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  • Chemistry  (5,684)
  • 1975-1979  (5,684)
  • 1977  (5,684)
  • 101
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 102
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 103
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A55 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 104
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A58 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 105
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurement of Internal Stresses and Crack Mechanisms under Fatigue ConditionsThe necessity is being examined to correlate materials reaction of pieces undergoing fatigue conditions with possible crack initiating mechanisms. For the understanding of the development of methods of early recording fatigue damages it is important to understand the mechanisms under fatigue conditions at the materials' surface and within the material.Owing to the particular importance to the surface, damages due to varying stress can often be recorded there earlier than on the interfaces. Therefore early recording methods often start off with the recording of changes at the surface. Under the necessary circumstances X-ray measurement of stress at the surface can be an appropriate means to make life-time predictions. Likewise the coherent light of a laser beam makes it possible to record changes at the surface. Other methods which can be employed under certain specific circumstances are the analysis of sound emission and the measurement of electro-potentials during varying stresses.Finally the knowledge of the mechanisms of fracture formation and fracture expansion enables us to use the fracture surface as a sort of data store. By means of the informations gained by this method on damage mechanisms it is possible to devise effective measures to prevent damage.
    Notes: Die Möglichkeit, Werkstoffreaktionen von schwingend, thermisch und korrosiv beanspruchten Teilen zu erfassen und schadeneinleitenden Mechanismen zuzuordnen, wird betrachtet. Dabei werden unterschiedliche Verfahren vorgestellt, die eine Früherkennung von Rißvorstadien zulassen. Bei Wechselbeanspruchungen sind Schädigungen häufig durch Oberflächenveränderungen früher erkennbar. Die Röntgenspannungsmessung kann damit unter den notwendigen Voraussetzungen geeignet sein, Lebensdauervorhersagen treffen zu können. Ebenfalls erlaubt es das kohärente Licht eines Lasers, Oberflächenveränderungen zu erfassen. Unter spezifischen Bedingungen sind Schallemissionsanalyse und Aufnahme des Elektropotentials geeignete Verfahren zur Früherkennung von Schädigungen.Schließlich kann bei Kenntnis der Rißbildungs- und Fortschrittsmechanismen die Bruchoberfläche als Datenträger herangezogen werden. Die dabei zu gewinnenden Informationen über Schadensabläufe machen es möglich, gezielte Schadenverhütungsmaßnahmen anzusetzen.
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  • 106
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 107
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A21 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 108
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A26 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 109
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Holographic Interferometry - a Nondestructive Inspection Technique for Early Detection of Construction Element DamagesAfter a short introduction into the fundamentals of holographic of holographic interferometry, the application of this process to non-destructive material testing is explained. Practical examples of qualitative and quantitative deformation measurements carried out on building elements of different materials as well as on metallic and nonmetallic combinations show the possibilities of early recognition of manufacturing flaws and weak points due to the construction and also the determination of construction material characteristic coefficients.
    Notes: Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Grundlagen der holographischen Interferometrie wird die Anwendbarkeit des Verfahrens in der zerstörungsfreien Materialprüfung erlätert. Praktische Beispiele zu qualitativen und quantitativen Verformungsmessungen an Bauteilen unterschiedlichster Werkstoffe sowie metallischer und nichtmetallischer Fügungen zeigen die Möglichkeiten zur Früherkennung von Verarbeitungsfehlern und konstruktionsbedingten Schwachstellen sowie zur Bestimmung von Werkstoffkenngrößen.
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  • 110
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 109-111 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A Mathematical Function for the Description of Charpy Impact TestsSo far there exists no satisfactory analytical expression for the description of the results of Charpy impact tests. A function is developed in this paper for the functional dependence of these data on temperature using the following assumptions:1Charpy impact test results follow linear functions for purely ductile and brittle fracture, respectively.2A mixed fracture mode exits over the whole temperature range.3The percentage ductile fracture increases with increasing temperature. The temperature-dependent rate of increase of the percentage ductile fracture follows a Gaussian distribution.The equation derived with these assumptions is capable of describing all results of Charpy impact tests. Examples of curves of absorbed energy, lateral extension and percentage shear fracture versus temperature are shown.
    Notes: Für die Beschreibung von Ergebnissen aus Kerbschlagbiegeversuchen gab es bisher keinen zufriedenstellenden analytischen Ausdruck. Unter den folgenden Annahmen wurde in dieser Arbeit eine Funktion für die Darstellung solcher Werte entwickelt:1Kerbschlagwerte für rein spröden bzw. rein duktilen Bruch folgen linearen Temperaturfunktionen.2Im gesamten Temperaturbereich liegt ein temperaturabhängiger Mischzustand des Bruches vor.3Der duktile Anteil am Bruch nimmt mit steigender Temperatur zu. Die temperaturabhängige Zuwachsrate dieses Anteils folgt einer Normalverteilung.Die mit diesen Annahmen abgeleitete Gleichung kann sämtliche Ergebnisse aus Kerbschlagbiegeversuchen beschreiben. Beispiele von AV-T-, Breitung-T- und nichtkristalliner Anteil-T-Kurven werden gezeigt.
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  • 111
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 125-130 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Testing the Resistance to Thermal Shocks of Heat-Resisting Steels and AlloysScaling resistance of heat-resisting stells and alloys is impaired to a large extent by a reiterating change in temperature and is, in particular, a function of the temperature interval and the rate at which the change in temperature occurs.A test stand for thermal cycling is described which permits quenching upto 80 specimens at a time from temperatures as high as 1100 °C in air, oil or water. As many as 30 temperature cycles are possible in one day.Repeated quenching in water causes considerable changes in specimen shape: length fo austenitic specimens of size 10 mm diam. × 90 mm length increased by about 30%, with cracks forming before specimens broke. Ferritic steel specimens are shortened, in some cases to half their initial length. In steels with a mixed austenitic and ferritic structure length increase is particularly marked.Change in length s a function of the rate of change in temperature, as can be seen by comparing the modes of quenching in water, oil and air.
    Notes: Ein ständiger Temperaturwechsel stellt an die Zunderbeständigkeit der Werkstoffe besonders hohe Anforderungen, wobei die Größe des Temperaturintervalls und die Geschwindigkeit der Temperaturänderung besonders wesentlich sind.Es wird ein Temperaturwechselprüfstand beschrieben, mit dem bis zu 80 Proben gleichzeitig von Temperaturen bis 1100 °C an Luft, in Öl oder Wasser abgekühlt werden können, wobei bis zu 30 Temperaturzyklen je Tag erreicht werden.Bei wiederholter Wasserabkühlung treten ganz beachtliche Formänderungen an den Proben auf: Die proben 10 ø × 90 mm verlängern sich bei den austenitischen Werkstoffen um etwa 30%, wobei sie rissig werden und zerbrechen. Bei den ferritischen Werkstoffen verkürzen sich die Proben und schrumpfen teilweise auf die Hälfte der Ausgangslänge zusammen. Stähle mit Mischgefüge Austenit-Ferrit verlängern sich besonders stark.Die Lagenänderung hängt stark von der Geschwindigkeit der Temperaturänderung ab, wie der Vergleich der Abkühlungsarten Wasser, Öl und Luft zeigt.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 113
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 114
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 209-210 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Material  -  Design  -  Production
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  • 115
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A39 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 116
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 170-176 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Material - Design - Production
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  • 117
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 191-204 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Crack Initiation and Propagation in external loaded Spot Weld Joints controlled by Acoustic EmissionThe crack initiation and propagation in spot welded joints is controlled by acoustic emission. A high strength steel with different mechanical properties after heat treatment was welded and the different stages of the fracture and their influences are studied by analyzing methods like acoustic emission and metallographic and scanning electron microscopic techniques.
    Notes: Die Rißbildung- und ausbreitung unter Belastung wird in den Punktschweißverbindungen eines hochfesten Stahls untersucht, der infolge unterschiedlicher Wärmebehandlung stark abweichende mechanisch-technologische Eigenschaften annimmt. Zur Kontrolle des Ablaufes der einzelnen Versagensstadien wird die Schallemissionsanalyse eingesetzt.Unterstützt werden die Untersuchungen durch metallographische und elektronenoptische Untersuchungen sowie Analysen des Spannungszustands.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Low Cycle Fatigue - A Critical SurveyAfter describing and defining the field of Low Cycle Fatigue, the most important life-time prediction methods are presented and their applications discussed. It is assumed that lifetime to crack initiation is significantly influenced by the local cyclic plastic deformation in the critical area of the component. - At the present time no reliable life-time prediction is possible for service load sequences (variable amplitudes, hold-times). In many practical cases however, the calculation can be based on simplified load sequences.
    Notes: Nach einer Beschreibung und Abgrenzung des Fachgebietes werden die wichtigsten Verfahren zur Lebensdauervorhersage vorgestellt und kritisch diskutiert. Als maßgebend für die Lebensdauer bis Anriß wird die plastische Wechselverformung an der kritischen Stelle des Bauteils angesehen.Bisherige Berechnungsvorschläge stellen nur Einzelschritte dar. Für beliebige Betriebsbeanspruchungen (veränderliche Amplituden, Haltezeiten) ist eine zuverlässige Lebensdauervorhersage bisher nicht möglich; in vielen praktischen Fällen können der Berechnung jedoch vereinfachte Beanspruchungsabläufe zugrunde gelegt werden.
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  • 119
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 280-287 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Relationship between the Properties and the Microstructure of Multiphase Materials. Part II: Microstructure and specific electrical ResistivityThe properties of multiphase materials depend on the properties as well as the geometry and geometrical arrangement (microstructure) od their phases. In many cases where the material exists under extreme conditions (e. g. high temperatures, radioactive irradiation) not admitting direct measurements or making them difficult and less exact two dimensional pictures (micrographs) are available as the only reliable source of information. A stereologic image analysis then provides the tool to characterize the microstructure of multiphase materials quantitatively from their micrographs. Knowing equations describing the dependence of the properties on the microstructure characterized by appropiate parameters direct property measurement would become substitutable by stereologic analyses of the microstructure. Due to the fact, that this holds not only under extreme conditions the stereological microstructure analysis could also be used i conventional quality control to obtain properties without measuring them directly. Furthermore quantitative relation ships between properties and microstructural parameters provide a better insight into the property-microstructure-dependence thus enabling theoretically the pre-calculation of property improvements by optimalisation of the microstructure (“taylormade-materials”).This paper - subdivided in four articles - considers the derivation and the experimental proof of quantitative relationship between the microstructure and the conductivity, elastic modulus and thermal expansion coefficient of two phase matrix materials. In the present second part of this paper the derivation of the equations is considered which describe the dependence of the electrical resistivity on the microstructure of two phase matrix material. A comparison is made between calculated and experimental values of the electrical resistivity of two phase matrix materials from about 20 different binary systems. Sufficient agreement was obtained between measured and calculated electrical resistivities which is of particular technical relevance due to the fact that the electrical resistivities of two phase materials may very above several orders of magnitude between the limits for parallel and series array of their phases. Their actual position depends only on their microstructure characterized by the concentration, shape and orientation factors. The equations become especially simple for practical use in the case of porous materials, where the pores are considered to be the includes phase. For spherical pores the effect of closed porosity on the electrical resistivity of porous materials for example follows from\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \rho {\rm C = }\frac{{\rho {\rm M}}}{{{\rm (1 - c}_{\rm D})^{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$3$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {3 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}}}} $$\end{document}ρM = electrical resistivity of the solid phase;ρC = electrical resistivity of the porous material;cD = porosity.
    Notes: Die Eigenschaften mehrphasiger Werkstoffe hängen von den Eigenschaften ihrer Phasen und deren Geometrie und geometrischer Anordnung (Gefügestruktur) ab. Mikroskopische Gefügebilder mehrphasiger Werkstoffe sind vielfach auch dann verfügbar, wenn der Werkstoff extremen Zustandsbedingungen ausgesetzt ist (z. B. Hohe temperaturen, radioaktive Strahlung), unter denen direkte Eigenschaftsmessungen unmöglich oder schwierig und daher aufwendig und/oder ungenau sind. Durch stereologische Gefügeanalyse kann aus solchen Gefügebilden die Gefügestruktur ermittelt werden. - Die Kenntnis des quantitativen Zusammenhangs zwischen gefügestruktur und Eigenschaften würde dann die direkte Messung von Eigenschaftskenngrößen ersetzbar machen durch eine stereologische Gefügeanalyse. Da dies nicht nur für extreme Zustandsbedingungen gilt, würde die stereologische Gefügeanalyse in der konventionellen Qualitätskontrolle - ebenfalls ohne Eigenschaftsmessungen - Aus sagen über Eigenschaftskenngrößen erlauben. Außerdem Verteifen Solche Gefüge-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen das physikalische Verständnis für das Verhalten von Werkstoffen mit einer bestimmten Gefüge struktur und ermöglichen so die Vorausberechnung von Eigenschaftsverbesserungen durch Gefügeoptimierung.Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt in 4 Teilen die Ableitungen und experimentelle Prüfung quantitativer Beziehungen zwischen der Gefügestruktur und der Leitfähigkeit, dem Elastizitätsmodul sowie dem thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten zweiphasiger Werkstoffe.Im vorliegenden 2. Teil wird die Ableitung der Gleichungen beschrieben, die den quantitativen Zusammengang zwischen dem spezifischen elektrischen Widerstand und der Gefügestruktur zweiphasiger Werkstoffe mit Einlagerungsgefüge erfaßt. Berechnete Widerstände werden verglichen mit gemessenen Werten zweiphasiger Werkstoffe aus etwa zwanzig verschiedenen binären Systemen. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen berechneten und gemessenen Wertes ist befriedigend. Dies ist für den Fall des elektrischen Widerstandes zweiphasiger Werkstoffe von besonderer technischer Bedeutung, da die Widerstände zwischen der Grenzkurven für Parallel und Reihenanordnung ihrer Phasen über mehrere Größenordnungen variieren können. Wo sie tatsächlich liegen, hängt allein von ihrer Gefügestruktur, d. h. von ihren Stereologiefaktoren ab. - Die Gleichungen sind besonders einfach für die Berechnung des elektrischen Widerstandes poröser Werkstoffe, bei denen die Poren als eingelagerte Phase betrachtet werden. Für sphärische Poren gilt beispielsweise\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \rho {\rm C = }\frac{{\rho {\rm M}}}{{{\rm (1 - c}_{\rm D})^{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$3$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {3 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}}}} $$\end{document}ρM = spezifischer elektrischer widerstand der festen Phase;ρC = spezifischer elektrischer widerstand des porösen Werkstoffes;cD = Porosität.
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  • 120
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 64-67 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Photoelastic investigations on dynamic fracture propagation by modelsA photoelastic experimental technique is described, for characterizing of the stress relationship at the tips of cracks in discs which are loaded by impact. Methods used for determining stress intensity factors KI from corresponding isochromatic and isoclinic patterns are also shown. Finally a new type of high frequency kinematographic recording unit is described, by which the single stress components at propagating tips of cracks can be ontained.
    Notes: Es wird eine spannungsoptische Versuchstechnik beschrieben zur Charakterisierung der Spannungsverhältnisse an Rißspitzen in Scheiben, die durch Stoßwellen belastet worden sind. Dazu werden Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt zur Bestimmung von Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren aus entsprechenden Isochromaten- und Isoklinenaufnahmen. Ferner wird eine neuartige hochfrequenzkinematografische Aufnahmeanlage beschrieben, mit der die einzelnen Spannungskomponenten an sich ausbreitenden Rißspitzen ermittelt werden können.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 122
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A13 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 123
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 124
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 78-82 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Osteotomy Plates which Failed in Vino  -  Failure Examination and Biomechanics.Two fractured bone plates, which were used in a subtrochanteric osteotomy, have been examinated. The fatigue failure and additional fracture-characteristics are easily to understand in regarding the stresses, acting in the plates. An evaluation shows, that such a plate should never bear any part of the body weight but should be used only for fracture-fixation.
    Notes: Zwei gebrochene Knochenplatten, die zur Versorgung von subtrochanteren Oberschenkelbrüchen eingesetzt waren, wurden untersucht. Die festgestellten Dauerbrüche und weitere Einzelheiten der Schadensfälle lassen sich zwanglos durch die Art der Belastung der Platten im Körper erklären. Eine Abschätzung der Spannungen in den Platten zeigt, daß sie lediglich eine frakturstabilisierende Funktion übernehmen können und keinesfalls einer Belastung durch das Körpergewicht ausgesetzt werden dürfen.
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  • 125
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On some recent crack initiation life prediction procedures for cyclic loaded members based on local material behaviourA critical review of some recently suggested procedures is given. Distinction is made between the procedure according to the basic scheme and the modified procedures. The first one is based on three fundamentals - Load-Notch Strain Relation, - Stress-Strain Law of the Material, - Damage and Failure of the Material. The modified procedures additionally take into account the cyclic behavior of the member. The modified procedures additionally take into account the cyclic behavior of the member. The three fundamentals are described, especially the two latter concerning material behavior. The transferability of this behavior as investigated by means of smooth specimens to that of the notch root element is discussed briefly. The various procedures are explained and the quality of their modifications is reviewed. Finally possible improvements of the three fundamentals and of the transferability are pointed out. Modifications should only be made within those fundamentals, where results of the calculation according to the basic scheme deviate from experimental results. In order to find the deviations, each fundamental must be checked separately.
    Notes: Es wird ein kritischer Überblick über die derzeit bekannten neueren Berechnungsverfahren gegeben. Unterschieden wird zwischen dem Verfahren nach dem Grundschema und den modifizierten Verfahren. Das erstere arbeitet auf der Grundlage der drei Bausteine - „Gesetzmäßigkeit für den Zusammenhang zwischen äußerer Belastung und Kerbgrundbeanspruchung“, - „zyklisches Spannungs- Dehnungsverhalten des Werkstoffes“ und - „Schädigung und Versagen des Werkstoffes“. Die modifizierten Verfahren verwenden zusätzlich Kenntnisse über das zyklische Bauteilverhalten. Zunächst werden die drei Bausteine, insbesondere die beiden letzten, die das Werkstoffverhalten betreffen, eingehend beschrieben. Danach wird die Frage nach der Übertragbarkeit des an glatten Proben ermittelten Werkstoffverhaltens auf das Verhalten des Kerbgrundelementes erörtert. Die Berechnungsverfahren werden erläutert und bewertet. Zum Abschluß werden Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die die drei Bausteine sowie die Übertragbarkeit betreffen. Es wird gefordert, daß bei den modifizierten Verfahren die Modifikationen nur in den Bausteinen vorgenommen werden, in denen bei der Rechnung nach dem Grundschema Fehler entstehen. Der Nachweis solcher Fehler muß durch die Überprüfung der einzelnen Bausteine erbracht werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 130-139 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Equivalent Stress and Strain for Time dependent Materials BehaviourThis paper deals with the generalized plastomechanics and the flow behavior of materials whose volume does mot remain constant during plastic deformation. The usual assumption of plastic incompressibility is treated as a special case. The relations deduced are formally applied to creep of polymers with nonlinear stress-strain behaviour. The concept of equivalent stress and strain is examined for this group of plastics and compared with experimental results under combined stress. A modified superposition principle and a power function of time are employed to describe creep in the nonlinear range under abrupt changes in state of combined stress. The usual assumption of linear viscoelastic analogy of Hookes law is treated as a special case.
    Notes: Die Arbeit behandelt vom Standpunkt der (erweiterten) Plastomechanik das Fließverfahren von Werkstoffen, die allgemein keine plastische Volumenkonstanz zeigen. Die üblicherweise vorausgesetzte Inkompressibilität ergibt sich als Sonderfall. Die formale Übertragung auf das zeitabhängige mechanische Verhalten von Plastomeren mit nichtlinearer Spannung-Verformung-Beziehung und unterschiedlichem Verhalten bei Zug- oder Druckbeanspruchung zeigt im Vergleich mit Meßergebnissen, daß damit die zeitabhängige Werkstoffanstrengung berechenbar und aus den Ergebnissen einiger Grundversuche ableitbar ist. Durch die Verwendung eines weitgehenden Überlagerungsprinzips lassen sich schließlich auch die zeitabhängigen Verformungen bei komplexer Belastungsgeschichte beschreiben. Die üblicherweise angewendete linearviskoelastische Analogie der Elastizitätsgleichungen nach Hooke ergibt sich als Sonderfall.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 140-140 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A31 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A34 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 165-170 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: States of Aggregation and Molecular Movements in PlasticsThe molecular structure of amorphous polymers is discussed. Possibilities for molecular movements in the different states of aggregation are described and the relaxation phenomena are in vestigated which are responsible for the transition between the states of aggregation. The essentials of the mechanical behaviour of amorphous polymers in the various states of aggregationare described in relation to molecular structure.
    Notes: Die Molekularstruktur amorpher Kunststoffe wird besprochen. Die Möglichkeiten für Molekularbewegungen in den verschiedenen Aggregatzuständen werden diskutiert und die für die Übergänge zwischen den Aggregatzuständen verantwortlichen Relaxationserscheinungen werden beschrieben. Die wesentlichen charakteristischen Züge des mechanischen Verhaltens der Kunststoffe in den verschiedenen Aggregatzuständen werden im Lichte der Molekularstruktur erörtert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A42 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Pitting corrosion on alloy systems of the elements iron, chromium and nickel. Part 2: Test methods to determine resistance to pitting corrosion - chemical tests - electrochemical investigationsThe paper offers a survey on those publications concerning the examination of pitting corrosion on passive alloying systems. The different kinds of test methods - chemical, electrochemical or special procedures - are clearly described. A. detailed discussion about the limits of the diverse methods - especially their practical interpretation - finishes the second part.
    Notes: Die Arbeit bietet einen Überblick über diejenigen Veröffentlichungen, die die Prüfung der Lochkorrosion von passiven Legierungssystemen betreffen.Die verschiedenen Arten der Prüfmethoden - chemische, elektrochemische oder Sonderverfahren - werden ausführlich dargestellt. Eine detaillierte Erörterung über die Anwendungsgrenzen der einzelnen Methoden - besonders ihre Aussagefähigkeit - beschließen den zweiten Teil.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 141-148 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of stress relieving of TiA16V4The stress relieving of Ti6A14 V has been investigated by electron microscopy and by tensile tests. Partial recrystallization could be detected at 740 °C. The cooling rate from the stress relieving temperature exerts a marked influence on strength and elastic modulus. Slow cooling increases tensile strength, probably because of a higher volume fraction of alpha and because of an oxygen ordering reaction. It is concluded that after stress relieving, slow cooling down to a temperature of 300 °C is of advantage.
    Notes: Die Vorgänge beim Spannungsarmglühen von Ti6A14 V wurden mittels Elektronenmikroskopie und Zugversuchen untersucht. Bei 740 °C konnte bereits teilweise Rekristallisation beobachtet werden. Die Abkühlgeschwindigkeit von der Glühtemperatur hat einen ausgeprägten Einfluß auf Festigkeit und E-Modul. Es wird angenommen, daß bei langsamer Abkühlung durch eine Erhöhung des Alpha-Phasenanteils und insbesondere durch Ordnung des in relativ hoher Konzentration vorhandenen Sauerstoffs eine Aufhärtung erfolgt. In der Praxis sollte deshalb nach dem Glühen bis auf Temperaturen von etwa 300 °C relativ langsam abgekühlt werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 158-165 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Requirements by Fracture Mechanics on Nondestructive Testing MethodsFracture mechanics is a tool in evaluating the magnitude of critical flaws in structures. By means of Material properties such as fracture toughness, subcritical flaw growth, and existing primary and secondary stress it becomes possible to evaluate critical values for given flaw configurations. In Section XI, Appendix A of the ASME-Nuclear Pressure Vessel Code allowable flaw dephts are usually determined as a function of flaw configuration and localisation and wall thickness. Thus one wants to enable a fracture mechanical assessment of detected defects and of the safety of a component against brittle and tough fracture. Besides, it shall be possible to get an idea about the subcritical flaw growth. Therefore Practical application of fracture mechanics is based on progress in nondestructive surveillance methods. In the presented work the guidelines for integrity assessment of flawed structures based on Appendix A are described and the problems relating with fracture mechanical approaches are outlined. Up to this day it is not possible to get quantitative statements about the configuration, localisation and magnitude of flaws in structures by means of non destructive testing. Therefore factors of safety are introduced with the goal of assuring the integrity of flawed structures.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe der Bruchmechanik erhält man unter Berücksichtigung der Werkstoffeigenschaften (Bruchzähigkeit, Rißwachstum) sowie der vorhandenen Primär- und Sekundärspannungen für Vorgegebene Rißkonfigurationen Kritische Werte für die Rißgröße. Zulässige Rißgrößen lassen sich unter Beachtung von Sicherheitsbeiwerten nach ASME-Code, Section XI, Appendix A, in Abhängigkeit von der Konfiguration und Lokalisierung eines Risses sowie von der Wanddicke ermitteln und so die in einer Struktur aufgefundenen tatsächlichen Fehler im Hinblick auf ihre sicherheitstechnische Bedeutung gegenüber sprödem und zähem Bruch bewerten. Außerdem sind in Appendix A Angaben über die Bestimmung des unterkritischen Rißwachstums enthalten. Die Aussagegenauigkeit bruchmechanischer Analysen ist somit von der Fehlerbestimmbarkeit, d. h. vom Entwicklungsstand der zerstörungsfreien Werkstoffprüfung abhängig. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Grundsätze einer Integritätsbeurteilung rißbehafteter Strukturen nach Appendix A dargelegt und die mit bruchmechanischen Analysen verbundenen Probleme aufgezeigt. Ausführlich wird auf die bruchmechanische Behandlung von Fehlern und deren Rückführung auf einfache Grundformen eingegangen. Weiter werden zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden zur Auffindung von Fehlern und ihre Anwendungsgrenzen diskutiert. Neuere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der ZfP werden dargestellt. Zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt ist es noch nicht möglich, mit Hilfe zerstörungsfreier Prüfverfahren den bruchmechanischen Forderungen genügende quantitative Aussagen über Konfiguration, Lage und Ausdehnung von Fehlern in Bauteilen zu machen. Diese Unsicherheit findet deshalb in den Sicherheitsbeiwerten Berücksichtigung.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 248-248 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 249-249 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 212-212 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 247-247 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 240-246 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Relationship between the Properties and the Microstructure of Multiphase Materials Part I: Aims, Knowledge and Stereological Description of the MicrostructureThe properties of multiphase materials depend on the properties as well as the geometry and geometrical arrangement (microstructure) of their phases. In many cases where the material exists under extreme conditions (e.g. high temperatures, radioactive irradiation) not admitting direct measurements or making them difficult and less exact two dimensional pictures (micrographs) are available as the only reliable source of information. A stereological image analysis the provides the tool to characterize the microstructure of multiphase materials quantitatively from their micrographs. Knowing equations describing the dependence of the properties on the microstructure characterized by appropiate parameters direct property measurements would become substitutable by stereological analyses of the microstructure. Due to the fact, that this holds not only under extreme conditions the stereological microstructure analysis could also be used in conventional quality control to obtain properties without measuring them directly. Furthermore quantitative relationships between properties and microstructural parameters provide a better insight into the property-microstructure-dependence thus enabling theoretically the pre-calculation of property improvements by optimalisation of the microstructure („taylor-made-materials“). This paper - subdivided in four articles - considers the derivation and the experimental proof of quantitative relationships between the microstructure and the conductivity, Youngs modulus of elasticity and the thermal expansion coefficient of two phase matrix materials. The present first part of this paper deals with the quantitative description of the spatial microstructure of two phase matrix materials possible by three stereological factors: - the shape factor - the orientation factor Their definition and determination from stereological quantities measurable in micrographs is made in such way, that they reflect approximately the influence of the microstructure as it is in real two phase matrix materials.
    Notes: Die Eigenschaften mehrphasiger Werkstoffe hangen von den Eigenschaften ihrer Phasen und deren Geometrie und geometrischer Anordnung (Gefügestruktur) ab. Mikroskopische Gefügebilder mehrphasiger Werkstoffe sind vielfach auch dann verfügbar, wenn der Werkstoff extremen Zustandsbedingungen ausgesetzt ist (z. B. hohe Temperaturen, radioaktive Strahlung), unter denen Eigenschaftsmessungen unmöglich oder schwierig und daher aufwendig und/oder ungenau sind. Durch stereologische Gefügeanalyse kann aus solchen Gefügebildern die Gefügestruktur ermittelt werden. - Die Kenntnis des quantitativen Zusammenhangs zwischen Gefügestruktur und Eigenschaften würde dann die direkte Messung von Eigenschaftskenngrößen ersetzbar machen durch eine stereologische Gefügeanalyse. Da dies nicht nur für extreme Zustandsbedingungen gilt, würde die stereologische Gefügeanalyse in der konventionellen Qualitätskontrolle, ebenfalls ohne Eigenschaftsmessungen, Aussagen über Eigenschaftskenngrößen erlauben. Außerdem vertiefen solche Gefüge-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen das physikalische Verständnis des Verhaltens von Werkstoffen mit bestimmter Gefügestruktur und ermöglichen die Vorausberechnung von Eigenschaftsverbesserungen durch Gefügeoptimierung.Diese Arbeit handelt in 4 Teilen die Ableitung und experimentelle Prüfung quantitativer Beziehungen zwischen der Gefügestruktur und der Leitfähigkeit, dem Elastizitätsmodul sowie dem thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten zweiphasiger Werkstoffe. Im vorliegenden 1. Teil wird die quantitative Beschreibung des räumlichen Aufbaus zweiphasiger Werkstoffe mit Einlagerungsgefüge durch drei Stereologiefaktoren erörtert: - den Konzentrationsfaktor - den Formfaktor - den Orientierungsfaktor Die Definition dieser Stereologiefaktoren und ihre Ermittlung aus stereologischen Gefügeanalysen erfolgt so, daß sie den Etnfluß der Gefügestruktur durch Konzentration, Form und Orientierung der Phasen in Gefüge-Eigenschafts-Gleichungen richtig wiedergeben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. A53 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 8 (1977), S. 259-267 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: The Long Term Behaviour of Metal bondsImportant results fort he prediction of the long term strength of metal bonds are available by measuring the glue-line deformation of mechanical loaded shear-specimens under artifical humid climate. The maximum load is 50% of the shear strength, the testing time needed is 1000 h. It is sufficient to measure the glue line deformation on one point of the overlap-length because differences in other deformation along the glue line are equalized by the plastic deformation capacity of the adhesives.
    Notes: Wesentliche Hinweise über die Langzeitfestigkeit von Metallklebverbingungen liefert die Messung des Verformungsverhaltens mechanisch und gleichzeitig klimatisch beanspruchter Versuchsklebungen. Die maximale Prüflast beträgt etwa 50% der Bindefestigkeit, die Prüfzeit höchstens 1000 Stunden. Zur Ermittlung des Verformungsverhaltens einfach überlappter Klebfugen genügt das Messen der Fügeteilverschiebung an einem Ort der Überlappung, da die Verformungsunterschiede durch das plastische Deformationsvermögen der Klebstoffe weitgehend ausgeglichen werden.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 77-81 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The major mammalian retinal ganglioside was analysed by mass spectrometry. Three types of derivatives were used, the fully methylated, the methylated and reduced and the methylated, reduced and trimethylsilylated compound. The mass spectra unambiguously showed the ganglioside to be a sialyl-sialyl-dihexosyl-ceramide. This is the first conclusive proof that the two N-acetylneuraminic acids are bound to each other constituting the terminal disaccharide. The major species contained sphingosine and stearic acid.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Stable cyclic methyl-and n-butylboronates were prepared from the cannabinolic acids and used as derivatives for the characterization of these compounds by combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Retention times of the methylboronates were comparable with those of the trimethylsilyl derivatives. The mass spectra of these derivatives were more characteristic of the cannabinoid skeleton than were the spectra of the trimethylsilyl derivatives where fragmentation was associated with the trimethylsilyl groups. Molecular weights were lower and abundant molecular ions were obtained. These derivatives also offered the possibility of distinguishing between isomeric cannabinolic acids where only isomers possessing adjacent phenolic and carboxylic functions form cyclic boronates.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 98-102 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 13CO2/12CO2 ratios in the respired breath of rats fed carbon-13 labeled compounds have been continuously assayed using a mass spectrometer to monitor m/e 44 and 45 in real time. Rats dosed with sodium [1-13C]acetate were restrained in a specially designed glass metabolism cage. A constant air flow through the cage was continuously monitored for respired carbon dioxide by a commercial analytical organic high resolution mass spectrometer. The mass spectrometer was operated in the peak matching mode while alternately recording the ion intensities of m/e 44 and 45 at a cycle rate of 30 s. The appearance and decay in the breath of excess 13CO2 was interpreted for the metabolism of sodium acetate. The minimum dose of label was found to be 1.4 × 10-4 mol kg-1. The precision of the mass ratio measurement was ± 1%. Details of the experimental design and limitations of the technique are discussed. In order to compare 13CO2 results with an established radiochemical method the rats were also dosed with sodium [1-14C]acetate.The appearance of 14CO2 in the respired breath was followed by bubbling the breath through sodium hydroxide traps with quantitation of radioctivity by means of liquid scintillation counting. A comparison of the rates of respiration of 13CO2 and 14CO2 showed that the two methods produced comparable results in rats. This finding further substantiates the feasibility of using carbon-13 labeled compounds in metabolism studies.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of the optical isomers of amphetamine from human plasma and saliva is described. Amphetamine was extracted from basified plasma or saliva with hexane and then derivatized by reaction with N-pentafluorbenzoyl-S-(-)-prolyl-1-imidazolide. The reaction of the amphetamine enantiomers with this chiral reagent yields diasteriomers which are easily resolved by gas liquid chromatography. The resolved diasteriomers upon elution from the gas chromatograph were measured quantitatively by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Plasma and saliva levels achieved following the oral administration of 10 mg of dl-, d- and l-amphetamine in man are reported.
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  • 153
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 143-145 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectral data of four isoprenylated indole alkaloids containing a piperazinedione group, neoechinuline, cryptoechinuline C, and A and echinuline, isolated from Aspergillus amstelodami cultures, and of two derivatives obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of neoechinuline and echinuline, are reported and discussed. Their fragmentation patterns are strongly dependent upon the presence of a single or a double bond between C-8 and C-9.
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  • 154
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 155-158 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of antipyrine metabolites show characteristic fragmentation patterns which depend on the presence and position of functional groups. A substituent at position 4 is indicated by an intense key fragment at m/e 56 and a substituent at the methyl group in position 3 causes a significant increase in the intensity of the peak at m/e 82. The fragment at m/e 96, which is characteristic for antipyrine itself, is suppressed if there is a substituent in either position 3 or 4. Mass spectra of the glucuronides of 4-hydroxyantipyrine and 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine are also discussed.
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  • 155
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Analysis by field desorption mass spectrometry of reaction product mixtures produced by treatment of peptides with methanol and hydrogen chloride augments significantly structural data derived by direct field desorption mass spectrometry analysis of the peptides. Analyses of data obtained by three peptides, β-Ala-HisOH, p-Glu-Ser-GlyOH and Glu-Ser-Gly-AspOH are used for illustration. Data from field desorption mass spectrometry of peptide methylation-methanolysis product mixtures are used to (a) distinguish [M]+ from [M + H]+ in peptide field desorption mass spectrometry spectra, (b) ascertain the number of carboxyl groups present in a peptide, (c) identify a pyro-glutamyl N-terminus and (d) derive peptide sequence information. Definitive assignments of ion relationships are facilitated by use of methanol and deuteromethanol in paired experiments.
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  • 156
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 159-171 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chemical ionization mass spectrometry is used at low resolution to determine the sequences of permethylated acetyl peptides. The method has been tested with 45 peptides, between 2 and 5 residues long, including examples of all of the common amino acids except cysteine and N-terminal asparagine. The isobutane chemical ionization spectra contain three principal types of N-terminal sequence ion and one type of C-terminal sequence ion. The redundant information available from these four types of sequence ion increases the reliability of the sequence determination. In prospect, isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry seems to be a useful technique for peptide sequence determination, and may have advantages in some cases.
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  • 157
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to isolate and identify theophylline, theobromine and 1,7-dimethylxanthine (paraxanthine) in plasma of human volunteers following administration of 300 mg caffeine to methylxanthine-free volunteers. Plasma from these subjects was extracted and the dimethylxanthines were separated from each other and caffeine by high performance liquid chromatography. The effluents at the chromatographic peaks corresponding to the dimethylxanthine metabolites were collected, rechromatographed in a second system and the dried residues were subjected to mass spectrometry. By comparison of their retention times and mass spectra with those of authentic compounds, theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine were positively identified as metabolic products of caffeine.
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  • 158
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed during the combustion of three common fuels (coal, wood and kerosene) were separated and identified by capillary-column gas chromatographic mass spectrometry and were compared to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Indianapolis, a high coal consuming area, and Boston, a low coal consuming area. High resolution mass spectral data were utilized in the construction of alkyl homolog plots for the comparison of alkyl distribution within each sample.
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  • 159
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A quantitative analysis of amino acids in microsamples of dried blood spots by chemical ionization mass spectrometry has been developed. Isotope ratio determination was used as the quantitating technique via multiple labelled internal standards. This procedure yields excellent precision and accuracy as demonstrated by the analysis of known amino acid mixtures and of phenylalanine in the blood from newborns.
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  • 160
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 161
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper describes a computer program which calculates all possible empirical formulas for each accurately measured mass in a high resolution mass spectrum. The program, MASSFORM, incorporates a novel mechanism for classifying the empirical formulas generated according to their empirical formula. This mechanism makes it possible to use a set of general empirical formulas to aid in the analysis of complex mixtures in much less time than most other such programs. The program is being used as an important aid to environmental studies.
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  • 162
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 52-54 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Details for the construction of a novel, inexpensive device for the electrochemical generation of metallic emitters for field desorption mass spectrometry are described. Use of the device for the generation of cobalt and nickel emitters is demonstrated.
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  • 163
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 62-65 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Modifications are described to the electron multiplier pre-amplifier, selected ion monitor, magnet current supply and scan controller of the LKB 9000S gas chromatograph mass spectrometer. The modifications described have secured an improved performance for specific ion monitoring and fast repetitive scanning gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
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  • 164
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 165
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 284-290 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Because of poor field ionization sensitivity or an insufficient number of peaks, conventional reference materials are inadequate for field desorption mass spectrometry. Hexakis (multifluoroalkoxy)cyclotriphosphazenes satisfy a growing need for high molecular weight reference compounds amenable to either electron impact or field ionization. In comparison with tris(perfluoroalkyl)-s-triazine standards, the substituted phosphazenes offer greater volatility, easier synthesis and better mass spetral characteristics. Phosphazene mixtures, in particular, cover a broad mass range in either ionization mode, creating new measurement capabilities for ions at high masses.
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  • 166
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Instrumental and substance inherent problems typical for field-desorption spectra of highly sensitive polar substances are discussed and illustrated with examples from the nucleotide field.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. iii 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 168
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper describes the use of gas chromatography mass spectrometry for the confirmation of ephedrine in adulterated powdered ipecac and ipecac fluid extract. Deuteration studies of ephedrine hydrochloride and some related compounds were also performed in an attempt to postulate structures for some of the fragment ions appearing in the spectrum of ephedrine.
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  • 169
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 146-151 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Quantitative analyses of subnanomole quantities of the polyamines putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine by the gas chromatography mass spectrometry technique of selected ion monitoring are complicated by effects of the chromatographic column. These effects include sample retention by the column and chromatographic band broadening, and are sufficiently serious that spermine (as the trifluoroacetylated derivative) was not detectable at levels below 50 picomoles. Because the chromatographic behaviors of the four polyamines vary, quantiative analysis using a single internal standard is not feasible. The deuterated polyamine analogs, putrescine-2H4, cadaverine-2H4, spermidine-2H6 and spermine-2H8, have been synthesized and used to accomplish quantiative analyses of the corresponding isotopically natural abundance polyamines to the one picomole level. This enhancement in analytical sensitivity is accomplished by use of large excesses (≥100 picomoles) of the deuterated analogs to improve chromatographic band profiles. The use of such large molar excesses of deuterated analogs for selected ion monitoring analyses is possible because their electron impact spectra exhibit high mass ions {[M-F3C]+, [M-F3CCO]+} which possess ≥ 4 deuterium atoms and have intensity ratios (I2H(max): IH) of 500 or greater.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 187-189 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The relatively rapid formation of pyrazoline adducts is a serious side reaction in the esterification of 15-oxo-PGF2α with ethereal diazomethane under conditions used routinely in the chemical derivatization of prostaglandins.
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  • 171
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Partially purified glucuronyltransferase immobilized on beaded sepharose has been used to synthesize the glucuronide conjugates of cannabidol, cannabidol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol. Trimethylsilylated methyl esters and per(trimethylsilyl) derivatives of these conjugates have been characterized by their gas chromatographic retention times and their electron impact and ammonia chemical ionization mass spectra.
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  • 172
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In acidic media o-phenylenediamine and 2-oxoacids react to yield quinoxaline derivatives. On derivatization in pyridine with silylating reagents quinoxalinol-O-TMS ethers or O-TMS-ether-TMS-esters are formed exclusively as shown by gas chromatography infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. These derivatives have very favourable properties for gas chromatographic detection and quantitation of the parent 2-oxoacids. The mass spectra have characteristic fragments which facilitate easy identification. In addition, ‘single ion monitoring’ of all aliphatic 2-oxoacids can be performed with only three fragments at m/e 217, 232 and 245. In some aspects the mass spectra resemble those of other heterocyclic compounds which contain an O-alkyl sidechain. The fragmentation mechanisms were deduced by low resolution mass spectrometry with and without deuteration, high resolution mass spectrometry and metastable ion evidence. A new type of rearrangement α-β-elimination of ethylene or propylene from the aliphatic sidechain, is proposed for some O-TMS quinoxalinols.
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  • 173
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The O-trimethylsilyl derivatives of five reference disaccharide alditols composed of a N-acetylhexosaminitol substituted at C-3, C-4 or C-6 with a hexose moiety were studied by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The data were used in the determination of the linkage in disaccharide alditols derived from rat brain glycoproteins and gangliosides. The O-glycosidically linked carbohydrate units of brain glycoproteins contained two oligosaccharides, β-galactosyl-(1 → 3)-N-acetylgalactosaminitol and α-galactosyl-(1 → 3)-N-acetylgalacto-saminitol, whereas only the latter was obtained from brain gangliosides after partial acid hydrolysis and reduction.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 305-309 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of 8-azaadenine, 8-azahypoxanthine, 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine, 8-azaxanthine and 8-azaguanine are all characterized by intense molecular ion peaks. Fragmentation pathways are advanced to account for the other ions observed in the mass spectra and are supported by metastable transitions, accurate mass measurements and deuterium labelling studies. 8-azaadenine and 8-azahypoxanthine fragment initially by elimination of nitrogen from the molecular ion, but this is a minor process with the other compounds. In many respects the electron impact induced fragmentation of the 8-azapurines is analogous to that of the corresponding purine derivatives.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. v 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 176
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. v 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 177
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The molecular species of lung lecithins obtained from rabbit and rat fetuses at different days of gestation and from newborns were analysed as TMS derivatives of the corresponding diglycerides in a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer system by selected ion retrieval. In the latter part of gestation, the order of the main molecular species of lung lecithins, PCn, was PC32 〉 PC34 〉 PC30, while at an earlier stage it was PC34 〉 PC32 〉 PC30. During gestation the change of PC32:0, dipalmitoyllecithin, was remarkable. Ether lecithins are also discussed.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 331-336 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of grayanotoxin III and some of its mono-, di-, and tri-ester derivatives are discussed. Some of the physiological reponses of this compound class are also presented. The extraction of this material from a natural source is discussed as well as the schemes for ester derivatization and spectral characterization of all compounds studied. High resolution mass spectral analysis and comparison of the mass spectra of similar compounds were used to define possible fragmentation mechanisms.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 354-357 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The major fragmentation paths typical for the cardenolides system have been elucidated by labelling studies.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977) 
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 68-68 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. iii 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. iii 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 69-72 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The compounds 2-isopropyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole and 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole were identified in urine of male mice. Their excretion in mouse urine is sex-dependent. In the urine of female mice the two dihydrothiazoles are either absent or present only in trace amounts. The analytical procedure includes the adsorption of the volatile mouse urine constituents on Tenax GC, their gas chromatographic separation and the detection of the sulfur compounds by the sulfur-specific detector. The identified compounds were synthesized. Natural and synthetic compounds had the same mass spectrometric properties and retention data.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An accurate and sensitive g.c.m.s. procedure was developed to determine both N-hydroxyamobarbital and 3′-hydroxyamobarbital, which are the two major metabolites of amobarbital in man.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 275-279 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new metabolite of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin has been found in human urine and in rat bile. This new metabolite arises by direct glucuronidation of 5,5-diphenylhydantoin (i.e. no prior aryl hydroxylation occurs) and is characterized as the N-3 glucuronide. This structure assignment is based on (a) study of mass spectra of permethyl, perdeuteriomethyl, N-methyl-per-O-deuteriomethyl and deuteriomethyl ester permethyl derivatives and (b) comparison of the reactions of the new glucuronide metabolite and 5,5-diphenyl-3-methylhydantoin with diazomethane. Prominent ions at m/e 322 and 378 in the mass spectrum of the permethylated derivative of the glucuronide metabolite arise via retro Diels-Alder reactions of the glycone ring.
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  • 188
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The measurement of propantheline ion has been accomplished in urine and plasma following administration of propantheline bromide to man. Trideuteropropantheline bromide is added to the biological fluid to act as a carrier and internal standard to quantify the propantheline ion using multiple ion monitoring. Methane was used as reactant gas but following the discovery of exchange of the trideuteromethyl group when using methane, ammonia was used for later analyses. The determination of propantheline ion in urine and plasma after administration of propantheline bromide to man is described.
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  • 189
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Confirmed observations of the inhibition of oncogenic viruses by phosphonoacetic acid led to preclinical trials in animal model systems. Circulating phosphonoacetic acid was detected in the blood of mouse, rabbit and monkey after oral or subcutaneous administration of the drug. Phosphonoacetic acid is quantified in blood, after removing proteins and lipids, as the trimethylsilylated derivative, by monitoring the intensity of the protonated molecular ion and also that of phosphonopropionic acid (internal standard) using chemical ionization mass spectrometry combined with gas chromatography. The detection limit is 20 ng ml-1 when 0.2 ml serum is analyzed. A dosage of 230 mg kg-1 day-1 by continuous infusion is proposed for therapeutic trials in monkeys. This dose is well tolerated and results in slowly increasing blood levels of phosphonoacetic acid which reach a maximum of approximately 50 μg ml-1 in a four day infusion, and decrease to 2 μg ml-1 24 h after termination.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 317-321 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A highly sensitive and specific method for quantitation of ketamine and two of its metabolites found in monkey, dog and human plasma was developed using a gas chromatography selected ion monitoring assay operated in both electron impact and chemical ionization modes. This technique yields excellent precision, reproducibility and accuracy. From 1 ng to 3 μg of ketamine or its metabolites in 1 ml of plasma can be detected. The technique of electron capture gas chromatography is compared. All three assays were found to be quite useful but the gas chromatography mass spectrometry techniques were more specific.
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    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The blood levels of bupivacaine administered epidurally during labour have been determined in mother, fetus and the newborn infant by quantitative single ion monitoring, following gas chromatographic separation. Concentrations were determined from the height of the peak obtained at m/e 140 derived from bupivacaine compared with that at m/e 154 derived from the internal standard, 1-n-pentyl-2-(2′,6′-xylylcarbamoyl)piperidine. Results from six mothers and their infants showed that the drug passed rapidly from the maternal circulation to the infant. The plasma half-life of the drug in the newborn infant was 18 h compared with 1.25 h for the adult.
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  • 192
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. vi 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 193
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. i 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 194
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977) 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 195
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 348-353 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of the four tryptamine derivatives, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin), N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (N-acetyl-serotonin), N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (bufotenine) and N,N-dimethyl-5-methoxytryptamine (O-methylbufotenine), with specifically labeled [D4]aminoethyl sidechains have been measured. Comparison of these spectra with those of the unlabeled compounds enable the major fragmentations of the compounds to be defined.
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  • 196
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The in vivo liver metabolism of cannabinol has been studied in the mouse and rat by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Cannabinol glucuronide was the major metabolite of cannabinol in the mouse and was accompanied by relatively large amounts of 7-hydroxycannabinol, cannabinol-7-oic acid and their corresponding glucuronide conjugates. Lower concentrations of glucuronides were found in the rat. Two series of disubstituted metabolites were found containing either a 7-hydroxyl or a 7-carboxylic acid group and a second hydroxyl group in the 1″-4″ positions of the sidechain. These were of low concentration in the mouse but higher in the rat; 1″-hydroxy metabolites were particularly abundant in the latter species. Also found in the rat livers were small amounts of sidechain monohydroxy metabolites and larger quantities of 4″,5″-bisnorcannabinol-3″-oic acid; these were absent in the mouse. The metabolites were identified using the trimethylsilyl (TMS),[2H9]TMS and methyl ester-TMS derivatives, and by reduction of acid metabolites with lithium aluminium deuteride to the corresponding alcohols.
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  • 197
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The antitumour agent cyclophosphamide - {2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-tetrahydro-2H -1,3,2-oxaza-phosphorine 2-oxide} - is chiral owing to asymmetry at phosphorus. The differential metabolism of the enantiomers [(+)-cyclophosphamide and (-)-cyclophosphamide] can be monitored by mass spectrometry if pseudoracemates consisting of either unlabelled [2H0] (+)- and tetradeuterated [2H4] (-)-cyclophosphamide or of [2H0](-) and [2H4](+) enantiomers are administered. Using this principle, methodology has been developed for determining the enantiomer ratios of cyclophosphamide and two metabolites, 4-ketocyclophosphamide {2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino] tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-4-one 2-oxide} and carboxyphosphamide [2-carboxyethyl N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidate] recovered from the urine of mice. The drug and the two metabolites were quantified using [2H10]cyclophosphamide, 4-keto-[2H8]cyclophosphamide and [2H6]carboxyphosphamide respectively, as internal standards. The amount of cyclophosphamide excreted was small and neither enantiomer preponderated markedly, but the minor metabolite, 4-ketocyclophosphamide, was markedly depleted in the enantiomer derived from (-)-cyclophosphamide, whereas the major metabolite, carboxyphosphamide, was slightly depleted in the enantiomer derived from (+)-cyclophosphamide.
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  • 198
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 4 (1977), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 1975 publications reporting organic and spark source mass spectrometric studies on environmental samples were compiled. Emphasis was placed on pollutants identified rather than methods and techniques used, and reports that did not incorporate data obbtained by a technique's application were not included. The 272 reports cited vary from those reporting hundreds of identified pollutants to those describing the analysis of only one sample containing one or a few pollutants. The following sample types were not considered to be environmental samples: forensic samples, synthetic or ‘standard’ samples, and samples analyzed for drug residues.
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  • 199
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Differences in methylene unit values were used for the determination of the hydroxyl group number of a steroid by means of gas chromatography. This index is defined as the difference in the methylene unit value between trimethylsilyl and other dimethylalkylsilyl (DMAS) ether derivatives of hydroxylated steroids, namely dimethylethylsilyl (DMES) and dimethyl-n-propylsilyl (DMPS) ethers. The reactivities of DMES and DMPS imidazoles as silylating agents were nearly equal to that of TMS-I. Mass spectra of these derivatives were characterized by the molecular ion cluster, [M]+., [M-15]+ and [M-29]+ (or [M-43]+). The molecular ion cluster of these derivatives is most useful for estimating the molecular weight. Therefore, these DMAS ethers provide valuable information for structural elucidation of hydroxylated steroids by gas chromatography electron impact mass spectrometry.
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  • 200
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of a number of synthetic cyclopenta[a]phenanthrenes are described, and identitication of an in vitro metabolite of a carcinogen of this series is reported. The correlation of the mass spectra of the major urinary metabolite, its dehydration product and its triacetate with the structure assigned to the metabolite is described.
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