them were strictly endemic at the time of formation of the Indian refuse heaps; they may have been imported for food or other purposes. The material dates from 1000—1500 A.D., and is therefore late pre-Columbian. The following forms are present:

Description: The structural geology and metamorphic petrology of the Bosost area in the Valle de Arán (Central Pyrenees) is discussed. The rocks exposed in this area consist of Cambro-Ordovician mica-schists with numerous granite and pegmatite bodies, phyllites and limestones; Silurian slates and schists and Devonian schists and limestones. The major structure dating from the Hercynian orogeny is the Garonne dome with essentially horizontal schistosity. Large steep folds in the Devonian accompanied by axial plane slaty cleavage are folded disharmonically with regard to the Cambro-Ordovician. Both kinds of structures date from the main phase. A second and later phase with N-S foldaxes was accompanied by laminar flow in E-W direction as shown by numerous rotated porphyroblasts. A third and fourth phase of deformation have folds with vertical axial planes in NW-SE and E-W direction. These last three phases are characterized by minor and microfolds only. The method of investigating microstructures mainly with regard to porphyroblasts is discussed first; then its application. This resulted in the establishment of four metamorphic zones: a biotite-zone; a staurolite-andalusite-cordierite-zone; an andalusite-cordierite-zone and a cordierite-sillimanite-zone; in this order with increasing grade. The higher zones have passed through each of the lower grade ones, so that the cordierite-sillimanite-zone has the most complex history. Staurolite is the first aluminium-silicate to crystallize with increasing temperature, than andalusite, cordierite and finally sillimanite. Before sillimanite started to form, staurolite was already unstable; at the beginning of sillimanite crystallization andalusite became unstable. Cale-silicate rocks in the Ordovician limestone in the cordierite-sillimanite-zone contain bytownite, grossularite, diopside and vesuvianite. Granite and pegmatite bodies and sills occur in all the aluminium-silicate bearing zones, but most abundant in the cordierite-sillimanite-zone. Their emplacement lasted from shortly after the first phase until after the fourth. The culminating point lies around the fourth phase. The granites are mainly composed of albite, quartz, and muscovite; the pegmatites carry smaller or larger amounts of microcline. Chemical analyses of phyllites and mica-schists have shown that the composition of both rock groups is essentially the same. With increasing silicium content, aluminium and potassium decrease. The granites have high alcali percentages with sodium predominating over potassium.

Description: Die Subsubclassis Redioinei ODENING, 1960 innerhalb der Unterklasse Digenea (VAN BENEDEN, 1858) wurde in zwei früheren programmatischen Systementwürfen provisorisch, teilweise in Anlehnung an LA RUE (1957), gegliedert (ODENING 1960, 1961b). Ich halte es heute für angebracht, die in jeder Beziehung bestimmbaren und festumrissenen Trematodengruppen als Ordnungen zu bewerten, wie es z.B. auch in den neueren Systemen der Cestoden der Fall ist. Diese Auffassung hat nicht nur praktische Vorzüge, sondern sie befreit auch die unbestritten einheitlichen Gruppen aus hypothetischen Verbindungen. Ist es doch ein Nachteil der meisten neueren Einteilungsversuche der Digenea, daß phylogenetische Hypothesen in Form von Ordnungen etabliert wurden, die nach Lage der Dinge je nach Auffassung der Autoren recht verschieden zusammengesetzt waren, während die wirklich einheitlichen Gruppen mit den Zwischenkategorien (Unterordnung, Überfamilie) bedacht wurden. Die Redioinei umfassen nach der neuen Wertung folgende selbständige Ordnungen (alphabetische Reihenfolge): 1. Allocreadiida Odening, 1960 2. Azygiida (La Rue, 1957) stat. et nom. emend. 3. Clinostomatida (Allison, 1943) stat. et nom. emend. 4. Cyclocoelida (La Rue, 1957) stat. et nom. emend. 5. Fasciolida (Poche, 1926) stat. et char. emend. 6. Hemiurida (Poche, 1926) stat. emend. 7. Opisthorchiida (La Rue, 1957) char. emend. 8. Paramphistomatida (Poche, 1926) stat. et char. emend. Die Ordnung Didymozoida (Poche, 1926) ist von den Redioinei auszuschließen, da sie möglicherweise nicht zu den Digenea gehört (siehe Baer & Joyeux 1961).

Description: When working at the Tropical Institute, Amsterdam (1952—1957), some cases came to my notice of small borers belonging to the Scolytidae, Platypodidae and Bostrychidae attacking newly felled timber in Surinam and causing the same well-known trouble as in other tropical regions. My interest in the neotropical representatives of these families was further aroused by the material handed to me by my friend J. G. Betrem who had collected it during the two months that he carried on investigations into the status of Xyleborus morigerus in coffee plantations near Cali, Colombia, in 1959. This led me to assembling and assorting the material of these families of West Indian origin to be found in the collections of the Leiden and Amsterdam museums. This material was rather scanty and partly unnamed but it still provided some interesting data. Recently Mr. P. H. van Doesburg jr, entomologist at the Landbouwproefstation (Agricultural Experiment Station) at Paramaribo submitted some newly acquired Scolytidae which he had collected in the Surinam plantations. They provided some data on the habits and economic status of the little borers additional to those compiled by J. B. M. van Dinther in his book on the Insect pests of cultivated plants in Surinam (1960), in which survey a few species collected by him but not fully identified, were mentioned. At my request I then received for examination the latter specimens kept in the collection of the Entomological Laboratory at Wageningen, and, through the kind cooperation of Dr. D. C. Geyskes and Mr. van Doesburg, also all the material preserved in the collections of the Surinam Museum and the Experiment Station at Paramaribo. My main interest was directed towards the ecological data and a search was made for information to be found in earlier reports and in the literature of adjacent countries. In this way sufficient relevant data accumulated to warrant the publication of the present paper. For the identification of species unknown to us and the verification of old names I applied to Professor S. L. Wood, Provo, Utah, U.S.A. on various occasions. A few Bostrychidae were identified by the late Professor J. M. Vrijdagh, Brussels.

Description: This thesis describes the vegetation and discusses the prevailing ecological factors of a savanna region near Jodensavanne, Suriname; savanna being defined in this context as a landscape with low and often open woody vegetation, relieved by tracts with a thin to dense cover of herbs. The methodology of the French-Swiss school of phytosociologists appeared appropriate for semi-quantitative description of the vegetation but, because of the limited scope of the study, it was considered premature to apply the synsystematic rules of this school, so the established units are called “major vegetation types”, with “variants”, “subvariants” and “facies” as subunits. Three major vegetation types of scrub and five of herb vegetation are described in detail and some attention has been given to the surrounding woods and forests. Except for small fringe areas, the savanna is limited to rather coarse white-sandy soils, the characteristics and genesis of which are discussed. It is demonstrated that the hardpan which occurs in places is a paleopedogenelic feature and that this hardpan does not influence the presentday drainage conditions, for the drainage pattern could be explained on the basis of topography alone. The drainage condition which is one of the more important edaphic factors affecting the vegetation, allows a division of the vegetation types into two groups, one representing the “dry savanna” and the other the “wet savanna”. On the wet savanna much of the differentiation in the herb vegetation is produced by water flowing over the soil. Some direct results of burning could be analyzed, but about the long term effects of fire only suppositions could be made.

Description: The Kwae Noi River basin, WNW of Bangkok, close by the forested Bilauk Taung range along the frontier with Burma, has again attracted the attention of botanists. In 1926, Kerr collected c. 558 numbers; in 1946, Kostermans, Bloembergen & Den Hoed over 1200. From 1 November 1961 to 24 February 1962, an exploration in this area was made by Mr. Kai Larsen of Copenhagen and Mr. Tem Smitinand of Bangkok. They collected in various forest types, also on limestone and in swamp vegetations, about 2000 numbers. The material is at the Copenhagen Museum, the second set, after identification, will go to Bangkok; duplicates are available to the institutes where specialists assist in the identification and as exchange material. In Mr. Larsen’s brief account, Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 20 (1962) 109-119 + map + 9 phot., we are pleased to read that the Erawan area, with its travertine formations and rich fern vegetation, is planned by the Royal forest Department to be safeguarded as a national park.

Description: Abeywickrama, B.A.: The vegetation of the lowlands of Ceylon in relation to soil (Trop. Soils & Veget. – Proc. Abidjan Symp. 1961, 87-92). Abraham, A., C.A. Ninan & P.M. Mathew: Studies on the cytology and phylogeny of the Pteridophytes. VII. Observations on one hundred species of South Indian ferns (J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 41, 1962, 339-421, 115 fig., 23 tables).

Description: Walker, F.S.: The forests of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. A new printing of this book, which never received a very wide distribution, appeared in 1962. It gives a general description of the vegetation, based on 18 months of survey and detailed notes on about 300 species collected by Walker and C.T. White. Useful for both botanist and forester. Copies cost Austr. £ 2.- (i.e. about 34 Sh. Sterling or US $ 4.50); enquiries should be addressed to the Chief Forestry Officer, P.O. Box 6, Honiara, British Solomon Islands. Mr. K. M. Kochummen of the Kepong Forest Research Institute has prepared field keys for all Malayan timber species mentioned in the Pocket Check List. The intention is to produce an enlarged revised edition (the present issue being out of print), but it is probable that the data will come out in the Forest Research Pamphlet series first.

Description: Abstracts of papers presented at the meetings of the Botanical Society of America, in Am. J. Bot. 49 (1962), as far as these relate to Malaysian botany. Author’s addresses are found in the Journal. Canright, J.E. & M.P. Paden: Contributions of pollen morphology to the phylogeny of the Annonaceae, Eupomatiaceae, and Myristicaceae: p. 674. -— Palynological evidence supports Sinclair’s view that Desmos and Dasymaschalon should be merged. The African genera Isolona and Monodora, however, should probably be placed wider apart as their grouping together in the Monodoroideae seems unnatural. Palynologically as well as anatomically, Eupomatia is suspected not to link Annonaceae with Eupomatiaceae as Hutchinson suggested. Relationship of Myristicaceae with Annonaceae is confirmed.

Description: Gazetteer to the Philippine Road map, compiled by M. Jacobs. Reprints of precursory papers, as far as available.

Description: The genus Glaphyria Jack (Trans. Linn. Soc. 14, 1823, 128; reimpr. Calc. J. Nat. Hist. 4, 1843, 306) was based on two species, G. nitida Jack from G. Bunko or Sugar Loaf Mt in Bencoolen (neighbourhood of Mt Dempo) and G. sericea Jack, l.c. 129, from Penang 1. Bentham & Hooker (Gen. Pl. 1, 1865, 703) interpreted the genus ex descr. as a synonym of Leptospermum adding that the fruit was erroneously described as baccate.

Description: More than ten years ago, I published some notes on the taxonomy of Surinam millipedes. My intention then was to describe and record in a series of papers the material of Diplopoda in the collections of the Amsterdam and Leiden Museums, and to give a survey of the millipede fauna of Surinam. However, as this work progressed it became evident that the monographs and revisions by the authors of the previous generation were only too often a quite unreliable basis for the project planned, and that descriptions of new species were rather useless if not preceded by at least partial revisions of the nomenclature and systematics of the genera or even families involved.

Description: Our thanks are due to the following for their identifications of host animals: Dr. W. ADAM, Muséum Royal d’Histoire Naturelle, Brussels (cephalopods from Curaçao); Dr. GILBERT L. VOSS, University of Miami Marine Laboratory, Florida (cephalopods from Barbados); Mrs. R. E. TEAGLE, British Museum (Natural History), London (ophiuroids from Curaçao); Dr. ELISABETH DEICHMANN, Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. (the remaining echinoderms); and Dr. MARIAN H. PETTIBONE, University of New Hampshire, Durham (polychaetes). A.G.H. and R.U.G. wish to express their appreciation to Mr. ROBERT GREENHILL for his assistance during their collecting in Barbados and for obtaining a further sample of octopus in September, 1959; to Dr. IVAN GOODBODY and the staff of the Marine Laboratory, University College of the West Indies, Jamaica, for providing more amphinomid polychaetes in October, 1961; and to the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History) through Dr. J. P. HARDING for the opportunity to examine material of Pseudanthessius thorelli. Additional collections from Barbados were made by R.U.G. in December, 1961—January, 1962. This work was supported by grants from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles (WOSUNA), Amsterdam, and from the National Science Foundation of the United States, Washington.

Description: Avant d’aborder l’étude des poduromorphes du Surinam, je remercie mon Maître Cl. Delamare Deboutteville qui a bien voulu me confier l’étude de ceux-ci récoltés par Monsieur J. van der Drift. Dans ce matériel j’ai trouvé trois espèces de poduromorphes dont une nouvelle pour la science. Ces espèces sont les suivantes: Brachystomella parvula (Schäffer 1896), Arlesia albipes (Folsom 1927), Neotropiella vanderdrifti n.sp.

Description: Among the fishes taken during a recent collecting trip to Curaçao are three very colorful small serranoids which represent undescribed species. Two of the three new fishes are grammids of the previously monotypic genus Lipogramma, and their discovery necessitates a slight modification of the generic description. The remaining fish is provisionally placed in Chorististium (this genus may not be distinct from Liopropoma). Five other small serranids and one grammistid not known from Curaçao were also collected: Chorististium rubre, and C. mowbrayi, Serranus annularis, S. luciopercanus, Schultzea beta Pseudogramma bermudensis. Four of these fishes have also been taken in Puerto Rico for the first time and two of the new species as well. The holotype of each new species has been deposited in the United States National Museum (USNM). Paratypes have been variously placed in the U.S. National Museum, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP), Marine Laboratory of the University of Miami (UMML), Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden (RMNH) and the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (UPR).

Description: In the valley of Ocejo (prov. León) a series of alternating conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and shales with a red colour are found. This series is 180 m thick, of Stephanian B + C age, and at present dips ± 30°W. Sedimentological analysis gives the following data: (1) quartz is the dominant detrital mineral, hematite and clay form the cement; (2) the components of the conglomerates are chiefly limestones of cobble size, the fine-grained sediments and matrices being chiefly siltstones with varying admixtures of clay size material; (3) the limestone pebbles have low roundness- and flatness-index values. The sediment was deposited by torrents at the foot of a rising mountain area. The source region had a thick cover of red soil on top of limestones. Rapid erosion in these elements caused the deposition of limestone conglomerates in a red matrix during a period in which the climate was warm and humid.

Description: Pollen diagrams have been prepared of eight sections of Quaternary sediments from different localities on the coastal plain of British Guiana, and partly dated with the C 14 method. A Riss-Würm interglacial transgression, a Würm-glacial regression and a Holocene transgression have been established. The Würm-glacial vegetation on the place of the present coastal plain area was a poor grass-savanna type. The Holocene transgression at about 9500 B.P. is represented at 23 m. below present sea level and the maximum attained around 6500 B.P. when the relative sealevel was at least 2½ m. above that at present.

Description: The material brought back by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK from his various trips to the West Indies includes a number of starfish, which — with exception of the specimens belonging to Astropectinidae, Echinasteridae and Goniasteridae — were given to the present author as a subject for taxonomic examination. This resulting contribution to science is the outcome of no more than a few months of practical work under the direction of Dr. HUMMELINCK, and can therefore not be other than a rather superficial study, in which only additional material from the museums in Amsterdam and Leiden has been considered. The material covered in this paper comprises: Oreaster reticulatus (L.), from BIMINI, NEW PROVIDENCE, CUBA, JAMAICA, HISPANIOLA, ST. MARTIN, LOS TESTIGOS, MARGARITA, BONAIRE, ARUBA, and BRAZIL. — Plates III—VI. Linckia guildingii Gray, from BIMINI, NEW PROVIDENCE, ST. KITTS, BONAIRE, KLEIN BONAIRE, CURAÇAO, ARUBA, and BRAZIL. — Plate VII. Ophidiaster guildingii Gray, from CURAÇAO. — Plate VIII. Asterina folium (Lütken), from COLOMBIA (Santa Marta). — Plate IX. Asterina hartmeyeri Döderlein, from ST. JOHN, ST. MARTIN, BONAIRE, and ARUBA. — Plate IX. Asterina marginata (Perrier), from BRAZIL. — Plate IX. Luidia senegalensis (Lam.), from ANTIGUA, COCHE, VENEZUELA mainland, COLOMBIA (Rio Hacha), and BRASIL. — Plates X—XI. Luidia clathrata (Say), from “WEST INDIES”. — Plates X—XI. Luidia alternata (Say), from COLOMBIA (Río Hacha). — Plates VIII, X.

Description: The systematic place of “Cypraea” mus Linné is discussed, and it is concluded that the species belongs in Siphocypraea (Akleistostoma). The “varieties” tuberculata Gray and bicornis Sowerby should be withdrawn; they are only forms with callosities. Callus formations are often found in Cypraeidae. The distribution has been compiled from definite locality data; it covers the Caribbean coast of Colombia, and the coast of Venezuela as far as East of Paraguaná. S. mus does not occur around Curaçao or any other island of the West Indies. “Cypraea” surinamensis Perry belongs in the genus Propustularia. It is a Caribbean species, localities in Africa being incorrect. The locality data are compiled from the literature, most records date from the nineteenth century. Since the species is very rare, its exact distribution remains uncertain.

Description: Our thanks are due to Mrs. R. E. TEAGLE, British Museum (Natural History), London, and Dr. ELISABETH DEICHMANN, Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Harvard College, Cambridge, for identifying the echinoderm hosts from Curaçao and Jamaica respectively. Support by grants from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles (WOSUNA), Amsterdam, and the National Science Foundation of the United States is also acknowledged. Paper number I in this series appeared in Studies Fauna Curaçao 13, no. 56, p. 1—20 (1962).

Description: From Carboniferous deposits exposed on the southern slope of the Cantabric mountain chain, 58 rugose coral species are described. The rugose coral fauna of this area is not yet completely known. 32 of the species are new, 13 are unnamed and 12 are identical with or closely related to Upper Middle Carboniferous species from the Moscow and Donetz basins of Russia. These species have a fairly long stratigraphie range and their occurrence is largely conditioned by favourable environment. Hillia is erected as a subgenus of Lithostrotionella. New genera have not been founded, existing genera have been interpreted rather widely. The species recorded belong to the following genera or subgenera: Rotiphyllum, Bradyphyllum, Amplexocarinia, Polycoelia, Sochkineophyllum, Ufimia, Cyathaxonia, Lophophyllidiurn, Stereostylus, Zaphrentites, Duplophyllum?, Euryphyllum, Lithostrotion, Arachnastraea, Clisiophyllum, Dibunophyllum, Koninckophyllum, Corwenia, Pseudozaphrentoides, Bothrophyllum, Lonsdaleia, Lithostrotionella, Hillia, Koninckocarinia, Carcinophyllum, Axolithophyllum, Lonsdaleoides, Amygdalophylloides, Ivanovia. The distribution of the corals in the Carboniferous of Palencia is shown on Tables I to III (p. 108). The age of the formations from which the corals were obtained ranges from the Namurian up into the Westphalian D, as established by goniatite and plant evidence, or from the Bashkirian to the Upper Moscovian on fusulinid evidence.

Description: Questions of priority often necessitate a search for precise dates of publication. Much research of this kind has already been done, for instance by Britten and Woodward in their “Bibliographical notes” published in the Journal of Botany, by O. Kuntze in his Revisio generum plantarum, by W. T. Stearn in numerous publications, by Mrs. van Steenis-Kruseman in the Flora malesiana, by G. Sayre in a special book describing publications from 1801 to 1821 of importance for the nomenclature of Musci. My attention was drawn more especially to the period around 1789, the year of the French revolution, a period in which many important botanical books were published. It is sufficient to mention the names of Aiton, Cavanilles, Gaertner, Gmelin, Jacquin, Jussieu, L’Héritier, Schreber, and J. E. Smith to stress the importance to plant taxonomy of the publications of this period. The main work of the period, Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu’s Genera plantarum, came from the press in the early days of the French revolution. The last sheets were being printed on the 14th of July 1789, and the book was available some weeks later. It was especially the place of this book with regard to other books of almost the same importance, such as Aiton’s Hortus kewensis, Gaertner’s De fructibus et seminibus plantarum, Cavanilles’ Dissertationes, and Schreber’s Genera plantarum, that made me try to find more precise dates of publication for some books of the years 1788-1792. The sources of information in this kind of work are well known from the bibliographic publications mentioned above, but the particular sources for this period are more difficult to find. Since my work was centered around the Genera plantarum of de Jussieu and since during this period London was second only to Paris as the outstanding center of taxonomic research, the most important sources were of English and French origin. The French sources are intriguing but exasperating. The revolution disrupted the regular flow of periodicals and the regular work of the printers. The printing-shops had to be used again and again for the production of that tremendous amount of printed matter which accompanied the revolution. The eighteenth century had seen many prodigies of typographic production, but never before had such a feverish typographic activity been the expression of social and political events of such magnitude. Many new periodicals came into being; others were temporarily or finally suspended. The system of distribution of printed matter, however, was often disrupted, and of many publications very few copies have been preserved. The period is fascinating: the sources that give information on the publication of botanical books nearly all contain information on local and world events, information which is often illuminating for the circumstances under which botanical work had to be carried on.

Description: Previously, the chromosome number of some species of Loganiaceae was dealt with (Gadella, 1961, 1962). In continuation of these studies, 19 species are treated now, of which 15 species had not been investigated cytologically before.

Description: The aim of this book is to provide all persons interested in the tree and wood species of Suriname with a simple means to find the name of a given tree. To this end two dichotomous keys have been drawn up with the help of punched cards prepared from studies of conserved material and field observations made by the authors. The first one makes use only of vegetative characters of leaves and twigs and a few saliant features of the bark, disregarding flower and fruit characters mostly used in floras. The second key is based on the anatomy of the wood as far as this can be observed with a good 10 X or sometimes 20 X magnifying hand-lens. In the “Inleiding” the terminology applied in each of the keys and in the descriptions is explained and elucidated by sketch drawings. After the keys follows the descriptive part in which the families are treated in alphabetical sequence as are the genera within each family and species within a genus. In general the taxa are taken in the same circumscription as in the “Flora of Suriname”; where a different name is accepted, following recent views, the name in the Flora has been added in brackets. Attention is drawn to the Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae which are treated here on account of their close relationship as two major subdivisions of Leguminosae, the latter name being used as general family heading.

Description: Blume, C. L., Flora Javae, etc. Add: cf. Archiefboek Univ. Library Leyden J.N. 23 for 1847, p. 48; ibid. J.N. 26 for 1851, p. 36.

Description: The frontispiece of this number serves to feast our eyes on the daring fecit of Mr. Corner who has now organized the Malaysian Moraceae, a work on which he has spent more than a decade of intensive work, following many years of earlier work in prewar time. Daring because it confronts us with an attempt to make an imaginary picture of the prototype, or archetype, of a family as it emerged from this study. I feel certain that this will stimulate interest in evolutional thinking on the basis of morphology and anatomy combined with geography. Elsewhere in this number Mr. Corner has let himself go on the subject, how this work grew under his hands and became synthesized in his mind; may especially our younger colleagues be instructed and refreshed by it. Work on two other similarly forbiddingly large families has been finished. Prof. Holttum submitted his revision of the treeferns, and this is now actually in print. This again is a very large synthesis and the result of many years of labour by our experienced pteridologist who had to tackle the identity of many hundreds of names and wrestle with specific and generic delimitation on the basis of mostly too scanty material.

Description: A colloquium at the Rijksherbarium, Leyden, on September 27, 1962, held by Dr. P. Weberling, Mainz, on the subject of the interpretation of the inflorescence according to Prof. Troll’s ideas, stimulated me to reconsider this concept. It appears to me that the term inflorescence, as for example defined in Jackson’s Glossary as ”the disposition of flowers on the floral axis” is a merely phytographical concept. If it is attributed more than purely descriptive value, it should have a morphological basis. In the descriptive sense it is morphologically confusing. We call the inflorescence of Ananas or Sphenoclea a spike, but we define the flowering parts of Melaleuca, Callistemon, or Pentraphylax also as spikes, which they are, but merely by superficial appearance. In the latter cases the spike is morphologically of an essentially different nature, namely the tip of a twig, covered with closely set, solitary, lateral flowers (uniflorous inflorescences), each in the axil of a small bract, whilst vegetative growth of the tip of the twig is arrested temporarily during anthesis, to burst forth from the vegetative end bud post-anthesin.

Description: From the new (quarto 2-column) journal ”Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India”, initiated to supplement the ’Records’ and ’Annual Reports’ and to e cited as Bull. Bot. Surv. India, we are now informed about the shape of the studies of the Indian flora, since the reorganisation in 1954-55. Three numbers have been received: vol. 1 no 1, Inauguration Number, dated October 1959: 149 pp.; vol. 2 nos 1-2, dated 1960; 273 pp.; vol. 3 no 1, dated 1961 and published on April 1, 1962; 104 pp. All these were received in August 1962. It is not clear why they came so late. The contents are certainly worthwhile and it seems that there is a great deal of progress to be observed, the Botanical Survey of India obviously being well on the way to become a most important instrument for the preparation of the future flora of India. An astonishing number of botanists is now attached to it, pure systematists as well as botanists, of affiliated branches of botany. Most of the news to follow has been derived from the introduction in the Inauguration Number on the past, present and future of the Botanical Survey of India, by Dr. J.C. Sen Gupta, and further news from a scanning of the pages of the 3 volumes published till now.

Description: Agharkar, S.P. (1884-1960) B.C. Kundu, Taxon 11 (1962) 209-211, portr. -- In reading through the concise biography of the late Prof. Agharkar, one is struck with the great amount of work done in the interest of promoting science in India and the unceasing tenacity with which he was watchful over the progress of taxonomic studies in India in particular. He very strongly wished for the development of an institute of plant taxonomy in India, suggested this to the Government, and agreed to offer all his life’s savings as a contribution for this purpose. A great geste of a great man whose sympathetic face suggests that one has really missed something in life not to have met him personally.

Description: Prof. Ernst Abbe visited Mt Otto in eastern New Guinea in June 1962. Mrs. Betty Allen left Malaya on retirement in June 1963. She has done much to further the knowledge of Malayan Pteridophyta and of the limestone flora of the hills round Ipoh, Perak. She has given the Malayan Nature Society strong support in the Society’s attempts (to date, unavailing) to obtain preservation of at least one or two of these limestone hills from the depredations of quarrying for iron ore and other minerals. She and her husband intend to settle in Spain.

Description: In Notulae Systematicae 14, fasc. 1 (1950) 24—27, Gagnepain published three new genera of Convolvulaceae, viz. Cryptanthela (l.c. p. 24), Dimerodiscus (l.c. p. 25), and Tridynamia (l.c. p. 26), each of them based on a single species. These species are respectively Cryptanthela sericea Gagnep., Dimerodiscus fallax Gagnep., and Tridynamia eberhardtii Gagnep., all found in Indo-China. The types are preserved in the Paris Herbarium. Through the kindness of the Director of the Phanerogamic division of the “Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle” in Paris, I had the opportunity to study the types, with the following result.

Description: Ridley (1883) based the genus Acriulus (Cyperaceae) on two species, A. madagascariensis Ridl. from Madagascar, and A. griegifolius Ridl. from Angola, the former of which must be considered the nomenclatural type, as the generic characters were chiefly taken from it, and the latter species was but inadequately known at the time. The author originally admitted a close affinity of Acriulus to Scleria, but “the different habit, the solitary spikeiets, and the deeply cleft style not continuous with the ovary” he regarded as sufficient to base a new genus upon, and, later on even as so important that he placed Acriulus in a different tribe, viz in Cryptangieae, not in Sclerieae (Ridley, 1884). Having had the opportunity to study a fairly great number of Acriulus specimens, I am now convinced that neither the so-called generic characters mentioned by Ridley nor any other feature justify their exclusion from Scleria. The distinct articulation between style and ovary occurring in several cyperaceous genera, such as Fimbristylis, Bulbostylis, Eleocharis, and Rhynchospora, undoubtedly furnishes a first-class character for generic delimitation. However, in Acriulus there is no question of the style being articulated with the ovary in this way, nor could I find any structural difference with the gynoecium in Scleria (fig. c and d). Deeply cleft styles are common in Scleria. There can hardly if at all be question of a habit peculiar to Scleria, a very large genus comprising annuals as well as perennials, both groups with numerous species of very diversified stature ranging from dwarfy to very stout. Therefore the alleged peculiar habit of Acriulus cannot be taken into account at the generic level. Besides, in Scleria poaeformis Retz., which may be the nearest ally of Acriulus, the numerous male spikelets are solitary, about evenly distributed along the branches of the panicle, and the few nut-bearing spikelets mostly restricted to the base of those branches, just like in Acriulus.

Description: 1. In the coastal area of Suriname the soil and surface fauna were studied in various types of agricultural land, and compared with the fauna in the adjacent forests. 2. In primeval forest the soil macroarthropods are less numerous than in secondary forest (Formicidae excluded). They range generally from 2,000 to 3,000 per m2 in the primeval forest and from 3,000 to 4,500 per m2 in the secondary forest. In cultivated land the numbers range in general from 1,500 to 2,500 per m2. In recently reclaimed land the numbers of soil macroarthropods are very small and amount to 15-30% of those in the adjacent forests. In the older agricultural soils they range from 50 up to 130% of the numbers of arthropods in forest soil. 3. The surface fauna is best developed in the secondary forest on shell ridges. In primeval forest the surface fauna is richer in the border zone than in the inner part. In cultivated land most “forest species” decrease strongly in numbers, but they are replaced by “open field species”. The numbers of surface arthropods (Formicidae, Scolytidae and Pheropsophus excluded) in the cultivated land are generally 20-40% less than in the adjacent forests. 4. On account of their much more frequent occurrence in forests the following groups were distinguished as forest inhabitants: Isopoda, Diplopoda, Dermaptera, and Staphylinidae. The following may be designated as open-field inhabitants: Lycosidae, Gryllotalpidae, Elateridae and Pheropsophus (Carabidae). 5. Of the eleven most frequent indigenous diplopod species, five were exclusively found in forest land; another five were also taken in cultivated land, but in much smaller numbers; and one species only was more numerous in the fields than in the forests. – Three introduced species were found in greater numbers or exclusively in cultivated land. One of these was only taken near Paramaribo, probably the centre of introduction. 6. In the cultivated land the number of ants active on the surface of the soil exceeds that in the adjacent forests by up to 900%. The ant population in the soil of cultivated land is generally only 10- 30% of that in forest soils. 7. Three of the 171 species accounted for about one third of all the ants collected. These occurred in nearly all fields and forest plots, and apparently have the widest ecological range. The qualitative composition of the ant fauna in the forests appeared to be much richer than that in the fields. 8. The microarthropod population (Acari and Collembola) in the cultivated land was surprisingly large and averaged 80% of that in the forest land. 9. There were no indications that the soil fauna (macroarthropods as well as microarthropods) is consistently smaller in the Surinam soils than in the Dutch soils. However, the greater production of plant material in the tropics and the absence of litter accumulation point to a more rapid decomposition, caused by a greater biological activity at the higher tropical temperatures.

Description: In his paper on “Scorpions” from Curaçao, Aruba, Bonaire and the Venezuelan Islands, WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK (Stud. fauna Cur. 2, 1940, p. 141) drew attention to the fact that specimens of Rhopalurus hasethi from the island of Aruba possess, on the average, four pectinal teeth less than specimens from Curaçao, the island from which the species was originally described. Lack of time and material prevented this author from paying full attention to other differences. He confined himself to giving a small table, in which the following numbers of pectinal teeth were reported, without a distinction being made between males and females. Curaçao (85 specimens) (22—) 25 — 27.0 — 29 (—30) Bonaire (38 specimens) 24 — 26.6 — 28 (—29) Ave de Barlovento (4 specimens) 24 — 25.4 — 27 Aruba (19 specimens) 21 — 23.1 — 25

Description: Dr. J. van der Drift hat im Jahre 1959 in Surinam umfangreiche Untersuchungen über die Bodenfauna angestellt, wobei unter anderen über 2.500 Scolytiden bezw. Platypodiden zutage kamen, die mir entgegenkommenderweise zur Bearbeitung überlassen wurden. Die Determination ergab dabei zwanzig Arten und eine Unterart der Familie Scolytidae und zwei Platypodidae. Von den Scolytiden können vier Arten und eine Unterart als neu betrachtet werden. Die Scolytiden stellen dabei den größten Teil des Kontingents, innerhalb dieser Familie steht wiederum die Gattung Xyleborus an erster Stelle und in dieser vor allem Xyleborus mascarensis Eichh., ein tropisches Allerweltstier mit mehr als 2.300 Exemplaren und zwar ausschließlich Weibchen. An zweiter Stelle steht Xyleborus rugosipennis subsp. incertus mit 36 Weibchen. Die große Zahl der gefundenen Xyleborus mascarensis Eichh. mag dadurch erklärt werden, daß diese Art außerordentlich polyphag ist und überhaupt zu den häufigsten tropischen Xyleborus-Arten zählt. Alle Xyleborus-Arten, ebenso Sampsonius dampfi Schedl und die Platypodiden sind Ambrosiakäfer und können nur zur Brut schreiten, wenn frisch gefälltes oder von Wind geworfenes bezw. gebrochenes Holz vorhanden ist. Fehlt diese Voraussetzung, was besonders zeitweise in Gegenden vorkommt, die eine ausgeprägte Trockenperiode aufweisen, dann ist der Käfer gezwungen, den geeigneten Zeitpunkt, den Beginn der Regenzeit, abzuwarten und dies gibt eine Erklärung für das häufige Vorkommen in den oberen Bodenschichten.

Description: The most important contribution to our knowledge about the holothurian fauna of the islands along the coast of northern South America is ENGEL’S brief report of 1939, based on Dr. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK and earlier workers collections, up to the year 1936. His list comprises 13 species, of which all except Pentacta pygmaea (Théel) are included in HUMMELINCK’S recent collections, which furthermore adds four more species. This expanded list is almost identical with that which recently has been compiled for the Puerto Rican waters, and with the inclusion of a few more species known from Surinam, Trinidad and Jamaica, etc., it looks as if now one has a fairly complete list of all the shallow water holothurians which occur in the Caribbean region. After the identification of HUMMELINCK’S new material had been completed, Mr. ELISHA S. TIKASINGH (1963) has produced a more extensive report on ‘The shallow water Holothurians of Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire’, which will be of much help to the students of holothurians in the southern part of the Caribbean.

Description: This paper deals mainly with a collection of ophiuroids from the Lesser Antilles sent to the British Museum (Natural History) by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in 1959. The identifications were made by ROSEMARY PARSLOW, but the discussion and figures of Amphiodia and Ophiocomella are by AILSA CLARK. The material was collected in 1948/49 and 1955. Specimens gathered by HUMMELINCK in 1930 and 1936 are mentioned in ENGEL’S report on “Echinoderms from Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire and northern Venezuela” (1939).

Description: Some years ago I described Hofstenia miamia from Virginia Key, in the Miami area (CORREA 1960, p. 211 ff.). The species was based on a single specimen found among algae in the intertidal zone. When a grant from the Government of the Netherlands gave me the chance to work at the Caribbean Marine Biological Institute, Curaçao, I found the species again. Many specimens came up from Thalassia and algae growing in low water in Piscadera Baai in February and March 1962. Though these worms are only 4 mm in length, they occur sufficiently frequently to attract the attention of future workers, and are therefore published as new members of the fauna of Curaçao. Moreover the species seems to be rather common in the Caribbean Sea, as Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK (Utrecht) found it quite accidentally on July 17, 1955, in Deep Bay, Antigua, among algae in the low-tide zone of a rocky beach, without Thalassia. I take the opportunity of extending and emending my previous description by means of this larger material.

Description: To the ornithologist the West Indies offer an assortment of field problems. In an area where it is unlikely that new species of birds will be discovered, and where the life histories of only a handful of birds are known, concentrated study of individual life histories becomes of prime importance. This paper represents the third formal life history study of a resident Puerto Rican bird and the second of a passeriform. BIAGGI’S work (1955) on the Puerto Rican race of the Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola portoricensis) was the first life history done on the island with any degree of thoroughness. More recently RODRÍGUEZVIDAL (1959) made a three-year study of the Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata vittata), which has brought to light interesting information on its previously unknown breeding habits. SPAULDING (1937) wrote three short papers in which she set down her observations on the nesting habits of three native birds.

Description: Thanks to help of the Government of the Netherlands, Dr. DIVA DINIZ CORRÊA, a lecturer in our Department, was able to work at the “Caraïbisch Marien-Biologisch Instituut” (Caribbean Marine Biological Institute; Carmabi) Curaçao, from January to July 1962. Besides actinians and nemerteans for her own studies she collected opisthobranchs for us, sketched them alive, and took notes of their shape and colours. Furthermore, Dr. PIETER WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, of Utrecht, has sent us his collections, with exception of the Aplysiidae, caught in 1930, which were already studied by ENGEL (1936).

Description: The genus Orbitolina is described in detail and is shown to be represented by one species only: Orbitolina lenticularis (Blumenbach). This species can be subdivided into form-groups, based on the characteristics of the megalospheric embryonic apparatus. The evolution of the species is orthogenetic. The specimens probably lived with the apex of the cone pointed downward. The microspheric test starts with a strepto-spiral, the megalospheric test with an embryonic apparatus consisting of a proloculus, a deuteroconch, and a varying number of epiembryonic chambers. The embryonic apparatus is the only consistent feature on which the age of Orbitolina can be determined; the method applied will be described. The neanic chamber layers consist of tubular chamber passages; the chamber layers are interconnected by oblique, aligned stolons, placed alternately left and right of the chamber passages. The contemporaneous allies Coskinolinoides texanus Keijzer, Dictyoconus walnutensis (Carsey), Orbitolinopsis kiliani (Prever), Dictyoconus floridanus (Cole) subsp. elongata (Moullade) and Simplorbitolina manasi Ciry & Rat are described and some remarks are presented on the family Orbitolinidae.

Description: In the central part of the axial zone of the Pyrenees five distinct phases of folding have been distinguished from the study of minor structures. Traces of a very early phase have been found only in the northern and southern part of the region, which appear on the map as oblique fold structures, and are most prominent from the divergency of lineations and fold axes in these parts of the region. The present aspect of the mountain chain is primarily due to the effects of the main phase in which strong compression produced tight but non isoclinal folds with axial plane slaty cleavage. In the Garonne Dome the slaty cleavage was initially flatlying, in general parallel to the bedding, but occasional folds with crosscutting cleavage have been found. Steep slaty cleavage folds of the Devonian overlying the flatlying slaty cleavage folds of the Cambro-Ordovician of this dome form a beautiful example of disharmonie folding. The main phase slaty cleavage has been found to be folded in the greater part of the area investigated, generally by small minor accordion folds. In several areas two phases of refolding have been distinguished, one with a trend diagonal to the orogene, one parallel, E—W. The intensity of the refolding is strongest in the oldest strata of the sequence. The succession of phases is evident from the folding of the planes of reference and twisting of the lineations. The patterns of the stereographic plots of data do not always show clear evidence of the succession. Knick zones accompanied the end of the Hercynian history of the mountain chain which mainly consisted of arching of the orogene, together with faulting and blockwise tilt. This period of deformation shows several characteristics of tensional stress.

Description: In the north of Spain, in the province of León, in the neighbourhood of Ciñera and Matallana, a limnic coalbasin extends between the rivers Rio Curueño and Rio Bernesga, with a E—W strike of the layers. This coalbasin, the length of which is 15 km and which is not more than 5 km wide, follows a direction, which is E—W parallel to the Cantabrian Mountainrange. The deposit, which have a regular tectonical aspect on the north side, become more complicated on the south side and especially in the eastern part. The structure of the basin is an asymmetric synclinorium. The axial plane is nearer the southern part of the basin. The dip-slopes in the north flank are less steep than those in the south flank, where the layers overkeep to the north in some places. Rarely, a specific horizon runs through the basin without pinching out or without changing the composition of the sediment. The greater part of the layers of coal in exploitation are in the western part of the basin. The sedimentation began with the coarse grained conglomerates along the north side and especially the conglomerates at Correcillas in the N—E, the thickness of which is nearly 250 m. The age of the sediments is Stefanian B.

Description: Es werden zwei Fragmente von Mammut-Stoßzähnen beschrieben, die aus den basalen „Knochen-Schichten" der Emscher-Niederterrasse (letzte Eiszeit) bei Herne und Bottrop entstammen. Beide Stoßzahn-Fragmente zeigen am distalen Ende Schliffmarken, die auf Scharrbewegungen im gefrorenen Schnee oder Sand zurückgeführt werden. Ein drittes Fundstück zeigt beidseitig zur Spitze des Stoßzahn-Fragmentes hin meißelartige Abflachungen. Vermutlich wurde dieser Stoßzahn als Arbeitszahn zum Ausgraben von Pflanzen oder zum Suchen nach Wasser benutzt; vielleicht liegt aber auch ein Artefakt vor. Das vierte Fundstück endlich, allseitig stark gerundet, am proximalen Ende mit poliert erscheinender Oberfläche, stammt aus der Knochenschicht des Schwarzbachtales bei Gelsenkirchen-Hessler. Es wird vermutet, daß es sich hierbei um ein altpaläolithisches Gerät handelt, das wie die bekannten „Glockenschaber" aus Knochen zum Enthaaren der Tierfelle verwandt wurde.

Description: research

Description: Aus dem Rheingletschergebiet werden interglaziale Verwitterungshorizonte und eine überschliffene Nagelfluh beschrieben. Der bodenkundlich genauer untersuchte Horizont von Neufra bei Riedlingen (Donau) läßt Rückschlüsse auf seine Bildungszeit zu. Infolgedessen bekommt er allgemeine stratigraphische Bedeutung für den Rheingletscher: er trennt die bisher unter „Riß" zusammengefaßte Altmoräne in Riß und Mindel. Dadurch verschieben sich alle älteren pleistozänen Schichtglieder um eine Stufe rückwärts.

Description: research

Description: Die Subsubclassis Redioinei ODENING, 1960 innerhalb der Unterklasse Digenea (VAN BENEDEN, 1858) wurde in zwei fr\xc3\xbcheren programmatischen Systementw\xc3\xbcrfen provisorisch, teilweise in Anlehnung an LA RUE (1957), gegliedert (ODENING 1960, 1961b). Ich halte es heute f\xc3\xbcr angebracht, die in jeder Beziehung bestimmbaren und festumrissenen Trematodengruppen als Ordnungen zu bewerten, wie es z.B. auch in den neueren Systemen der Cestoden der Fall ist. Diese Auffassung hat nicht nur praktische Vorz\xc3\xbcge, sondern sie befreit auch die unbestritten einheitlichen Gruppen aus hypothetischen Verbindungen. Ist es doch ein Nachteil der meisten neueren Einteilungsversuche der Digenea, da\xc3\x9f phylogenetische Hypothesen in Form von Ordnungen etabliert wurden, die nach Lage der Dinge je nach Auffassung der Autoren recht verschieden zusammengesetzt waren, w\xc3\xa4hrend die wirklich einheitlichen Gruppen mit den Zwischenkategorien (Unterordnung, \xc3\x9cberfamilie) bedacht wurden. Die Redioinei umfassen nach der neuen Wertung folgende selbst\xc3\xa4ndige Ordnungen (alphabetische Reihenfolge): 1. Allocreadiida Odening, 1960 2. Azygiida (La Rue, 1957) stat. et nom. emend. 3. Clinostomatida (Allison, 1943) stat. et nom. emend. 4. Cyclocoelida (La Rue, 1957) stat. et nom. emend. 5. Fasciolida (Poche, 1926) stat. et char. emend. 6. Hemiurida (Poche, 1926) stat. emend. 7. Opisthorchiida (La Rue, 1957) char. emend. 8. Paramphistomatida (Poche, 1926) stat. et char. emend.\nDie Ordnung Didymozoida (Poche, 1926) ist von den Redioinei auszuschlie\xc3\x9fen, da sie m\xc3\xb6glicherweise nicht zu den Digenea geh\xc3\xb6rt (siehe Baer & Joyeux 1961).

Description: Studying the kidneys of the Common Porpoise and the Fin Whale it was found that there is a second venal system next to the normal venal system. The arterial and venal system as found in the kidneys of the dog are present in the kidneys of the Common Porpoise without typical differences but there is also a venal system situated outside the renculi which conducts the blood from the venae arcutae to the vene cava. This system is found in the kidneys of the Common Seal but here it is replacing the system of the vena renalis which it does not do in the kidneys of the Common Porpoise.\nIn the kidneys of the Common Porpoise and the Fin Whale both the plexus which surround the pelvic cavity and the ureter are present and they show to be nearly similar to those described for the kidneys of the dog. Between the renculi it is found that the plexus mentioned are somewhat more developed than in the dog. The morphology of the plexus is also identical to that of the plexus in the dog, and it is supposed that their function will be also the same in the Common Porpoise and in the dog.

Description: \xc3\x9cber die postembryonale Entwicklung \xe2\x80\x94 besonders die Gewichtszunahme \xe2\x80\x94 junger Giftschlangen (Viperiden, Crotaliden, Elapiden) gibt es aus naheliegenden Gr\xc3\xbcnden nur wenige eingehendere Untersuchungen. KLAUBER (1956) bringt an Hand eines gro\xc3\x9fen Materials eine Zusammenfassung einschl\xc3\xa4giger Freilandbeobachtungen und -messungen an einer Reihe von Crotalus-Arten und fa\xc3\x9ft die Gewichts-L\xc3\xa4ngen- Relationen der erbeuteten Tiere nach Monaten tabellarisch zusammen. Statistisch ergibt sich dabei ein Index W = CLP (W = Gewicht, L = Gesamtl\xc3\xa4nge, C und p sind artliche Konstanten, die bei \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80 gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9fer sind als bei \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82: adulte \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x80 sind schwerer als \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82 gleicher L\xc3\xa4nge, die absolut schwersten Tiere sind aber infolge absolut gr\xc3\xb6\xc3\x9ferer L\xc3\xa4nge stets \xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x82). F\xc3\xbcr Crotalus atrox z.B. betr\xc3\xa4gt der Klaubersche Index W = 550 L3, 3 (eine 100 cm lange Schlange wiegt also 550 g).\nDiese Werte repr\xc3\xa4sentieren den gro\xc3\x9fen Durchschnitt aus einer Vielzahl verschiedener Messungen an immer wieder neuen Individuen der jeweiligen Altersstufen. Regelm\xc3\xa4\xc3\x9fige Gewichtskontrollen an ein und demselben Individuum lassen sich dagegen nur in Gefangenschaft exakt durchf\xc3\xbchren. Wir nehmen daher die Gelegenheit wahr, die Entwicklung einiger im Tierpark Berlin gez\xc3\xbcchteter Grubenottern (Crotalus atrox und Agkistrodon piscivorus) im einzelnen zu verfolgen und \xe2\x80\x94 auch im Hinblick auf terraristische und pathologische Probleme, wie sie in Zoologischen G\xc3\xa4rten auftreten \xe2\x80\x94 zu kommentieren.

Description: Monoecious, marsh or aquatic plants, with perennial, creeping rootstocks and erect, terete stems. Leaves alternate, linear or strap-shaped, sheathing at the base, flat, slightly convex on the back. Flowers unisexual, densely crowded in simple, compact, cylindric spikes. Male inflorescence terminal and separated from the female spike or contiguous to it; each spike subtended by spathaceous, usually fugacious, bracts and divided at intervals by smaller caducous bracts. Perianth consisting of bristles. Male flowers with 3, rarely 1\xe2\x80\x947 stamens; the filaments free or connate; the anthers linear or oblong, basifixed, 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence; the connective produced beyond the cells in a conical, carnose acumen; pollen grains simple or compound. Female flowers with a one-celled, superior, stipitate and fusiform ovary; the ovule solitary and anatropous; the style elongate, slender, erect; the stigma ligulate, spathulate, lanceolate or linear. Among the female flowers many sterile ones with clavate tips. Fruit minute, stipitate, fusiform or ellipsoid, with a membranaceous or coriaceous pericarp, splitting longitudinally. Seed subcylindric or narrowly ellipsoid; the testa membranaceous; albumen farinaceous. Embryo cylindric, straight. About 8 species in one genus, widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions.

Description: Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubby. Leaves alternate, consisting of sheath, ligule and blade. Sheaths envelopping the stem, usually with free margins; ligule borne at the mouth of the sheath, membranaceous or a rim of hairs; blades mostly elongate, flat, convolute or terete, parallel-veined. Inflorescence spicate, racemose or paniculate, bearing spikelets which consist of a shortened axis (rhachilla) and two to many scales. The two lowest scales (glumes) empty, rarely wanting; the following scales (lemmas) bearing in their axil an usually enclosed prophyll (palea) and a perfect or reduced flower. Lemma, palea and flower together forming the floret. Perfect flower consisting of 2\xe2\x80\x943 hyaline or fleshy lodicules, usually 3 (1\xe2\x80\x946) stamens and a pistil. Stamens with at anthesis rapidly elongating, filiform or ribbon-like filaments with 2-celled anthers, opening with longitudinal splits. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule one, anatropous; styles usually 2(1\xe2\x80\x943) with plumose stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis (i.e. the pericarp adnate to the seed) with mealy endosperm, rarely a nut, a berry or an utricle with free pericarp. Embryo small, at the base of the side opposite the hilus. About 4000 species in 500 genera; of world-wide distribution.

Description: When working at the Tropical Institute, Amsterdam (1952\xe2\x80\x941957), some cases came to my notice of small borers belonging to the Scolytidae, Platypodidae and Bostrychidae attacking newly felled timber in Surinam and causing the same well-known trouble as in other tropical regions. My interest in the neotropical representatives of these families was further aroused by the material handed to me by my friend J. G. Betrem who had collected it during the two months that he carried on investigations into the status of Xyleborus morigerus in coffee plantations near Cali, Colombia, in 1959. This led me to assembling and assorting the material of these families of West Indian origin to be found in the collections of the Leiden and Amsterdam museums. This material was rather scanty and partly unnamed but it still provided some interesting data. Recently Mr. P. H. van Doesburg jr, entomologist at the Landbouwproefstation (Agricultural Experiment Station) at Paramaribo submitted some newly acquired Scolytidae which he had collected in the Surinam plantations. They provided some data on the habits and economic status of the little borers additional to those compiled by J. B. M. van Dinther in his book on the Insect pests of cultivated plants in Surinam (1960), in which survey a few species collected by him but not fully identified, were mentioned. At my request I then received for examination the latter specimens kept in the collection of the Entomological Laboratory at Wageningen, and, through the kind cooperation of Dr. D. C. Geyskes and Mr. van Doesburg, also all the material preserved in the collections of the Surinam Museum and the Experiment Station at Paramaribo. My main interest was directed towards the ecological data and a search was made for information to be found in earlier reports and in the literature of adjacent countries. In this way sufficient relevant data accumulated to warrant the publication of the present paper. For the identification of species unknown to us and the verification of old names I applied to Professor S. L. Wood, Provo, Utah, U.S.A. on various occasions. A few Bostrychidae were identified by the late Professor J. M. Vrijdagh, Brussels.

Description: Although there exists an extremely voluminous literature on Cyprinid fishes and the morphology and physiology of some species has been intensively studied by various authors, very little is yet known about feeding mechanisms and their functioning in most members of this family.\nSo far as known, only some European species \xe2\x80\x94 e.g. Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus, Rutilus rutilus Gobio gobio \xe2\x80\x94 one Asian (Labeo rohita), and one African (Labeo horie) have been investigated thoroughly as regards their morphology in relation to their feeding habits. Moreover ,the ecology of most African species is only scantily known.

Description: We present below listings of mycotic infections occurring in vertebrates at the Chicago Zoological Park from September, 1954 to December, 1962. Most of the identifications were made by Dr. Tilden and Mrs. Getty from cultures of the fungi involved. Except for a few cases noted among the mammals, the findings were made from necropsy material.\nIt is interesting to note the wide variety and numbers of birds with mycotic infections in contrast to the few findings in mammals and reptiles. Our interest in mycotic infections during this period led to the publication of the eight articles listed at the end of this paper, and the reader is referred to these for additional information on some of the cases. These studies have included research on the endotoxins of Aspergillus flavus and fumigatus, the description of a new species of Microsporum, and case reports of mycoses in animals that were previously unrecorded.

Description: The bacteriological examinations of abnormal stools, irrespective of the apparent seriousness of the illness, is particularly important in a zoological park where it is difficult to apply measures to keep out possibly infected wild, non-resident animals and mechanical carriers, such as flies, cockroaches, etc. One obvious instance of the initiation of an epidemic by nonresident animals was the occurrence of infection with Salmonella newport among the animals in the pachyderm house. The first case in an elephant occurred about a month after S. newport had been isolated from the blood of a skunk found dead in the park. Prompt diagnosis of the first case and examination of the stools of other animals in the same building led to the discovery of further infections before symptoms occurred in the other animals. Suitable antibiotic therapy was instituted, but the first animal, an adult female elephant, was lost. All the pathogenic enteric bacteria isolated were identified as S. newport.\xc2\xb9) A fatal infection of a young forest horse with Salmonella typhimurium occurred following a long period of rainy weather leading to standing water in the enclosure. Contamination of the water by wild rats is believed to have been the most likely source of infection in this instance. No secondary cases occurred.

Description: The present investigation arose from a discussion between Dr van Steenis and Mr C. T. White in July 1950 concerning a plant from North Queensland, collected by Mr L. J. Brass. The specimen was pre-identified as an Aristotelia but also showed similarity with the Papuan genus Sericolea. The need was felt to investigate the distinction between the two genera. Mr White was very keen to investigate the problem himself but this was unfortunately prevented by his untimely death, only two weeks after this discussion.\nThe problem has rested ever since, until in 1963 I had to verify the distinction between the two genera for my work on the Pacific flora, a work executed under a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.).

Description: The amount of both living and herbarium material of Ericaceae, which has become accessible to the author in and from Malaysia since his various precursory papers on the family have been published, are the reason for this supplement.\nIn Borneo, collecting in the last years has increased considerably in its northern part. In Sarawak, J. A. R. Anderson and E. F. W. Brunig collected a large number of Ericaceae on various mountains, partly not yet previously visited both within the \xe2\x80\x98kerangas\xe2\x80\x99 and the mossy forest. In N. Borneo it was Mrs Sheila Collenette who in 1960 climbed Mt Trus Madi, with c. 2620 m altitude the highest peak there next to Mt Kinabalu, and found on it a new species of Rhododendron besides other species, described from and thought to be limited to Mt Kinabalu up to now. Mt Kinabalu was visited again by W. Meijer in the lower part and the eastern shoulder above Kundasan, by Mrs Collenette in 1960 on a new path, the so-called Mesilau East route, and by the R. Society Expedition in 1961 under E. J. H. Corner (together with W. L. Chew and A. Stainton) on a new trail via the eastern shoulder towards the point, where it meets the Mesilau East route at c. 3440 m.

Description: There is a great diversity of opinion regarding the interpretation of the genera and some species in the former Hippocrateaceae. If one reads the comprehensive and detailed revision of the New World Hippocrateaceae by A. C. Smith (Brittonia 3, 1940, 341\xe2\x80\x94555), one may have an impression of it. For example, A. C. Smith in his monotypic genus Hemiangium, under H. excelsum, has united species which were recognized as belonging to three different genera by Miers; he has also limited Hippocratea L. to a single species, H. volubilis L., and placed more than 40 names of species and varieties in the synonymy of it.\nA detailed review of the history and generic delimitation of the family Hippocrateaceae has already ably been summarized and discussed by A. C. Smith in the above mentioned publication. I shall make only a brief account of those works which contain genera, species, or discussions related to the Malaysian flora.

Description: The flowering specimens of Glyptopetalum are very difficult to separate from those of Euonymus except by examining the number of ovules in each cell of the ovary. The ovules are mostly 2, rarely 3\xe2\x80\x9412, per cell in Euonymus and there is only one in Glyptopetalum. However, the genus Glyptopetalum can be easily distinguished from Euonymus, or recognized, by the characteristic persistent columella of the fruit and the branched raphe of the seed (cf. also Fl. Mai. 1, 5, 1963, 256 and fig. 711).\nIn preparing the Celastraceae for the Flora Malesiana, two additional extra-Malaysian species of Glyptopetalum have been found: a new one from Thailand and a new combination for the flora of China. The range of distribution of this genus is now extending to southwestern China.

Description: 154 plant species, chosen at random, and collected in the Netherlands were investigated cytologically. The chromosome numbers determined were compared with data known from other countries.

Description: Blume, C. L., Flora Javae, etc.\nAdd: cf. Archiefboek Univ. Library Leyden J.N. 23 for 1847, p. 48; ibid. J.N. 26 for 1851, p. 36.

Description: As a student, I used to enjoy \xe2\x80\x99Karsten and Schenck\xe2\x80\x99 propped up on the breakfast-table. With equal familiarity I treated \xe2\x80\x99Kerner\xe2\x80\x99, \'Schimper\', and other great picture-books of botany. The time came to translate the dreams of youth into vocation. \xe2\x80\x9dProtista\xe2\x80\x9d, said the professor of zoology, \xe2\x80\x9dare the pivot of biology\xe2\x80\x9d. I substituted my breakfast-reading with the Archiv f\xc3\xbcr Protistenkunde, and hesitated at the coming call of biophysics. Ever since I have been rent, like the morning toast, by two forces which would make of me a student of the microcosm of protoplasm and a disciple of its greatness. They are the forces splitting biology into macromolecules and macro-organisms, and I do not know how this rift may be spanned. I cannot conceive what energy level, chemical bond, or carbon-grouping can decide whether it is insect-pollination or curiosity that will be inherited. But the pendulum has swung. The young botanist no longer looks at these books? he models molecules and chromosomes, and works very largely in vitro. Nevertheless, if biology is not to stand still, the pendulum will return and its amplitude will be the strength of those who have put their trust in the macrocosm.\nThese were the thoughts which I vaguely entertained, when I found myself in the forests of Malaya and I measured my insignificance against the quiet majesty of the trees. All botanists should be humble. From trampling weeds and cutting lawns they should go where they are lost in the immense structure of the forest. It is built in surpassing beauty without any of the necessities of human endeavour; no muscle or machine, no sense-organ or instrument, no thought or blueprint has hoisted it up. It has grown by plant-nature to a stature and complexity exceeding any presentiment that can be gathered from books, and it is one of the most baffling problems of biology.

Description: Walker, F.S.: The forests of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate. A new printing of this book, which never received a very wide distribution, appeared in 1962. It gives a general description of the vegetation, based on 18 months of survey and detailed notes on about 300 species collected by Walker and C.T. White. Useful for both botanist and forester. Copies cost Austr. \xc2\xa3 2.- (i.e. about 34 Sh. Sterling or US $ 4.50); enquiries should be addressed to the Chief Forestry Officer, P.O. Box 6, Honiara, British Solomon Islands.\nMr. K. M. Kochummen of the Kepong Forest Research Institute has prepared field keys for all Malayan timber species mentioned in the Pocket Check List. The intention is to produce an enlarged revised edition (the present issue being out of print), but it is probable that the data will come out in the Forest Research Pamphlet series first.

Description: Die Myriangiales sind ascolocul\xc3\xa4re Ascomyceten mit bitunicaten Asci und lassen sich durch Zwischenformen mit den Dothiorales verbinden. Bei ihnen entstehen die Asci im Innern von Fruchtk\xc3\xb6rpern einzeln zerstreut und sind kugelig oder breit keulig. Die 21 anerkannten Gattungen werden schl\xc3\xbcsself\xc3\xb6rmig dargestellt und anschliessend einzeln besprochen. Die Vertreter der Gattungen Myriangium und Angatia wachsen auf Schildl\xc3\xa4usen oder sind Saprophyten. Parasiten auf h\xc3\xb6heren Pflanzen werden in die Gattungen Elsino\xc3\xab, Bitancourtia, Anhellia, Diplotheca und Butleria gestellt. Bei den Vertretern der Gattungen Uleomyces, Cookella und Pycnoderma handelt es sich um Hyperparasiten auf blattbewohnenden Kleinpilzen. Die Arten der Gattungen Molleriella, Saccardinula, Micularia, Xenodium und Hyalotheles entwickeln ihre Fruchtk\xc3\xb6rper nur auf Blattdr\xc3\xbcsen oder Blatthaaren. Die Vertreter von Dictyonella, Saccardia, Byssogene und Allosoma zeichenen sich durch ein oberfl\xc3\xa4chliche Rasen bildendes Mycel aus. Auf diesem entwickeln sich die discoiden Ascomata. Von den von den Myriangiales auszuschliessenden Gattungen geh\xc3\xb6ren Annajenkinsia, Protoscypha und Myriangiella zu den Dothiorales, Ascostratum und Myxotheca zu den Lichenes, Ascosorus zu den inoperculaten Discomycetes und Piedraia wahrscheinlich zu den Pseudosphaeriales. Eine neue Art wird als Angatia brasiliensis Bezerra & v. Arx beschrieben. Die Typusarten mehrerer in die Synonymie versetzter Gattungen werden umbenannt.

Description: Tetramyxa parasitica Goebel, a Plasmodiophoracean parasite, has been found on Ruppia spiralis L. ex Dum. in three places in the south-western part of the Netherlands, viz. in the Flaauwersinlaag and in the Weversinlaag on the island of Schouwen and in the \xe2\x80\x9einlaag\xe2\x80\x9d near the Torenpolder on the island of Noord-Beveland. The parasite forms more or less spherical galls on the stems (fig. 1, b), the leaves and even on the inflorescences (fig. 1, a) of the host. The galls seem to be formed only under special ecological conditions. Although the localities on Schouwen were visited every month since June 1959 the galls were only found for the first time in 1962. Salinity may perhaps be a factor involved in the sporadic appearance of these galls. In 1962 the maximum salinity in the ponds was below 10\xe2\x80\xb0 Cl\xe2\x80\x99; in the preceding years it was considerably higher.

Description: The author gives an enumeration of the weeds found on a flax-field near Vrouwenpolder, prov. Zeeland.

Description: In het artikel van VAN DER MAAREL in Gorteria 1 (7), 1962, moeten op p. 77 in fig. 2, a, b en c de getrokken lijn en de streeplijn van de curven worden verwisseld.

Description: The aim of this book is to provide all persons interested in the tree and wood species of Suriname with a simple means to find the name of a given tree. To this end two dichotomous keys have been drawn up with the help of punched cards prepared from studies of conserved material and field observations made by the authors. The first one makes use only of vegetative characters of leaves and twigs and a few saliant features of the bark, disregarding flower and fruit characters mostly used in floras. The second key is based on the anatomy of the wood as far as this can be observed with a good 10 X or sometimes 20 X magnifying hand-lens.\nIn the \xe2\x80\x9cInleiding\xe2\x80\x9d the terminology applied in each of the keys and in the descriptions is explained and elucidated by sketch drawings. After the keys follows the descriptive part in which the families are treated in alphabetical sequence as are the genera within each family and species within a genus. In general the taxa are taken in the same circumscription as in the \xe2\x80\x9cFlora of Suriname\xe2\x80\x9d; where a different name is accepted, following recent views, the name in the Flora has been added in brackets. Attention is drawn to the Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae which are treated here on account of their close relationship as two major subdivisions of Leguminosae, the latter name being used as general family heading.

Description: At the end of November 1960, the Leiden Museum received an interesting collection of animals, mostly fishes, from the Niger delta. All specimens were collected by Mr. H. J. G. Beets, at the time employed by Shell B.P. \xe2\x80\x94 Delta Investigations, during the period May to August 1960, and in the region between Port Harcourt and Brass. Unfortunately, owing to lack of time, the separate specimens or lots were not labelled, but the collecting localities are limited in number and restricted to only the eastern part of the delta. The fish collection, consisting of 130 specimens, proved to belong to 51 species, some of which gave occasion for a reexamination and comparison of Bleeker and Steindachner types in the Leiden Museum collection.\nCollecting localities and descriptive notes (fig. 1) The following information is almost wholly taken from the extensive notes provided by Mr. Beets.\nLoc. I : Brass, Brass River, St. Nicholas River, Okpoma Creek, and small confluent creeks. In this area, situated immediately behind the Atlantic coast, the water must be considered brackish (Okpoma Creek) to almost completely salt. Most specimens were collected here.\nLoc. 2: Old Sangama, environs of Sego Creek, about 45 km WSW of Port Harcourt. Fresh water throughout the year. Only few fishes collected.\nLoc. 3 : Ekulama, Bille Creek, San Bartholomeo River, 35-45 km SW of Port Harcourt. Brackish water.\nLoc. 4 : Port Harcourt and environs. Brackish water.\nBehind the sandy beach and a narrow zone of coastal forest, a wide marshy area reaches far inland to the foothills, its average width being approximately 35-40 km. This whole zone is covered with mangrove forest, especially

Description: For a long time, the genus Stixis has been known in the Indian Floras under the name Roydsia, until Pierre monographed it in 1887. Several of Pierre\xe2\x80\x99s species have in the present paper been reduced, leaving Stixis a genus comprising 7 species and 1 subspecies.\nThe genus, which is very uniform, extends from the eastern Himalayas to Hainan and western Malaysia, its centre being in Indo-China.

Description: In the present work details are given in the first place for the extra-Australian Epacridaceae except Lebetanthus (South America), of which a part forms the base for my revision of the family for the \xe2\x80\x98Flora Malesiana\xe2\x80\x99 and for \xe2\x80\x98Pacific Plant Areas\xe2\x80\x99. Key to the subgenera and sections of the genus Styphelia, to the Malaysian species of Styphelia, to all species of Styphelia subgen. Cyathodes, and to the species of the genus Trochocarpa are added.\nDuring visits to the following herbaria specimens have been examined: Natural History Museum, London (BM), Brisbane (BRI), Berkeley (UC), Geneva (G), Gray Herbarium, Cambridge (A, GH), Honolulu (BISH), Kew (K), Lae (LAE), Manila (PNH), New York (NY), Paris (P), Sydney (SYD) and Utrecht (U), besides the specimens at Leiden (L) and the ones sent on loan from Bogor (BO) and Singapore (SING).

Description: The author describes a locality of Pyrola uniflora in N.W. Germany, 50 km from the Dutch frontier, probably its westernmost station in the plains of Central Europe. A vegetation record of this locality is given.

Description: Phyllitis scolopendrium (L.) Newm. weer op Yoorne. Nadat alle oude groeiplaatsen verdwenen waren, hetzij door natuurlijke successie, hetzij door droge zomers of door padverbreding, vond de botanisch analyst D. van der Laan, werkzaam aan het Biol. Station te Oostvoorne tegen de noordmuur van zijn huis in de gemeente Rockanje een klein ex., dat zich in de loop van 1961 goed ontwikkelde en de winter 1961-\xe2\x80\x9962 goed doorkwam. Hij verzocht de eigenaresse de slechte muur bij het plantje niet te repareren, wat deze toezegde. Rockanje. C. Sipkes Crambe maritima L. Op 5 september 1960 vond ik op het strand bij Westenschouwen tegen de duinvoet een niet bloeiende plant, die ik voor bovengenoemde soort gehouden heb, omdat ze er net uitzag als de zeekool, die ik vroeger aan de kust van Zuid-Engeland en Bretagne aantrof. In de hoop, dat de plant de winter zou overleven en het volgende jaar in bloei zou komen, heb ik hem laten staan. Helaas heb ik hem later niet meer teruggevonden, doordat het duin daar in het najaar afgeslagen was. Serooskerke (Schouwen). Jac. Viergever

Description: Michelia pilifera Bakh. \xc6\x92., nom. nou.\nMichelia velutina Bl., Fl. Jav. (1829) Magn., p. 17, non DC., Prod. 1 (1824) 79.