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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (602)
  • Chemical Engineering  (437)
  • 1995-1999  (1,039)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1996  (1,039)
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  • 1995-1999  (1,039)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 101
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 102
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1201-1212 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Atomization experiments, motivated by the need to suppress misting of machining oils, were conducted on dilute solutions of polyisobutylene (PIB) in mineral oil using a coaxial air blast atomizer and an optical (Fraunhofer diffraction) particle sizer. Polymer concentrations (0.1 to 1.0 kg/m3) and molecular weight (1.0 to 2.2 million) were varied to determine their effects on aerosol drop-size distributions. The pure oil and PIB - oil solutions were atomized at air/liquid mass ratios near 10 and atomizing air velocities of 150-270 m/s, producing droplet-size distributions with mass mean diameters (MMD) in the range of 7-15 μm for the pure oil. Under identical atomization conditions, the MMDs of PIB solutions were 20-200% higher than pure oil. These observed increases in MMD correspond to significant reductions in the fraction of droplets falling below 5 μm in diameter that constitute the misting problem in industrial machining applications. Observed effects of PIB on atomization are ascribed to the viscoelastic properties of PIB - oil solutions as characterized by the elongational viscosity ηE. This relationship is examined by correlating the change in MMD caused by PIB addition with the stress-dependent elongational viscosity of PIB-oil solutions as predicted by the FENE-P dumbbell kinetic theory. The increase in MMD due to PIB varies linearly with the predicted ηE at constant atomization tensile stress.
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  • 103
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1225-1233 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model for the prediction of drop and bubble (fluid-particle) breakup rates in turbulent dispersions was developed. The model is based on the theories of isotropic turbulence and probability and contains no unknown or adjustable parameters. Unlike previous work, this model predicts the breakage rate for original particles of a given size at a given combination of the daughter particle sizes and thus does not need a predefined daughter particle size distribution. The daughter particle size distribution is a result and can be calculated directly from the model. Predicted breakage fractions using the model for the air-water system in a high-intensity pipeline flow agree very well with the available 1991 experimental results of Hesketh et al. Comparisons of the developed model for specific particle breakage rate with earlier models show it to give breakage-rate values bracketed by other models. The spread in predictions is high, and improved experimental studies are recommended for verification.
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  • 104
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1263-1276 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The demulsification techniques investigated use preferential surface wetting to allow separation of oil and water phases in ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes. A hydrophobic membrane allows the permeation of an oil phase at almost zero pressure and retains the water phase, even though the molecular weight of the water molecule (18) is much smaller than that of the oil molecule (198 for tetradecane, used in this study). Hydrophobic membranes having pore sizes from 0.02 to 0.2 μm were tested for demulsification of water-in-oil emulsions and water/oil/solid mixtures. The dispersed (aqueous)-phase drop sizes ranged from 1 to 5 μm. High separation rates, as well as good permeate quality, were obtained with microfiltration membranes. Water content of permeating oil was 32-830 ppm depending on operating conditions and interfacial properties. For emulsions with high surfactant content, simultaneous operation of a hydrophobic and hydrophilic membrane, or simultaneous membrane separation with electric demulsification was more efficient in obtaining complete phase separation.
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  • 105
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1304-1318 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two critical decisions must be made in the charging sequence of batch reactors: target setting and alarm generation. A number of statistics-based strategies are proposed in this article to perform these tasks. The off-line and on-line target setting procedures developed in this work can be adopted to increase the profit margin of any given batch process without sacrificing reliability. A synthesis method for building optimal alarm logic is also described in detail. Monitoring systems constructed according to this suggested approach are effective in reducing the probability of undetected faulty batches. Extensive simulation studies show that the proposed strategies are suitable for application of manufacturing high-value-added products, which is a prevailing practice in batch processes.
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  • 106
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1341-1349 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is demonstrated how NMR imaging can be used noninvasively to quantify the volume of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) present in an otherwise water-saturated porous medium. Data were recorded during the operation of a pump and treat (PT) remediation scheme on a bed of water-saturated sand contained within a vertical column. The model contaminant used was n-hexanol, and three different aqueous flow rates were employed. These data were then critically compared with the predictions of three models currently used to describe the dissolution of NAPL during a PT scheme: the linear mass-transfer model, the pore-diffusion model, and the shrinking-core model. The pore-diffusion model gave best agreement with the experimental data. However, none of the models predicted the observed dependence of mass transfer on Darcy velocity.
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  • 107
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1371-1378 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The batch pressure-response cell provides flexible and accurate means of assessing the kinetics in heterogeneous gas-liquid reactions. A new model is derived to determine the kinetics of reactions of general (n,m) order using binary gas phase. This model has an important feature that allows the determination of the reaction order with respect to the gas-phase reactant and the rate constant from a single set of pressure vs. time data through a simple two-parameter estimation routine. Gas mixing was introduced via a simple modification of the liquid-phase magnetic stirrer to reduce the gas-phase mass-transfer resistance to negligible levels and the parameter estimation problem to only two factors. The heterogeneous cobalt catalyzed sulfite oxidation reaction at low partial pressures of oxygen using a nitrogen-oxygen mixture was tested to verify the validity of the model. The predicted kinetics were remarkably close to those values in the literature, yielding an oxygen order of 1.98 ± 0.02, which is taken to be second order in oxygen.
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  • 108
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1407-1415 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The statistical reconstruction of lattice models of real porous media is one of the basic engineering problems in the theory of porous structure and has a variety of applications in the study of transport, in mineral processing, and in material characterization. A systematic analysis of the reconstruction problem of porous media is presented, as well as a closed-form solution. The solution is presented in the form of a linear filter acting on Gaussian processes by means of a superposition of elementary correlated processes with prescribed correlation properties, and in the form of a memoryless process recalling the theory of Khinchin on the properties of correlation functions. The connection of this approach with models of correlated percolation is also discussed.
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  • 109
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1397-1406 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The electrophoretic motion of a dielectric sphere along the centerline of a long circular cylindrical pore is studied theoretically. The imposed electric field is constant and parallel to the nonconducting pore wall, and the particle and wall surfaces are assumed uniformly charged. Electrical double layers adjacent to solid surfaces are assumed to be thinner than particle radius and gap width between surfaces. The presence of the pore wall affects particle velocity: 1. an electroosmotic flow of the suspending fluid exists due to interaction between the electric field and the charged wall; 2. the local electric field on the particle surface is enhanced by the insulated wall, speeding up the particle; and 3. the wall increases viscous retardation of the moving particle. To solve electrostatic and hydrodynamic governing equations, general solutions are constructed from fundamental solutions in both cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems. Boundary conditions are enforced at the pore wall by Fourier transforms and then on the particle surface by a collocation technique. Typical electric-field-line, equipotential-line and streamline patterns for the fluid phase are exhibited, and corrections to the Smoluchowski equation for particle electrophoretic velocity are presented for various relative separation distances between the particle and wall. The presence of the pore wall always reduces the electrophoretic velocity; however, the net wall effect is quite weak, even for very small gap width between the particle and wall.
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  • 110
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1425-1433 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the surface tension of organic compounds, σ = [ P·(ρl - ρv)]4 is proposed where P = P0·(1 - Tr)0.37·Tr·exp(0.30066/Tr + 0.86442·Tr9). ρl and ρv are molar densities of liquid and vapor, respectively, Tr = T/Tc, and P0 is a temperature-independent, compound-dependent constant similar to Sugden's parachor. This new expression, derived from statistical-mechanics, represents the experimental surface tension data of 94 different organic compounds within 1.05 AAD%. We also propose P0 = 39.6431· [0.22217 - 2.91042 × 10-3·(R*/Tbr2)·Tc13/12/Pc5/6] as a corresponding-states expression to correlate the temperature-independent parameter P0 for various compounds. Here, R* = Rm,ref, Rm is the molar refraction, Rm,ref is the molar refraction of the reference fluid (methane), and Tbr is the reduced normal boiling point. When this generalized expression is used, surface tensions for all 94 compounds can be predicted within 2.57 AAD% at all temperatures investigated.
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  • 111
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1465-1476 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rotating disk apparatus was used to study the removal of C14 labeled docosanoic (behenic) acid from stainless steel. The liquid cleaning behavior was studied as a function of temperature, surface morphology, and fluid flow. A mass-transfer model was proposed to describe the removal of behenic acid from stainless steel using a rotating disk apparatus. The cleaning rates computed from the mass-transfer model were compared with experimental observations; it was found that at low temperatures the removal was a function of rotation speed. At higher temperatures, however, the removal rate was independent of the disk rotation speed. In some cases the predicted rate of behenic acid removal differed significantly from the observed data. A plausible explanation for these variations is that the residues are removed by the combined effects of dissolution and the shearing of large clusters of solid behenic acid crystals. The temperature-dependent behavior of the cleaning data was analyzed using an activation-energy-based model.
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  • 112
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1477-1480 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 113
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1481-1486 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 114
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1495-1499 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 115
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1501-1513 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow in a single-cavity extrusion die is considered by using 1-D equations. Since the fluid flow in a well-performing die does not deviate much from the case of perfect widthwise distribution, linearization of 1-D governing equations is often justified. It is demonstrated how linearization can lead to significant simplifications in the analysis of die flow. A self-consistent asymptotic expansion is identified to accomplish this linearization; the expansion can be generalized to obtain higher-order corrections if necessary. In contrast to previous analyses, which have generally been numerical, analytic solutions are obtained to predict widthwise flow nonuniformities in a die having a specific cavity area variation and in which cavity inertial effects are important; these solutions are valid for power-law and Newtonian fluids. A novel truncated power-law approach to modeling the flow of shear-thinning fluids in a die is proposed that combines, by using analytical criteria, the solutions for purely Newtonian or power-law flow in the cavity and slot. The validity of this approach is demonstrated through comparison with numerical results of a 1-D die model for a Carreau constitutive equation.
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  • 116
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1569-1582 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Complex hydrodynamic behavior of circulating fluidized beds makes their scale-up very complicated. In particular, large-scale lateral solids segregation causes a complex two-phase flow pattern which influences significantly their performance. Lateral solids segregation has been attributed to direct collisional interactions between particles as well as to interaction between gas-phase eddies and dispersed particles. However, these phenomena have not been investigated thoroughly.This article discusses an advanced 2-D hydrodynamic model developed for circulating fluidized beds based on the two-fluid concept. Because theory to model the interaction between gas-phase eddies and dispersed particles is not available, turbulence was modeled on a macroscopic scale using a modified Prandtl mixing length model. To model the influence of direct particle-particle collisions the kinetic theory for granular flow was applied based on the Chapman-Enskog theory of dense gases. For model validation purposes, a cold flow circulating fluidized bed was employed in which sand was transported with air as fluidizing agent. The column is equipped with pressure transducers to measure the axial pressure profile and with a reflective optical fiber probe to measure the local solids concentration and axial solids velocity. Theoretically calculated solids concentration and axial solids velocity agree satisfactorily with experiment, especially when one realizes that the model contains no adjustable parameters. In general, however, the model slightly underpredicted the experimentally observed lateral solids segregation and yielded a more peaked velocity profile compared to its experimental counterpart.
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  • 117
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1590-1599 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cohesive (Group C) particles have been widely used in various industries. To handle and process such fine particles, a clear understanding of the flow behavior and interparticle force, is needed. To achieve that objective, a Laser Doppler Anemometer system was used to measure particle velocity, fluctuating velocity, and size and extent of agglomeration or cluster formation of particles in a dilute gas/fine oil shale particle flow system with particle density of 2,082 kg/m3, average particle volumetric concentration of 1.5%, and average particle mass flux of about 100 kg/m2·s in a controlled-moisture environment. The flow behavior of the particles was also studied for a mixture of 99% shale particles and 1% antistatic agent (Larostat powder, a quaternary ammonium compound) to examine the role of electrostatic force in gas/cohesive particle flow behavior. The addition of Larostat powder significantly reduced the electrostatic force and, in turn, made Group C particles behave similar to Group A or in some cases to Group B particles. In addition, our experimental data showed that the Maxwellian distribution function is a reasonable assumption to describe the velocity probability density function of the shale particles with or without antistatic agents.
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  • 118
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1824-1832 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady flow and viscoelastic properties of mixed-polysaccharides and mixed-polysaccharide-thickened oil-in-water emulsions are investigated with a cone-and-plate system using a controlled-stress rheometer. The mixed-polysaccharide system studied is xanthan gum and guar gum. The rheological properties of the mixed-polysaccharide systems exhibit strong synergistic effects. For a total polysaccharide concentration of 0.75 wt. % investigated, the synergistic effect is maximum at a xanthan:guar ratio of 15:85. The oil-in-water emulsions, prepared from a mixed-polysaccharide system as the suspending medium, are strongly shear thinning and highly viscoelastic in nature. The rheological parameters such as apparent viscosity, storage, and loss moduli increase with an increase in the oil concentration of the emulsion.
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  • 119
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1815-1823 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A finite-element analysis of Taylor flow in a cylindrical capillary was performed using a commercial FEM program (FIDAP) to solve the fundamental fluid dynamics equations together with the capillary forces at the gas-liquid interface. A moving-surface formulation was used to calculate the bubble shape. The thickness of the liquid film surrounding the gas bubble, the degree of mixing in the liquid phase, and the slip velocity between the two phases were calculated. These parameters influence the performance of monolith reactors operating in the Taylor flow regime. On comparison with experimental results it was found that the FEM calculation generally predicts a thinner liquid film, which can possibly be explained in terms of a peripheral variation in surface tension. Moreover, the wavelength of the wiggles predicted in the liquid film near the tail end of the bubble was compared to those arising from a simplified mathematical analysis available in the literature. Good agreement was found for Ca 〈 0.005, while for higher Ca the FEM predicts significantly shorter wavelengths, indicating that the lubrication theory is not valid here.
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  • 120
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1844-1852 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Membrane distillation is a membrane process in which two liquid phases at different temperatures are separated by a microporous hydrophobic membrane. The membrane plays the role of physical support for the vapor-liquid interface. Pure water transport through PTFE and PVDF flat membranes was studied, as well as the dependence of the phenomena on average temperature and recirculation rate at membrane sides. The influence of these operating conditions on mass transfer is also discussed, taking into account mass and heat transfer within the membrane and adjoining liquid phases. The concept of temperature polarization introduced into the transport equations shows its importance in experimental results.
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  • 121
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1864-1874 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article outlines a Monte Carlo approach for simulating crystallization processes both as an alternative to solving the population balance equations (PBE) and as a way of conducting multicoordinate simulations that are too complex to be solved as PBEs. First, simple cases with different combinations of nucleation, growth and aggregation are simulated for batch and continuous systems. The comparison of the results of these test cases with analytical and numerical results shows excellent agreement. New results for two cases with simultaneous growth rate dispersion and aggregation are also discussed. From these results, a new hypothesis is proposed to explain the observed reduction in the degree of aggregation for larger crystals in the continuous crystallization of potassium sulfate. The simulations show that this experimental observation may be caused by small, slow-growing crystals being swallowed by larger, fast-growing ones.
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  • 122
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2162-2174 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is presented that synthesizes fractional crystallization separation processes to obtain pure solids from conjugate salt solutions. The method, which includes a procedure to generate phase diagrams by using solubility products, explains how to calculate concentrations of all components in a system given a point on a Jänecke projection. Both multivalent ions and species that exhibit complex-ionic equilibrium are considered. For solutions from which only simple salts crystallize, three separation classes are identified. The classification is based on the composition of the feed, the characteristics of the phase diagram, and the product salts. Class I separates compatible salts, Class II incompatible salts, and Class III two compatible salts and one incompatible salt. Process paths and design equations for each class are also presented. Guidelines proposed select the separation sequence and the stream compositions based on the effects of the design variables on stream flows and on total annual cost. The method is applicable to systems in which hydrates and double salts are present. An example given shows how to obtain simple salts from these systems.
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  • 123
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2240-2250 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A methodology is presented to obtain approximate models from input-output data, particularly oriented to implement a model-predictive control scheme. Causal, time-invariant nonlinear discrete systems with a certain type of continuity condition called fading memory are dealt with. To synthesize the nonlinear model a finite-dimensional linear dynamic part (discrete Laguerre polynomials) is used, followed by a nonlinear nonmemory map (single hidden-layer perceptron). Results of the application to approximate and control a binary distillation column are presented.
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  • 124
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2308-2318 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The compressive yield stress Py(φ) is an extremely useful parameter for the characterization of concentrated flocculated suspensions. It is a measure of the strength of inter-particle bonds in a networked suspension structure and is used in process design and control of mineral colloidal suspension dewatering. Previous work developed a method for determining this compressive yield stress via the equilibrium sediment height technique using a centrifuge. Here justification for a simple approximate technique to obtain Py(φ) is discussed. A new more accurate iterative algorithm is also described. By generating synthetic data, where the exact Py(φ) is known, the accuracy of the two techniques can be evaluated properly for the first time. The relative merits and failings of the techniques are discussed. An example is given to show how these techniques work on real experimental data.
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  • 125
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2365-2368 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2374-2376 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 127
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2369-2373 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2521-2528 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two new nanofiltration membranes, an organomineral (titania-Nafion) medium and an inorganic (γAl2O3) medium, were studied using single or mixed solutions of monovalent or divalent ions. The experimental results not only confirm previous findings concerning the treatment of electrolytic solutions using charged nanofiltration membranes, but provide additional data notably for microporous membranes. A simple model based on the Nernst-Planck equation is proposed; its simplicity is related to the nature of the two membranes tested, for which the diffusion terms may easily be disregarded. It highlights the importance of the potential difference that forms on the membrane and explains most of the observed rejection results. In addition, ionic plugging of micropores may play a part with regards to rejection and flow depending on working conditions.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2576-2581 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Etching is one of the critical steps in the fabrication of microelectronics devices. A time-optimal control problem with a dual-term terminal cost including both bottom linewidth and side-wall curvature is formulated to implement an optimal open-width design principle. A singular-arc solution does not exist and the control action is bangbang. The optimal switching time is analytically calculated. The feasibility and effectiveness of this technique are illustrated by simulation studies. This design and control philosophy can easily be applied to other microelectronics manufacturing processes.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2607-2615 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model has been developed that predicts the effects of design parameters, operating variables and physical properties on the performance of a membrane reactor with a permeselective wall. The model consists of the full set of partial differential equations that describe the conservation of mass, momentum and chemical species, coupled with chemical kinetics and appropriate boundary conditions for the physical problem. The solution of this system is obtained by a finite-volume technique. The model was applied to study the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane. Two membrane types in tubular form were studied: a selective porous glass with low gas permeabilities and a porous alumina with very high gas permeabilities. It is concluded that gas separation and reactor performance are strongly influenced by dispersion effects only in the latter membrane reactor, while in both cases radial concentration profiles do not correspond to those obtained with plug flow. Therefore, simulations of this type of problem should be based on complex dispersion models rather than the existing ideal plug-flow ones.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2627-2634 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive experimental study of gas holdup in bubble columns of varying diameters, fitted with different distributor types, using several liquids is presented. Air was used as the gas phase. Experiments to test the influence of gas density were also carried out with He, Ar, and SF6. A generalization of the two-phase model for gas-solid fluidized beds was used to interpret the experimental data where the “dilute” phase is identified with the “large” bubble population and the “dense” phase with the liquid phase where the “small” bubble population is entrained. Gas holdups in dilute and dense phases were determined from dynamic gas disengagement experiments.In the churn-turbulent regime of operation, voidage of the gas in the dense phase was independent of the superficial gas velocity. Reilly et al.'s correlations for the gas holdup and superficial gas velocity at the regime transition point estimate the gas voidage of the dense phase and the superficial gas velocity well through this phase. Corresponding correlations of Wilkinson et al. significantly underpredict dense-phase parameters. The experiment showed that the dilute phase or large bubble holdup in bubble columns, operating at superficial gas velocities 〉 0.1 m/s, is independent of liquid properties, how the gas is distributed and the density of the gas phase. But it is affected significantly by the column diameter. Relying on hydrodynamic analogies with a gas-solid-fluid bed, a simple correlation was developed that is considerably more accurate than the Wilkinson correlation that significantly overpredicts large bubble holdup.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2654-2660 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The coalescence of isotropic etch pits observed in the dissolution of semiconductor substrates is studied using a discrete model for the evolution of the surface under reaction-rate-limited conditions. The model discretizes the solid into cubic elements and repetitively applies dissolution rules to the individual elements. The rate of mass removal is based on the number and arrangement of the element's exposed faces and the specified reaction-rate parameters. Detailed knowledge of the surface normal is not required. The model shows that even at moderate etch pit densities, the effects of the coalescence do not significantly alter the trends observed for noncoalescing etch pits.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2687-2691 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 921-926 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Random walks are used to examine dispersion between miscible fluids in one-dimensional, prefractal porous medium. Mixing in such media is anomalous and several nonlocal theories have been proposed to describe this non-Fickian characteristic. This work simulates dispersion via a random walk in a prefractal media by incorporation local and spatially nonlocal effects and compares the results with laboratory experiments. Results suggest that nonlocal models fit experimental data better than local models.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 960-972 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Sedimentation and consolidation of suspensions of fine particles were analyzed by integrating experimental measurement of properties in a centrifuge with a comprehensive numerical model. The yield stress and settling velocity for tailings from tar sands extraction were determined experimentally as a function of the volume fraction of solids. The evaluated state functions were used to simulate batch settling and consolidation, and the results compare well with long-term settling tube tests. This approach is very attractive where gravity sedimentation may take many years, and it allows prediction of the rate of clear water production, total time for sedimentation and consolidation, and the maximum concentration of solids.Scaling of the sedimentation between centrifuge and field conditions is discussed. Conversion of permeability-void ratio relationships from geotechnical experiments to state functions of hindered settling velocity is demonstrated, allowing the use of data derived from a variety of experimental techniques.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2897-2910 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Performance of a bidirectional fixed-bed reactor subject to both flow reversal and switching between exothermic and endothermic reactions is simulated. During odd semicycles (blows) an exothermic reaction heats the bed, during even semicycles an endothermic reaction cools the bed and produces the desired product in the hot zone. Such an operation is possible and efficient when the inlet gas temperature is lower than the initial bed temperature, leading to the wrong-way behavior when the temperature front moves with a finite velocity (creep velocity) from the feed end to the exit during a semicycle. Since the dynamic nature of the fixed-bed reactor changes with each semicycle, the front velocity during an exothermic semicycle differs from the front velocity during an endothermic semicycle and an asymptotic expression is developed for the differential creep (front) velocity that quantifies this difference. Due to a nonzero differential creep velocity, the front exhibits an effective displacement after each cycle. This asymptotic expression for the creep velocity works very well except in the inlet and outlet region of the fixed-bed reactor. An expression developed for 100% energy efficiency shows that it can be reached only if the differential creep velocity is zero. A relation for the balanced operation of a reactor-regenerator is discussed as well as differences in reactor performance caused by reactions occurring in the gas or solid phase.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2926-2940 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of turbulent mixing in the reaction zone of a tubular low-density polyethylene reactor was studied by combining a Lagrangian composition probability density function (LCPDF) code with a computational fluid-dynamics code. Because the LCPDF code can treat the chemical reaction terms in a turbulent flow without resorting to moment closures, it is used to describe the temperature and scalar fields of reactants including initiator and monomer molar concentrations, and the moments of the molecular weight distribution. The chemical reaction terms are efficiently dealt with using a three-parameter chemical lookup table that contains the temperature and composition changes as functions of initiator and monomer concentrations and temperature over a small time step. The reaction-rate constants from the study of Lee and Marano (1979) are functions of temperature and pressure. The flow fields are obtained using the k - ε turbulence model. Because the temporal and spatial evolution of all fields in the reactor can be simulated, it is possible to study the effect of the initiator injection location, flow rate and temperature of the monomer and initiator feed streams on polymerization in considerable detail. Moreover, by observing the probability distribution of the composition fields, a better understanding of hot-spot formation is achieved, leading to improved reactor designs.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1277-1292 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Improvements in bioprocess performance can be achieved by genetic modifications of metabolic control structures. A novel optimization problem helps quantitative understanding and rational metabolic engineering of metabolic reaction pathways. Maximizing the performance of a metabolic reaction pathway is treated as a mixed-integer linear programming formulation to identify changes in regulatory structure and strength and in cellular content of pertinent enzymes which should be implemented to optimize a particular metabolic process. A regulatory superstructure proposed contains all alternative regulatory structures that can be considered for a given pathway. This approach is followed to find the optimal regulatory structure for maximization of phenylalanine selectivity in the microbial aromatic amino acid synthesis pathway. The solution suggests that from the eight feedback inhibitory loops in the original regulatory structure of this pathway, inactivation of at least three loops and overexpression of three enzymes will increase phenylalanine selectivity by 42%. Moreover, novel regulatory structures with only two loops, none of which exists in the original pathway, could result in a selectivity up to 95%.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1319-1325 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In-situ laser reflectance monitoring of metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is an effective way to monitor growth rate and expitaxial layer thickness of a variety of III-V and II-VI semiconductors. Materials with low optical extinction coefficients, such as ZnTe/GaAs and AlAs/GaAs for a 6328 Å HeNe laser, are ideal for such an application. An Extended Kalman filter modified to include a variable forgetting factor was applied to the MOCVD systems. The filter was able to accurately estimate thickness and growth rate while filtering out process noise and cope with sudden changes in growth rate, reflectance drift, and bias. Due to the forgetting factor, the Kalman filter was successful, even when based on very simple process models.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1350-1360 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A three-phase reactor model for describing the hydrotreating reactions in a trickle-bed reactor was developed. It includes correlations for determining mass-transfer coefficients, solubility data, and properties of the compounds under process conditions. The model, based on the two-film theory, was tested with regard to the hydrodesulfurization of vacuum gas oil in a new high-pressure pilot plant operated under isothermal conditions. The sulfur content of the product oil was found to depend strongly on the gas/oil flow ratio within the reactor. This is due to the inhibiting effect of hydrogen sulfide on the chemical reaction rates described by Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics. The poor conversion which, in contrast to industrial plants, is often observed in pilot plant reactors can be explained by incomplete catalyst wetting produced by low liquid velocities. The simulation shows a good agreement with the experiments carried out in a wide range of temperature, pressure, space velocity and gas/oil ratio.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3087-3101 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article introduces the novel concept of synthesizing waste-interception networks (WINs) and incorporates it within a mass-integration framework for the global allocation of pollutants. The essence of this notion is to provide selective interception and rerouting of undersirable species at the heart of the process instead of dealing with the pollutants in the terminal waste streams. It also provides a unified framework for simultaneously tackling gaseous and liquid pollution. Several tools are developed to track the pollutant throughout the process and determine the optimal interception policies. The problem is formulated as an optimization program that seeks to determine the optimum locations for intercepting the pollutants, extent of separation, and separating agents to carry out the interception tasks. Furthermore, the WINs can be used within a mass-integration scheme for the global allocation of species throughout the plant. These new concepts and associated mathematical formulation are demonstrated using a case study on the removal of a chlorinated hydrocarbon. This approach has benefits over conventional recycle/reuse (such as MEN synthesis).
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3123-3132 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of carbon by methane pyrolysis onto a nonporous graphite rod was studied experimentally in a hot-wall, laminar-flow reactor and theoretically by finite-element modeling. Reactor pressure ranged from 10 to 40 torr, control temperature from 1,000 to 1,100°C, and methane was diluted with H2, Ar, or N2. The average residence time ranged from 1 to 50 s. A combination of experimental measurement and numerical modeling was used to accurately characterize fluid and thermal fields inside the reactor. Tractable numerical models were developed for the CVD of carbon with gas-phase chemical reaction mechanisms based on accepted kinetic expressions, Simpler mechanisms were reduced from ones based on a more extensive list of intermediate reactions by systematic comparison to experimental data. A simplified but rational model is recommended based on the best fit to experimental data at various flow rates and pressures. The study indicates that axial dispersion plays a significant role and the pressure fall-off effect for rate coefficients of unimolecular decomposition reactions must be taken into account.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3153-3163 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of silica particle formation by the ammonia-catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions containing a nonionic surfactant was investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and light-scattering techniques. The results show that TEOS hydrolysis and silica-particle growth occur at the same rate, indicating the growth of silica particles is rate-controlled by the hydrolysis of TEOS. The rate of TEOS hydrolysis in microemulsions is first order with respect to the concentration of aqueous ammonia (29 wt. % NH3), but depends weakly on the concentration of water. Based on the fact that TEOS hydrolysis follows a nucleophilic (SN2) substitution of the TEOS's ethoxy group with hydroxyl ion, the kinetic data suggest that both water and ammonia remain predominately in W/O microemulsion droplets. The rate of TEOS hydrolysis also depends on the surfactant concentration that controls the molecular contact between hydroxyl ions and TEOS in the solution. Due to the reaction-controlled growth mechanism, the silica-particle size distribution retains virtually the same shape over the growth period. The final average size of silica particles can be varied from 26 to 43 nm by adjusting concentrations of water and surfactant. Increasing the water concentration decreases the average size and uniformity of silica particles. For a given water concentration, the smallest and most uniform silica particles are produced at intermediate water-to-surfactant molar ratios (about 1.9). The results are discussed in terms of the effect of water concentration on the stability of the hydrolyzed silica reacting species during the nucleation of particles and of the water-to-surfactant molar ratio on the compartmentalization of silica species in microemulsions.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3181-3190 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of droplet size on the rheological behavior of water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions was investigated using a controlled-stress rheometer. Results indicate that the droplet size has a dramatic influence on emulsion rheology. Fine emulsions (water-in-oil or oil-in-water) have much higher viscosities and storage moduli than the corresponding coarse emulsions. The shear-thinning effect is much stronger in the case of fine emulsions. When coarse droplets are replaced by fine droplets (keeping total volume fraction of the dispersed phase constant), the resulting emulsion exhibits a minimum in rheological properties (viscosity, storage and loss moduli, time constant) at a certain proportion of fine droplets. However, the minimum in viscosity occurs only at low shear stresses. At high stresses, the viscosity of the mixed emulsion increases as the proportion of fine droplets increases. The study of the aging effect on the rheological behavior shows that water-in-oil emulsions age much more rapidly than the oil-in-water emulsions.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3212-3222 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new class of mixing rules, with van der Waals one-fluid mixing rule and second virial coefficient constraints, was developed for cubic equations of state (EOS) for application to various asymmetric, highly nonideal chemical systems. This approach evolved from previous research in the EOS field. The resulting mixing rule is practical in application, yet more flexible than Huron-Vidal or Wong-Sandler mixing rules and depends only on composition and temperature. It also avoids the problems associated with the Wong-Sandler mixing rules. A cubic EOS with the new mixing rules was applied successfully to complex mixtures. The new rules reduce to van der Waals mixing rules when the parameters in the nonrandom excess Helmholtz free energy are set to zero. Since many times the classic mixing rules worked very well for nonpolar systems, it is extremely desirable that the composition-dependent mixing rules reduce to the classic mixing rules. Preserving this capability also ensures that the binary interaction parameters for the classic quadratic mixing rules in the DECHEMA Chemistry Data Series for mixtures of low boiling substances and other existing databases for systems involving hydrocarbons and gases can be used directly in the new EOS mixing rules, in addition to liquid-activity coefficient model parameters currently reported in the Series.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1621-1626 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow visualization of flowing particles around a tube of various types of tube arrangements in a moving bed was studied using X-ray video films to obtain a relation between particles behavior and local heat-transfer coefficients. A stagnant part of solid particles was observed on the tube in the case of a staggered arrangement. This part did not appear in the case of the single tube and the single row of tubes. The measured local heat-transfer coefficients around a tube was decreased in this stagnant part. Furthermore, influences of different tube arrangements both on flow patterns of particles and on local heat-transfer coefficients between tubes and bed were examined.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1642-1647 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on the UBET, a new strategy for identifying faulty equipment for dynamic chemical processes under automatic control is presented. The strategy is designed to distinguish between measurement biases, controller biases, and process leaks. For illustration purposes, application is given to a level control process under pseudo-steady state. This approach was inspired by the work of Rollins and Devanathan to identify biased measurements under dynamic conditions. Advantages of this method are that it is not computationally intensive, can accurately detect and specifically identify the type of fault, and can accurately determine the time when the fault occurs.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1673-1684 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To capture in a tractable manner essential coupling effects in CVD systems when particles generated in thermal boundary layers also deposit, a film theory was developed that predicts simultaneous vapor and particle deposition rates at a hot deposition surface. The codeposition rate prediction method also calculates for the first time the corresponding solid deposit roughness using recently published results of particle-level simulations. For the numerical illustrations, the growth of TiO2(s) films by the codeposition of titanium tetra-isopropoxide vapor and film-nucleated/grown TiO2 particles (generated in the thermal boundary layer) was considered. Experimental rate data for this system are available. The continuum and particle-level simulation methods provide: the interplay of vapor precursor kinetics, particle nucleation, growth, coagulation and diffusion in determining the complex “structure” of such multiphase chemically reacting boundary layers; wall deposition rates of both surviving vapors and film-nucleated particles; and the “self-consistent” microstructure (surface roughness) of the resulting solid deposit. Timely and tractable generalizations are discussed in the light of recent results for the transport properties and stability of “fractal-like” aggregated particles.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3318-3332 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extensive small-angle X-ray and neutron-scattering data, as well as results of precipitation measurements, are analyzed to delineate the structure of the asphalt and asphaltene aggregates that are formed when a solvent is injected into a system containing crude oil. The two types of data strongly suggest that both small and large aggregates have a fractal structure, with well-defined fractal dimensions. If the system is aged long enough at low enough temperature, large asphalt particles will have the structure of diffusion-limited cluster-cluster aggregates with a fractal dimension Df ≃ 1.8, while the small ones are similar to diffusion-limited particle aggregates with a fractal dimension df ≃ 2.5. High temperatures increase the rotational motion of the particles, disturb the structure and mechanical stability of the aggregates, and decrease their fractal dimension. Aging and concentration effects of the asphalts in the solution, and the type of the solvent on the structure of the aggregates are also investigated. Implications of these results for the structure, mechanical stability, and molecular-weight distribution of asphalts and asphaltenes are detailed. A new molecular-weight distribution for asphalt aggregates predicts the experimental data excellently.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 3373-3387 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With increased product specialization within the chemical-processing industries, the ability to obtain production schedules for complex facilities is at a premium. This article discusses ways of quickly obtaining solutions for industrially relevant, large-scale scheduling problems. A number of time-based decomposition approaches are presented along with their associated strengths and weaknesses. It is shown that the most promising of the approaches utilizes a reverse rolling window in conjunction with a disaggregation heuristic. In this method, only a small subsection of the horizon is dealt with at a time, thus reducing the combinatorial complexity of the problem. Resource- and task-unit-based decompositions are also discussed as possible approaches to reduce the problem to manageable proportions. A number of examples are presented throughout to clarify the discussion.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gray box models combine the short development time of data-driven black box models with extrapolation properties of knowledge-driven first principles models (white box), which in (bio)chemical engineering are always based on macroscopic balances. By modeling the inaccurately known terms in a macroscopic balance with a black box model, one naturally obtains a so-called serial gray box model configuration. The identification data must cover only the input-output space of the inaccurately known terms, and the accurately known terms can be used for reliable extrapolation. In this way, the serial gray box configuration results in accurate models with known extrapolation properties with a limited experimental effort. This strategy is demonstrated for the modeling and control of a pressure vessel using real-time experiments. For this case, the strategy is superior to a black box modeling approach that requires much more data and to a parallel gray box approach that results in a model with poor extrapolation properties. Moreover, neural networks are an accurate and convenient modeling tool for the black part in gray box model configurations, because a very fast noniterative training algorithm is used for training neural networks.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1853-1863 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of a modified Thiele modulus, as a correlating parameter for partially wetted catalyst pellets, is compared with the exact solution of the diffusion and reaction problem. The study of a variety of partially wetted cylindrical catalyst pellets for first- and second-order kinetics indicates that the manner in which particles are externally wetted does not significantly influence the value of the effectiveness factor. External and internal partial wetting of industrial-size porous extrudates is determined in a bench-scale hydrotreater at real hydroprocessing conditions by simulating the system response to a step change of feed using the sulfur compounds of a petroleum fraction as tracer molecules. To solve the corresponding mass balances in the interparticle and intraparticle domain, two different numerical methods are compared.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1875-1888 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A two-dimensional reactor model for circulating fluidized beds (CFB) was studied based on the assumption that at every location within the riser, a descending dense phase and a rising lean phase coexist. Fluid mechanical variables may be calculated from one measured radial solids flux profile (upward and downward). The internal mass-transfer behavior is described on the basis of tracer gas experiments. The CFB reactor model was tested against data from ozone decomposition experiments in a CFB cold flow model (15.6-m height, 0.4-m ID) operated in the ranges 2.5-4.5 m/s and 9-45 kg/(m2·s) of superficial gas velocity and solids mass flux, respectively. Based on effective reaction rate constants determined from the ozone exit concentration, the model was used to predict the spatial reactant distribution within the reactor. Model predictions agreed well with measurements.
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  • 156
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1957-1967 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several important processes involve the flow of three immiscible fluids through porous media, such as the flow of oil, water and gas in petroleum reservoirs, or water, nonaqueous-phase liquid and air in underground aquifers. Multiphase flow functions (relative permeability and capillary pressure) are important to simulate the flow in such systems. Unfortunately, there are few, if any, reliable estimates of these flow properties from laboratory experiments. One of the main reasons for this is the use of unsupported simplifications in the procedures for determining property estimates from measured data.We present a method for simultaneous estimation of three-phase relative permeability and capillary pressure functions from laboratory experiments. The method is not limited by restrictions in the experimental design or assumptions regarding the saturation dependence or shape of the functions to be estimated. The method is demonstrated with simulated experiments. It is shown that with a suitable experimental design, regions of the functions represented by the measured data can be determined accurately.
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  • 157
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1662-1672 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Stricter emission control legislation for diesel use has been increasing interest in highly efficient wall-flow particulate filters. The mathematical modeling of the filter regeneration process is indispensable in developing reliable and durable trap systems for various applications. Although modeling of wall-flow filters has been investigated extensively, significant problems still exist in the correlation of modeling results with measurements. This article describes an improved modeling and model tuning approach. A classical zero-dimensional regeneration model, modified to account for incomplete soot oxidation effects, is discussed, and existing and novel methods of estimating trap loading, crucial in all modeling applications, are compared. The design of a model tuning approach based on full-scale experiments is highlighted with examples of model predictions during trap failure that show capabilities of supporting the design of trap protection techniques. Applications to regeneration rate control, filter sizing and the development of on-board diagnostics are demonstrated with examples. Dimensional analysis is used for the concise quantitative evaluation of the parameters affecting the evolution of the regeneration process.
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  • 158
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2209-2224 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general formulation of the moving horizon estimator is presented. An algorithm with a fixed-size estimation window and constraints on states, disturbances, and measurement noise is developed, and a probabilistic interpretation is given. The moving horizon formulation requires only one more tuning parameter (horizon size) than many well-known approximate nonlinear filters such as extended Kalman filter (EFK), iterated EKF, Gaussian second-order filter, and statistically linearized filter. The choice of horizon size allows the user to achieve a compromise between the better performance of the batch least-squares solution and the reduced computational requirements of the approximate nonlinear filters. Specific issues relevant to linear and nonlinear systems are discussed with comparisons made to the Kalman filter, EKF, and other recursive and optimization-based estimation schemes.
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  • 159
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1723-1740 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although experimental vapor pressures are abundant in the medium-pressure range (psat ≃ 5-100 kPa), their values are scarce and uncertain at lower pressures due to experimental difficulties in determining the data. Reliable values are, however, required by technology (separation processes dealing with mixtures containing high molar mass compounds) and environmental concerns (transport and fate of high-boiling pollutants). The ability of frequently used vapor-pressure equations to extrapolate the data at medium pressures toward the triple-point temperature was tested on three groups of compounds (polar and nonpolar organic chemicals, n-alkanes, and 1-alkanols) for which reliable experimental data in the low-pressure range were available. Results of a simple extrapolation were compared with those from a simultaneous correlation of vapor pressures in the medium-pressure range and the differences between heat capacity of an ideal gas and that of the liquid available at lower temperatures. The latter is generally more reliable, as it is controlled by the exact thermodynamic constraints linking vapor pressures and the thermal data. The extent of improvement when using simultaneous correlation was examined, as well as the influence of the quality of input data on the results of extrapolation. Extrapolated values were compared with experimental vapor pressures and calorimetric enthalpies of vaporization that were selected from literature and free of any important systematic errors.
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  • 160
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2273-2278 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new type of periodic operation is investigated for a simple model of a heterogeneous catalytic continuous stirred tank reactor. For the heterogeneous case, two scales of response times were derived, slow for heat processes and fast for concentration processes. Periodic operation in intermediate mode between slow and fast processes is studied by manipulation of the feed flow rate. The new approach is designated as mediating operation, which demonstrates ability to control interaction between fast and slow reactor subsystems due to desired separation of dynamic responses for temperature and concentration processes by a single input variable. The conversion improvement at lower temperature can be achieved for lower and upper stable steady states. For the system analysis, analytical investigation of the slow manifolds is used as well as numerical study.
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  • 161
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2295-2302 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Four varieties of limestone distinguished on the basis of pore-size distributions were exposed in dynamic 10-, 20- and 50-ppm SO2 atmospheres for up to 500 h at 25°C and 100% rh. The resulting conversion of the limestone was measured as a function of the reaction product formed and the change in porosity. These conversions could be predicted correctly using either the shrinking unreacted core model or the distributed pore model. An artificial neural network (ANN) was also trained for the purpose. All three approaches predicted conversions that fitted well with the observed data; however, those predicted by ANN were the most accurate. Further, the weights determined for ANN on the basis of three limestone varieties also accurately predicted the conversions of the fourth variety for which no information was supplied in the training phase, showing that ANN can also be used successfully to estimate gas-solid noncatalytic reactions.
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  • 162
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2319-2326 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Black liquor viscosity increases exponentially with solids content and therefore causes processing problems for the paper industry by being a limiting factor in the Kraft pulp process. This study investigates a new approach for achieving viscosity reduction by “salting-in” black liquor through the addition of thiocyanate salts. These salts generally increase the solubility of the polymer constituents in black liquor, leading to a decrease in its viscosity. Several thiocyanate salts capable of reducing liquor viscosity by more than two orders of magnitude have been identified, with viscosity reduction greatest at high solids content. Salting-in of black liquor depends on the cation paired with the thiocyanate anion, as well as on solution pH and temperature. Comparative studies reveal that GuSCN is the most effective viscosity-reducing agent of the series examined and that lignin plays an important role in the viscosity behavior of both unmodified and salted-in black liquor at high solids concentrations. These experimental findings are interpreted in terms of the underlying principles that describe salting-in and how it affects aqueous solution structure.
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  • 163
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2354-2364 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Activity-coefficient data were measured for NaCl in the system water-NaCl-DL-valine at 25°C. The activity coefficients of DL-valine were then calculated through rigorous thermodynamic relations. The activity coefficients of the amino acids in this and other aqueous systems containing electrolytes were modeled using an expression for the excess Gibbs free energy of the solution. The model combines a contribution for long-range interactions, given either by the Bromley equation or the K-V equation, and a contribution of short-range interactions represented by a ternary NRTL or Wilson expression. The model accurately correlates the activity coefficients of ten amino acids in aqueous solutions and of six amino acids in aqueous electrolyte solutions.
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  • 164
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2396-2398 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 1985-1994 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A systematic study of the terpolymerization of butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/vinyl acetate (BA/MMA/VAc) was conducted. Complete replication of an emulsion terpolymerization experimental run was performed in a 5-L stainless-steel batch pilot-plant reactor. The polymers produced were characterized for conversion, terpolymer composition, molecular weight averages, and average particle size. A hierarchical (nested) data analysis was performed on the experimental data to ascertain various sources of error and to allow for comments to be made regarding the data quality.
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  • 166
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2014-2024 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Geometrical properties of the pore-solid interfaces of devolatilized charcoals from the pyrolysis of fuel woods in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor were investigated through small-angle X-ray scattering. Specifically, surface morphological features of the interfaces were characterized by a single parameter indicative of the degree of surface roughness, that is, the surface fractal dimension, dSF, at various retention times. The surface fractal dimensions of the original wood samples prior to devolatilization were approximately identical for all species within the range between 2.00 and 2.15, over a length scale from 55 to 600 Å, and those for the respective charcoals from these wood samples were influenced to different degrees by the retention time, τ, in the reactor. The dSF's of the mesopores of charcoals of all the species attained maxima at a value of τ equal to 35 s and decreased subsequently with an increase in τ. The analysis of this unexpected trend was facilitated by the values of the mean radii of gyration of the pores, estimated through the Guinier plots. The results imply that when the retention time of the charcoals in the reactor is prolonged, the mechanism of pore enlargement and smoothening of the interfaces can play a dominant role in altering the surface morphology and thereby influence significantly the kinetics of chemical reactions in heterogeneous porous systems.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2529-2539 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new technique for neural-network-based modeling of chemical processes is proposed. Stacked neural networks allow multiple neural networks to be selected and used to model a given process. The idea is that improved predictions can be obtained using multiple networks, instead of simply selecting a single, hopefully optimal network, as is usually done. A methodology for stacking neural networks for plant-process modeling has been developed. This method is inspired by the technique of stacked generalization proposed by Wolpert. The proposed method has been applied and evaluated for three example problems, including the dynamic modeling of a nonlinear chemical process. Results obtained demonstrate the promise of this approach for improved neural-network-based plant-process modeling.
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  • 168
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2540-2554 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For multiinput-multioutput nonlinear plants whose state-feedback control problem is solvable with complete or partial output linearization, the output-feedback problem is addressed by combining the state-feedback controller with a suitable closed-loop state inferer (detector). A candidate closed-loop detector was built to study the stability of the resulting plant-controller interconnection. As a result, sufficient conditions for closed-loop asymptotic nominal stability, as well as a systematic and simple design-tuning procedure, are obtained. The stabilization of an open-loop, unstable, free-radical homopolymerization reactor was studied as an application example.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2563-2575 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of selecting the variables to be measured in order to maximize process reliability was tackled in our previous articles (Ali and Narasimhan, 1993, 1995). In this article, this approach is extended to the optimal design of sensor networks for bilinear processes. Diverse processes, such as a mineral beneficiation plant, a separation system of a synthetic juice plant, and a crude preheat train of a refinery are used to illustrate the utility of this approach.
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  • 170
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2128-2140 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Axial dispersion coefficients were measured in the continuous phase in a 5-cm-dia. Karr column, operated cocurrently with the system kerosene(d)-water(c). The effect of unstable density gradient in the continuous phase was studied by injecting a steady stream of sodium chloride solution as a tracer near the top of the column. The effects of energy dissipation due to unstable density gradient, mechanical agitation, and the flow of the dispersed phase were investigated as the three principal variables, and two plate spacings (2.55 and 5.10 cm) were also employed. The axial dispersion results were correlated in terms of a weighted power-law model based on Kolmogoroff's mixing length concept and incorporating contributions due to each of the three modes of energy dissipation. Axial mixing was significantly increased in the presence of unstable density gradients even though these contributed very little (typically less than 1 mW/kg) to the total specific energy dissipation rate.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2960-2966 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A self-consistent theory of chain molecular liquids from polymer Kirkwood integral equations is presented. The theory predicts the intramolecular chain distributions and the intermolecular pair correlation functions from which thermodynamic functions can be correctly predicted. The utility of the theory is demonstrated with the chain distributions from self-consistent equations at zero density for swollen and collapsed states of the chains and numerical results for the structure and equation of state of athermal chain molecular liquids at various chain lengths and densities. Structural and thermodynamic predictions of the theory are compared with Monte Carlo simulation results. The theory agrees satisfactorily with simulation data for monomer packing fractions up to 0.25. The investigation of the chain length dependence shows that a plateau value is reached for the equation of state as the number of monomer units reaches a value between 20 and 50.
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2683-2686 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2692-2697 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2699-2700 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 175
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    AIChE Journal 42 (1996), S. 2773-2783 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new theory for the prediction of multicomponent adsorption equilibrium in non-crystalline porous solids is presented: the multispace adsorption model (MSAM). This theory allows for the inherent nonuniformity of the adsorbed phase by describing separately the adsorption in “spaces” close to, and far from, the adsorbent surface. The inputs to the calculation are the pure-species adsorption isotherms and a single parameter characteristic of the adsorbent that can be obtained from very limited mixture data. We evaluate the theory by predicting multicomponent adsorption for a range of carbon adsorbents, making use of our own experimental results and literature data. The MSAM gives quantitative predictions for all the systems studied.
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 17-20 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemical transport reactions ; Co/Ni-mixed crystals ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical Vapor Transport of Intermetallic Systems. 2. Chemical Transport of Co/Ni-mixed CrystalsBy means of chemical transport reaction it is possible to prepare Co/Ni-mixed crystals in a wide range of percentage composition between 5 and 75 weight % Nickel. This is possible using a 3-zone-oven. Thermodynamic considerations allow to understand the experiments.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe einer chemischen Transportreaktion von T2 nach T1 (T1 = 800°C) gelingt es, Co/Ni -Mischkristalle zu präparieren. Als Transportmittel ist I2/GaI3 geeignet. Die Verwendung eines 3-Zonenofens bei räumlicher Trennung der Ausgangsbodenkörper erlaubt es, Mischkristalle im Zusammensetzungsbereich zwischen 5 und 75 Gewichts-% Nickel herzustellen. Thermodynamische Betrachtungen lassen das Reaktionsgeschehen qualitativ verstehen.
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  • 179
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Lithium bis(methoxycarbonyl)phosphanide-1,2-dimethoxyethane (2/3); ; bis(methoxycarbonyl)phosphane; ; tris-(methoxycarbonyl)phosphane; ; bis(methoxycarbonyl)methyl-phosphane by decarboxylation; ; lithium methoxycarbonylphos-phanide; ; nmr data; ; x-ray structure determination ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Acyl- and Alkylidenephosphanes. XXXIV. Methoxycarbonylphosphanes - Compounds closely related to the Phosphaalkyne P≡C—O—Li(dme)2Whereas methyl fluoroformate reacts with an equimolar amount of bis(tetrahydrofuran)lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphanide (1a)Die Numerierung des betreffenden Lithiumphosphanids wird um das Suffix a erweitert, wenn von einer Röntgenstrukturanalyse her Gehalt an koordinierendem Solvens und Konstitution bekannt sind. Nach Möglichkeit beziehen wir uns dann im Text und in den Gleichungen auf derartige Spezies. in 1,2-dimethoxyethane to give an inseparable mixture of tris(methoxycarbonyl)- ( 3) and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphane, colourless crystals of lithium bis(methoxycarbonyl)phosphanide-1,2-dimethoxyethane (2/3) ( 4a) are isolated in 84% yield from an analogous reaction with (1,2-dimethoxyethane- O,O ′)lithium phosphanide ( 2a) in a molar ratio of 2:3. When, however, this ratio is changed to 1:2 or 1:1, the 31 P nmr spectra of those solutions show the formation of the by-product lithium methoxycarbonylphosphanide ( 10) or methoxycarbonylphosphane ( 6) respectively. The function of phosphanide 10 as an important intermediate in the synthesis of the phosphaalkyne P≡C—O—Li(dme) 2( Ia) [1] is discussed in detail.With trifluoroacetic acid in 1,2-dimethoxyethane the diacylphosphanide 4a is converted via a lithium-hydrogen exchange into bis(methoxycarbonyl)phosphane (9). Unlike 1,3-diketones and other diacylphosphanes [25], solutions of this compound do not show the presence of an enol tautomer even in very unpolar solvents. Tris(methoxycarbonyl)phosphane (3) obtained in a pure state from methyl chloroformate and phosphanide 2a, might decarboxylate to give the corresponding bis(methoxycarbonyl)methyl derivative 5 when the reaction mixture is worked up. 31P and characteristic 31C nmr data of these methoxycarbonylphosphanes and their related lithium phosphanides are compared with each other, the tris(phenoxycarbonyl) (7) and the bis(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl compound 8 being included.An x-ray structure determination (P1; a 715.8(2); b = 899.5(1); c = 1262.7(2)pm; α = 99.93(1)°; β = 96.01(1)°; γ = 104.81(1)° at -100±3°C; Z = 1 dimer; wR2 = 0.152) shows lithium bis(methoxycarbonyl)phosphanide-1,2-dimethoxyethane (2/3) (4a) to crystallize as a centrosymmetric neutral complex. Either lithium square pyramidally coordinated is bound to both carbonyl oxygen atoms of an almost planar bis(methoxy-carbonyl)phosphanide {Li—Oav. 197.4; O ‥ O 280.9} as well as of an 1,2-dimethoxyethane ligand (210.3; 261.6) and is brigded by another solvent molecule (204.0 pm). Further characteristic average bond lengths and angles are as follows: P\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}Csp2 179.5; Csp2\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}O 122.2; Csp2—O 136.5; O—CH3 143.2 pm; Csp2\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}P\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}Csp2 98.8°; P\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}Csp2\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}O 132.5°; P\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}Csp2—O 107.9°.
    Notes: Während sich Fluorameisensäure-methylester in 1,2-Dimethoxyethan mit äquimolaren Mengen Bis(tetrahydrofuran)lithium-bis(trimethylsilyl)phosphanid (1a) zu Tris(methoxycarbonyl)- (3) und Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphan umsetzt, führt die analoge Reaktion mit (1,2-Dimethoxyethan-O,O′)lithium-phosphanid (2a) im Molverhältnis 2:3 zu Phosphorwasserstoff und dem mit 84proz. Ausbeute kristallin zu isolierenden Lithium-bis(methoxycarbonyl)phosphanid-1,2-dimethoxyethan (2/3) (4a). In Ansätzen mit einem auf 1:2 oder 1:1 geänderten Molverhältnis können neben Verbindung 4a Lithium-methoxycarbonylphosphanid (10) und Methoxycarbonylphosphan (6) 31P-NMR-spektroskopisch nachgewiesen werden; die Bedeutung von Intermediat 10 bei der Synthese des Phosphaalkins P≡C—O—Li(dme)2 (Ia) [1] wird eingehend diskutiert.Der Neutralkomplex 4a reagiert mit Trifluoressigsäure in 1,2-Dimethoxyethan unter Lithium-Wasserstoff-Austausch zum Bis(methoxycarbonyl)phosphan (9); im Gegensatz zu 1,3-Diketonen und Diacylphosphanen [25] läßt sich selbst in unpolaren Lösungsmitteln kein Enol-Tautomer nachweisen. Das aus Chlorameisensäure-methylester und Phosphanid 2a rein darzustellende Tris(methoxycarbonyl)phosphan (3) kann beim Aufarbeiten des Ansatzes zur Bis(methoxycarbonyl)methyl-Verbindung 5 decarboxylieren. 31P- und charakteristische 13C-NMR-Parameter der Methoxycarbonylphosphane und der zugehörigen Lithiumphosphanide werden unter Einbezug des ebenfalls dargestellten Tris(phenoxycarbonyl)- (7) und Bis(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl-Derivates 8 miteinander verglichen.Nach den Ergebnissen der Röntgenstrukturanalyse {P1; a = 715,8(2); b = 899,5(1); c = 1 262,7(2) pm; α = 99,93(1)°; β = 96,01(1)°; γ = 104,81(1)° bei -100±3°C; Z = 1 Dimer; wR2 = 0,152} liegt Lithium-bis(methoxycarbonyl)phosphanid-1,2-dimethoxyethan (2/3) (4a) als zentrosymmetrischer Neutralkomplex vor. Die beiden Lithiumatome in quadratisch-pyramidaler Umgebung sind jeweils an die Carbonyl-Sauerstoffatome des weitgehend planaren Bis(methoxycarbonyl)phosphanid-Liganden {Li—O (Mittel) 197,4; O··O 280,9} sowie eines zweifach koordinierenden (210,3; 261,6) und eines verbrückenden 1,2-Dimethoxyethan-Moleküls (204,0 pm) gebunden. Weitere charakteristische mittlere Bindungslängen und -winkel sind: P\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}Csp2 179,5; Csp2\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}O 122,2; Csp2—O 136,5; O—CH3 143,2 pm; Csp2\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}P\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}Csp2 98,8°; P\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}Csp2\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}O 132,5°; P\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot - $\end{document}Csp2—O 107,9°.
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  • 180
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Sodium tellurides ; dialkyl tellurides ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Reactions of Sodium Telluride, Na2Te - Crystal Structure of [Na(CH3OH)3]2Te2Sodium telluride, Na2Te 1, is easily obtained by reaction of sodium with hexagonal tellurium in 1,2-dimethoxy-ethane in the presence of catalytic amounts of naphthalene. Upon exposure to oxygen 1 reacts with methanol forming [Na(CH3OH)3]2Te2 2, which crystal structure was determined. Compound 1, prepared in situ, can be conveniently converted into dialkyl tellurides, R2Te (R = C2H5, i-C3H7, CH2 = CH—CH2 3).
    Notes: Natriumtellurid, Na2Te 1, läßt sich auf bequeme Art und Weise aus Natrium und hexagonalem Tellur in 1,2-Dimethoxy-ethan als Reaktionsmedium in Anwesenheit katalytischer Mengen an Naphthalin gewinnen. Bei der Einwirkung von Sauerstoff auf 1 in Gegenwart von Methanol entsteht [Na(CH3OH)3]2Te2 2, dessen Kristallstruktur ermittelt wurde. In situ gewonnenes 1 kann auf einfache Weise in Dialkyltelluride, R2Te, übergeführt werden (R = C2H5, i-C3H7, CH2 = CH—CH2 3).
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  • 181
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Copper(II) chelate complex ; iron(III) chelate complex ; edta-type ligands ; chelates ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Molecular Structures of Copper(II) and Iron(III) Chloro Complexes with di- and monoprotonated N-(pyrid-2-ylmethyl)ethylenediamine-N,N′,N′-triacetate (H2pedta-; Hpedta2-)The molecular structures of two complexes of di- and monoprotonated N-(pyrid-2-ylmethyl)ethylenediamine-N,N′,N′ -triacetate (pedta3-) with CuII and FeIII as central atoms have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Both complexes have a distorted octahedral coordination with H2pedta- and Hpedta2- as pentadentate ligands and a chloride ion occupying the sixth coordination site. The different oxidation states of the central atoms result in a completely different coordination behaviour of the carboxyl groups. In both complexes one of the —CH2—COOH groups is uncoordinated. In the FeIII complex, the central atom is coordinated by the hydroxylic O atoms of the deprotonated carboxyl groups. Contrary to this in the CuII complex, the central atom is coordinated by the carbonylic O atoms. One of the coordinated carboxyl groups is protonated and the other is deprotonated. All protonated carboxyl groups in both complexes form intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
    Notes: Die Molekülstrukturen zweier Komplexe von di- bzw. monoprotoniertem N-(Pyrid-2-ylmethyl)ethylendiamin-N,N′,N′-triacetat (pedta3-) mit CuII bzw. FeIII als Zentralatome wurden durch Röntgenkristallstrukturanalyse bestimmt. Beide Komplexe haben eine verzerrt oktaedrische Koordination, in der H2pedta- bzw. Hpedta2- als fünfzähnige Liganden wirken. Die sechste Koordinationsstelle wird durch ein Chlorid-Ion besetzt. Die unterschiedliche Oxidationsstufe der Zentralatome führt zu einem unterschiedlichen Koordinationsverhalten der Carboxylgruppen. In beiden Komplexen ist eine der —CH2—COOH-Gruppen unkoordiniert. Im FeIII-Komplex erfolgt die Koordination über die hydroxylischen O-Atome der deprotonierten Carboxylgruppen. Im Gegensatz dazu beobachtet man im CuII-Komplex Koordination über die carbonylischen O-Atome, wobei eine der beiden Carboxylgruppen protoniert und die andere deprotoniert vorliegt. Von allen protonierten Carboxylgruppen in beiden Komplexen gehen intermolekulare Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen aus.
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  • 182
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 717-720 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Rubidium hydroxide iodide ; synthesis ; single-crystals ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Rb2I(OH): A Hydroxide Iodide in the System RbOH/RbIThe pseudobinary system RbOH/RbI was investigated by X-ray methods. The crystal structure of Rb2I(OH) was solved by single crystal data: Rb2I(OH): Pnma, Z = 4, a = 7.748(1) Å, b = 5.654(2) Å,c = 13.254(2) Å Z(Fo) with (Fo)2 ≥ 3σ = (Fo)2 = 449, Z (parameter) = 25, R/Rw = 0.021/0.023 Rb2I(OH) crystallizes in a new type of structure, built up by a three dimensional network of ∞3[Rb2(OH)+] containing the iodide ions.
    Notes: Das pseudobinäre System RbOH/RbI wurde röntgenographisch untersucht und die Struktur von Rb2I(OH) an Einkristallen aufgeklärt: Rb2I(OH): Pnma, Z = 4, a = 7,748(1) Å, b = 5,654(2) Å, c = 13,254(2) Å, Z(Fo) mit (Fo)2 ≥ 3σ = (Fo)2 = 449, Z (Parameter) = 25, R/Rw = 0,021/0,023 Rb2I(OH): kristallisiert in einem eigenen Strukturtyp, der aus einem dreidimensionalen Netzwerk von ∞3[Rb2(OH)+] aufgebaut ist, das I- enthält.
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  • 183
    Electronic Resource
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 721-723 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Lithium chromate dihydrate ; single-crystals ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Li2CrO4 · 2H2O: Unusual Hydrogen Bridge Bonding and Coordination for Oxygen of the Anions CrO42-The crystal structure of Li2CrO4 · 2H2O was solved including the positions of hydrogen by X-ray methods. Li2CrO4 · 2H2O: P212121, Z = 4, a = 5.503(1) Å, b = 7.733(2) Å, c = 11.987(2) Å, Z(Fo) with (Fo)2 ≥ 3σ(Fo)2 = 2284, Z (parameter) = 99, R/Rw = 0.025/0.029 LiCrO4 · 2H2O contains a locally bordered hydrogen bridge bonding system between water molecules as donors and two O of CrO42- as acceptors. This system connects anions in the direction [010]. It is noticeable that oxygen ligands of the anion CrO42- have strongly differing coordination.
    Notes: Die Kristallstruktur von Li2CrO4 · 2 H2O wurde einschließlich der Wasserstofflagen röntgenographisch ermittelt: Li2CrO4 · 2 H2O: P212121, Z = 4, a = 5,503(1) Å, b = 7,733(2) Å, c = 11,987(2) Å, Z(Fo) mit (Fo)2 ≥ 3σ(Fo)2 = 2284, Z (Parameter) = 99, R/Rw = 0,025/0,029 Li2CrO4 · 2H2O enthält lokal begrenzte Wasserstoffbrückenbindungssysteme zwischen Wassermolekülen als Donatoren und zwei O von CrO42- als Akzeptoren. Sie verknüpfen Anionen in Richtung [010]. Auffallend ist die sehr unterschiedliche Koordination der O-Liganden des Anions CrO42-.
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  • 184
    Electronic Resource
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 724-728 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Nitrosyl complexes ; halfsandwich compounds ; 1,3-dichalcogena-2-metalla-[3]ferrocenophanes, crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New 1,1′-Ferrocene Dichalcogenato Complexes of Ruthenium and OsmiumBoth trinuclear 1,1′-ferrocene dichalcogenato complexes(1) such as fc(E[MLn])2 (1a - c) (with [MLn] = Ru(CO)2Cp*; E = S, Se, Te) and dinuclear [3]ferrocenophane derivatives of the type fcE2[MLn] (with [MLn] = Ru(CO)(η6-C6Me6) (2a, b), Ru(NO)Cp* (3a, b) (E = S, Se) or Os(NO)Cp* (4a - c) (E = S, Se, Te)) were synthesized and characterized by their IR-, 1H- and 13C NMR spectra as well as their mass spectra. The molecular structure of fcS2[Os(NO)Cp*] (4a) was determined by an X-Ray structure analysis; the long Fe…Os distance of 431.1(1)pm excludes any direct bonding interactions.
    Notes: Es wurden sowohl dreikernige 1,1′-Ferrocendichalkogenato-Komplexe(1) wie fc(E[MLn])2 (1 a - c) (mit[MLn] = Ru(CO)2Cp*; E = S, Se, Te) als auch zweikernige [3]Ferrocenophan-Derivate des Typs fcE2[MLn] (mit[MLn] = Ru(CO)(η6-C6Me6) (2a, b), Ru(NO)Cp* (3a, b) (E = S, Se) oder Os(NO)Cp* (4a - c) (E = S, Se, Te)) synthetisiert und anhand ihrer IR-, 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektren sowie ihrer Massenspektren charakterisiert. Die Molekülstruktur von fcS2[Os(NO)Cp*] (4a) wurde durch eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt; der lange Fe…Os Abstand von 431,1(1)pm schließt direkte Bindungswechselwirkungen aus.
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  • 185
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: GdIII ; SmIII ; binuclear complex ; thioureato-ligand ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thioureato Brigded Binuclear Complexes of the Lanthanides Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [{PhC(NPh)NC(S)NEt2}{Et2NC(S)NH}LnBr(thf)]2 (Ln = Gd, Sm)The reaction of potassium-N-(diethylaminothiocarbonyl)-N′-phenyl-benzamidinat with LnBr3 (Ln = Gd, Sm) leads to the formation of the binuclear complexes [{PhC(NPh)NC(S)NEt2}{Et2NC(S)N}LnBr(thf)]2} (Ln = Gd 1, Sm 2). The two bridging thiureatoligands are probably built during the reaction of potassium with the starting ligand. Coordination by one N-(diethylaminothiocarbonyl)-N′-phenylbenzamidinato-ligand, one Br-ion and one THF-ligand leads to square antiprismatic coordination of the lanthanoids. The structures of both compounds were characterized by X-ray analysis (1: P1 (Nr.2), Z = 1, a = 12,006(4) Å, b = 12,245(4) Å, c = 13,612(3) Å, α = 70,55(3)°, β = 68,21(3)°, γ = 81,31(3)° 2: P1 (Nr.2), Z = 1, a = 11,803(3) Å, b = 12,344(5) Å, c = 12,797(8) Å, α = 103,07(5)°, β = 101,76(3)°, γ = 114,13(3)°)
    Notes: Bei der Reaktion von Kalium-N-(diethylaminothiocarbonyl)-N′-phenyl-benzamidinat mit LnBr3 (Ln = Gd, Sm) bilden sich die zweikernigen Komplexe [{PhC(NPh)NC(S)NEt2}{Et2NC(S)N}LnBr(thf)]2} (Ln = Gd 1, Sm 2). Die Lanthanoidionen werden durch zwei Thioureatoeinheiten verbrückt, die sich vermutlich schon bei der Metallierung des Liganden bilden. Durch zusätzliche Koordination eines N-(Diethylaminothiocarbonyl)-N′-phenyl-benzamidinato-Liganden sowie eines THF-Moleküls und eines Brom-Atoms erhält jedes Lanthanoidion eine quadratisch antiprismatische Koordination.Der Aufbau dieser Verbindungen konnte durch Kristallstrukturuntersuchungen geklärt werden (1: P1 (Nr.2), Z = 1, a = 12,006(4) Å, b = 12,245(4) Å, c = 13,612(3) Å, α = 70,55(3)°, β = 68,21(3)°, γ = 81,31(3)° 2: P1 (Nr.2), Z = 1, a = 11,803(3) Å, b = 12,344(5) Å, c = 12,797(8) Å, α = 103,07(5)°, β = 101,76(3)°, γ = 114,13(3)°)
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  • 186
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 739-744 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Tellurium ; Nitride Chloride ; Synthesis ; IR spectra ; Crystal Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Tellurium Nitride Chloride [Te11N6Cl26]The title compound has been prepared by the reaction of tellurium tetrachloride with tris(trimethylsilyl)amine in boiling toluene. Pale yellow crystals of the composition [Te11N6Cl26]2 · 9C7H8 are obtained by cooling of the saturated solution. The compound was characterized by IR spectroscopy and by a crystal structure determination. Space group P1, Z = 1, structure solution with 5912 observed unique reflections, R = 0.043. Lattice dimensions at -50°C: a = 1636.2, b = 1692.7, c = 1704.1 pm, α = 60.57°, β = 69.59°, γ = 64.29°. The dominating structural element of the nitrchloride are planar Te5N3 units forming two four-member Te2N2 rings which are condensed together. Two asymmetric units [Te11N6Cl26] are linked by a centre of symmetry; the intercalated toluene molecules are without binding interactions.
    Notes: Die Titelverbindung entsteht durch Reaktion von Tellurtetrachlorid mit Tris(trimethylsilyl)amin in siedendem Toluol. Blaßgelbe Kristalle der Zusammensetzung [Te11N6Cl26]2 · 9C7H8 entstehen beim Abkühlen gesättigter Lösungen. Die Verbindung wird durch das IR-Spektrum und durch eine Kristallstrukturanalyse charakterisiert. Raumgruppe P1, Z = 1, Strukturlösung mit 5912 beobachteten unabhängigen Reflexen, R = 0,043. Gitterkonstanten bei -50°C: a = 1636,2; b = 1692,7; c = 1704,1 pm; α = 60,57 β = 69,59°; γ = 64,29°. Bestimmendes Strukturmotiv des Nitridchlorids sind planare Te5N3-Einheiten, die zwei miteinander kondensierte Te2N2-Viererringe bilden. Zwei asymmetrische Einheiten [Te11N6Cl26] sind über ein Symmetriezentrum miteiander verknüpft; die eingelagerten Toluomoleküle sind ohne bindende Wechselwirkung.
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  • 187
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 745-750 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Selenium-nitrogen compounds ; diselenides ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Haloamination of Diselenides. Synthesis and Structure of the Eight-membered Ring Cation [Me2SN2SeMe]2++N-halogen compounds of benzamidine and S,S-dimethylsulfone diimides react with diselenides by Se—Se-bond cleavage yielding different types of selenium-nitrogen compounds. With N-bromo-benzamidine the diazene derivatives RSeN(Ph)CN=NC(Ph)NSeR 2a, b (a: R = Me; b: R = Ph) are formed. In the reaction of N,N′-Dichloro-S,S-dimethylsulfone diimide, Me2S(NCl)2, with diselenides cyclic hetero-selenonium salts [(Me2SN2SeR)Cl]2 (4a, b) are obtained. The structure of the eight membered ring compound 4a was determined by x-ray crystallography (space group P1, Z = 1) and compared with that of the isotypic sulfonium salt [(Me2SN2SMe)Br]2 (3a).
    Notes: N-Halogenverbindungen des Benzamidins und des S,S-Dimethylsulfodiimids reagieren mit Diseleniden unter Se—Se-Bindungsspaltung zu verschiedenartigen Selen-Stickstoffverbindungen. Mit N-Brom-benzamidin entstehen Diazen-Derivate RSeN(Ph)CN=NC(Ph)NSeR 2a, b(a: R = Me; b: R = Ph). N,N′-Dichlor-S,S-dimethylsulfodiimid, Me2S(NCl)2, reagiert mit Diseleniden unter Bildung cyclischer Heteroselenonium-Salze [(Me2SN2SeR)Cl]2 (4a, b). Die Struktur der achtgliedrigen Ringverbindung 4a wurde durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt (Raumgruppe P1, Z = 1) und mit der des isotypen Sulfoniumsalzes [(Me2SN2SMe)Br]2 (3a) verglichen.
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  • 188
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 189
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 756-758 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Dimesityliron ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemistry of Dimesityl Iron. VIII Solution Behaviour of Tetramesityldiiron and Crystal Structure of Dimesityl(dimethoxyethane)ironThe dimer dimesityliron yields in polar solvents solvated monomers. The adduct with dimethoxyethane was isolated and characterized by X-ray structure determination.
    Notes: Während Dimesityleisen in unpolaren Lösungsmitteln dimer vorliegt, spaltet es in stärker polaren Lösungsmitteln in solvatisierte Monomere auf. Mit Dimethoxyethan wurde ein Addukt isoliert und strukturell charakterisiert.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Aluminium(III) Phthalocyanines ; Nitrito(O) Complex ; Crystal Structure ; Optical and Vibrational Spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: AlIII Phthalocyanines: Synthesis, Properties, and Crystal Structure of Tetra(n-butyl)-ammonium-trans-di(nitrito(O))phthalocyaninato(2-)aluminate(III)[Al(Cl)Pc2-] reacts with excess (nBu4N)NO2 in dimethylformamide yielding less soluble blue tetra(n-butyl)ammonium-trans-di(nitrito(O))phthalocyaninato(2-)aluminate(III), (nBu4N)trans[Al(ONO)2Pc2-], which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (No. 15) with Z = 4. The Al atom is in the special position 4 d in the center of the Pc2- ligand and the two nitrit ions are monodentate O-coordinated in a mutually trans arrangement to the Al atom. The Al—O and average Al—Niso bond distances are 1.927(2) and 1.956 Å, respectively. The geometric data of the coordinated nitrite ion are: d(N—O) = 1.277(4) Å; d(N—O) = 1.221(4) Å; ∢(O—N—O) = 114.3(3)°; ∢(Al—O—N) = 121.3(2)°. The non-bonded O atoms are trans to the Al atom. The Pc2- ligand is slightly ruffled. The UV-VIS-NIR spectra and the vibrational spectra are discussed.
    Notes: [Al(Cl)Pc2-] reagiert in Dimethylformamid mit überschüssigem (nBu4N)NO2 zu wenig löslichem, blauem Tetra(n-butyl)ammonium-trans-di(nitrito(O))phthalocyaninato-(2-)aluminat(III), (nBu4N)trans[Al(ONO)2Pc2-], welches monoklin in der Raumgruppe C2/c (Nr. 15) mit Z = 4 kristallisiert. Das Al-Atom besetzt die spezielle Lage 4 d und befindet sich im Zentrum des Pc2--Liganden. Die beiden Nitrit-Ionen sind einzähnig über Sauerstoff trans-ständig zueinander an das Al Atom gebunden. Der Al—O- und mittlere Al—Niso-Bindungsabstand betragen 1,927(2) und 1,956 Å. Für die koordinierten Nitrit-Ionen ergeben sich folgende geometrischen Daten: d(N—O) = 1,277(4) Å; d(N—O) = 1,221(4) Å; ∢ (O—N—O) = 114,3(3)°; ∢(Al—O—N) = 121,3(2)°. Die nicht koordinierenden O-Atome sind trans-ständig zum Al-Atom angeordnet. Der Pc2--Ligand ist leicht gewellt. Die UV-VIS-NIR-Spektren und die Schwingungsspektren werden diskutiert.
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  • 191
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 759-765 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Metallothermic Reduction ; Lanthanides ; Alkaline Earth Metals ; Crystal Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ternary Bromides and Iodides of Divalent Lanthanides and Their Alkaline-Earth Analoga of the Type AMX3 and AM2X5Metallothermic reduction of the tribromides and -iodides MX3 (M = Sm, Dy, Tm, Yb) with alkali metals as well as with indium and thallium (A = Cs, Rb, K, In, Tl) results in most cases in ternary compounds with the composition AMX3 and AM2X5, respectively. Analogous compounds with M = Ba, Sr, Ca were synthesized from the binary components. The AMX3 compounds crystallize with the following types of structure: the perovskite-type and its distorted variants, the NaNbO3-II- and the GdFeO3-type, the NH4CdCl3- and the stuffed PuBr3-type. These structure types differ by a gain of condensation of the [MX6] octahedra (three-dimensional connection via corners within the variants of the perovskite-type, double chains of edge- and face-connected octahedra within the NH4CdCl3-type, and layers of corner- and edge-connected octahedra within the stuffed PuBr3-type of structure). This comes along with a reduction of the coordination number of A+ from 12 (“ideal” perovskite) to 8 + 2 (GdFeO3-type), 9 (NH4CdCl3-type), and 8 (stuffed PuBr3-type). Thus, the A/[MX6] size ratio determines which AMX3 type of structure is adopted. If the M2+ ion is large enough, ternary compounds with the composition AM2X5 occur either in addition to the AMX3 compounds or exclusively. They crystallize with the TlPb2Cl5 type of structure (C.N.(M2+) = 7 and 8). All of the AMX3 and AM2X5 compounds are summarized in a structure field diagram.
    Notes: Die metallothermische Reduktion der Tribromide und -iodide MX3 (M = Sm, Dy, Tm, Yb) mit Alkalimetallen sowie mit Indium und Thallium (A = Cs, Rb, K, In, Tl) liefert überwiegend ternäre Verbindungen der Zusammensetzungen AMX3 bzw. AM2X5. Analoge Erdalkaliverbindungen (M = Ba, Sr, Ca) wurden aus den jeweiligen binären Komponenten dargestellt. Die Halogenide AMX3 kristallisieren im Perowskit-Typ und seinen Verzerrungsvarianten, dem NaNbO3-II-bzw. dem GdFeO3-Typ, sowie im NH4CdCl3- oder im aufgefüllten PuBr3-Typ. Diese Strukturtypen unterscheiden sich durch eine zunehmende Verknüpfung der [MX6]-Oktaeder (allseitige Eckenverknüpfung in den Perowskitvarianten, Doppelstränge aus kanten- und flächenverknüpften Oktaedern im NH4CdCl3-Typ und kanten- und eckenverknüpfte Oktaederschichten im aufgefüllten PuBr3-Typ). Sie geht mit einer Verkleinerung der Koordinationszahl des A+-Ions von 12 im idealen Perowskit über 8 + 2 (GdFeO3-Typ) und 9 (NH4CdCl3-Typ) auf 8 (aufgefüllter PuBr3-Typ) einher, so daß das A/[MX6]-Größenverhältnis ausschlaggebend dafür ist, welcher Strukturtyp für die Zusammensetzung AMX3 auftritt. Sind die M2+-Ionen groß genug, treten (zusätzlich oder ausschließlich) Verbindungen vom Typ AM2X5 auf, die im TlPb2Cl5-Typ kristallisieren (C.N.(M2+) = 7 und 8). Alle erhaltenen Verbindungen wurden in einem Strukturfelddiagramm zusammengefaßt.
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  • 192
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 779-784 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Europium Germanide ; Europium Iridium Germanide ; Intermetallic Compounds ; Crystal Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Kristallstrukturen von Eu5Ge3 und EuIrGe2Eu5Ge3 and EuIrGe2 wurden aus den Elementen in Tantalampullen hergestellt und ihre Kristallstrukturen aus Röntgen-Einkristalldaten bestimmt. Eu5Ge3 kristallisiert in der Cr5B3-Struktur: I4/mcm, a = 799,0(1) pm, c = 1 536,7(1) pm, Z = 4, wR2 = 0,0421 für 669 F2-Werte und 16 Variable. In der Struktur von Eu5Ge3 liegen isolierte Germaniumatome und Ge2-Paare mit einem Ge—Ge-Abstand von 256,0 pm vor. Die Verbindung kann als Zintl-Phase mit der Formel [5 Eu2+]10+[Ge]4-[Ge2]6-beschrieben werden. Magnetische Messungen an Eu5Ge3 zeigen Curie-Weiss-Verhalten oberhalb 50 K mit einem magnetischen Moment von μexp = 7,6(1) μB, welches nahe am freien Ionenwert von μeff = 7,94 μB für Eu2+ liegt. EuIrGe2 ist isotyp mit CeNiSi2: Cmcm, a = 445,5(2) pm, b = 1 737,4(4) pm, c = 426,6(1) pm, Z = 4, wR2 = 0,0507 für 295 F2-Werte und 18 Variable. Die Struktur von EuIrGe2 ist aus alternierenden Schichtverbänden von EuIr2Ge2 und EuGe2 in AB-Folge aufgebaut, wobei diese Schichten gegenüber denen in ThCr2Si2 und AlB2 verzerrt sind. Der Ge—Ge-Abstand von 256,6 pm in der EuGe2-Schicht ist vergleichbar mit dem der Ge2-Hantel in Eu5Ge3.
    Notes: Eu5Ge3 and EuIrGe2 were prepared from the elements in tantalum tubes, and their crystal structures were determined from single crystal X-ray data. Eu5Ge3 adopts the structure of Cr5B3: I4/mcm, a = 799.0(1)pm, c = 1 536.7(1)pm, Z = 4, wR2 = 0.0421 for 669 F2 values and 16 variables. The structure of Eu5Ge3 contains isolated germanium atoms and germanium atom pairs with a Ge—Ge distance of 256.0 pm. Eu5Ge3 may be described as a Zintl phase with the formulation [5 Eu2+]10+[Ge]4-[Ge2]6-. Magnetic investigations of Eu5Ge3 show Curie-Weiss behaviour above 50 K with a magnetic moment of μexp = 7.6(1) μB which is close to the free ion value of μeff = 7.94 μB for Eu2+. EuIrGe2 is isotypic with CeNiSi2: Cmcm, a = 445.5(2) pm, b = 1 737.4(4) pm, c = 426.6(1) pm, Z = 4, wR2 = 0.0507 for 295 F2 values and 18 variables. The structure of EuIrGe2 is an intergrowth of ThCr2Si2-like slabs with composition EuIr2Ge2 and AlB2-like slabs with composition EuGe2 in an AB stacking sequence. Both slabs are distorted when compared to the symmetry of the prototypes. The Ge—Ge distance of 256.6 pm in the AlB2-like fragment is comparable to that in Eu5Ge3.
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  • 193
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Linkage isomers ; cis-Tetrachlorodi(thiocyanato(N))-osmate(IV) ; trans-Tetrachlorothiocyanato(N)-thiocyanato(S)-osmate(IV) ; cis-Tetrachlorothiocyanato(N)-thiocyanato(S)-osmate(IV) ; trans-Tetrachlorodi(thiocyanato(S))osmate(IV) ; Crystal Structure ; Vibrational Spectra ; Normal Coordinate Analysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation, Crystal Structures, Vibrational Spectra, and Normal Coordinate Analysis of Four Linkage Isomeric Tetrachlorodirhodanoosmates(IV)By treatment of cis- or trans-[OsCl4I2]2- with (SCN)2 in dichloromethane the linkage isomers cis-[OsCl4(NCS)2]2- (1), trans-[OsCl4(NCS)(SCN)]2- (2), cis-[OsCl4(NCS)(SCN)]2- (3) and trans-[OsCl4(SCN)2]2- (4) are formed which have been separated by ion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The X-Ray structure determinations on single crystals of cis-(Ph4As)2[OsCl4(NCS)2] (triclinic, space group P1, a = 10.019(5), b = 11.702(5), c = 21.922(5) Å, α = 83.602(5)°, β = 85.718(5)°, γ = 73.300(5)°, Z = 2), trans-(Ph4As)2[OsCl4 · (NCS)(SCN)] (monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 18.025(5), b = 11.445(5), c = 23.437(5) Å, β = 94.208(5)°, Z = 4), cis-(Ph4As)2[OsCl4(NCS)(SCN)] (triclinic, space group P1, a = 10.579(5), b = 11.682(5), c = 22.557(5) Å, α = 81.073(5)°, β = 85.807(5)°, γ = 87.677(5)°, Z = 2) and trans-(Ph4As)2 · [OsCl4(SCN)2] (triclinic, space group P1, a = 10.615(5), b = 11.691(5), c = 11.907(5) Å, α = 111.314(5)°, β = 96.718(5)°, γ = 91.446(5)°, Z = 1) reveal the complete ordering of the complex anions. The via N or S coordinated thiocyanate groups are located nearly direct above one of the cis-positioned Cl ligands with Os—N—C angles of 171.2° and 174.3° (1), 162.3° (2), 172° (3) and Os—S—C angles of 108.3° (2), 105.7° (3) and 105.5° (4). Using the molecular parameters of the X-Ray determinations the low temperature (10 K) IR and Raman spectra of the (n-Bu4N) salts of all four linkage isomers are assigned by normal coordinate analyses based on a modified valence force field. The valence force constants are fd(OsN) = 1.59 (1), 1.67 (2), 1.60 (3) and fd(OsS) = 1.27 (2), 1.31 (3) and 1.32 mdyn Å-1 (4). Taking into account increments of the trans influence a good agreement between observed and calculated frequencies is achieved.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von cis- oder trans-[OsCl4I2]2- mit (SCN)2 in Dichlormethan entstehen die Bindungsisomeren cis-[OsCl4(NCS)2]2- (1), trans-[OsCl4(NCS) · (SCN)]2- (2), cis-[OsCl4(NCS)(SCN)]2- (3) und trans-[OsCl4 · (SCN)2]2- (4), die durch Ionenaustauschchromatographie an Diethylaminoethyl-Cellulose getrennt werden. Die Röntgenstrukturanalysen an Einkristallen von cis-(Ph4As)2[OsCl4(NCS)2] (triklin, Raumgruppe P1, a = 10,019(5), b = 11,702(5), c = 21,922(5) Å, α = 83,602(5)°, β = 85,718(5)°, γ = 73,300(5)°, Z = 2), trans-(Ph4As)2[OsCl4(NCS)(SCN)] (monoklin, Raumgruppe P21/c, a = 18,025(5), b = 11,445(5), c = 23,437(5) Å, β = 94,208(5)°, Z = 4), cis-(Ph4As)2[OsCl4(NCS)(SCN)] (triklin, Raumgruppe P1, a = 10,579(5), b = 11,682(5), c = 22,557(5) Å, α = 81,073(5)°, β = 85,807(5)°, γ = 87,677(5)°, Z = 2) und trans-(Ph4As)2[OsCl4(SCN)2] (triklin, Raumgruppe P1, a = 10,615(5), b = 11,691(5), c = 11,907(5) Å, α = 111,314(5)°, β = 96,718(5)°, γ = 91,446(5)°, Z = 1) zeigen, daß die Komplexanionen in allen vier Verbindungen völlig geordnet vorliegen. Die über N bzw. S gebundenen Thiocyanatgruppen sind unter Os—N—C-Winkeln von 171,2° und 174,3° (1), 162,3° (2), 172° (3) bzw. unter Os—S—C-Winkeln von 108,3° (2), 105,7° (3) sowie 105.5° (4) nahezu auf Deckung über einem cis-ständigen Cl-Liganden angeordnet. Unter Verwendung der röntgenographisch ermittelten Molekülparameter lassen sich die an (n-Bu4N)-Salzen bei 10 K aufgenommenen IR- und Raman-Spektren der vier Bindungsisomeren durch Normalkoordinatenanalysen auf der Basis eines modifizierten Valenzkraftfeldes zuordnen. Die Valenzkraftkonstanten betragen für fd(OsN) = 1,59 (1), 1,67 (2), 1,60 (3), für fd(OsS) = 1,27 (2), 1,31 (3) und 1,32 mdyn/Å (4). Bei Berücksichtigung von Inkrementen des trans-Einflusses ergibt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen beobachteten und berechneten Frequenzen.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Rare Earth Halides ; Crystal Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A Structural Variant to the NaErCl4/α-NiWO4 Type for Ternary Rare-Earth Halides NaMCl4: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of NaLuCl4Single crystals of NaLuCl4 (orthorhombic, Pbcn (Nr. 60), Z = 4, a = 618.6(1) pm, b = 1 592.2(2) pm, c = 657.0(1) pm) were grown for the first time from the binary components using the Bridgman technique. The crystal structure may be derived from a hexagonally closest packing of Cl- spheres with one half of all octahedral sites occupied by the cations Na+ and Lu3+, respectively. The close relation of the structure to that of NaErCl4 (α-NiWO4) is discussed. NaScCl4 was found to be isotypic to NaLuCl4.
    Notes: Einkristalle von NaLuCl4 (orthorhombisch, Pbcn (Nr. 60), Z = 4, a = 618,6(1) pm, b = 1 592,2(2) pm, c = 657,0(1) pm) wurden erstmals nach dem Bridgman-Verfahren aus den binären Komponenten gezüchtet. Die Kristallstruktur läßt sich von einer hexagonal-dichtesten Kugelpackung von Cl--Ionen ableiten, in der die Hälfte aller Oktaederlücken mit den Kationen Na+ bzw. Lu3+ besetzt ist. Die enge Verwandtschaft der Struktur mit jener von NaErCl4 (α-NiWO4) wird diskutiert. Mit NaScCl4 konnte ein zweiter Vertreter dieses Strukturtyps dargestellt werden.
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  • 195
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 21-23 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemical transport reactions ; Mo/W-mixed crystals ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical Vapor Transport of Intermetallic Systems. 3. Chemical Transport of Mo/W-mixed CrystalsMo/W-mixed crystals can be prepared by means of chemical vapor transport with HgBr2 (1000°C→900°C). It is known [2] that the transport reaction of tungsten begins hours or even days after starting the experiment. This is the reason for the unusual composition of deposited crystals: EDX-analysis show them to have a Mo-rich nucleus and a W-rich shell.
    Notes: Mo/W-Mischkristalle lassen sich durch chemische Transportreaktionen mit HgBr2 als Transportmittel im Temperaturgefälle von 1000°C→900°C präparieren. Das Reaktionsgeschehen ist sehr kompliziert, weil der Transport von Wolfram erst Stunden oder Tage nach Versuchsbeginn einsetzt [2]. Als Folge dieser „Transporthemmung“ entstehen bei der Abscheidung Mischkristalle, die einen ‚molybdänreichen Kern‘ aufweisen, der von einem wolframreichen Mantel umhüllt ist.
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  • 196
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 795-800 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Tetraiodoferrate(III) ; Crystal Structure ; Raman Spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation, Characterization, and Crystal Structures of Tetraiodoferrates(III)The extremely air and moisture sensitive tetraiodoferrates MFeI4 with M = K, Rb and Cs have been synthesized by reaction of Fe, MI and I2 at 300°C in closed quartz ampoules. The essentially more stable alkylammonium tetraiodoferrates NR4FeI4 with R = H, C2H5, n-C3H7, n-C4H9 and n-C5H11 can be obtained by reaction of Fe, NR4I and I2 in nitromethane. The Raman and UV/Vis-spectra of the black compounds show the existence of tetrahedral [FeI4]- ions in the structures. The crystal structure of the monoclinic CsFeI4 (CsTlI4 type, spgr P21/c; a = 7.281(1) Å; b = 17.960(3) Å; c = 8.248(2) Å; β = 107.35(15)°) is built up by tetrahedral [FeI4]- ions and CsI11 polyhedra. The crystal structure of the orthorhombic (n-C5H11)4NFeI4 (spgr Pnna; a = 20.143(4) Å; b = 12.683(3) Å; c = 12.577(3) Å) contains tetrahedral [(n-C5H11)4N]+ ions and [FeI4]- ions, respectively.
    Notes: Die extrem luft- und feuchtigkeitsempfindlichen Tetraiodoferrate MFeI4 mit M = K, Rb und Cs entstehen bei Umsetzung von Fe, MI und I2 bei 300°C in geschlossenen Quarzampullen. Die wesentlich stabileren Alkylammoniumtetraiodoferrate NR4FeI4 mit R = H, C2H5, n-C3H7, n-C4H9 und n-C5H11 sind durch Umsetzung von Eisenpulver mit NR4I und Iod in Nitromethan zu erhalten. Die Ramanspektren und UV/Vis-Spektren der schwarzen Verbindungen zeigen, daß in den Strukturen jeweils tetraedrische [FeI4]--Ionen vorliegen. Die Kristallstruktur des monoklinen CsFeI4 (CsTlI4-Typ, RG P21/c; a = 7,281(1) Å; b = 17,960(3) Å; c = 8,248(2) Å; β = 107,35(15)°) wird aus tetraedrischen [FeI4]--Ionen und CsI11-Polyedern aufgebaut. In der Kristallstruktur des orthorhombischen (n-C5H11)4NFeI4 (RG Pnna; a = 20,143(4) Å; b = 12,683(3) Å; c = 12,577(3) Å) sind tetraedrische [(n-C5H11)4N]+-Ionen und [FeI4]--Ionen enthalten.
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  • 197
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 801-806 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Silabutadienes ; syntheses ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese und Dimerisierung instabiler 1-SilabutadieneDurch Umsetzung des Tris(trimethylsilyl)-silyllithiums (5) mit 3,3-Dimethylacrolein oder Zimtaldehyd werden 3-Methyl-1-tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-2-butenol(1) (6) und (E)-3-Phenyl-1-tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-2-propenol(1) (7) hergestellt, die sich als geeignete Precursoren zur Gewinnung der instabilen 1-Silabutadiene (Me3Si)2Si = CHCH = CR1R2 8 und 9 (8: R1 = R2 = Me; 9: R1 = H, R2 = Ph) nach dem Prinzip der modifizierten Peterson-Reaktion erwiesen. So eliminieren 6 und 7 nach Deprotonierung mit überschüssigem MeLi in Ether bei tiefer Temperatur Trimethylsilanolat und bilden 8 und 9, die durch das überschüssige Organolithium-Reagens durch nucleophile 1,2- und 1,4-Additionsreaktionen abgefangen werden. In Abwesenheit von Abfangreagenzien, z. B. dann, wenn 8 und 9 aus 6 und 7 durch stöchiometrische Mengen MeLi in Ether erzeugt werden, dimerisieren die freigesetzten 1-Silabutadiene im Sinne einer formalen [2 + 2]-Kopf-Kopf-Cycloaddition und man erhält die 1,2-Disilacyclobutane 17 und 18 neben Polymermaterial. Die Einwirkung von MeLi auf 6 in Tetrahydrofuran bewirkt eine 1,3-Si,O-Trimethylsilylwanderung unter Bildung des Alkoxysilans (Me3Si)2SiH—CH(OSiMe3)CH = CMe2 19.
    Notes: 3-Methyl-1-tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-2-butenol(1) (6) and (E)-3-Phenyl-1-tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-2-propenol(1) (7) were prepared by the reaction of tris(trimethylsilyl)silyllithium (5) with 3,3-dimethylacrolein and (E)-cinnamaldehyde, resp. The alcohols 6 and 7 proved to be suitable precursors for the generation of the transient 1-silabutadienes (Me3Si)2Si = CHCH = CR1R2 8 and 9 (8: R1 = R2 = Me; 9: R1 = H, R2 = Ph) following the principle of the modified Peterson reaction. Thus, 6 and 7 after deprotonation with excess MeLi in ether at low temperatures eliminated trimethylsilanolate and gave 8 and 9, which were trapped by the excess organolithium reagent undergoing nucleophilic 1,2- or 1,4-addition reactions. In the absence of scavengers, e.g. when 8 and 9 were generated by treatment of 6 and 7 with stoichiometric quantities of MeLi in ether, the 1-silabutadienes dimerize in a [2 + 2] head-to-head fashion to give the 1,2-disilacyclobutanes 17 and 18, resp., besides polymeric material. Treatment of the alcohol 6 with MeLi in tetrahydrofuran caused a 1,3-Si,O-trimethylsilyl shift affording the alkoxysilane (Me3Si)2SiH—CH(OSiMe3)CH = CMe2 19.
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  • 198
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 819-822 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Hafnium ; siloxane complex ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese und Struktur der ersten achtgliedrigen Fluoro- und Chlorosiloxankomplexe des HafniumsDer achtgliedrige Chlorosiloxankomplex des Hafniums, [Cl2HfOtBu2SiO(THF)2]2 2, wurde aus Hafniumtetrachlorid und tBu2Si(OSnMe3)2 1 hergestellt. Die Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse von [Cl2HfOtBu2SiO(THF)2]2 wird mitgeteilt. Die Reaktion von 2 mit Me3SnF im Molverhältnis 1 : 4 führt zum entsprechenden Fluorokomplex 3. Die Reaktion von [(C5Me5)HfCl3] mit tBu2Si(OLi)2 führt zum [(C5Me5)ClHfOtBu2SiO]2 4.
    Notes: The eight-membered chloro hafnium siloxane complex [Cl2HfOtBu2SiO(THF)2]2 2 has been prepared by the reaction of hafnium tetrachloride and tBu2Si(OSnMe3)2 1. The X-ray single crystal structure of [Cl2HfOtBu2SiO(THF)2]2 is reported. The reaction of 2 with Me3SnF in a molar ratio of 1:4 leads to the corresponding fluoro complex 3. The reaction of [(C5Me5)HfCl3] with the lithiated silanediol tBu2Si(OLi)2 yields [(C5Me5)ClHfOtBu2SiO]2 4.
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  • 199
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 807-812 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Dirheniumcarbonyl Complexes ; Phosphine-Bridged-Clusters ; Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine ; NMR Data ; Crystal Structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Molecular Structures of Oligofunctional Dirhenium Carbonyl Derivatives from Dirhenium NonacarbonylphosphaneStarting with dirheniumdecacarbonyl, one CO-Ligand was eliminated oxidatively and substituted by the labile acetonitrile ligand. As an intermediate eq-Re2(CO)9NCCH3 was received. The reaction of this labilised carbonyl with tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine and subsequent methanolysis gave ax-Re2(CO)9PH3, which was isolated and characterized for the first time. Photochemical and thermal reaction of ax-Re2(CO)9PH3 led to the new bi- and trinuclear complexes Re2(μ-H)(μ3-PHRe(CO)5)(CO)8, Re2(μ-PH2)2(CO)8 and Re2(μ-H) · (μ-PH2)(CO)8, which were characterized by IR-, 1H- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. The structures of ax-Re2(CO)9PH3, Re2(μ-H)(μ3-PHRe(CO)5)(CO)8 and Re2(μ-PH2)2(CO)8 were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. ax-Re2(CO)9PH3 has a very short Re—P bond length of 228(2) pm.
    Notes: Vom Dirheniumdecacarbonyl wurde ein CO-Ligand oxidativ entfernt und der labile Acetonitrilligand eingeführt. Als Zwischenprodukt wurde äq-Re2(CO)9NCCH3 erhalten. Dessen Umsetzung mit Tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphan und anschließender Methanolyse ergab ax-Re2(CO)9PH3, welches erstmals isoliert und vollständig charakterisiert werden konnte. Die thermische Belastung, bzw. die Bestrahlung mit ultraviolettem Licht dieser Ausgangsverbindung führte zu den neuen Zwei- und Dreikernkomplexen Re2(μ-H)(μ3-PHRe(CO)5)(CO)8, Re2(μ-PH2)2(CO)8 und Re2(μ-H)(μ-PH2)(CO)8, die mit IR-, 1H- und 31P-NMR-Spektroskopie charakterisiert wurden. Eine vollständige Molekülstrukturaufklärung erfolgte für ax-Re2(CO)9PH3, Re2(μ-H)(μ3-PHRe(CO)5)(CO)8 und Re2(μ-PH2)2(CO)8 durch Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalysen. ax-Re2(CO)9PH3 weist einen sehr kurzen Rhenium-Phosphor-Bindungsabstand Re—P von 228(2) pm auf.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 622 (1996), S. 823-828 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Tellurium ; niobium oxytrihalides ; hexatellurium(2+) ; tetrachlorooxoniobate (1-) ; synthesis ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Prismatic Te62+ Ion in the Structure of Te6(NbOCl4)2Te6(NbOCl4)2 is obtained from Te, TeCl4 and NbOCl3 at 200°C. It crystallizes triclinic, space group P1 (a = 915,5(4) pm, b = 1655,3(6) pm, c = 3134,4(9) pm, α = 42,62(2)°, β = 117,12(6)°, γ = 138,24(8)°). The crystal structure analysis shows, that the structure is built of one-dimensional polymeric ∞1[NbOCl4-] chains in which the monomers are linked via linear O—Nb—O-bridges and from discrete Te62+ polycations that are also arranged in strands, but without significant interactions. The structure is closley related but not isotypic to the previously reported tungsten containing analogue Te6(WOCl4)2 (monoclinic, P21/c). A comparison of the two structures shows that rotations of the cationic strands relative to the anionic strands lead to different cation-anion interactions.
    Notes: Te6(NbOCl4)2 wird aus Te, TeCl4 und NbOCl3 bei 200°C erhalten. Es kristallisiert triklin, P1, a = 915,5(4) pm, b = 1655,3(6) pm, c = 3134,4(9) pm, α = 42,62(2)°, β = 117,12(6)°, γ = 138,24(8)°. Die Kristallstrukturanalyse zeigt, daß die Struktur aus eindimensional-polymeren, über O-Atome verknüpften ∞1[NbOCl4-]-Strängen und aus diskreten, strangartig angeordneten Te62+-Polykationen aufgebaut ist. Die Struktur ist eng verwandt, aber nicht isotyp mit derjenigen der analogen wolframhaltigen Verbindung Te6(WOCl4)2 (monoklin, P21/c). Ein Strukturvergleich zeigt, daß Verdrehungen der Kationenstränge relativ zu den Anionensträngen zu unterschiedlichen Kation-Anionwechselwirkungen führen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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