ALBERT

Beschreibung: Unter den Terediniden nimmt die zur Untergattung Kuphus GUETTARD, 1770 gehörende Teredo arenaria (LiNNé, 1758) insofern eine Sonderstellung ein, als diese Art — im Gegensatz zu sämtlichen anderen Vertretern der grossen Familie — die einzige ist, die nicht in Holz oder anderen pflanzlichen Materialien (Nüssen, Kork, Baumrinde, Wurzeln, Schiffstauen u. dgl.) bohrt, sondern im Sand und Schlick des Malaiischen Archipels in Tiefen von wahrscheinlich 5000—9000 m ihre Kalkröhren anlegt und dabei einen für alle Terediniden ganz ungewöhnlichen Riesenwuchs erreicht. Die Grössenverhältnisse dieser wurmförmig langgestreckten Muscheln (Länge: 190 cm, Durchmesser der Kalkröhre: 8 cm, Länge der Paletten: 5 cm, Länge der Siphonen 10—12 cm) müssen in der Tat als ganz aussergewöhnlich bezeichnet werden, und der in der Synonymie auftretende Artname „gigantea” spiegelt mit Recht das Erstaunen der älteren Autoren wider. Mit der Grösse dieser Tiere und deren verborgener Lebensweise im Sande der Tiefsee hängt es zusammen, dass niemals erwachsene Exemplare in ihrer Gesamtheit an die Oberfläche gelangen, sondern immer nur mehr oder weniger lange Bruchstücke der dicken Kalkröhren an den Küsten des genannten Archipels hier und da angespült werden. Und auch dies ist zumeist nur dann der Fall, wenn infolge starker Seebeben, die im indonesischen Gebiet nicht allzu selten sind, die fast 2 m langen im Meeresboden steckenden Kalkröhren von T. arenaria zerbrechen und die Bruchstücke, aus denen dann fast stets die Weichteile des Muschelkörpers herausgefallen sind, durch die elementare Gewalt der untermeerischen Eruptionen in höhere Wasserschichten befördert werden, von wo die mit den Seebeben verbundenen grossen Sturmfluten einen Teil von ihnen an den Strand der umliegenden Inselwelt anschwemmen.

Beschreibung: The genus Erisma is found in the Amazonian basin and in the Guianas; it comprises 16 species as defined in this paper, all of them typical Hylaean forest trees. The genus was first described by RUDGE in 1805; its name is a greek word meaning “a cause of dispute”. RUDGE may have wanted it to refer to the romantic story of the type-specimen of his Erisma floribundum, a specimen belonging to a set of plants collected by the Frenchman Martin in French Guiana and captured by British privateers on its way to Paris. The name was also well suited to indicate the difficult taxonomic position of the genus.

Beschreibung: In the hierarchic structure of the plant kingdom the species is, in the ranks of taxa, the most important entity. In comparison with the other ranks it is the one which is most distinct in nature to human and animal observation. The species are the most important building-stones of living matter. Huxley rightly agrees with Timofeeff-Ressovski (4, p. 3-4) in saying:—“that species have a greater reality in nature, or a greater degree of objectivity, than higher taxonomic categories. Species are in the majority definable as distinct self-perpetuating units with objective existence in nature, and therefore are on a different theoretical footing from genera and families or higher categories, which are not definable in this concrete way”.

Beschreibung: Evergreen, subglabrous shrubs or trees. Twigs lengthwise grooved and ridged. Buds perular. Leaves simple, entire, penninerved, spirally arranged; midrib and petiole sulcate. Stipules absent. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, rather small, in ± sessile, bracteate, axillary pseudo-spikes or -racemes whether or not provided with reduced leaves at the apex and later terminating into a foliate twig, flowering from the base upwards; exceptionally some flowers or some inflorescences in twos, the upper flower expanding first. Bracteoles 2, appressed to the calyx, persistent, ± carinate, ciliate. Sepals 5, slightly unequal, roundish, imbricate, ciliate, persistent, sometimes splitting (retuse) later. Petals 5, white, thickish, obovate-oblong, rounded or shallowly emarginate, imbricate in bud, free but coherent mutually and with the stamens, dropping often together. Stamens 5, basifixed, inflexed in bud, later erect, alternating with the petals and shorter than these; filaments thickish, flattened in the middle, narrowed towards the anther; anther-cells 2, free, roundish, each cell with a minute appendage representing a terminal pore. Disk absent. Ovary superior, 5-celled, ovate. Ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, pendent, attached at the inner angle, feebly campylotropous, apotropous, with 2 teguments and a dorsal raphe. Style 1, long-persistent, cylindric; stigma broadened, feebly or distinctly star-shaped by 5 acute, minute to distinct stigmatic arms. Capsule ellipsoid, loculicidally dehiscent in the upper half or down to the base, valves long persistent, each bearing a septum along the middle; exocarp either freed and withering or disruptured along the midrib of the carpels, midribs persistent, representing 5 additional narrow ‘valves’; endocarp and septa woody, after dehiscence leaving a persistent, ± 5-angular columella. Endocarp and seedcoat showing a peculiar transverse-fibrous tissue. Seeds elongated, resembling thin, narrow lemon-sectors, sometimes thin above (in the basal part) so as to appear seemingly ± winged, but sometimes appearing to be empty. Embryo horse-shoeshaped; radicle terete; albumen scarce. Distr. Two spp. in SE. Asia (Hongkong, Hainan, Kwantung, and Tonkin) and Malaysia: Malay Peninsula, N. Sumatra. Fig. 2.

Beschreibung: The completion of the fifth volume of this Flora brings the pleasant task of dedicating it to the memory of my former teacher in systematic botany, the late professor doctor August Adriaan Pulle, of Utrecht University. As I have explained on a former occasion, descriptive botany and plant geography had since Miquel’s time lost a great deal of attention and recognition. It is largely due to Pulle that scientia amabilis in Holland owes its remarkable reveil.

Beschreibung: Herbs or shrubs. Leaves spirally arranged—often radical or in tufts at the end of the twigs—very rarely opposite, simple, penninerved, exstipulate. Indument, if present, either consisting of simple, or fasciculate, or stellate hairs; leaf-axils often with hair tufts. Inflorescences cymose, bracteate, or flowers solitary, in the latter case sometimes together resembling racemes. Flowers 5-merous, epi- (or peri-) gynous, bisexual, protandrous. Calyx gamosepalous, tube nearly always adnate to the ovary, lobes usually well-developed. Corolla gamopetalous, nearly always zygomorphous by a dorsal slit; the free segments with very thin, sharply induplicative, membranous margins. Stamens 5, episepalous, free (rarely the anthers cohering in a tube), usually fully glabrous; filaments slender, linear, usually slightly narrowed from base to apex; anthers basifixed, introrse, rather long and narrow, 2-celled, cells opening lengthwise by a slit. Disk absent. Ovary 2- or (often imperfectly) 1-celled; style cylindrical, simple (in Calogyne bi- or trifid at the apex); stigma surrounded by a cup-shaped (in Lechenaultia distinctly 2-lobed) indusium, the margin of which is often ciliate. Ovules ~-1, either axillary or ± basally attached, anatropous, rarely campylotropous. Fruits usually capsular, sometimes drupaceous; calyx persistent. Seeds ~-1, provided with endosperm. Distribution. Fourteen genera comprising c. 300 spp., almost exclusively Australian, in (mostly East-)Malaysia 5 genera with 7 spp. conspecific with or allied to Queensland species.

Beschreibung: Erect, glabrous, rhizomatous, terrestrial, water- and swamp herbs, laticiferous (Butomus excepted). Leaves radical, sheathing, curvinerved (cauline in Hydrocleis), leaf-blades above water (Hydrocleis excepted). Flowers umbellate (or solitary), actinomorphic, ♀♂. Perianth 2-seriate. Sepals 3, imbricate, mostly persistent, usually green. Petals 3, imbricate, usually thin, fugacious (persistent in Butomus). Stamens 8-9 or ~, rarely less, sometimes the outer ones staminodial, filaments flattened, free; anthers basifixed, 2-celled, opening lengthwise with lateral slits. Gynoecium apocarpous, superior; carpels 6- ~, rarely less by reduction, in a whorl, free or cohering only at the base, dehiscing with an adaxial slit. Ovules ~, anatropous, scattered on reticulately branched placentas. Fruitlets ~-spermous, at last dehiscing along the ventral (adaxial) side. Seeds ~; embryo flat and horse-shoe shaped (elliptic-terete and straight in Butomus); endosperm 0. Distr. Less than 10 spp. belonging to 5 genera, in temperate and tropical regions, absent from Africa S of the equator, in Malaysia one native and one introduced genus both represented by one species.

Beschreibung: On April 2nd of this year Dr P. Jansen, agrostologist and honorary member of the staff of the Rijksherbarium, suddenly passed away at Amsterdam, 73 years old. Pieter Jansen was born at Rotterdam on January 25th, 1882. Trained to be a teacher, his appointment as such followed in 1900. His study in mathematics soon led to his appointment to a secondary school at Rotterdam and afterwards, in 1912, to the Municipal Training School for Teachers at Amsterdam, of which he filled the post of director from 1936 until his retirement a few years ago.

Beschreibung: Discordant bedding is being reported with increasing frequency from rocks of almost any grade of metamorphism. It is, usually without much discrimination, cited as evidence of sedimentary origin or even as an indication of the sequence of deposition. In the present paper examples are given of discordant structures simulating both deltaic and torrential cross lamination but on closer inspection obviously due to differential stretching and variable orientation of cleavage in a thinly laminated quartzphyllite which has been isoclinally folded and subsequently flattened in the bedding plane. Microfabric analysis of micaceous cleavage planes can be a valuable aid in the distinction between discordant structures of sedimentary and deformational nature, and the more so the higher their degree of recristallisation and neomineralisation provided that these processes are strictly nimetic. Workers in the metamorphic field are cautioned to be on the alert for similar features of pseudo discordant bedding which is undoubtedly common in flattened and sheared rocks of variable competence such as the phyllonites and granulites, many of which have been derived from igneous rocks with a primary planar structure. No reliable recognition of top- and bottomsets can be made where discordant bedding has been affected by deformation along existing planes of weakness such as the lamination surfaces.

Beschreibung: In the course of the preparation of the book on “De Vogels van de Nederlandse Antillen” (“Birds of ths Netherlands Antilles”), which will be published very soon (obtainable through Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, and Boekhandel Salas, Curaçao), it became apparent that the bananaquits (Coereba flaveola) from Bonaire required a new subspecific name. Full details on the occurrence of Coereba flaveola in the group of Netherlands Leeward Islands (Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire) will be found in my forthcoming monograph on the birds of these islands, in the 7th volume of these Studies, as well as in the above mentioned book.

Beschreibung: Our Museum can take pride in a very valuable gem collection for, besides the numerous specimens which were gathered by King William I of the Netherlands a great many of the more unusual stones are to be found in it. Especially since World War II the Museum has acquired many interesting and important stones by gifts and purchases. This enlargement is especially due to the efforts of Professor Dr. B. G. Escher, who was continually aimed at the acquisition of rare and unusual stones for the gem collection, bringing it gradually up to modern standards. As in so many gem collections, one finds stones which are not suitable for wearing, because they are soft or easily cleavable. It is surprising to see the variety of minerals that have been cut in recent years and which are scarcely suitable as gems for this reason. They are collectors’ stones only.

Beschreibung: Au S-W de Tinerhir, dans le Maroc occidental, on trouve des verres volcaniques pris dans des dépôts de tufs. Quelques échantillons de ces verres contiennent du cuivre natif sous forme finement répartie. Les verres sont dus à une activité volcanique d’âge pliocène. Ils sont accompagnés par des laves dont la composition varie entre celle d’une phonolite et celle d’une ankaratrite. Il est probable que le cuivre natif se soit formé lors d’une éruption, laquelle aurait entrainé un fragment de la roche encaissante riche en sulfures de Cu. Sous l’action des gaz ascendants, ces sulfures auraient été réduits en libérant ainsi le Cu-natif.

Beschreibung: The Upper Permian in the Netherlands, as known from borehole data, is deposited in a mainly evaporitic facies north of the Brabant and Rhenish Massifs. In the extreme south (Belgian Campine, de Peel) a near-shore facies of reef dolomites and elastics occurs. In the western and central Netherlands the Upper Permian is represented by a thin sequence of anhydrite and dolomite with some elastics (anhydrite facies). The rock salt facies, developed in the northeastern part of the country, is subdivided into 4 evaporation cycles. Each cycle, when complete, consists of a series of claystone, dolomite, anhydrite, rock salt, bitter salts, laid down under conditions of increasing basin salinity followed by a thin series of rocksalt and anhydrite, deposited under decreasing salinity. The depositional rhythm of the deposits in the rock salt facies is caused by periodic northward shifts of the area of greatest subsidence. Owing to tectonic movements, initiating these shifts, changes occurred in the physiographic conditions relating to entrance channel and basin causing the basin salinity to decrease. Only during periods of relatively low salinity did euxinic conditions exist which gave rise to bituminous deposits. From the distribution of dolomites and bituminous deposits the presence of an east-west striking swell, the Cocvorden Swell, has been inferred, showing that this was a higher and more slowly subsiding tract in the Upper Permian basin. The transition of marine Upper Permian to continental Bunter cannot be regarded as a time boundary; nor are time and rock units within the Upper Permian basin necessarily identical.

Beschreibung: Since the industrial developments of Europe and North America in the nineteenth century, coal has been considered as the most important mineral wealth a country could possess. Coal was often referred to as King Coal, and it was not until around 1950 that its position as the major fuel for modern society was seriously threatened by oil, natural gas and hydro-electric power. Particularly on the North American continent the question is now raised: what will be the future of coal, and which part will it play in the ever increasing energy consumptions of modern civilization? A survey made in Canada by the Dominion Coal Board in 1953 on the future energy requirements of the country revealed some pertinent facts regarding the role that coal would play in this. After a careful evaluation of the future supply of oil, natural gas and hydro-power, it became apparent that the present coal consumption of 37,500,000 tons annually will be maintained until 1965, after which a substantial increase to 58,000,000 tons will be necessary to meet the energy demands. This conclusion, it should be pointed out, was arrived at on the basis of a population increase to 16,500,000 by 1965, an no net additions to the overall energy supply from atomic sources in that period (O’Brian, 1953). From this it may be seen that coal, although not the sole important fuel anymore, is still one of our major sources of energy, apart from being a large supplier of numerous organic compounds. Coal is a complex substance, both in its chemical and physical composition. Although coal may truly be defined as a rock, it is a most unusual one, because it does not consist of minerals, but of a petrified mass of vegetable matter, which has been modified chemically and physically in varying degrees. This mass consists of an agglomeration of all sorts of plant components, ranging from a simple cell to such highly modified forms as cuticles, spores and pollen grains. The proportion in which these components are present, -as well as their degree of metamorphism controls the chemical and physical properties of coal. Added to this, a greatly varying amount of inorganic matter is present which immediately affects the value of coal as a solid fuel.

Beschreibung: A study of the Suriname species of the genus Drosera revealed the existence of a few problems and led to some new points of view with regard to the taxonomy of the tropical American species of this genus. A discussion of these problems (and an exposition of my views) including the description of a new species, are given in the following pages. According to the “Enumeration of the vascular Plants known from Surinam”, published by A. A. PULLE in 1906, no species of Drosera were at that time known from Suriname. In the same year L. DIELS published his monograph of the Droseraceae in “Das Pflanzenreich”. He mentioned from Guiana the following species: Drosera sessilifolia St. Hil., D. cayennensis Sagot ex Diels, D. capillaris Poir., D. montana St. Hil. var. roraimae Diels and, with some hesitation, D. pusilla H.B.K. and D. tenella Willd. Consequently at least part of these species were to be expected from Suriname. Investigation of herbarium specimens revealed a great confusion, especially with regard to the species D. pusilla H.B.K., D. tenella Willd. and D. capillaris Poir. At a first glance hardly any difference seemed to exist between D. pusilla and D. tenella, as the diagnostic characters, mentioned by DIELS, viz. length and number of peduncles, proved to be of no value. After examining the type collections of these two species however, a real difference, which proved to have been mentioned already by KUNTH, was found in the seeds. D. pusilla has subglobular and foveolate seeds, whereas the seeds of D. tenella are ovoid, longitudinally ribbed and papillose. In the general appearance of the plants another difference was found: the flowers of D. tenella proved to be proportionally smaller and the peduncles more slender and usually somewhat longer than in D. pusilla. When D. pusilla is defined in this way, it appears that it is up till now only known from Venezuela and Brazil, and not from Guiana.

Beschreibung: AUBLET described and figured in his “Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Francoise” (Vol. I p. 170-172 and Vol. III t. 65, 1775) under the name Simira tinctoria a tree belonging to the family Rubiaceae which until very recently was represented in the herbaria solely by specimens that he himself had collected. One of these specimens is preserved in the herbarium of the British Museum (Natural History) and another one in the “Herbier Denaiffe” (cf. LANJOUW, J. and H. UITTIEN in Rec. d. trav. bot. Néerl. 37, 357, 1940), which was recently acquired by the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. AUBLET’s new genera were viewed in his own time and even long afterwards with considerable distrust, and when we see that their separation from older and already well-known allies is but rarely justified by the contents of his diagnoses, this attitude becomes comprehensible. However, when we take the trouble to examine the material on which his new genera were founded, we are often forced to admit that his intuition had shown him the right way. This applies e.g. to the genera that were separated by him from Psychotria L, viz. Ronabea, Tapogomea, Carapichea, Palicourea, Mapouria and Nonatelia. The taxonomists of AUBLET’s own time and those of the immediately following period reduced all these genera to Psychotria, but these authors based their opinion almost exclusively on AUBLET’s insufficiently explicit descriptions. In a later period, when the plants on which AUBLET had founded his genera, were more thoroughly studied, it was gradually recognized that their reduction to Psychotria was not justified.

Beschreibung: Sectio Ciliantha Stafl., subsectio Ferrugineae Warm. A V. vismiifolia Spruce ex Warm. stipulis nullis, foliis longe petiolatis majoribus latioribus, nervis lateralibus pluribus, floribus minoribus calcare inflato instructis differt. Arbor. Ramuli juveniles, petioli, inflorescentia, foliorum pagina inferior indumento ferrugineo-canescente instructi. Stipulae nullae. Folia opposita, petiolo c. 15 mm longo, lamina elliptica, c. 12-16 cm longa, c. 5½-7 cm lata, apice breviter obtuse apiculata, retusa, basi obtusa, nervis supra haud prominentibus, lateralibus subtus prominentibus, majoribus utrinque 15-20 sub angulo c. 50-60’ e costa ortis a nervo limbali undulato margini proximo junctis, venulis supra haud conspicuis, subtus prominulis, reticulatis. Inflorescentia cylindrica, densiflora, cincinnis bifloris, pedunculis 2-3 mm longis, pedicellis 5-7 mm longis, alabastris c. 7 mm longis, 1½ mm latis, subrecurvis, obtusis, calcare c. 5 mm longo, basi constricto, inflato, sub angulo 60-90’ e pedicello orto instructis. Petala suboblonga, apice obtusa; intermedium c. 5 mm longum, extus dense pilosum; lateralia c. 4 mm longa, stamen subpilosum, anthera c. 4 mm longa apice rotundata, filamento c. 2 mm longo. Staminodia c. 1 mm longa ciliata. Stylus glaber, stigmate laterali parvo instructus.

Beschreibung: The variability of Papillaria nigrescens has already been emphasized by STEERE (1934) and BARTRAM (1949). Even in the type specimen (S-PA) I found form and areolation of the leaves to be variable (fig. 1). This type material, moreover, proved to be provided with some filiform microphyllous branchlets, which is all the more noteworthy as the presence of microphyllous branchlets has sometimes been regarded as a diagnostic character of P. appressa. I examined a specimen sent to me on loan by the Munich Herbarium; it has been labelled in an old handwriting: “Hypn. appressum Hrsch. Minas Geraes” and in pencil was added: “Neckera appressa CM v. Muell. II, 136”; some distance apart from this was written: “An C. Müller”. I suppose that this must be the type material, or at least part of it, as this species was as far as I know only once again, and at a much later date, collected in Minas Geraes (Wainio, Brotherus, 1891). I choose this specimen as lectotype. The material consists of a few stems with some branches and a very small number of microphyllous branchlets. In the original description by Hornschuch (1840) nothing is said on these branchlets. Mueller (1851) does not mention their presence either. He states that P. (Neckera) appressa is very similar to P. nigrescens but that the stems are thicker and of a different colour and that the leaves are wider. In a note he writes: “Sterilis nota quidem, sed a N. nigrescente foliis certe distans”. He saw only the type specimen of Martius from Minas Geraes, probably the material cited above. Mitten (1869) is the first who mentions: “apicibus ramusculis filiferis”. He cites several specimens, including that of Martius and states at the end of the description: “A M(eteorium) nigrescente foliis latioribus acumine breviorem dorso minus distincte plicatis recedit”. There is indeed a rather striking difference in shape between typical leaves of the two type specimens (fig. 2 and 3). The leaf cells of P. appressa are said to be shorter than those of P. nigrescens. Hornschuch describes the cells as: parallelogrammis versus margines folii oblongis minimis”. I fail to see any difference between the cells of P. nigrescens and P. appressa (Fig. 2). The shape of the cells is very variable. In many Suriname specimens of P. nigrescens examined by me, the variation in leaf outline, in cell shape and in the number of microphyllous branchlets is nearly un-

Beschreibung: For many years already there has been a close co-operation between archaeology and palynology. This co-operation is particularly concerned with the investigation of archaeological objects—sometimes even complete settlements—which were discovered in the peat. With the help of archaeologically well datable finds it was possible to obtain a dating of some parts of the pollen diagram and of stratigraphical phenomena as the recurrence surfaces in the Swedish raised bogs. Next, objects which were archaeologically not datable, viz. trackways and peat burials, could be dated more or less accurately by means of pollen analysis. In the last few years, moreover, attention has been paid to the pollen analytical investigation of samples from burial monuments. It was WATERBOLK who worked out this method, and who attained important results. In this investigation much stress is laid on the correlation between archaeological and scientific phenomena. In this connection it was in the first place of much importance to have the disposal of a detailed diagram from a large raised bog whose pollen content cannot have been influenced to a great extent by local conditions. From this diagram reflecting the vegetation development in a given region alterations of the vegetation effected by climatic changes or human interference can be read. Moreover, by means of such a diagram other pollen analytical data from that given region—which have often been influenced by local conditions—can be compared better with those from other regions.

Beschreibung: Ames, O. R.E. Schultes in Proc. Linn. Loc. Lond. 162, pt 2 (1951) 223-229. Arens, P. R. van der Wijk in Vakbl. v. Biol. 34 (1954) 23-24.

Beschreibung: In preliminary identification it is very often imminent to hare a look through the dried leaf in order to observe details of nervature, glands, lines, dots, crystals, etc. These are often difficult to observe against the light of a window or the light from the sun. An exceedingly easy, cheap, and satisfactory way is to have an extra cover over the top of the lamp used for bringing light to the subject under the binocular lens, with a circular hole (1½ cm diam) made in the centre of this. The leaf is put over this hole and one looks through it with a normal hand lens. The extra cover we use at Leyden is the metal cap of old jelly containers. The second improvement is the etching of a net of sq. millimetres in the glass bottom of petri dishes, at least in most of the central portion of these. This facilitates taking exact measurements under water; no loose special metal or glass millimeter strips are needed any longer. The etching proved to be rather expensive in Holland; each dish costed about US $.4.-, but we are very glad to have them.

Beschreibung: Under this heading the regular routine exploration work, specially by the forestry services in Malaya, Sarawak, Brunei, North Borneo, Indonesia, and Lae, by the Botanic Gardens, Bogor and Singapore, and by the National Museum, Manila, will not be mentioned; it is most encouraging that the gradual accumulation of materials through these services is steadily increasing and gaining in importance. Since 1954 the Forest Department in Dutch New Guinea, at Hollandia, has also started a regular collection and a Herbarium, duplicates of which will be distributed through the care of the Rijksherbarium, Leyden. The aim of this chapter is to record in a concise way special collecting and exploration trips and expeditions; formerly these were included under miscellaneous information.

Beschreibung: Perennial, glabrous, herbaceous vines, twining to the right, often with a rhizome or tuberous roots. Leaves spiral, sessile or petioled, entire, penninerved, often rather fleshy, exstipulate. Flowers bisexual (or unisexual), actinomorphous, in axillary (and/or terminal) spikes, racemes or panicles, each subtended by a small bract. Bracteoles 2 or 4, in the latter case in 2 decussate pairs, below the flower, sometimes accrescent and connate at the base, the upper pair often tepaloid. Perianth segments 5, often coloured, connate at the base in a shorter or longer tube, imbricate, persistent, often accrescent. Stamens 5, epitepalous; filaments inserted on the perianth; anthers 2-celled, dorsifixed, dehiscing lengthwise, rarely (in non-Mal. spp.) with an oblique apical slit. Ovary superior, 1-celled; styles simple or 3-armed, or 3 free styles; ovule 1, basal, campylotropous. Fruit indehiscent, surrounded by the persistent often fleshy-accrescent calyx (and eventually bracteoles). Seed globular; testa membranous; endosperm copious, surrounded by the spirally twisted or semi-circular to horseshoe-shaped embryo. Distr. Four genera with c. 15 spp., almost confined to the warmer parts of the New World, from Texas and the West Indies to Peru, Uruguay, and the Argentine, some spp. of Basella in E. Africa and Madagascar, in Malaysia cultivated and locally naturalizing.

Beschreibung: HENDERSON, M. R., Malayan Wild Flowers. 1. Dicotyledons (Mal.Nat.J. 4, 1949, p. 1-181; ibid. 6, 1950, p. 182-399; ibid. 1952, p. fig. 1-424); 2. Monocotyledons. Kuala Lumpur (1954) p. 1-357, fig. 1-201. Line-drawings of selected herbaceous plants from Malaya.

Beschreibung: The abbreviations used are in general in conformity with common usage in botanical taxonomy, though, where possible, the citation has been limited to the minimum necessary for strict taxonomic reference, e.g.: ‘F.v.M. Fragm.’—for F. VON MUELLER, Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae, ‘Walp. Ann.’—for Walpers, Annales, ‘BAILEY, Compr. Cat. Q. Pl.’—for F. M. BAILEY, Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants. ‘In’ after the author’s name has been used only if one author has published in the work of another author, e.g.: ‘BENTH. in B. & H. Gen. Pl.’, ‘CLARKE in Hook. f. & Th. Fl. Br. Ind.’, or in the serial which, for the sake of clearness should be preceded by the name of its editor, e.g. ‘SCHLTR in Fedde, Rep.’; ‘Rep.’ alone would not be sufficient, since there are several repertoria.

Beschreibung: Plants small, annual or perennial, densely tufted, often of moss-like habit, some species forming cushions. Leaves radical or densely distichous on short, branched stems, narrowly linear, canaliculate, provided with a broadly membranous, sometimes apically auricled, mostly 1-nerved sheath. Scape simple, accrescent, the base surrounded with 1 to 3 sheath-like, hyaline, reduced leaves. Inflorescences terminal, head- or spikelet-like, 2—3-bracteate (in some extra-Mal. genera ~-bracteate); bracts distichous, each enclosing 1 to 11 flowers. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, usually subtended by 1 to 3 hyaline glumes; sometimes a few barren and reduced. Perianth none. Stamens 1 to 2; filament(s) filiform; anther(s) dorsifixed, versatile, oblong or linear, 1- to 2-celled, introrse, lengthwise dehiscing. Carpels 1 to many, superior, connate or free, collateral or superposed in 1 or 2 rows; styles free or connate at the base; stigmas linear and simple. Ovule solitary and pendulous from the apex in each carpel, orthotropous. Fruiting carpels resembling enlarged carpels, in the case of 2 collateral carpels resembling an ovary (fruit); pericarp membranous; carpels or cells dehiscent lengthwise with a lateral (outward) slit or more rarely with 2 loculicidal valves. Seed minute, ovoid or ellipsoid, areolate, with farinaceous albumen. Distribution. Genera 5, with about 30 spp., chiefly distributed in Australia and New Zealand, a few in Malaysia (2 genera with 4 species), southeastern Asia and South America. Fig. 2.

Beschreibung: Annual or perennial freshwater and marine plants. Leaves submerged, rarely floating or partly emerged, radical or arranged along a stem, spirally whorled, distichous, or in pairs, linear, lanceolate, elliptic, ovate or orbicular, sessile or petioled; petioles mostly sheathing; nerves more or less parallel, straight or curved, connected by perpendicular or ascending cross-veins. Stipules sometimes present. Squamulae intravaginales often present. Flowers actinomorphous, rarely faintly zygomorphous (Vallisneria), unisexual, and then sometimes with rudiments of the other sex, or rarely bisexual, 1-~ enclosed between 2, more or less connate, rarely free segments (spathe). Spathe sessile or peduncled, often ribbed or winged, tip mostly bifid. Perianth segments free, 3 or 6, in the later case differentiated in petals and sepals; sepals often green, mostly valvate; petals mostly coloured, imbricate. Stamens 2—~, in 1 or more whorls, the inner ones sometimes staminodial (Hydrocharis), the outer ones often doubled (Stratiotes, Ottelia); anthers basifixed, 2—4-celled, dorsally or latrorsely lengthwise dehiscent; filaments more or less slender, sometimes absent. Ovary inferior, linear, lanceolate or ovate, consisting of 2-15 connate carpels, 1-celled, apex often narrowed into a long, filiform beak; parietal placentas sometimes protruding to the centre of the gynaecium, but never connate, sometimes split into 2 lamellae; styles 2-15, often more or less split into 2 crests. Ovules ~, anatropous, with 2 integuments. Fruits linear, lanceolate or ovate, opening by decay of the pericarp, rarely stellately dehiscent ( Thalassia). Seeds ~, fusiform, elliptic, ovate or globose; testa glabrous or densely set with spines or warts; embryo straight, with a very inconspicuous plumule at the base of a lateral groove, and a thick radicle; the marine genera and Stratiotes possess, however, a large, well-developed plumule; albumen 0. Distribution. About 15 genera with c. 100 spp., widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical zones with a few species in the temperate zones. Among the freshwater genera only Vallisneria and Ottelia occur both in the palaeotropics and in the neotropics. Most other freshwater genera are confined to the Old World [ Hydrilla, Hydrocharis, Blyxa, Lagarosiphon (Africa), Nechamandra (S. Asia), Stratiotes (Europe), Maidenia (Australia)], only 2 are restricted to America (Elodea and Limnobium). The marine genera are commonly dispersed along the coasts of the Indian and Pacific Ocean going East as far as Hawaii & Tahiti, but do not reach the American Pacific coast; 2 of them occur also in the West Indies, but further they are absent from the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean! See further under ecology.

Beschreibung: Shrubs or trees. Youngest branchlets compressed, older branches terete; base of the lateral twigs often provided with small distichous ‘bracts’ (ramenta) sometimes also occurring between the leaves. Leaves simple, alternate (distichous), entire, involute in bud, the margins leaving a more or less permanent trace as 2 longitudinal lines on the upper leaf surface (‘areolate’). Stipules mostly entirely connate, rarely bifid, intrapetiolar, often bicarinate, sometimes emarginate or 2-toothed at the apex, long-persistent or early caducous, inserted ± semi-amplexicaulous and leaving a distinct, mostly oblique scar. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters, often dimorphous, or even 3—4-morphous, 5-merous, actinomorphic, bisexual. Pedicels more or less thickened, often only under the calyx, provided with 2 bracteoles at the base. Calyx persistent, campanulate, (in Mal.) ± halfway divided into 5 lobes imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, caducous, alternating with the calyx lobes, quincuncial in bud, nearly always provided with an emarginate or 3-lobed ligule inserted on the apex of the claw of the petal. Stamens 10, in two whorls of 5, persistent; filaments towards the base connate into a staminal tube often with a toothed margin; anthers ellipsoid, basifixed, cordate at the base, 2-celled, opening lengthwise, latrorse. Ovary (1—)3-celled, each cell with 1 ovule, normally only 1 cell fertile, but the other empty cells sometimes distinctly enlarged in fruit; styles 3, erect, free or partly connate or stigmas ± sessile; stigmas flattened (often oblique) or (in extra-Mal. spp.) clavate, blunt or rarely acute. Ovules pendulous, anatropous, with a ventral raphe. Fruit a drupe. Seed with or without endosperm; embryo oblong, erect; cotyledons flat to plano-convex; no plumule, but a distinct radicle. Distr. The Erythroxylaceae comprise three exclusively tropical genera. Aneulophus BENTH. is monotypic and restricted to West Africa. Nectaropetalum BENTH. (Peglera BOLUS) has a few species in SE. Africa (cf. STAPF, Kew Bull. 1909, 188).

Beschreibung: Usually lianas, sometimes shrubs or small trees, provided with characteristic unicellular hairs which are generally centrally attached (fig. 11). Leaves opposite, rarely subopposite or in whorls of 3, mostly petioled, simple and mostly entire, often provided with superficial glands beneath, especially at the base. Stipules mostly present, variable. Inflorescences simple or slightly paniculate at the base, bracteate, raceme-like; pedicels articulated, bracteolate. Flowers often conspicuous, bisexual, but often parts of the gynoecium or androecium abortive, or rarely polygamous, actinomorphic to zygomorphic. Sepals 5, free or slightly connate, persistent, calyx outside sometimes provided with 1-10 distinct glands. Petals 5, free, imbricate, mostly cochlear, nearly always clawed, margin often ciliate, dentate or fimbriate. Disk inconspicuous, sometimes accrescent. Stamens (in Mal.) 10, sometimes unequal; filaments often connate at the base; anthers basifix or dorsifix, introrse, sometimes with enlarged connective, 2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise. Ovary superior, with generally 3 (in extra-Mal. spp. rarely 2, 4 or 5) carpels, cells, and lobes. Styles as much as carpels, persistent, free, with a terminal, sometimes little developed stigma. Ovules 1 per cell, hemi-anatropous, hanging from an almost axillary placenta. Fruit a schizocarp of which the mericarps may dehisce dorsally, mericarps mostly winged in various ways (samara), seldom fleshy and forming a drupe (in extra-Mal. spp. a capsule or berry may occur). Seed with a large and mostly straight, rarely curved, embryo; endosperm none. Distr. About 57 genera and 700 spp., almost entirely confined to the tropics. The bulk of the family occurs in the New World; in a general way, the distributional frontiers of the larger taxa often coincide with important geographical demarcations.

Beschreibung: Monoecious or dioecious trees, (often scrambling) shrubs, or lianas. Twigs and bark rather tough; medullary rays in twigs many, distinct; pith rather small, usually dark-coloured and often disappearing early; wood rather hard. Stipules narrowly triangular to subulate, sometimes rather early caducous. Leaves spirally arranged but usually pseudo-distichous, short-petioled, pinnatinerved; margin entire, thickened by a nerve; orbicular flat glands nearly always present on the surface of the leaf, mostly beneath in the basal part; base not rarely slightly inequilateral. Growth mode: apparently mostly in flushes. Inflorescences axillary (sometimes pseudo-terminal on leafless axillary shoots), dichotomously branched or glomerulous, sometimes reduced to 2 or 1 flower(s); lower forks with 1 transverse bractlet. Pedicels articulated near the apex. Flowers small, 5-merous, bi- or unisexual, in Mal. spp. hypo- or only slightly epigynous. Sepals ovate, imbricate, slightly confluent at the base, usually pubescent on either side. Petals (in Mal. spp.) free, more or less spathulate, bifid to emarginate, creamy to white when fresh, dark when dried. Stamens 5, episepalous, (in Mal. spp.) free; anthers introrse, opening by a longitudinal slit; connective strongly thickened. Disk consisting of 5 intrastaminal, epipetalous lobes. Pistil 2- or 3-merous; styles free or more or less connate; ovules 2 per cell, apical, pendent, anatropous, only one developing into a seed. Drupe usually tomentose, more or less lobed, in Mal. spp. orange or yellow when fresh; pericarp thin, fleshy, the angles usually with distinct sutures apparently indehiscent; endocarp crustaceous; stones 1-3, 1-seeded, often faintly united. Seeds exalbuminous; cotyledons fleshy, planoconvex. Distribution. The family Dichapetalaceae comprises 4 nearly exclusively tropical genera. Three of them, with c. 20 spp. are confined to South America & Africa. Dichapetalum itself is much larger and is distributed throughout the tropical zone (Polynesia and Micronesia excepted). Its main centre of speciation is Africa, to which three of its four sections are confined.

Beschreibung: Erect, glabrous, dioecious shrub or small tree. Twigs 4-angular, rhomboid in section, more or less zigzag, pithy; pith in young twigs ± terete, in older ones cross-like in section; medullary rays very regular, finely radial-parallel. Leaves simple, alternate, bifarious, flat in flush, shortly petioled, crenulate-dentate, nigrescent, penninerved, veins transversal, ultimate veins partly blind in the intervenal areoles. Stipules small, acute, their lower part persistent and hardened. Inflorescences terminal, in their lower part leafy, bracteate, consisting of a raceme of peduncled, spike-like racemes with telescoped tubular bracts sustained at the base by 1 bract and 2 stipules. Bracts persistent, accrescent, truncate, veined lengthwise, the uncovered part thicker, each 1-flowered except the terminal one which is 2-flowered. Flowers in each raceme developing from the base upwards, on a flattened, persistent pedicel. Perianth connate, rather fleshy, corollar, consisting of 6 lobes, imbricate in bud, 3 inner and 3 outer ones, in the ♀ about equal, in the ♂ the inner ones smallest, ♂ Flowers: perianth segments shorter than the tube, inner ones spaced, spathulate; extrastaminal disk glands 3, blunt, oblong, fleshy at the base of the sulcate filaments; filaments connate in a column opposite the inner tepals; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise, extrorse; connective produced above the anthers, rounded; pollen grains 3-colpate. ♀ Flowers: perianth ± persistent, perianth-lobes longer than the tube, about equal; disk glands absent (but possibly disk-like tissue of receptacular origin participating in the ovarial wall); ovary urceolate, thickened fleshy at the mouth and with recurved margin, 9-12- sulcate, the apical part possibly representing a glandular-stigmatic surface depressed in the centre and through a distinct (?style-)canal giving free entrance to the ovarial cavity. Ovules ~, crowded on the flat base of the ovary, linear, erect, on a minute funicle, anatropous. Fruiting receptacle ± globose to broad-cylindric, fleshy, accrescent, 9—12-ribbed or -sulcate, breaking up at the mouth. Seeds densely packed, their needle-like bases surrounded by and partly connate with a spongy tissue of scarious lamellae of placental origin; seeds terete, narrow oblanceolate, with a blunt, obliquely cut, concave apex, shortly erect-patent pubescent over its whole surface; testa black, brittle-chartaceous; endosperm attached at the apex of the testa, cylindric, outer cell layer brown, enveloping the embryo. Embryo straight in the basal part of the seed the rootlet pointing downward, rootlet slightly compressed, cotyledons oblong, flat, thin-foliaceous, somewhat longer than the rootlet. Distr. Monotypic, in Malaysia (Borneo).

Beschreibung: The delimitation of the family as it is now generally accepted has been liable to changes. Moreover, representatives of other families have occasionally been confused with Restionaceae. In habit Restionaceae are very like Cyperaceae, specially Rhynchosporoideae, and grow in similar habitats. They can be distinguished from the latter by open leaf-sheaths, the pendent, apically inserted ovules, and the absence of peculiar ‘cone-cells’ in the epidermis (‘Kegel-Zellen’, cf. KÜKENTHAL in Fedde, Rep. 53, 1944, 89).

Beschreibung: Evergreen trees or shrubs, mangrove species with various remarkable root formations. Branching (in the mangrove genera) mostly sympodial; branchlets swollen at the nodes, solid and pithy, hollow in Crossostylis, Gynotroches, and Pellacalyx. Innovation continuous, but flushwise in Anisophyllea. Leaves decussate and stipulate, rarely alternate and exstipulate ( Anisophyllea and Combretocarpus), usually isomorphic, rarely dimorphic ( Anisophyllea spp.), gland-like cork warts sometimes occurring as small black spots on the lower surface; young leaves involute or convolute. Nervation generally pinnate, more rarely curvinerved and with 1-2 intramarginal veins ( Anisophyllea). Stipules conspicuous, interpetiolar, caducous, opposite, except in Pellacalyx overlapping each with one free margin, in Malaysia with colleters at the base inside, leaving an annular scar. Inflorescences axillary, simple or branched, usually cymose (lax or condensed and cluster-like), racemose or fascicled, rarely consisting of a solitary flower. Flowers usually bisexual, rarely unisexual or polygamous and plants monoecious ( Anisophyllea and Gynotroches), sustained at the base by connate or cupular bracteoles or ebracteolate. Calyx 3-16-lobed, lobes valvate, persistent. Petals free, equal in number to the calyx lobes and alternating with them, usually fleshy and conduplicate, sometimes embracing 2 (Bruguiera) or 1 stamen, entire, 2-fid, lacerate or fringed with appendages at the apex, usually clawed, caducous during or after anthesis, rarely persistent. Stamens free or epipetalous ones adnate to the petals in Anisophyllea sp. (or adnate to the calyx tube in Pellacalyx), in one whorl (except in P. symphiodiscus), usually twice the number of the petals and one opposite and one alternating with the petals, in Bruguiera in pairs opposite and embraced by the petals, in Rhizophora apiculata 3 times and in Crossostylis spp. 3-4 times as many stamens as petals, in Kandelia indefinite in number, in some species some stamens may be aborted and staminodial, free or connate at the base; anthers typically 4-celled, rarely multi-locellate (Rhizophora), dorsifixed, dehiscing longitudinally and introrse, in Rhizophora opening with a large ventral valve. Disk fleshy, annular, and crenate or flat, or lobed, rarely absent. Ovary inferior, rarely semi-inferior or superior (Gynotroches, Cassipourea), 2—12-celled, rarely 1-celled by suppression of the septa; style simple with simple or ± lobed stigma, or styles free, persistent. Ovules (1-)2- ~ in each cell, pendulous, attached axile or in 1-celled ovaries on the columella-like axis running from base to apex, anatropous with micropyle upward and outward. Fruit always bearing the persistent calyx and often other floral remains, a berry or a drupe or dry and rather hard-shelled (Anisophyllea), indehiscent, rarely (in extra-Mal. spp.) a capsule and dehiscent, winged in Combretocarpus. Seeds pendulous, 1-~, sometimes (in extra-Mal. spp.) arillate, viviparous in mangroves, germinating in the ordinary way in inland species; albumen fleshy or small and soon obsolete (in Rhizophoreae); embryo straight or curved. Distribution. Mainly in the Old World, 16 genera² with an estimated 120 spp.

Beschreibung: Perennial, caulescent, rhizomatous herbs with fasciculate, fibrous roots, sometimes stoloniferous, rarely with rounded tubers. Leaves radical, equitant, linear or ensiform, strongly laterally compressed (Iris-like), with an open or closed amplexicaulous, sheathing base, closely striate-nerved or plicate-nerved. Flowers ♀♂, in Mal. spp. actinomorphic, paniculate. Perianth-segments 6, 2-seriate, free. Stamens 3, epipetalous; filaments ± free; anthers 2-celled, basifixed or versatile, introrse, splitting lengthwise. Ovary superior to inferior, 3-celled. Style simple, usually filiform, stigma punctiform. Ovules ~ to 2 per cell, on axile placentas. Capsule loculicid, 3-valved. Seeds with abundant endosperm and a small embryo, often flat, sometimes winged. Distr. About 9 or 16 genera, mainly in Australia, less in S. Africa and N. and tropical America, in Malaysia one native sp. of an otherwise Australian genus and one American ornamental.

Beschreibung: As was done in the preceding volume p. 592-599 it seemed useful to correct some errors which have crept into the text of volumes 4 and 5 as well as to add some additional data, new records, and new species or other taxa which came to our knowledge and are worth recording. Though we strive to make this a work of precision I have given up all hope that I will ever succeed in editing a volume in which no corrections in references and authority of taxa will appear to be necessary. This may be possible in a century from now when the entries in Index Kewensis are completed, when all books have nicely been extracted, and their dates of publication have been fixed once and for all by zealous librarians.

Beschreibung: — During the last World War Dr Ohwi worked for several years in the Herbarium Bogoriense and compiled a preliminary revision of the Malaysian representatives of the genus Fimbristylis. The absence of any world revision, the temporary inaccessibility of type material, and of adequate literature, were the causes that this revision had an entirely preliminary shape and made it inadvisable to publish the MS as it was, due to circumstances alluded to above. Fortunately Mr J. H, Kern, who is in charge of the colossal job of organizing the revision of Cyperaceae for the Flora Malesiana, has undertaken the delicate, time-consuming task of carefully checking the novelties distinguished by Dr Ohwi, which are to be incorporated in his own revision of the genus. Some species distinguished by Dr Ohwi have appeared to be conspecific with already described species from other parts of the palaeotropics, others have since 1941 been described by contemporaneous workers on the genus. The following species have hitherto stood the test and are at present accepted by Mr Kern and Dr Ohwi as good new species. Permission for publication was readily granted both by the Keeper of the Herbarium Bogoriense and by Dr Ohwi. I am exceedingly grateful both to them and to Mr Kern for their mutual trust and co-operation and their generous attitude. C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS.

Beschreibung: In a posthumous paper of Gagnepain a new monotypic genus Tardiella annamensis Gagn. has been described, assigned to the Canellaceae (Not. Syst. 15: 32—33. 1954). The author remarks that for a long time Canellaceae were restricted to the New World, but that later one genus, Cinnamosma, from Madagascar was described by Baillon. Warburgia occurs further in tropical East Africa. The characters of the new genus seemed rather aberrant in Canellaceae which possess 3 sepals instead of 5 in Tardiella, in the fascicled flowers. Phytographically the occurrence of a Canellacea in Tonkin would he most remarkable. The translucent dots and lines in the leaves led me to suspect identity with Casearia with which the description fits very well indeed.

Beschreibung: English diagnoses of the following new taxa will before long be published in Flora Malesiana, I, 5²; with the exception of C. pseudosumatranum, the Latin diagnoses are exclusively based on the typecollection. The abbreviations used are as follows: BS = Bureau of Science, Manila BW = Boswezen, Dutch New Guinea FRI = Forest Research Institute, Bogor KEP = Conservator of Forest, Kepong NGF = New Guinea Forestry, Lae PNH = Philippine National Herbarium, Manila SF = Singapore Fieldnumber.

Beschreibung: The Phylactolaemata-fauna of Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire, as it appears from the samples collected by dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, is connected with the fauna of the South-American mainland. The material belongs to three species only: Hyalinella agilis — Curaçao, Aruba, Bonaire — in temporary or semi-permanent pools, rarely in (possibly) permanent pools (e.g. Sta. 44), and in rock crevices (Sta. 58) — in water with about 30-2000 mg Cl/1. Hyalinella osburni — Aruba, Bonaire — in temporary muddy pools — in water with about 40-200 mg Cl/1. Plumatella annulata — Curaçao, Klein Bonaire — in a temporary muddy pool (Sta. 82) and in cavern water of a limestone plateau (Sta. 61) — in water of about 400-500 mg Cl/1.

Beschreibung: The occurrence of elephants in the Pleistocene of the Netherlands is discussed. In the Praetiglian Anancus arvernensis (Nesti) occurs together with a species of Archidiskodon. It is not yet known whether this is Mammuthus (Archidiskodon) planifrons (Falc. et Cautley) or Mammuthus (Archidiskodon) meridionalis (Nesti). In the Tiglian Mammuthus (Archidiskodon) meridionalis is found. Perhaps this form was still living during the Taxandrian. Other forms are not known from the Taxandrian. The Needian is characterized by Loxodonta (Hesperoloxodon) antiqua (Falc.). Some recent finds of vertebrates from ice-pushed gravels are reported. Near Rhenen Mammuthus (Mammuthus) primigenius (Blum.) was found together with an other species of elephant, Cervus (Megaceros) giganteus Blum., Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blum.) and Equus spec. The identity of the latter elephant has not yet been established. May be it is Loxodonta (Hesperoloxodon) antiqua (Falc.) or Mammuthus (Parelephas) trogontherii (Pohlig). Identical finds are claimed by Adam (1954) from Steinheim an der Murr (Germany). Other finds from contorted gravels include Loxodonta (Hesperoloxodon) antiqua (Falc.) from Lunteren and Nede, and Mammuthus (Mammuthus) primigenius (Blum.) from Maarn, Hilversum, Amersfoort and Garderen. The exact age of these gravels is not yet known, but they are lower Drenthian or older. The Eemian has not yielded any elephant remains. During Tubantian times Mammuthus (Mammuthus) primigenius (Blum.) must have been very abundant indeed.

Beschreibung: The present article is a short description of field observations relative to the occurrence of rocks of a volcanic nature in the Tertiary and Quaternary of Central Iran. Further study might perhaps reveal a genetic relationship.

Beschreibung: In the coastal area of Surinam four series of sediments can be distinguished (cf. fig. 2 and Schols en Cohen, 1953): the Niokerie series (with a. o. clays in several colours and some shales), only known in a few borings in the neighbourhood of Paramaribo and Nickerie; the Zanderij series (with white sands an kaolinic clays); part of those sediments (especially in the outcrop region) seem to represent detritus from the nearby hilly country, washed out and supplied by small rivers; Zanderij series outcrops in the “savannah-belt” (“savannah-gordel” in fig. 1); the Coropina series (with fine sands and clays) is found at the surface in the “older coastal plain” (“oude kustvlakte” in fig. 1); in this region its sediments have the character of tidal flat deposits; the Demerara series comprising the youngest sediments is mainly found in the “younger coastal plain” (“jonge kustvlakte” in fig. 1). During and shortly after the formation of the Zanderij series the region has been tilted towards the north. After the formation of the tidal sediments of the Coropina series a rather important lowering of the sea-level caused valley intrenchment down to a depth of about 6—8 m below the surface of the ""older coastal plain"". During the following rise of the sealevel the sediments of the Demerara series were deposited and the valleys were partly drowned and silted up. Up till now it was not possible to establish the exact geological age of these series and phenomena. Fig. 4 shows the palaeogeographical evolution of a part of the Surinam coastal area.

Beschreibung: Rejuvenation and aggradation are among the usual adaptations of a river under changing conditions. Terraces may result from rejuvenation, and a repeated alternation of rejuvenation and aggradation may lead, but does not necessarily so, to the formation of a sequence of terraces bordering a valley. Many agencies are involved in terrace formation. The correlation of terraces along different rivers, or even along different parts of the same river, often meet with serious difficulties. However, under certain conditions the causes involved may be of such a nature as to affect all rivers in a vast area in the same way. This has been the case for instance during the changing glacial and interglacial conditions of the Pleistocene. Their effects are well developed in the middle course of several rivers in the periglacial belt of temperate Europe. On paleontological evidence it is assumed, that the aggradation is of glacial age, and accordingly the rejuvenation is of interglacial age. Zeuner (1945, p. 26) pointed out that, to state it more exactly, aggradation began when, toward the end of an interglacial, conditions became colder, and rejuvenation set in as soon as the climate became milder again, i. e. still under cold conditions. This type of river terraces is generally known as glacial-climatic terraces. Glacial-climatic terraces have provided valuable evidence for the chronology of the Pleistocene. Their significance is hardly less than that derived from directly glacial evidence.

Beschreibung: Although the discovery of the elephantine mentioned in the title of the present contribution dates from the early days of collecting in the Siwalik Hills (Falconer and Cautley, 1845, pl. 2 figs. 5a, 5b, as Elephas planifrons the stratigraphical position of this species within the tremendously thick Siwalik series of continental deposits was first settled only in 1913, when Pilgrim wrote: “There is absolutely no trace of Elephas either in the Middle Siwalik or in the Tatrot zone of the Upper Siwalik. It first appears as the species Elephas planifrons some 2,000 feet above the base of the Tatrot zone” (Pilgrim, 1913, p. 294), that is, within the Pinjor zone. Hence, Pilgrim (1. c., pl. 26) assigns Archidiskodon planifrons (Falconer et Cautley) to the Pinjor zone of the Upper Siwaliks. Meanwhile, molars indistinguishable from those of the Siwalik A. planifrons had been discovered in Bessarabia, Southern Russia (Pavlow, 1910, p. 27, pl. I fig. 23) and in Lower Austria (Schlesinger, 1912, p. 89), in strata which were then considered to be approximately of Upper and of Middle Pliocene age respectively. In accordance with this, Pilgrim (l.c., p. 323) regards the Pinjor zone as Middle to Upper Pliocene, and the underlying Tatrot zone, the basal beds of the Upper Siwaliks, as Lower Pliocene. However, he states further that, if some subsequent discovery should bring to light a specimen of A. planifrons in the basal beds of the Upper Siwaliks, it would then be impossible to regard the Tatrot zone as much older than the occurrences of this species in Europe (l.c., p. 295). Unfortunately, the beautiful specimens of Archidiskodon planifrons collected in 1922 by Barnum Brown in the Upper Siwaliks around Kalka were loosely embedded in sand, occurring in gullies or depressions, and consequently are of uncertain stratigraphie position; yet Osborn (1942, pp. 950—959) regards these molars as having been derived from the Pinjor zone.

Beschreibung: Description of a case of plecospondylic spinal column in the viviparous Cyprinodont Lebistes reticulatus (PETERS), the so-called guppy or millionfish. In this deformity the following phenomena have been observed: displacement of vertebrae, transformation of vertebrae, increase in size of vertebrae, decrease in size of vertebrae, coalescence of vertebrae, disappearance of vertebrae. Inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, polynuclear granulocytes and cells with club-shaped inclusions (DUTHIE, 1939; STOLK, 1950 a, 1954 a, 1954 b, 1954 c; CATTON, 1951; ARONOWITZ, NIGRELLI and GORDON, 1951) were not found. Consequently inflammatory processes have not played an important part in the origin of this spinal column deformity. The skeleton of the head and the extremities and, moreover, the musculature and the skin showed no deformities. Beside the occurrence of absorption and formation of cartilage the displacement of the vertebrae with respect to each other may undoubtedly have played a role as an etiological factor. Probably an osteomalacia occurred and consequently a growing together of the vertebrae and as a result the successive wave-like curvatures of the spinal column. To what extent this osteomalacia is a result of hereditary factors cannot be determined.

Beschreibung: Ce m’est un devoir particulièrement agréable que de saisir l’occasion de ce petit mémoire pour remercier M. L. F. DE BEAUFORT, M. H. ENGEL, Directeur du Zoologisch Museum, ainsi que M. J. J. HOEDEMAN de l’accueil qu’à diverses reprises, j’ai reçu de leur part, au Zoölogisch Museum, et aussi des multiples obligeances dont ils m’ont fait bénéficier, grâce à quoi il m’a été permis d’étudier à loisir les Soleoidei de la fructueuse et mémorable croisière 1899—1900 du Siboga. Le présent travail est consacré aux Cynoglossidae du seul genre Symphurus RAFINESQUE 1810, genre où la discrimination des espèces se fait particulièrement difficile. Au très petit nombre des caractères utilisables ne s’ajoute que trop souvent l’état précaire dans lequel ces êtres fragiles et généralement de faible taille parviennent dans les collections, malmenés qu’ils sont inévitablement par la drague qui les ramène de profondeurs atteignant parfois 1.000 m. ou davantage. S’il arrive qu’elle se produise, l’erreur de détermination d’un Symphurus est donc des plus excusable. Aussi bien, n’est-ce qu’après avoir étudié plus d’un millier d’individus appartenant à la très grande majorité des espèces décrites, que j’ose publier ce travail, qui aura du moins pour résultat d’enrichir le Zoölogisch Museum d’une espèce dont le nom ne figurait pas encore dans ses archives.

Beschreibung: \xe2\x80\x94 During the last World War Dr Ohwi worked for several years in the Herbarium Bogoriense and compiled a preliminary revision of the Malaysian representatives of the genus Fimbristylis. The absence of any world revision, the temporary inaccessibility of type material, and of adequate literature, were the causes that this revision had an entirely preliminary shape and made it inadvisable to publish the MS as it was, due to circumstances alluded to above.\nFortunately Mr J. H, Kern, who is in charge of the colossal job of organizing the revision of Cyperaceae for the Flora Malesiana, has undertaken the delicate, time-consuming task of carefully checking the novelties distinguished by Dr Ohwi, which are to be incorporated in his own revision of the genus. Some species distinguished by Dr Ohwi have appeared to be conspecific with already described species from other parts of the palaeotropics, others have since 1941 been described by contemporaneous workers on the genus. The following species have hitherto stood the test and are at present accepted by Mr Kern and Dr Ohwi as good new species. Permission for publication was readily granted both by the Keeper of the Herbarium Bogoriense and by Dr Ohwi. I am exceedingly grateful both to them and to Mr Kern for their mutual trust and co-operation and their generous attitude. C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS.

Beschreibung: During a recent treatment of the Proteaceae for \xe2\x80\x9cFlora Malesiana\xe2\x80\x9d it has become evident that a revision of the generic status of all proteaceous taxa reported from S. Asia and Malaysia as well as from the adjacent regions of Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia and subtropical-tropical Australia had to be made to reach a satisfactory correlation of the genera and species concerned as a basis for the discussion of phytogeographical relations both within and outside the proper Malaysian area. During this work it appeared necessary to transfer some species to other genera. A revision of the genus Helicia showed that a group of species had to be segregated as a distinct new genus Heliciopsis.\nMy studies are based on herbarium specimens borrowed from the following Institutions: Arnold Arboretum (A), Bot. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem (B, where the type-material of the family remained intact), Bogor (BO), Brisbane (BRI), Calcutta (CAL), Edinburgh (E), Florence (FT), Kepong (KEP), Lae (LAE), Leiden (L), Melbourne (MEL), Miinchen (M), New York (NY), Manila (PNH), Singapore (SING), Stockholm (S) and Utrecht (IT). The material preserved in the British Museum (BM), at Kew (K), and Paris (P) has been studied during a stay at London and Paris.

Beschreibung: Es läßt sich, wenn man das Grundsätzliche herausschält, am Salzachvorlandgletscher eine Abfolge im Geschehen der Würmzeit herauslesen, die wohl allgemeinere Bedeutung hat. Der Innvorlandgletscher, der nur wie ein größerer Bruder des Salzachvorlandgletschers war, bietet zahlreiche Entsprechungen und Vergleichsmomente. Das überfahrene Frühwürm, auf das ein Rückzug bis an den Alpenrand folgte, die Laufenschwankung oder das Aurignac-Interstadial, das große Hauptwürm mit seinen drei Endmoränensystemen und dazugehörigen Erscheinungen und der besonders deutlich klimatisch bestimmte Einschnitt des beginnenden Spätwürm mit den peripher gesammelten Schmelzwässern, den ersten Eis Stauseen und späteren Schmelzwasserseen sind wahrscheinlich in allen nordalpinen Vorlandgletschern wieder zu erkennen.

Beschreibung: research

Beschreibung: As was done in the preceding volume p. 592-599 it seemed useful to correct some errors which have crept into the text of volumes 4 and 5 as well as to add some additional data, new records, and new species or other taxa which came to our knowledge and are worth recording.\nThough we strive to make this a work of precision I have given up all hope that I will ever succeed in editing a volume in which no corrections in references and authority of taxa will appear to be necessary. This may be possible in a century from now when the entries in Index Kewensis are completed, when all books have nicely been extracted, and their dates of publication have been fixed once and for all by zealous librarians.

Beschreibung: This is a supplement to Husson & Lam\xe2\x80\x99s revision of Haplolobus in Blumea 72, 1953, 413\xe2\x80\x94458, which will be referred to in the present paper as: \xe2\x80\x9cHusson & Lam 1953\xe2\x80\x9d. There is one new species (H. mollis, from Halmaheira) and one new forma ( H. acuminatus, fa glabrior) and the area of the genus has possibly to be extended to include Palau. I would not be surprised at all if it would turn up in some of the Philippines Islands.\nFemale flowers have been described for the first time of H. borneensis. Both in that species and in H. clementium the inflorescences have now been found to occasionally possess more or less abortive vegetative buds. This seems more and more a character of generic importance.

Beschreibung: From September 22nd 1951 until April 19th 1952 I stayed, with my wife as a good companion and technical assistant, in the Netherlands Antilles to make an ornithological survey of these islands. This work, which included both making a collection of studyskins and gathering field data and distributional records, was done under the auspices of the Foundation for Scientific Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles (\xe2\x80\x9cNatuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen\xe2\x80\x9d) and was financed by the Government of the Netherlands Antilles. I am greatly indebted, therefore, to the Government officials of the Netherlands Antilles, particularly to Mr. J. H. Sprockel, minister of Education, and to the staff of the Department of Education. My thanks are also due to the members of the board of the \xe2\x80\x9cStudiekring\xe2\x80\x9d, among whom I should not forget to mention in deep appreciation the names of Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck and Dr J. H. Westermann. The trustees of the University of Amsterdam and the director of the Zoological Museum kindly granted me 8 months study-leave and released me from my responsibilities as curator of the Zoological Museum during this period. Sincere thanks are also due to board and members of the Natural Sciences Study Group Netherlands Antilles (\xe2\x80\x9cNatuurwetenschappelijke Werkgroep Nederlandse Antillen\xe2\x80\x9d), who never failed to help us magnificently, making our stay on the islands a most exillerating experience.\nThis first part of the scientific reporting on our voyage deals with the birds of St. Martin, Saba, and St. Eustatius. These small islands are among the most northerly of the group known as the Lesser Antilles (fig. 1).

Beschreibung: Au S-W de Tinerhir, dans le Maroc occidental, on trouve des verres volcaniques pris dans des d\xc3\xa9p\xc3\xb4ts de tufs. Quelques \xc3\xa9chantillons de ces verres contiennent du cuivre natif sous forme finement r\xc3\xa9partie. Les verres sont dus \xc3\xa0 une activit\xc3\xa9 volcanique d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa2ge plioc\xc3\xa8ne. Ils sont accompagn\xc3\xa9s par des laves dont la composition varie entre celle d\xe2\x80\x99une phonolite et celle d\xe2\x80\x99une ankaratrite. Il est probable que le cuivre natif se soit form\xc3\xa9 lors d\xe2\x80\x99une \xc3\xa9ruption, laquelle aurait entrain\xc3\xa9 un fragment de la roche encaissante riche en sulfures de Cu. Sous l\xe2\x80\x99action des gaz ascendants, ces sulfures auraient \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 r\xc3\xa9duits en lib\xc3\xa9rant ainsi le Cu-natif.

Beschreibung: Our Museum can take pride in a very valuable gem collection for, besides the numerous specimens which were gathered by King William I of the Netherlands a great many of the more unusual stones are to be found in it. Especially since World War II the Museum has acquired many interesting and important stones by gifts and purchases. This enlargement is especially due to the efforts of Professor Dr. B. G. Escher, who was continually aimed at the acquisition of rare and unusual stones for the gem collection, bringing it gradually up to modern standards.\nAs in so many gem collections, one finds stones which are not suitable for wearing, because they are soft or easily cleavable. It is surprising to see the variety of minerals that have been cut in recent years and which are scarcely suitable as gems for this reason. They are collectors\xe2\x80\x99 stones only.

Beschreibung: A short time ago rumors reached Bogota that a big cavesystem had been discovered by some farmers in the southwest of the department of Tolima, between the villages of Cunday and Purificaci\xc3\xb3n. This region belongs morphologically and geologically to the Eastern Cordillera, and forms the westernmost spurs of this mountain chain. As the existence of these caves was completely unknown up to that time, and as no limestones were known from that region, a scientific expedition was organized for a first exploration. The geological party of this expedition was formed by Dr. J. A. Bueno, the author and his wife. We went by car from Bogota to Girardot and from there to Cunday. The next day we had a whole day\xe2\x80\x99s walk to the entrance of the eaves. After two days and two nights passed underground, we left the caves some kilometers to the southwest, at the other side of the mountains. From there we had a two-days walk to the nearest-by village on the Magdalena-river, Suarez. From there we returned to Bogota by car.\nWe only could explore some kilometers of the cave-system, but the guide told us that, entering south of Cunday, one can go on to the south and leave east of Purificaci\xc3\xb3n, at least ten kilometers southwest of the Cunday entrance. Knowing that there are several levels, these dimensions would place the Cunday-caves among the larger ones of the world.

Beschreibung: In einem ersten Abschnitt stellt der Verfasser die ihm bekannten Literaturstellen zusammen. Im zweiten Abschnitt werden eigene Untersuchungen beschrieben, die als vorl\xc3\xa4ufiges Resultat ergaben, dass Clintonit in den Schweizer Alpen bislang nicht einwandfrei nachgewiesen ist, dass aber Margarit ein recht wichtiges Mineral mancher Ca-reicher, mesometamorpher Gesteine am S\xc3\xbcdrande des Gotthardmassivs und der mittleren penninischen Decken ist (als gesteinsbildender Gemengteil z. B. in den B\xc3\xbcndnerschiefern des Gotthardmassivs und in den Eklogitamphiboliten der Ophiolithzone Saas-Zermatt).

Beschreibung: Cet aper\xc3\xa7u sur les Spirorbes du Carbonif\xc3\xa8re n\xc3\xa9erlandais pr\xc3\xa9sente apr\xc3\xa8s une courte description de l\xe2\x80\x99esp\xc3\xa8ce Spirorbis pusillus, quelques remarques sur l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9cologie de cette esp\xc3\xa8ce et le commensalisme suppos\xc3\xa9 par certains \xc3\xa9tudiants, mais encore douteux d\xe2\x80\x99apr\xc3\xa8s l\xe2\x80\x99opinion de l\xe2\x80\x99auteur.

Beschreibung: Dr. G. KRUSEMAN, Head of the Department of Entomology of the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam, kindly entrusted me the examination of the Syrphid flies collected by Mr. A. PETER during the 4th Dutch Karakorum Expedition, 1935. Leader of this expedition was the wellknown alpinist and geographical explorer Dr. Ph. C. VISSER. I am indebted to Dr. G. KRUSEMAN who gave me the opportunity to study this material. I also wish to thank my son, Mr. P. H. VAN DOESBURG, Jr., who has readily made the drawings and the photograph. \nPreviously the following species of Syrphid flies had been recorded from the Karakorum-region (SACK 1935):

Beschreibung: Of the various races of white-eyes that inhabit the central group of the Solomon Islands, the race from the island of Rendova was the first to become known to science.\nTristram (1882) recorded this race, which he indentified with Tephras olivaceus Ramsay, described the previous year from the "Solomon Islands", without an exact indication of its type-locality (Ramsay, 1881). Tristram (l.c.) stated that the species was a typical member of the genus Zosterops, and that, consequently, Tephras olivaceus Ramsay became preoccupied by Zosterops olivacea auct. (Certhia olivacea L.) from R\xc3\xa9union. Therefore he proposed the new name Zosterops rendovae, his comment being as follows : "This bird has already been described by Mr. Ramsay ... as Tephras olivaceus, sp. nov. Whether the characteristics of the genus Tephras, as laid down by Hartlaub, are sufficient to separate it from Zosterops may be open to doubt ; but this bird agrees with Zosterops and not with Tephras ... There being already a Z. olivacea, I have felt it necessary to substitute another name for this very interesting species Only a few months later Salvadori (1882) remarked that the species that Tristram had before him when he gave the name Zosterops rendovae, was distinct from Tephras olivaceus Ramsay; but instead of naming the birds recorded by Tristram, he was apparently of the opinion that Z. rendovae could be used for those, whereas he proceeded to give another new name to Tephras olivaceus Ramsay : Zosterops ramsayi Salvadori.\nIt is not to the purpose to follow up the unfortunate series of new names given to Tephras olivaceus Ramsay, but it must be remarked that the use of the name Z. rendovae by Salvadori and many subsequent authors

Beschreibung: I. DESCRIPTIONS AND RECORDS OF NORTHEAST ASIATIC SPECIES,\nWITH\n\nNOTES ON THE IMMATURE STAGES\nRemarkably little is known of the species of Macromia occurring in the northern part and far eastern countries of continental Asia. In the following list I have enumerated chronologically all species at present known from the vast territory extending north of the Himalayas, Indo-China and the intermediate countries : 1. M. amphigena Selys 1871 (Bull. Acad. Belg. (2) 31: 537-538). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 Japan. 2. M. fraenata Martin 1907 (Cat. Coll. Selys, 17, Cordul. : 71-72). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 Korea. 3. M. spec. indet. Bartenef 1914 (Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. 41: 21-23, fig. 12). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 N. Manchukuo (Station Imjanpo, East China railroad). 4. M. clio Ris 1916 (Supplem. Entom. 5: 67-68, pl. 3, fig. 1). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x80 Formosa. 5. M. urania Ris 1916 (Supplem. Entom. 5: 68-70, fig. 42-43, pl. 3, fig. 2-3). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 Tonkin. Further range: Hainan & E. China (Fukien). 6. M. sibirica Djakonov 1926 (Revue Russe d\'Entom. 20: 228-231, fig. 3). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 S.W. Sibiria, Novonikolaevsk, long. 83o E, lat. 55o \xce\x9d. 7. \xce\x9c. icterica Lieftinck 1929 (Tijdschr. Ent. 72: 64, 84-86, fig. 11-12). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 S.E. China, Kwang Tung. 8. M. cantonensis Tinkham 1936 (Lingnan Sci. Journ. 15: 457-459). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 S.E. China, Kwang Tung. 9. M. daimoji Okumura 1949 (Matsumushi, 3: 120-121, fig. 1 A-C). \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 Japan. (Syn. : M. tokyoensis Asahina 1949, \xe2\x99\x82 \xe2\x99\x80 Japan).

Beschreibung: Introduction.\nWhilst examining the vertical distribution of planktonic Copepoda in the Klinkenberger Put, a deep pond at Warmond near Leiden, wide about 400 m, without any connection with other water, samples were taken in October 1951, November 1951, January 1952, February 1952, and March 1952. In the samples of March 1952 a large quantity of larvae of Copepoda were found. A small part of them was in the naupliar stages; the majority, however, appeared to be present as copepodids. These copepodids proved to belong to two different subgenera, viz., Cyclops Claus and Mesocyclops Sars. In the samples only a few adult forms were found, these were Cyclops (Cyclops) strenuus Fischer, Cyclops (Cyclops) vicinus Uljanin, Cyclops (Mesocyclops) leuckarti Claus, and Cyclops (Mesocyclops) hyalinus Rehberg. As representatives of the Centropagidae (Calanoida) were found some adults and larvae of Diaptomus gracilis Sars and larvae of the genus Eurytemora Giesbrecht.\nCountings of the Copepoda in the samples proved that the vertical distribution of the copepodids was in no way homogeneous, the density being the highest at the surface and at the bottom (15 m). A very low density was found at a depth of 11 meters. It was, however, difficult to determine whether these maximal occurrences manifested themselves in all the species present or that the different peaks were caused by concentrations of different species at different depths, because a scrutiny of the available literature failed to produce keys (or tables) for the identification of the copepodid stages. No enumeration of the differences between the copepodids of the above mentioned species could be found. There only exist keys to

Beschreibung: The present paper deals with two parasites of the crab Pugettia brevirostris, the one representing the new species Sacculina reinhardi, the other identified with Sacculina muricata. The excrescences of the external cuticle of Sacculina reinhardi are similar to those of Sacculina gracilis. For a comparison of S. gracilis with S. reinhardi some additional data of previously described specimens of S. gracilis are here noted and figured, to show that certain characters of this species are constantly different from the corresponding peculiarities in the only available specimen of S. reinhardi.\nSacculina reinhardi nov. spec. 1) U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Northwestern Pacific Cruise, 1906, in entrance of Uraga Strait, Gulf of Tokyo, Japan, 70 fms., October 26, 1906, 1 specimen on Pugettia brevirostris (Doflein), U. S. National Museum, catalogue number 49552.\nSpecific characters. Male organs in the posterior part of the body, outside the visceral mass, forming straight thick-walled canals slightly increasing in size towards the dorsal region; transition of vas deferens into testis indicated by short chitinous tube only. Colleteric glands flat, their tubes nearly all in one row parallel to the surface, 15 to 17 tubes in longitudinal sections of the regions of maximum division. External cuticle with hyaline excrescences consisting of a basal part and a varying number of spines; diameter of excrescences 8 to 23 \xce\xbc, height (including the spines) 8 to 27 \xce\xbc.\nRetinacula unknown.\nThe specimen is oval to rectangular (fig. 1 a), the mantle opening lies at the top of a papilla at the anterior surface, slightly protruding above its 1) Named after Dr. Edward G. Reinhard, Catholic University of America, the author of several important papers on Rhizocephala.

Beschreibung: In dieser Fortsetzung werden behandelt der Rest der mnemosyne subspecies, P. stubbendorfi M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. glacialis Butler, P. nordmanni M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. clarius Eversm., P. eversmanni M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. clodius M\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9tr., P. Orleans Ch. Oberthur, P. honrathi Stgr., P. apollonius Eversm., P. bremeri Bremer, P. phoebus F. und die Unterarten dieser Parnassien Parnassius mnemosyne L. subsp. hartmanni Standf.\nReichenhall 1 \xe2\x99\x82 Typus ex c. Standfuss; Sonntagshorn 1 \xe2\x99\x80 f. halteres + siegeli; Fischbach a. Inn 3 \xe2\x99\x82 3 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Mangfalltal (Topotypen von subsp. lysandra Fruhst.) 11 \xe2\x99\x82 11 \xe2\x99\x80 ex c. Kotzsch; Saletalp 5 \xe2\x99\x82 5 \xe2\x99\x80 ; K\xc3\xb6nigssee 1 \xe2\x99\x82, 1 \xe2\x99\x80 f. grundi Bryk; Hochgern 3 \xe2\x99\x82 3 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Petersberge 4 \xe2\x99\x82, \xe2\x99\x82 f. ernestinae Bryk, 1 \xe2\x99\x80 f. halteres, 1 \xe2\x99\x82 trs. f. halteres Musch., 5\xe2\x99\x80,2\xe2\x99\x80 f. halteres Musch., 2 \xe2\x99\x80 f. minuscula Bryk ; Melleck 2 \xe2\x99\x82 2 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Obersee 1 \xe2\x99\x82 f. minuscula Bryk; Nesselgraben/Reichenhall 2 \xe2\x99\x82 2 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Sonnenwendjoch 2 \xe2\x99\x82 1 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Reichenhall 2 \xe2\x99\x82, 1 \xe2\x99\x82 f. antiquincunx Bryk, 1 \xe2\x99\x82 f. halteres Musch., 1 \xe2\x99\x80 , 1 \xe2\x99\x80 f. lunulata Bryk, 1 \xe2\x99\x80 f. umbratilis ; Oberaudorf 4 \xe2\x99\x82 3 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Schafberg 1 \xe2\x99\x82 f. siegeli Bryk, 1 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Sonntagshorn 5 \xe2\x99\x82, 3 \xe2\x99\x80,2 \xe2\x99\x80 f. halteres Musch. ; Hochgern 2 \xe2\x99\x82 1 \xe2\x99\x80 ; Stuhlfelden, Pinzgau 1 \xe2\x99\x82 1 \xe2\x99\x80.\nDas sehr reichhaltige in etwa 25 Jahren gesammelte Material, das ich ex c. E. Hoffmann erworben und von dem ich die nachstehend aufgef\xc3\xbchrten Vertreter in meine Sammlung eingereiht habe, best\xc3\xa4tigt die in Parnassiana v. 2 p. 51 gegebene Diagnose; nur scheint der helle und dunkle Habitus in den gleichen H\xc3\xb6henlagen nebeneinander aufzutreten.\nHoch-Felln 20 \xe2\x99\x82, trs. f. halteres 4 cf, f. cardinalis 3 \xe2\x99\x82, f. lunulata 2 \xe2\x99\x82, 1 \xe2\x99\x82 dem hellen Typ angeh\xc3\xb6rend, mit fast v\xc3\xb6llig verschw\xc3\xa4rzter Zelle

Beschreibung: In the course of the preparation of the book on \xe2\x80\x9cDe Vogels van de Nederlandse Antillen\xe2\x80\x9d (\xe2\x80\x9cBirds of ths Netherlands Antilles\xe2\x80\x9d), which will be published very soon (obtainable through Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, and Boekhandel Salas, Cura\xc3\xa7ao), it became apparent that the bananaquits (Coereba flaveola) from Bonaire required a new subspecific name. Full details on the occurrence of Coereba flaveola in the group of Netherlands Leeward Islands (Aruba, Cura\xc3\xa7ao, and Bonaire) will be found in my forthcoming monograph on the birds of these islands, in the 7th volume of these Studies, as well as in the above mentioned book.

Beschreibung: Rejuvenation and aggradation are among the usual adaptations of a river under changing conditions. Terraces may result from rejuvenation, and a repeated alternation of rejuvenation and aggradation may lead, but does not necessarily so, to the formation of a sequence of terraces bordering a valley. Many agencies are involved in terrace formation. The correlation of terraces along different rivers, or even along different parts of the same river, often meet with serious difficulties.\nHowever, under certain conditions the causes involved may be of such a nature as to affect all rivers in a vast area in the same way. This has been the case for instance during the changing glacial and interglacial conditions of the Pleistocene. Their effects are well developed in the middle course of several rivers in the periglacial belt of temperate Europe. On paleontological evidence it is assumed, that the aggradation is of glacial age, and accordingly the rejuvenation is of interglacial age. Zeuner (1945, p. 26) pointed out that, to state it more exactly, aggradation began when, toward the end of an interglacial, conditions became colder, and rejuvenation set in as soon as the climate became milder again, i. e. still under cold conditions. This type of river terraces is generally known as glacial-climatic terraces. Glacial-climatic terraces have provided valuable evidence for the chronology of the Pleistocene. Their significance is hardly less than that derived from directly glacial evidence.

Beschreibung: Benoemd met ingang van de cursus 1922\xe2\x80\x9423, gaf ik mijn eerste college in de Mineralogie op 27 september 1922 en mijn eerste college in de Algemene Geologie op 13 October van dat jaar. Ik was benoemd tot een soort \xe2\x80\x9cSjaan van alles\xe2\x80\x9d uit de familie Doorsnee, evenals mijn voorganger K. Martin dat geweest was; d.w.z. ik zou alle geologische wetenschappen moeten doceren: Kristallografie, Mineralogie, Petrologie, Algemene Geologie, Palaeontologie, Stratigrafie en Historische Geologie. Gelukkig had ik de vermetelheid aan de President-Curator mede te delen, niet in staat te zijn de laatstgenoemde drie vakken te onderwijzen. Noodgedwongen moest ik een keuze doen. Naast de Algemene Geologie zou het \xc3\xb2f het complex der mineralogische wetenschappen of dat der palaeontologische moeten zijn, waarop ik mij met enige kans van succes zou kunnen werpen. Ik koos de eerstgenoemde groep omdat de exacte zijde der geologische wetenschappen mij aantrok, terwijl het determineren van fossielen mij niet lag. Wanneer men bedenkt, dat von Laue zijn beroemd proefondervindelijk bewijs van de struktuur der kristallen, toen ik in 1911 afstudeerde, nog niet geleverd had, en ik mij, na een assistentschap van 1% Jaar en een conservatorschap van 1 jaar in Delft, in de aardolieindustrie begaf, zal het duidelijk zijn, dat ik in 1922 een grote achterstand in mijn wetenschappelijke ontwikkeling had in te halen om enigszins dragelijke colleges in de Kristallografie en Mineralogie te geven. Ik wil hier niet uitweiden over de moeilijkheden, die ik hierbij te overwinnen had, maar wel gaarne getuigen van het genoegen dat ik telkens weer beleefde (tot in 1950) wanneer ik de jonge studenten in de geheimen van de kristallografische symmetrieleer en kristaloptica moest inwijden.\nHeden wil ik zeer in het kort in herinnering roepen hetgeen ik naast de gewone colleges in de geologie en mineralogie onder de titel \xe2\x80\x9cCapita selecta"" als dessert heb opgediend.

Beschreibung: In Umbgrove\xe2\x80\x99s \xe2\x80\x9cGeological History of the East Indies\xe2\x80\x9d, published in 1938 in the Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, we find on page 7 the following remarks about the possible extistence of an Upper Paleozoic unconformity in North Sumatra: \xe2\x80\x9cAccording to Zwierzicky (1929) the Triassic near Prapat on Lake Toba (Sumatra) rests unconformably on phyllites, which he considers to be Upper Paleozoic. As this is the only angular unconformity of the sort that has been established with certainty in the entire western part of the Archipelago, we shall \xe2\x80\x94 until this important question has been definitely settled by field research \xe2\x80\x94 have to consider two possibilities: either a local, more recently developed structural discordance, or a real unconformity caused by transgression. In the latter case we would meet with an Upper Paleozoic folding (and transgressive Triassic) in the Area of Lake Toba, On the other supposition, we should have a conformable sequence from Paleozoic to Upper Triassic in Western Sumatra and Malaya\xe2\x80\x9d.

Beschreibung: During the Fall of 1945 the author measured daily the micro-topography of a beach profile at Zandvoort, the Netherlands. The daily changes and the movements of the beach ridges have been determined. Several beach ridges came into being and were destroyed during storms. The structure of the deposits has been studied.

Beschreibung: MAX WEBER (1908, Nova Guinea, 5 (2): 264) referred 6 specimens of a globe-fish, collected by Dr. KOCH in the mouth of the Merauke River, New Guinea, to Tetrodon staigeri DE CASTELNAU. These specimens are in the Amsterdam Museum which later on received some more and still larger specimens from the same locality.\nRe-examination of these specimens showed me that they cannot be referred to T. staigeri, which is said to be near T. hispidus, and hence, according to the classification of FRASER-BRUNNER (1943, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (11) 10: 1), belongs to the family Tetraodontidae, wherefes the Merauke specimens without doubt belong to the Lagocephalidae. It turned out that they belong to a new species,

Beschreibung: Recently, while collecting Hirudinea in the Netherlands we came across the species Trocheta bykowskii GEDROY\xc4\x86, 1912 (syn. Blanchardia bykowskii GEDROY\xc4\x86, 1916).\nThe genus Trocheta was described by DUTROCHET in 1817. The only European species he mentions is Trocheta subviridis, one of the larger leeches, the length of this animal in rest being 80-140 mm.

Beschreibung: Description of a case of plecospondylic spinal column in the viviparous Cyprinodont Lebistes reticulatus (PETERS), the so-called guppy or millionfish. In this deformity the following phenomena have been observed: displacement of vertebrae, transformation of vertebrae, increase in size of vertebrae, decrease in size of vertebrae, coalescence of vertebrae, disappearance of vertebrae.\nInflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, polynuclear granulocytes and cells with club-shaped inclusions (DUTHIE, 1939; STOLK, 1950 a, 1954 a, 1954 b, 1954 c; CATTON, 1951; ARONOWITZ, NIGRELLI and GORDON, 1951) were not found. Consequently inflammatory processes have not played an important part in the origin of this spinal column deformity. The skeleton of the head and the extremities and, moreover, the musculature and the skin showed no deformities.\nBeside the occurrence of absorption and formation of cartilage the displacement of the vertebrae with respect to each other may undoubtedly have played a role as an etiological factor. Probably an osteomalacia occurred and consequently a growing together of the vertebrae and as a result the successive wave-like curvatures of the spinal column. To what extent this osteomalacia is a result of hereditary factors cannot be determined.

Beschreibung: Ce m\xe2\x80\x99est un devoir particuli\xc3\xa8rement agr\xc3\xa9able que de saisir l\xe2\x80\x99occasion de ce petit m\xc3\xa9moire pour remercier M. L. F. DE BEAUFORT, M. H. ENGEL, Directeur du Zoologisch Museum, ainsi que M. J. J. HOEDEMAN de l\xe2\x80\x99accueil qu\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa0 diverses reprises, j\xe2\x80\x99ai re\xc3\xa7u de leur part, au Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Museum, et aussi des multiples obligeances dont ils m\xe2\x80\x99ont fait b\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ficier, gr\xc3\xa2ce \xc3\xa0 quoi il m\xe2\x80\x99a \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 permis d\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tudier \xc3\xa0 loisir les Soleoidei de la fructueuse et m\xc3\xa9morable croisi\xc3\xa8re 1899\xe2\x80\x941900 du Siboga.\nLe pr\xc3\xa9sent travail est consacr\xc3\xa9 aux Cynoglossidae du seul genre Symphurus RAFINESQUE 1810, genre o\xc3\xb9 la discrimination des esp\xc3\xa8ces se fait particuli\xc3\xa8rement difficile. Au tr\xc3\xa8s petit nombre des caract\xc3\xa8res utilisables ne s\xe2\x80\x99ajoute que trop souvent l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9tat pr\xc3\xa9caire dans lequel ces \xc3\xaatres fragiles et g\xc3\xa9n\xc3\xa9ralement de faible taille parviennent dans les collections, malmen\xc3\xa9s qu\xe2\x80\x99ils sont in\xc3\xa9vitablement par la drague qui les ram\xc3\xa8ne de profondeurs atteignant parfois 1.000 m. ou davantage. S\xe2\x80\x99il arrive qu\xe2\x80\x99elle se produise, l\xe2\x80\x99erreur de d\xc3\xa9termination d\xe2\x80\x99un Symphurus est donc des plus excusable. Aussi bien, n\xe2\x80\x99est-ce qu\xe2\x80\x99apr\xc3\xa8s avoir \xc3\xa9tudi\xc3\xa9 plus d\xe2\x80\x99un millier d\xe2\x80\x99individus appartenant \xc3\xa0 la tr\xc3\xa8s grande majorit\xc3\xa9 des esp\xc3\xa8ces d\xc3\xa9crites, que j\xe2\x80\x99ose publier ce travail, qui aura du moins pour r\xc3\xa9sultat d\xe2\x80\x99enrichir le Zo\xc3\xb6logisch Museum d\xe2\x80\x99une esp\xc3\xa8ce dont le nom ne figurait pas encore dans ses archives.

Beschreibung: Shortly after the printing of my 1954 paper on C. S. Rafinesque as a carcinologist (Holthuis, 1954, Zool. Verhand. Leiden, no. 25, pp. 1-43) had been completed, I became aware of the fact that, when preparing the above publication, I unfortunately had overlooked the existence of one more publication by Rafinesque which contains information on Crustacea.\nThe present note deals with this 8th carcinological publication by Rafinesque, the reference to which is the following: 1818 (August). Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.\nVol. i. Part I. Philadelphia. 8 vo. pp. 220, and 9 plates. May to December, 1817. Amer. monthly Mag. crit. Rev., vol. 3, pp. 269-274. A (very) critical review of the publication mentioned in the title of Rafinesque\'s paper. Two new generic names (for Brachyura) are proposed, other Crustacean genera and species are discussed or mentioned (Notostraca, Amphipoda, Decapoda).\nThe following Crustacean genera and species have been mentioned in this review by Rafinesque: Subclass Branchiopoda Order Notostraca Generic names. Apus Latreille (= Apus Cuvier, 1797), Phyllopus Rafinesque, 1815 (Rafinesque, 1818, p. 271).\nSubclass Malacostraca Order Amphipoda Generic names. Cerapus Say, 1817 (Rafinesque, 1818, pp. 271, 272), Jassa Leach, 1814 (Rafinesque, 1818, p. 272). The following remarks concerning Cerapus are made by Rafinesque : "Cerapus of Say, is a good name,

Beschreibung: In a revision of vespertilionid bats the late Dr. G. H. H. Tate (1941, pp. 581-582) after examination of the skull of cotype "a" of Vespertilio Ivarpia in the collection of the Leiden Museum, originally described by Temminck (1840, pp. 219-220, pi. 55 figs. 5-6), arrived at the following conclusion: "It becomes clear, upon later study of photograph and notes, that the skull was that of Myotis sp., and not a Harpiocephalus at all.... In view of the undoubted error in the skull it would be well for the authorities at Leyden to decide whether the specimen in question is actually the type of Temminck\'s harpia or not." Though, as a rule, rectification of an erroneous interchange of skulls and skins in an old collection is difficult to ascertain, the present paper solves the above mentioned problem. When studying the bats of Surinam in the Leiden Museum, I investigated also the type specimen of Vespertilio ferrugineus described from Surinam by Temminck (1840, pp. 239-240, pi. 59 (not 58) fig. 2). Though this description was based on "plusieurs individus conserv\xc3\xa9es \xc3\xa0 l\'esprit de vin", apparently only one specimen was preserved, as a mounted skin, but it remains unknown at what date this skin was prepared from the alcoholic specimen. With the dried skin there is a mounted skull, which, according to the pencil note on the underside of the board, should belong to the type specimen of V. ferrugineus. I discovered, however, that this skull exactly agrees with the description of Harpiocephalus harpia, so that it became necessary to examine the material of this species in the Leiden Museum. The following specimens are present. \xce\xb9. Cotype "a", mentioned by Jentink (1887, p. 280; 1888, p. 186): mounted skin and skull, sex unknown ; collected by S. M\xc3\xbcller on the S. E.

Beschreibung: O. Bang-Haas hat sich bereits 1915 in Iris, v. XXIX p. 181-185 f\xc3\xbcr den Gebrauch einheitlicher Aberrationsbenennungen von Parnassiern in der Form von nomina collectiva eingesetzt ; Bryk und ich haben dies gleichfalls getan. Immer wieder ertappe ich mich aber dabei, dass ich meinem Vorhaben, nomina collectiva durchlaufend zu gebrauchen, untreu geworden bin ; ich will mich indessen bem\xc3\xbchen, es in Zukunft durchzuf\xc3\xbchren und f\xc3\xbchre zum besseren Verst\xc3\xa4ndnis nachstehend noch einmal die gebr\xc3\xa4uchlichsten nomina collectiva an: 1) Aberrationen aller Fl\xc3\xbcgel f. magna n.c. = besonders gross. f. minuscula n.c. = besonders klein. f. nigricans n.c. = Fl\xc3\xbcgelfond durch Schwarzbest\xc3\xa4ubung verdunkelt. f. umbratilis n.c. = hyalin, v\xc3\xb6llig verdunkelt. f. albicans n.c. = Fl\xc3\xbcgelfond aufgehellt. f. flavicans n.c. = Fl\xc3\xbcgelfond gelblich. f. diaphana n.c. = aussergew\xc3\xb6hnlich d\xc3\xbcnnbeschuppt. f. inversa n.c. = \xe2\x99\x80 mit m\xc3\xa4nnlichem Habitus. f. perversa n.c. = \xe2\x99\x82 mit weiblichem Habitus. f. perfusa n.c. = Fl\xc3\xbcgelfond leicht schwarz \xc3\xbcberst\xc3\xa4ubt. 2) Vorderfl\xc3\xbcgel f. marginata n.c. = Marginalbinde besonders breit. f. immarginata n.c. = ohne Glassaum. f. niphetodis n.c. = Glasband durch Weissbeschuppung verdr\xc3\xa4ngt. f. seminiphetodis n.c. = die weise Grundsubstanz dringt keilf\xc3\xb6rmig vom Fl\xc3\xbcgelrand in die Marginale,

Beschreibung: I. Historical.\nIn the first half of the previous century the Netherlands government took a great interest in stimulating the scientific exploration of the Netherlands East Indies. In 1820 a "Natuurkundige Commissie voor Nederlandsch-Indi\xc3\xab" (Natural History Commission for the Netherlands Indies; hereafter indicated as "Indies Commission") was installed and given the task to travel in the Dutch possessions in the East Indies with the object to extend the scientific knowledge of the natural productions of that region. The Indies Commission, which existed from 29 April 1820 to 17 April 1850, consisted of the following scientists (the dates behind the names indicate the time spent in the Indies as member of the Commission, the end of the stay marked with a \xe2\x80\xa0 if caused by death) : H. Kuhl December 1820 - 14 September 1821 \xe2\x80\xa0, J. C. van Hasselt December 1820 - 8 September 1823 \xe2\x80\xa0, G. van Raalten December 1820 - 17 April 1829 \xe2\x80\xa0, H. Boie 6 June 1826 - 4 September 1827 \xe2\x80\xa0, H. C. Macklot 6 June 1826 - 12 May 1832 \xe2\x80\xa0, S. M\xc3\xbcller 6 June 1826 - February 1836, A. Zippelius April 1827 - 31 December 1828 \xe2\x80\xa0, P. Diard January or February 1828 - 1841, P. W. Korthals about May 1831 - February 1836, L. Horner about July 1835 - 7 December 1838 \xe2\x80\xa0, E. A. Forsten 14 December 1838 - 3 January 1843 \xe2\x80\xa0, F. W. Junghuhn 1837 and 25 May 1845 - 1848, C. A. L. M. Schwaner about August 1842 - 30 March 1851 \xe2\x80\xa0, and the following artists and technicians: J. Keultjes December 1820 - 16 September 1821 \xe2\x80\xa0, P. van Oort 6 June 1826 - 24 September 1834 \xe2\x80\xa0, D. H. R. van Gelder about May 1831 - about 1838, B. N. Overdijk about May 1831 - about 1838, H. von Gaffron January 1840 - ?. The zoological collections made by the Indies Commission were to be stored in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Lei-

Beschreibung: In this short paper notes and descriptions are offered of four new and two already known species of the Tetrathemine genus Nannophlebia Selys, all from the Moluccan islands and New Guinea.\nI have found that the specific characters of the genotype, lorquini Selys, as they were apprehended up to this time, might give rise to confusion with allied species. Therefore, I have in this paper also given a re-description and figures of the two sexes of this species, including it in a new key to the identification of all species at present known from the Moluccas.\nThe sexes are often very difficult to correlate in this genus. Our collections contain no less than six species which I have been unable to locate : one from the Banggai Islands, one from Japen (off northern New Guinea), and four from the mainland of New Guinea. All of these are probably new to science, but as there seems little prospect of obtaining the males, I have refrained from describing them and giving them a name.\nAll members of Nannophlebia are found near running water, small clear streams and brooks in virgin forest affording the most suitable breeding places. Because of the apparently limited range of nearly all species, representatives are but rarely found in collections. Apart from this, the freely flying males are easily overlooked insects owing to their cryptic green-andblack colouring and their habit of keeping to dense foliage in close vicinity of their breeding place. They fly only short distances and rest on projecting twigs, usually in such inaccessible places like dark ravines and other damp situations. The females, on the other hand, are more often seen while ovipositing over the ripples in the stream bed. They sometimes congregate during this act in some numbers and under these circumstances are more easily

Beschreibung: Thanks to the important work done by F. F. Laidlaw and F. C. Fraser on the Odonata of India and adjacent countries, we are now tolerably well informed about the occurrence and ecology of these insects in this part of the world.\nIn his recent paper on the derivation of the Ceylonese Odonata, Laidlaw (1951) has given a very useful analysis of the dragonflies of this island.\nFor details concerning the composition and the origin of the dragonfly fauna, the reader is therefore invited to consult Dr. Laidlaw\'s interesting account.\nConsequently, there is no need to comment in great detail upon the collection dealt with in this paper, although in the annotated list that follows I have thought it worth while to include all species known from Ceylon, so as to make the survey up to date.\nThe present report is based on a collection of Odonata made in 1953, on an expedition to Ceylon by Dr. Fred Keiser, of the Naturhistorisches Museum at Basle, Switzerland. The insects were caught in a great many localities scattered all over the island, including a number of places situated in the northern provinces and the southern peripheral districts of the island, where little or no dragonfly-hunting had been done in the past.\nDr. Keiser\'s collection means a welcome addition to our knowledge of the regional fauna. There are many hundred specimens, and although very few Platystictidae and Gomphidae are included, the collection in other respects is a fairly representative one, comprising 65 species in all, or about 60% of the total. Apart from two species that appear to be new to science, it contains also a few little known forms, which are commented upon below.\nIn the present paper 107 species are recorded as occurring in Ceylon,