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  • 101
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    In:  JDDG - Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, 2008, 6(8), 632-639
    Publication Date: 2008
    Description: Klärung der Studienlage zum potentiellen Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die Prävalenz von Haut- und Allergieerkrankungen in Deutschland KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: klimabedingte Veränderungen vor allem bei allergischen Erkrankungen, Hautkrebs und einzelnen erregerbedingten Dermatosen KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; Phänologie ; UV-Strahlung
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  • 102
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    In:  In: Lozán, J.L.; Graßl, H.; Jendritzky, G.; Karbe, L.; Reise, K. (Hrsg.) Warnsignal Klima: Gesundheitsrisiken. Gefahren für Pflanzen, Tiere und Menschen.Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen, Hamburg, 121-125
    Publication Date: 2008
    Description: Fallbeispiel Sommer 2003 KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zunahme von Ozon in der Troposphäre bei stationären sommerlichen Hochdruckwetterlagen mit hohen Lufttemperaturen und intensiver Sonneneinstrahlung, indirekt Zunahme von Feinstaub bei Hitze (〉30°C) und Ozonbelastung (〉200 Mikrogramm pro Kubikmeter) KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; Luftverunreinigungen
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  • 103
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    In:  Kappas, M. (Hrsg): Klimawandel und Hautkrebs, Interdisziplinäre Projektgruppe CLIMAderm, Stuttgart, ibidem-Verlag, 1-11
    Publication Date: 2008
    Description: UV-Strahlungsbeeinflussende Faktoren Azimutwinkel, Bewölkung, Aerosole, stratosphärisches Ozon, biologische Wirkung in Abhängigkeit vom Hauttyp und Sensibilisierung (Jahreszeit) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss klimatischer Veränderungen auf die Häufigkeit von Hautkrebserkrankungen sehr wahrscheinlich, bei vermutlich hoher Bedeutung des (thermisch motivierten) Expositionsverhaltens KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; UV-Strahlung
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  • 104
    Publication Date: 2008
    Description: zeitliche Trends und geografische Ursprünge der Vektor-übertragenen Krankheiten in Deutschland im Hinblick auf Stärken der bestehenden Krankheitsüberwachung für Hantavirus Infektion (endemisch in Deutschland), Chikungunya-Fieber (vor kurzem Schwellenländer in Europa) und Dengue-Fieber (importiert aus tropischen Regionen) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 2001-2007 ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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  • 105
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    In:  In: BfS/BfR/RKI/UBA (Hrsg.): Klimawandel und Gesundheit. UMID – UmweltMedizinischerInformationsDienst, Ausgabe 3 (Themenheft), Dezember 2009, 21-23
    Publication Date: 2009
    Description: weltweite Verbreitung der Asiatischen Tigermücke Aedes albopictus innerhalb der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte im Zusammenhang mit Chikungunya-Ausbruch im Sommer 2007 in Italien KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Transportwege der Globalisierung als wesentlicher Faktor neben Klimaänderungen KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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  • 106
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    In:  In: BfS/BfR/RKI/UBA (Hrsg.): Klimawandel und Gesundheit. UMID – UmweltMedizinischerInformationsDienst, Ausgabe 3 (Themenheft), Dezember 2009, 24-28
    Publication Date: 2009
    Description: Gesundheitliche Bewertung ultravioletter Strahlung KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; UV-Strahlung
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  • 107
    Publication Date: 2008
    Description: Studie zu einer prognostizierten Anzahl von Tagen mit Wärme- und mit Kältestress, basierend auf Klimaszenarien für den Zeitraum 2071 bis 2100 KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: schätzungsweise durchschnittlicher Anstieg der Zahl der wärmeinduzierten Krankheitsfälle um einen Faktor von mehr als 3 und für hitzebedingte Krankenhausaufenthalte 6, Verlust von 0,1% bis 0.5% des BIP durch krankheitbedingten Arbeitsausfall KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin
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  • 108
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Acker- und Pflanzenbau 98, Heft 1; p.119-125
    Publication Date: 1954
    Description: Berichte über Warndienste und Prognoseverfahren der kritischen Witterungsperiodes für Phytophthora infestans aus verschiedenen Ländern (Niederlande, England, Irland, Deutschland) werden zusammengefasst. Es wird beispielhaft auf eine andere Arbeit verwiesen, die die Befallsbedingungen für Krautfäule in Schleswig-Holstein beschreibt. Eine Regel aus klimatischen Parametern für die kritische Periode in Schleswig-Holstein wird rezitiert. Zudem wird eine Regel für das Nulldatum (Gefährdungsbeginn) aus der Literatur für Deutschland. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Regel für die kritische Periode bei Phytophthora infestans für Schleswig-Holstein. Regel für den Zeitpunkt des Nulldatums in Deutschland für 4 Sorten. KATASTER-DETAIL: Nulldatum liegt bei 800°C bzw. 1100°C Temperatursumme der Tagesmitteltemperaturen ab 1.April (für die Sorten Erstling & Sieglinde bzw. Bona & Flava). Kritische Periode -〉 2 Tage in Folge tmax 〉 23°C, tmin 〉= 10°C, Dampfdruck im Tagesmittel 〉 12mm, mittlere Bewölkung 〉= 5/10; diese Bedingungen treten nur auf, wenn der Warmsektor eines Tiefdruckgebietes über Schleswig-Holstein liegt und in diesem Warmsektor subtropische Luftmassen beobachtet werden.
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1949-1953 ; Kartoffeln ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 109
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    In:  Neue Mitteilungen für die Landwirtschaft 1, Heft 7; p.102-103
    Publication Date: 1946
    Description: Krankheitsbild, Ursachen und Bekämpfung der Krautfäule werden kurz erörtert. Hierbei wird die Wichtigkeit feuchtwarmer Witterung um ca. 20°C für die Entwicklung des Erregers hervorgehoben. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1945 ; Kartoffeln ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 110
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    In:  Internes Arbeitsmaterial des PIK, .... fs01/guests\Martin.Wodinski\PIK-COLLECTION\SLIDES-POOL\RD2\
    Publication Date: 2010
    Description: Kalkulation der Hitzetage (Tmax 〉 30°C) anhand es PIK/DWD Datensatzes für 1951-2006 im Jahr, und für den Zeitraum 2051-60, Szenario A1B, als Mittel und Differenzkarten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Hitzetage (Tmax 〉 30°C) in Deutschland KATASTER-DETAIL: Zunahme der Hitzetage (Tmax 〉 30°C) 2051-2060 vs. 1951-2006 um bis zu 16 Tagen im Jahr, stärkste Zunahme Rheingragben, Rheinland-Pfalz, Niederrhein, Kölner Bucht und Mitteldeutschland
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1951-2006, 2051-60 ; Temperatur ; Witterungsextreme
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  • 111
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    In:  Hattermann, F. F., Z. W. Kundzewicz, H. S., T. Vetter, W. Kron, O. Burghoff, Y. Hauf, V. Krysanova, F.-W. Gerstengarbe, P. Werner, B. Merz, A. Bronstert (2012a), Flood risk in holistic perspective - observed changes in Germany. In: Changes of flood risk in Europe, IAHS Press, Wallingford, 212-237.
    Publication Date: 2012
    Description: Simulierte und beobachtete Trends der jährlichen Hochwassermaxima KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Trend der Zu- bzw. Abnahme der Andauer der jährlichen Hochwassermaxima in Deutschland für die Vergangenheit KATASTER-DETAIL: Abnahme des mittleren jährlichen Abflusses um 35 % in Baden-Württemberg (Pegel Achstetten/Baierzer Rot) bzw. 21 % in Brandenburg (Pegel Ketzin/Havel) Zunahme des mittleren jährlichen Abflusses um 84 % in Bayern (Pegel Breitenbachkamm/Breitach) bzw. 74 % in Bayern (Pegel Kalteneck/Ilz)
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1951-2003 ; Witterungsextreme ; Hochwasser
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  • 112
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    In:  Der Obstanbau, p. 184-185
    Publication Date: 1953
    Description: Beobachtungen zur Masseneinablage und zur Witterung KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zischen der Luftfeuchtigkeit und dem Flug sowie der Eiablage des Apfelwicklers KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Relf (Trockenperioden) +, dann Flug + und Eiablage +
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1952 ; Pflanzenschädling ; Trockenheit
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  • 113
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    In:  Nachrichtenblatt für den deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienst, p. 27-32
    Publication Date: 1957
    Description: Untersuchung des Flugverhaltens des Blattwicklers mit einer Ultraviolett-Lichtfalle bezüglich täglichen Flugbeginns, Falterzahl und Auftreten der Generationen sowie der Einflüsse von Temperatur, Niederschlag und Wind auf den Flug KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen Flugverhalten und den Faktoren Temperatur, Niederschlag und Wind KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied +, dann Flug -; Delta Nied (Tag) +, dann Flug (Nacht) -; vor Gewitter, dann Flug +; Delta Wind - und Delta T +, dann Flug +; Wind 〉 6 Windstärken, dann kein Flug; T〈 13°C, dann kein Flug; T〉=18°C, dann höchste Fangergebnisse
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1955 ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Wind
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  • 114
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    In:  Neue Mitt. Landwirtsch., p. 395-396
    Publication Date: 1951
    Description: Verbale Beschreibung des bisherigen Wissens über die Blattfleckenkrankheit und deren Erreger KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen Witterung (Temperatur, Luftfeuchte) und dem Auftreten der Krankheit KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Sommer) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) +, dann Auftreten von Cercospora +; Delta Relf +, dann Anzahl und Größe der Konidien +; Relf 〉 98%, dann Keimung der Konidien; Delta T: 20°C 〈 T 〈 30°C, dann schnellste Keimung der Konidien; 25°C 〈 T 〈 30°C, dann optimales Wachstum des Myzels; °C 〉 T 〈 40°C, dann kein Wachstum des Myzels
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1950 ; Zuckerrüben ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 115
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    In:  Nachr. Bl. Biolog. Ztr.-Anst. Braunschweig, p.19
    Publication Date: 1949
    Description: Verbale Beschreibung des Massenauftretens 1948 sowie früheren Massenauftretens (1891, 1922, 1925, 1938 und 1939) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen Witterung (Temperatur und Luftfeuchte) und dem Massenauftreten des Käfers KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T + (Sommer und Winter) und Delta Relf (Sommer) -, dann Massenauftreten im Folgejahr
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1947-1948 ; Zuckerrüben ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Gemüse
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  • 116
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    In:  Nachr. Bl. Deutscher Pflanzenschutzdienst, p. 133
    Publication Date: 1948
    Description: Verbale Beschreibung zur Verbeitung und zum Jahreszyklus des Rüben-Derbrüsslers KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen Temperatur und Jahreszyklus des Käfers KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T: T (Luft)〉 12-14°C, dann Ende der Winterruhe
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1946-48 ; Zuckerrüben ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur
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  • 117
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    In:  Z. Pflanzenkrankheiten (Pflanzenpathol.) Pflanzenschutz, Nov./Dez., p. 335-341,
    Publication Date: 1948
    Description: Bericht über allgemeine Beobachtungen zum Flug und zu den Wandergewohnheiten des Großen Kohlweißlings KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss von Wind und Sonnenscheindauer auf den Flug des Kohlweißlings KATASTER-DETAIL: Wind 〉 20km/h, dann kein Flug; Delta Sonn +, dann Flug +;
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1942-48 ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Sonnenscheindauer ; Kohl
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  • 118
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung, Bodenkunde 42:5-11.
    Publication Date: 1948
    Description: Bedeutung Niederschlag und Ertrag KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag
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  • 119
    Publication Date: 1974
    Description: Analyse des Klimas und der Witterung in Bezug zu den Maiserträgen des Versuchsfeldes KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1956-74 ; Ertrag ; Klima ; Korrelationsmethode ; Mais ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur
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  • 120
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    In:  Landwirtschaftl. Zeitung, Berlin 27:316-317.
    Publication Date: 1907
    Description: Einteilung der Witterungsfaktoren in Monate, die besonderen Einfluss auf die Ertragsbildung haben KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Wetterbeobachtung ; Witterung
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  • 121
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    In:  Agrartechnischen Rundschau 4:514.
    Publication Date: 1914
    Description: Beziehung Klima, Boden und Weizenertrag KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung
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  • 122
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    In:  Mitteilungen für die Landwirtschaft 51(Heft 46).
    Publication Date: 1936
    Description: Beobachtungen zum Ernteausfall und dessen Beeinflussung durch den Witterungsverlauf im Jahr 1936. Vergleich mit vergangenen Jahren. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen Temperatur und Niederschlag in den Monaten April, Mai und Juni und den Reichsertragsschätzungen, bzw. den tatsächlichen Erträgen. Bedeutung eines längeren warmen und niederschlagsarmen Junis für Getreide. KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Juni) -, dann Erträge + Delta T (Juni) + und Niederschlage -, dann Ersträge -
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1930-1936 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit
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  • 123
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    In:  Verlag Deutsche Landbuchhandlung, Berlin.
    Publication Date: 1934
    Description: Zusammenstellung von Bauernregeln aus Deutschland KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; letzten 1000 Jahre ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Wetterbeobachtung ; Witterung
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  • 124
    Publication Date: 1950
    Description: Einfuß der Temperatur, Sonnenscheindauer und des Niederschages auf die Reifedauer des Roggens KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1936-37 ; Ertrag ; Phänologie ; Roggen ; Trockenheit ; Wachstum ; Witterung
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  • 125
    Publication Date: 1937
    Description: Beziehung zwischen Witterungsverlauf und Ertragsleistung KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1900-1935
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  • 126
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    In:  Schriften der oekonomischen Gesellschaft im Freistaat Sachsen 8; No.3; p.1-24
    Publication Date: 1921
    Description: Diskussion einiger wichtiger Pflanzenkrankheiten im Ackerbau, wie z.B. Brandkrankheiten verschiedener Kulturen und verschiedenen Kartoffelkrankheiten. Gestützt werden die Anmerkungen von regionalen Beispielen aus Deutschland. Teilweise wird Bezug zum Wetter hergestellt. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1920-1921 ; Kartoffeln ; Getreide ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 127
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    In:  Diederichs Leipzig.
    Publication Date: 1900
    Description: Landwirtschaft allgemein, Witterungserscheinungen in Zusammenhang mit Ernten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 15.-18. Jahrhundert ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Witterung
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  • 128
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    In:  Zeitschr. Pflanzenkrankh. 21; p.27-36
    Publication Date: 1911
    Description: Beobachtungen zu Krankheitsentwicklungen an Apfelbäumen und der Versuch diese teilweise mit klimatischen Parametern in Einklang zu bringen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1910 ; Apfel ; Pflanzenkrankheit
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  • 129
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    In:  Journal of Molecular Medicine, Volume 3, Number 1, Seiten 26-30
    Publication Date: 1923
    Description: Auftreten autochthoner Malariafälle in Deutschland KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Klimatische Bedingungen für Malaria sind in Deutschland gegeben KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland
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  • 130
    Publication Date: 1958
    Keywords: Deutschland
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  • 131
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    In:  In P. z. Merseburg and J. E.-. Verfasser: Keil, (eds.). Supprian, Friedrich Leopold, Leipzig.
    Publication Date: 1798
    Description: Allgemeine Beziehung Witterung und Landwirtschaft KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; letzten 1000 Jahre ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft
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  • 132
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    In:  Naturwissenschaften 22:653-656.
    Publication Date: 1934
    Keywords: Deutschland ; letzten 1000 Jahre
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  • 133
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    In:  Internes Arbeitsmaterial des PIK, .... fs01/guests\Martin.Wodinski\PIK-COLLECTION\SLIDES-POOL\RD2\
    Publication Date: 2010
    Description: Kalkulation der Klimatischen Wasserbilanz (mm) anhand es PIK/DWD Datensatzes für 1951-2006 im Jahr, und für den Zeitraum 2051-60, Szenario A1B, als Mittel und Differenzkarten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Jährliche Klimatischen Wasserbilanz WABI (Niederschlag - pot. Verdunstung nach Turc-Ivanov) für Deutschland KATASTER-DETAIL: Zu- bzw. Abnahme der (WABI) 2051-2060 vs. 1951-2006 von 200 - (-100) im Westen der BRD, in Ostdeutschland stärkere, einheitliche Abnahme der WABI um bis zu 300mmm
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1951-2006, 2051-60 ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterungsextreme
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  • 134
    Publication Date: 1954
    Description: Zunächst werden Kardinalwerte der verschiedenen Entwicklungsphasen von Phytophthora infestans aus der Literatur zusammengefasst. Im folgenden erfolgt ein Review über den Einfluß von Temperatur und Feuchte auf die Überwinterung, sowie den Einfluß des Windes auf die Verbreitung. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1949-1953 ; Kartoffeln ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 135
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    In:  Kartoffelbau 29 (1):15-17.
    Publication Date: 1978
    Description: Zusammenhang Kartoffelertrag und -qualität und Witterungsverlauf KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag) auf den Ernteertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Mai, Juni) + und Delta Nied (Mai, Juni) -, dann Pflanzenentwicklung -; Delta Bodenfeuchte -, dann Wachstum -; Delta T (März, April) 〈 0°C, dann Schäden +;
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1975-77 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterung
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  • 136
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    In:  In: Gostomzyk, J.G.; Enke, M. (Hrsg.): Globaler Klimawandel und Gesundheit. Schriftenreihe der Landeszentrale für Gesundheit in Bayern, Band 19, München, 2008, 75 – 85
    Publication Date: 2008
    Description: Pollensaison, -auftreten und -arten, sowie Veränderungen der Allergenität von Pollen unter Klimawandel KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: zunehmende Polysensibilisierungen gegenüber Inhalationsallergien durch zunehmend invasives Traubenkraut Ambrosia artemisiifolia KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; Phänologie
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  • 137
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    In:  Zeitschrift für Acker- und Pflanzenbau 99, Heft 2; p.129-150
    Publication Date: 1955
    Description: Es werden Häufigkeiten der phytophthorakritischen Witterungsperioden nach der "Temperatur-Feuchte-Regel" und der "Dampfdruckregel" in Bayern berechnet. Die Anwendbarkeit beider Regeln wird im Vergleich mit Befallsmeldungen validiert. Zudem wird ein neuer Schwellwertansatz, die "Bestandesfeuchteregel" zur Identifizierung kritischer Perioden vorgestellt und anhand zahlreicher Beispiele validiert. Auch auf das Nulldatum als frühest möglicher Befallszeitpunkt wird eingegangen. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Schwellwertansatz zur Identifizierung phytophthorakritischer Witterungsperioden KATASTER-DETAIL: Kritische Periode liegt vor, wenn folgende Bedingungen alle erfüllt sind: - T(Nacht) = 10-13°C (so daß sich Tau niederschlagen kann) - T(Tag) = 20-23°C - die Taupunktsdifferenz an 6 von 8 dreistündlichen Terminen 〈= 2°C beträgt oder an 5 von 8 dreistündlichen Terminen 〈= 2°C beträgt und direkt danach eine regenfeuchte Periode folgt oder direkt davor, mit maximal einem Termin der Taupunktsdifferenz 〉 2°C, eine regenfeuchte Periode liegt
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1936-1951 ; Kartoffeln ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 138
    Publication Date: 1910
    Description: mit Karten, Gesundheitliche Bedeutung von Luftfeuchtigkeit und Niederschlag, Sonnenstrahlung, Bewölkung, Luftdruck und Wind, Luftbeimengungen, Großstadtklima KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin
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  • 139
    Publication Date: 1929
    Description: Lage der Hochs nördlich und südlich des 50. Breitengrades und ihre Bedeutung für die Witterung und Ernteerträge in Mitteldeutschland KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit+ (Janurar, Februar, März, Mai und Dezember) durch Abnahem der barometrischen Nordlagen Tmit- (August, September) durch Zunahme der barometrischen Nordlagen Nied+ (Janurar, Apri,, Mai, August, September, Dezember) durch Abnahmen der barometrischen Nordlagen (entspricht Zunahmen der Südlagen!) Nied- (Februar, März, Oktober und November) durch Abnahmen der barometrischen Nordlagen (entspricht Zunahmen der Südlagen!)
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1900-1925 ; Luftfeuchte ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
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  • 140
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Stadkamhof, j. & K. Mayr. (Druck), 137p Techn. Hochsch., Diss.--München
    Publication Date: 1906
    Description: Studie über den Witterungseinfluss auf die Morphologie des Getreides mit besonderem Bezug zum Hafer KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; letzten100 Jahre ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Witterung
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  • 141
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell. 31: 507-513
    Publication Date: 1913
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen Temperatur und Wachstum bei Getreide, Auswinterungshärte KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1900-1913 ; Getreide ; Frost
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  • 142
    Publication Date: 1915
    Description: Diskussion über den Einfluss des Lichtes auf das Pflanzenwachstum KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1910-15 ; Wachstum ; UV-Strahlung
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  • 143
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Georgine, Jahrgang 102, Nr. 68, p. 806-807
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Biologie und Bekämpfung von Fritfliege, Getreideblumenfliege, scheckige oder gelbe Halmfliege, Weizenfliege, Hessenfliege KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag und Wind) auf die Schädlinge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Winter) +, Anzahl Maden der Halmfliege +; Delta Nied (September) + und Delta Wind (September) +, dann Hessenfliege -
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1903-1925 ; Insekten ; Anbautermine ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Vegetationsperiode ; Weizen ; Wind ; Witterung ; Düngung ; Gerste
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  • 144
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Nassauer Land 108, p. 185
    Publication Date: 1926
    Description: Beobachtungen zum Gelbrostbefall von Weizen, Roggen und Gerste KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: - KATASTER-DETAIL: -
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1926 ; Infektionskrankheiten ; Getreide ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Roggen ; Weizen ; Gerste
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  • 145
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2009-12-22
    Description: Solid propellant boosters for manned space flight
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Proceedings of the National Meeting on Manned Space Flight: Unclassified Portion
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  • 146
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-26
    Description: Selection of high thrust launch vehicles
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: SAE PAPER-510A
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  • 147
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We report a new measurement of the cosmic-ray isotopic composition of aluminum in the low-energy range form 75 to 206 MeV per nucleon.This measurement was made using the high-energy telescope of the CRS experiment on the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft during the time period from 1977 to 1993 with an average solar modulation level about 497 MV, roughly the same as at Earth near sunspot minimum. We obtain approximately 430 Al events of which approximately 35 are Al-26 and 395 are Al-27. The Al isotopes were separated with an average mass resolution sigma of 0.35 amu. Our interpretation of the isotopic composition of cosmic-ray aluminum is based on a standard Leaky-Box model for the interstellar propagation of cosmic-ray nuclei using the latest cross sections of the New Mexico-Saclay collaboration as well as a disk-halo diffusion model. From our observed ratio Al-26/Al-27 of 8.3 +/- 2.4 % we deduce an average interstellar density of about 0.52 (+0.26, -0.2) atoms per cu cm. This density is larger than the value of 0.28 (+0.14, -0.11) atoms per cu cm we found from an analysis of the observed abundance of the longer lived Be-10 made using data from the Voyager detectors over almost the same time interval and using essentially the same propagation program.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 430; 1; p. L69-L72
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  • 148
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Short Orbital Flux Integration Program, SOFIP, was developed to provide a fast and accurate evaluation of the space radiation environment expected to be encountered by geocentric satellites. SOFIP uses Vette's standardized models of the terrestrial trapped particle environment in performing the evaluation. For a given trajectory, the basic analysis involves the calculation of the composite integral orbit spectrum of either protons or electrons. Additional calculations which may be performed include exposure index, peaks per orbit, percent time in electron trapping zones, differential spectrum, and solor proton fluences. The results of the SOFIP calculations should provide the analyst with a detailed picture of the radiation environment in which the vehicle will operate. This program is written in FORTRAN IV for batch execution and has been implemented on an IBM 360 computer with a central memory requirement of approximately 60K of 8 bit bytes. The SOFIP program was developed in 1979.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: GSC-12554
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  • 149
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An overview of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) interaction and transport methods, as implemented in the Langley Research Center GCR transport code, is presented. Representative results for solar minimum, exo-magnetospheric GCR dose equivalents in water are presented on a component by component basis for various thicknesses of aluminum shielding. The impact of proposed changes to the currently used quality factors on exposure estimates and shielding requirements are quantified. Using the cellular track model of Katz, estimates of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for the mixed GCR radiation fields are also made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation, Part D: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (ISSN 0735-245X); 20; 1; p. 65-72.
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  • 150
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We conduct a Monte Carlo simulation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy in the UCSB South Pole 1991 degree-scale experiment. We examine cold dark matter cosmology with large-scale structure seeded by the Harrison-Zel'dovich hierarchy of Gaussian-distributed primordial inhomogeneities normalized to the COBE-DMR measurement of large-angle CMB anisotropy. We find it statistically implausible (in the sense of low cumulative probability F lower than 5 percent, of not measuring a cosmological delta-T/T signal) that the degree-scale cosmological CMB anisotropy predicted in such models could have escaped a detection at the level of sensitivity achieved in the South Pole 1991 experiment.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 410; 1; p. L1-L5.
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  • 151
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Several gamma-ray bursts in the BATSE data have sufficiently long durations and complex temporal structures with pulses that appear to be spaced quasi-periodically. In order to test and quantify these periods we have applied fast Fourier transformations (FFT) to all these events. We have also performed cross spectral analyses of the FFT of the two extreme (high-low) energy bands in each case to determine the lead/lag of the pulses in different energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 299-303.
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  • 152
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A cursory examination of cosmic gamma-ray burst time profiles indicates an inhomogeneous distribution of structure. In the first approximation, there seem to be two types of profiles; smooth ones with little structure and highly variable ones with lots of structure. To put this observation to the test, we have examined the statistical nature of the profile derivative to choose which parameter might best be called the burst 'spikiness'. We have found that a good estimator is given by a count of the number of 'spikes' (defined by a specific numerical recipe) and not by the rms deviations from either a pre-burst background or any type of moving average background. The application of this parameter to 30 burst time histories shows it to be consistent over a wide range of profile types. The analysis also reveals a preferred average time between spikes of approximately 1.5 seconds.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 310-314.
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  • 153
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Most cosmic gamma-ray burst temporal profiles appear to be comprised of several individual pulses, many of which overlap. It is advantageous to deconvolve the temporal structures into their constituent pulses, and thereby investigate the shape, intensity and temporal distributions of the pulses as a function of energy. Such fundamental pulse descriptors would provide constraints for theoretical modeling of the burst emission process, such as indications of source size, optical depth and geometry, as a function of time. We have developed a deconvolution algorithm which treats sequences of pulse shapes that change deterministically. The algorithm, a generalization of autoregressive techniques, has been applied to a few bright bursts observed by BATSE. Results indicate that, even within short intervals, constituent pulses are not self-similarly shaped, nor do pulse shapes evolve in a simple manner throughout a burst. Hence, the direction of our future work on pulse deconvolution will focus on analysis methods which allow pulse shape to vary.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 294-298.
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  • 154
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Resonant Compton upscattering is commended as a mechanism that produces a hard gamma-ray spectrum while suppressing X-rays. This model, however, has severe physical and observational limitations. Effective X-ray suppression places a lower limit on the electron density; above this limit X-rays scatter multiple times, so the single-scattering approximation of this mechanism is invalid. Multiple scattering produces a spectrum that is much harder than the single-scattering spectrum. As the Thomson optical depth of a power-law electron beam approaches unity, photon spawning commences at a high rate and physically invalidates the underlying electron distribution. The Compton upscattering model is therefore only valid over a narrow range of electron densities. An observational consequence of this model is the absence of the third cyclotron resonance. Resonant scattering produces gamma-rays that propagate nearly along the magnetic field. The resonant cross section of the third harmonic, which is strongly angle dependent, falls below the Compton continuum for these gamma rays. The observation of a third cyclotron resonance in a gamma-ray burst spectrum would eliminate resonant Compton scattering as a gamma-ray burst process.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 252-256.
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  • 155
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Fifteen KONUS bursts and one HEAO burst showing cyclotron lines have well measured positions. If these are due to strongly magnetized neutron stars then we expect them to be associated with the galactic disk with a scale height of about 500 pc as expected for old neutron stars. The simplest way to test this hypothesis would be to test for a concentration along galactic latitude /b/ = 0. We got a marginal indication of such a concentration, and the probability that the 16 events are isotropically distributed is 0.02. We also show that this result is not in conflict with the present BATSE data set.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 226-228.
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  • 156
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Conclusions about the nature of gamma-ray bursts derived from the size-frequency distribution may be altered if a significant correlation exists between burst intensity and spectral shape. Moreover, if gamma-ray bursts have a cosmological origin, such a correlation may be expected to result from the expansion of the universe. We have performed a rudimentary search of the BATSE bursts for hardness/intensity correlations. The range of spectral shapes was determined for each burst by computing the ratio of the intensity in the range 100-300 keV to that in 55-300 keV. We find weak evidence for the existence of a correlation, the strongest effect being present when comparing the maximum hardness ratio for each burst with its maximum rate.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 190-194.
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  • 157
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We present preliminary analyses of gamma-ray burst spectra from the BATSE Spectroscopy Detectors. Our conclusions are: (1) No spectral lines have yet been detected in BATSE data from any cosmic gamma-ray burst. This is not surprising as the data for few bright bursts is available, and previous experiments saw lines in only a small fraction of the bursts. (2) Burst spectra show emission up to 20 MeV, with four of eight examined bursts having significant spectral breaks from 1 to 2 MeV. These breaks are consistent with opacity effects due to the interaction of photons with a high magnetic field. (3) Various distance independent parameters from burst spectra and time histories have no correlation with parameters related to distance. In other words, bright bursts look the same as faint bursts. This places a strong constraint on two population models of bursts. (4) The detection time of individual photons is not correlated from detector to detector, as predicted by Mitrofanov's pulsed emission model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 180-189.
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  • 158
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The GRB angular/intensity distributions observed by BATSE greatly constrain models of the spatial and luminosity source distributions. Single populations of Galactic Disk and Galactic Halo sources appear to be untenable, and only a limited subset of models made up of sources in a symmetric Galactic Corona satisfy the observations. Comments are made on other classes of models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 70, 71.
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  • 159
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory has observed energetic gamma ray bursts and flares. On May 3, 1991, EGRET detected a gamma ray burst both in the energy measuring NaI (Tl) scintillator and independently in the spark chamber imaging assembly. The NaI spectra were accumulated by a special BURST mode of EGRET. The spectra were measured over a range from 1 to 200 MeV, in three sequential spectra of 1,2, and 4 seconds. During the peak of the burst, six individual gamma rays were detected in the spark chamber, allowing a determination of the burst arrival direction. The intense flares of June were also detected. A solar flare on June 4 was observed to last for several minutes and for a brief time, less than a minute, had significant emission of gamma rays exceeding 150 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 38-42.
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  • 160
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Gamma-ray bursts are being detected with unprecedented sensitivity by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory since its launch in April, 1991. The experiment is detecting about one gamma-ray burst per day. A brief description is presented of the on-orbit performance of BATSE, the methods of identification of bursts, and examples of the diverse time profiles of the gamma-ray bursts observed. The most significant finding thus far is the apparent isotropy of the bursts together with the observed inhomogeneity of the sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991 (A93-40051 16-93); p. 13-21.
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  • 161
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Using the radio through hard X-ray images of the Crab nebula to derive the spatial dependence of the electron spectrum and the magnetic field distribution from MHD flow models, we have rederived the high-energy spectrum of inverse Compton scattered gamma rays. We find agreement with the observed spectrum at TeV energies, but it is clear that the inverse Compton flux does not contribute significantly to the unpulsed nebular emission observed by COS-B from 50 to 500 MeV, which is consistent with a smooth continuation of the spectrum in hard X-rays. The emission at these energies must therefore be due to synchrotron radiation by electrons of at least PeV energies. It appears that the emission in the high-energy gamma-ray range, sensitive to the highest energy electrons in the nebula, can put interesting constraints on the acceleration mechanism.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Particle acceleration in cosmic plasmas; Proceedings of the Workshop, Bartol Research Inst., Newark, DE, Dec. 4-6, 1991 (A93-39976 16-93); p. 471-476.
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  • 162
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The theory of magnetospheric recirculation for cyclic electron energization and transport may apply in part to heliospheric transport of Jovian electrons if enhanced cross-IMF propagation occurs at heliospheric altitudes near and below the solar wind transition region. Low altitude, ecliptic-to-polar transport would short-circuit conventional interplanetary diffusion, facilitate rapid access to the polar heliosphere with minimal adiabatic energy losses, and provide a seed population for acceleration to 100-1000 MeV energies at the solar wind termination shock and in the heliomagnetotail.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Particle acceleration in cosmic plasmas; Proceedings of the Workshop, Bartol Research Inst., Newark, DE, Dec. 4-6, 1991 (A93-39976 16-93); p. 461-464.
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  • 163
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Previous applications of the Monte Carlo technique at the quasiparallel earth bow shock has motivated the extension of this technique to oblique shock geometries typical of those found in most astrophysical shock environments. In addition, such a generalization will permit the thorough examination of theoretical predictions of rapid acceleration times at quasi-perpendicular shocks. Therefore, we have embarked on the modification of our existing Monte Carlo code and in this paper outline the major technical aspects involved in developing a simulation of cosmic-ray acceleration at modified oblique nonrelativistic shocks.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Particle acceleration in cosmic plasmas; Proceedings of the Workshop, Bartol Research Inst., Newark, DE, Dec. 4-6, 1991 (A93-39976 16-93); p. 177-182.
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  • 164
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Since the trajectories of astrophysical charged particles are bent by magnetic fields and normally curl many times before their detection, their origin may not be inferred from their directions as is the case with photons. Fortunately, charged particles reveal their presence through interactions in many instances leading to high-energy gamma rays. Bremsstrahlung, Compton, synchrotron, and curvature radiation all generally have a monotonically decreasing energy spectra reflecting that of the parent particles, whereas nucleon-nucleon radiation has a maximum at about 70 MeV reflecting the nature of the interaction process. Gamma radiation has been seen coming from neutron stars in pulses with the same period as the radio pulsar. Solar gamma rays also have been seen, as have short bursts of gamma rays whose origin remain a mystery. Galactic diffuse gamma radiation reveals the distribution of cosmic rays in our Galaxy. Beyond our Galaxy, active galaxies are seen in gamma rays implying a huge energy in the form of cosmic rays to be present there. The Optically Violent Variable quasar 3C 279 is particularly astounding. During an active state 3C 279 was seen to be emitting approximately 10 exp 48 erg/s if its radiation is isotropic.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Particle acceleration in cosmic plasmas; Proceedings of the Workshop, Bartol Research Inst., Newark, DE, Dec. 4-6, 1991 (A93-39976 16-93); p. 57-68.
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  • 165
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Burst and Transient Spectroscopy Experiment (BATSE) on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory has a powerful capability to provide nearly uninterrupted monitoring in the 25 keV-10 MeV range of both AGN and Galactic black hole candidates such as Cygnus X-1, using the occultation of cosmic sources by the Earth. Progress in background modeling indicates that the data accept region, or fit window tau, around the occultation step can be substantially increased over that conservatively assumed in earlier estimates of BATSE's Earth occultation sensitivity. We show samples of large-tau fits to background and source edges. As a result we expect to be able to perform long-term monitoring of Cygnus X-1 and many of the brighter AGN for the duration of the CGRO mission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Testing the AGN paradigm; Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Topical Astrophysics Conference, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Oct. 14-16, 1991 (A93-29801 11-90); p. 356-361.
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  • 166
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We examine the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR) data for evidence of noncosmological source contributions. The DMR maps are cross-correlated with maps of rich clusters, extragalactic IRAS sources, HEAO 1 A-2 X-ray emission, and 5 GHz radio sources. We limit the rms contributions from these sources on a 7 deg angular scale to less than 10 micro-K (95 percent confidence level) in the DMR maps, although the LMC probably contributes about 50 micro-K to a limited region of the sky. Thus, our previous interpretation that the fluctuations in the COBE DMR data are most likely due to cosmic fluctuations at the surface of last scattering remains intact. The Comptonization parameter for hot electrons traced by rich clusters is limited to delta(y) less than 2 x 10 exp -6 (95 percent confidence level) averaged over the 7 deg DMR beam.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 414; 2; p. L77-L80.
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  • 167
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: After critically reviewing observational results obtained by astronomical spacecraft in the interplanetary medium for several aspects of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs), attention is given to spacecraft data gathered in the magnetosphere and a detailed description is given of the Anuradha cosmic-ray experiment carried by Spacelab-3. The Anuradha results discussed concern the orbit average flux and ionization state of ACRs, the origins of partially ionized galactic cosmic-ray sub-Fe and Fe ions, and the significance of enhanced abundance ratios of sub-Fe and Fe ions in GCRs inside the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 62; 1-2; p. 3-65.
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  • 168
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Indian cosmic ray experiment Anuradha, conducted onboard Spacelab 3 during April 29-May 6, 1985 was designed to obtain information on the ionization states of low-energy cosmic rays, using the geomagnetic field as a rigidity filter to place an upper limit on the ionization state of individual cosmic ray particles. This paper presents data confirming the presence of three distinct groups of energetic particles in the near-earth space: (1) low-energy (15-25 MeV/nucleon) anomalous cosmic rays that are either singly ionized or consistent with their being in singly ionized state, (2) fully ionized galactic cosmic ray ions, and (3) partially ionized iron and sub-iron group ions (which account for about 20 percent of all the iron and sub-iron group ions detected at the Spacelab 3 orbit within the magnetosphere in the energy interval 25-125 MeV/nucleon). It is argued that these partially ionized heavy ions are indeed a part of the low-energy galactic cosmic rays present in the interplanetary space.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 411; 1; p. 418-430.
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  • 169
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Neutron stars, relativistic and compact by nature, show great potential for the copious creation of electron-positron pairs in the magnetospheres; these rapidly cool, thermalize, and then annihilate. It is therefore expected that many neutron sources might display evidence of pair annihilation lines in the 400-500 keV range. It is shown that magnetic photon splitting, which operates effectively at these energies and in the enormous neutron star magnetic fields, can destroy an annihilation feature by absorbing line photons and reprocessing them to lower energies. In so doing, photon splitting creates a soft gamma-ray bump and a broad quasi-power-law contribution to the X-ray continuum, which is too flat to conflict with the observed X-ray paucity in gamma-ray bursts. The destruction of the line occurs in neutron stars with surface fields of 5 x 10 exp 12 G or maybe even less, depending on the size of the emission region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 262; 1; p. 20-26.
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  • 170
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on NASA's Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory has shown that the sources of gamma-ray bursts have an angular distribution consistent with isotropy, yet the bursts are spatially inhomogeneous. Detection of a statistically significant deviation from isotropy in the burst distribution would provide a clue to the distance of the burst sources. BATSE's ability to detect slight deviations of the angular distribution from isotropy is, in part, dependent on the accuracy of the computed burst locations. Using bursts whose locations have been determined accurately and independently, we estimate BATSE's location uncertainties and incorporate them into 3D Monte Carlo simulations of the burst distributions to show that, despite individual burst location uncertainties of about 5 deg, the ability of BATSE to place stringent limits on the anisotropy present in the angular distribution of the gamma-ray bursts is not significantly degraded. Observational effects of possible galactic halo distributions of the burst sources are noted.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 413; 1; p. 293-297.
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  • 171
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Electron transport and acceleration processes in the earth's magnetosphere have correspondences to analogous processes affecting electrons in the solar magnetosphere (i.e., heliosphere). Energetic electrons in planetary magnetospheres and the heliosphere are test particles probing transport and acceleration dynamics with minimal effects on dominant magnetic field configurations. Parallels are discussed relating to electron entry into the magnetospheres from interplanetary and interstellar space, circulatory transport processes, and acceleration by electric fields in boundary regions including shocks and magnetotails.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 13; 6; p. 103-106.
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  • 172
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An instrument designed to measure elemental cosmic ray abundances from boron to nickel in the energy region 0.5-2.0 GeV/nucl was flown on a high altitude balloon from Sioux Falls, South Dakota, on 30 September through 1 October 1976 at an average atmospheric depth of about 5 g/sq cm. Differential energy spectra of B, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si and Fe, extrapolated to the top of the atmosphere, were measured. The float altitude exposure of 17 h ended near Alpena, Michigan. The flight trajectory maintained a north easterly heading out of Sioux Falls traversing the upper midwest region between 84 and 97 deg west longitude while remaining between 43.5 and 45 deg north latitude. The maximum vertical cut-off for this flight path was 1.77 GV or 0.35 GeV/nucl.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation, Part D: Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements (ISSN 0735-245X); 20; 3; p. 415-421.
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  • 173
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We present results of a survey of the relation between Forbush decreases, magnetic clouds, and interplanetary shocks during the period August 1978 to November 1982. We have used data from the ISEE-3 study of bidirectional ions associated with magnetic structures or clouds of Marsden et al. (1987), and ground-based observations of Forbush decreases from several neutron monitors. We use the two-step model of a Forbush decrease. We assume that the first step is due to the passage of the postshock turbulent region, and that the second is due to the passage of the magnetic cloud or structure which usually follows the postshock turbulent region. To determine the effectiveness of the postshock turbulent region in causing a Forbush decrease, we have evaluated the radial diffusion coefficient of the postshock turbulent region for the eight largest events during the above period using observations of the magnetic field. We have made a quantitative assessment of the relative importance of the postshock turbulent region in the formation of the Forbush decrease, concluding that the postshock turbulent region alone is not sufficient to cause a Forbush decrease.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Solar Wind Seven; Proceedings of the 3rd COSPAR Colloquium, Goslar, Germany, Sept. 16-20, 1991 (A93-33554 13-92); p. 663-666.
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  • 174
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The sensitivity of cross correlation and maximum likelihood, two methods under consideration by the EGRET team for detecting point sources, is analyzed numerically. Cross correlation is found to be 9 +/- 2 percent more sensitive than maximum likelihood.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: High energy gamma-ray astronomy; Proceedings of the International Conference, Ann Arbor, MI, Oct. 2-5, 1990 (A93-25001 08-93); p. 316-320.
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  • 175
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The hardness and intensity are easily measured quantities for all gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), and so, many past and current studies have sought correlations between them. This Letter presents many serious methodological problems with the practical definitions for both hardness and intensity. These difficulties are such that significant correlations can be easily introduced as artifacts of the reduction procedure. In particular, cosmological models of GRBs cannot be tested with hardness/intensity correlations with current instrumentation and the time evolution of the hardness in a given burst may be correlated with intensity for reasons that are unrelated to intrinsic change in the spectral shape.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 404; 2; p. L87-L90.
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  • 176
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A revised limit on the local X-ray emissivity due to sources correlated with nearby galaxies is obtained. These results are extrapolated up to a redshift of about 5, and it is found that a smaller, but still significant, fraction of the X-ray background (30 +/- 15 percent) can be accounted for by these sources. Evolution of the source properties and/or a new population of sources at high redshift is required to explain the residual background emissions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 364; 6439; p. 693-695.
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  • 177
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We describe an updated predictive engineering model for the interplanetary fluence of protons with energies respectively greater than 1, 4, 10, 30, and 60 MeV. This has been the first opportunity to derive a model from a data set that has been collected in space over a long enough period of time to produce a valid sample of solar proton events. The model provides a quantitative basis for estimating the exposures to solar protons of spacecraft during missions of varying length and of surfaces and atmospheres of solar system objects. The data sets contain several major proton events comparable to the 1972 event. For the cases of the over 10 and over 30 MeV particles, the fluences are somewhat lower than in our earlier model No over 1, over 4, and over 60 MeV proton fluence models have been published in the literature previously. We present our results in a convenient graphical form which may be used to calculate the 1 AU fluence expected at a given confidence level as a function of the length of the exposure. A method of extending this estimate to other heliocentric distances is described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 98; A8; p. 13,281-13,294.
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  • 178
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We have studied the duration distribution of the gamma-ray bursts of the first BATSE catalog. We find a bimodality in the distribution, which separates GRBs into two classes: short events (less than 2 s) and longer ones (more than 2 s). Both sets are distributed isotropically and inhomogeneously in the sky. We find that their durations are anticorrelated with their spectral hardness ratios: short GRBs are predominantly harder, and longer ones tend to be softer. Our results provide a first GRB classification scheme based on a combination of the GRB temporal and spectral properties.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 413; 2; p. L101-L104.
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  • 179
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Three short very soft gamma-ray (SGR) transient events from a location consistent with that of the SGR 1900 + 14, first described by Mazets et al. (1979), were detected by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment. The results of observations of the temporal and spectral properties of the SGR 1900 + 14 suggest that the SGR phase lasts at least 13 years, lending support to the suggestion by Kouveliotou et al. (1987) and Fishman et al. (1989) that SGRs are related to galactic (possibly population I) objects, perhaps neutron stars.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 362; 6422; p. 728-730.
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  • 180
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Information on the cosmic rays in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds may be obtained from measurements of the synchrotron radiation related to the energetic electrons, which are believed to contain only about 1 percent of the cosmic rays energy. Assuming the same ratio as in our Galaxy between the cosmic ray electrons and nucleons, the energy density distribution may be estimated. This prediction is compared to that deduced from the matter density distribution, the concept of dynamic balance, and an appropriate coupling scale. For the LMC, the condition of quasi-equilibrium seems satisfied as is required for dynamic balance to be a valid concept, but for the SMC, this seems not to be the case.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: High energy gamma-ray astronomy; Proceedings of the International Conference, Ann Arbor, MI, Oct. 2-5, 1990 (A93-25001 08-93); p. 25-29.
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  • 181
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Using the results of the IRAS far-infrared survey of the Galaxy, we have obtained the large-scale radial distributions of Galactic far infrared emission independently for both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere sides of the Galaxy. We find the dominant feature in these distributions to be a broad peak coincident with the '5 kpc' molecular gas cloud ring. We also find evidence of spiral arm features. Strong correlations are evident between the large scale Galactic distributions of far infrared emission, gamma-ray emission and CO emission. We find a particularly tight correlation between the distribution of warm molecular clouds and far-infrared emission on a Galactic scale.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: High energy gamma-ray astronomy; Proceedings of the International Conference, Ann Arbor, MI, Oct. 2-5, 1990 (A93-25001 08-93); p. 20-24.
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  • 182
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: During October 1989, three very energetic flares were ejected by the same active region at longitudes 9 deg E, 32 deg W, and 57 deg W, respectively. The shape of the galactic cosmic ray variations suggests the presence of large magnetic cloud structures (Nagashima et al., 1990) following the shock-associated perturbations. In spite of long data gaps the interplanetary observations at Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) 8 (near the Earth) and International Cometary Explorer (ICE)(approximately 1 AU, approximately 65 deg W) confirm this possibility for the event related to the 9 deg E flare; the principal axes analysis shows that the interplanetary magnetic field variations at both spacecraft locations are mainly confined on a meridian plane. This result suggests that the western longitudinal extension of this cloud is indeed very large (greater than or equal to 5 deg). The nonnegligible depression in the cosmic ray intensity observed inside the possible cloud related to the 57 deg W flare indicates that also the eastern extension could be very wide. The analysis of neutron monitor data shows clearly the cosmic ray trapping effect of magnetic clouds; this mechanism seems to be responsible for the enhanced diurnal effect often observed during the recovery phase of Forbush decreases. We give an interpretation for the anisotropic cosmic ray peak occurring in the third event, and, related to that, we suggest that the Forbush decrease modulated region at the Earth's orbit could be somewhat wider than the magnetic cloud, as already anticipated by Nagashima et al. (1990). By this analysis, based mainly on cosmic ray data, we show that it is possible to do reasonable inferences on the large-scale structure of flare-related interplanetary perturbations when interplanetary medium data are not completely present.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; A3; p. 4227-4234
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  • 183
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We have used the data from the new EGRET catalog on 'grazars' (blazers which are observed to be high-energy gamma-ray sources), together with radio data, to construct a new relation between radio and gamma-ray luminosity for these sources. Using this relation to construct a grazar gamma-ray luminosity function, we then calculate the contribution of unresolved grazars to the cosmic gamma-ray background radiation. We derive the energy spectrum of this background component above 100 MeV and the angular fluctuations in this background implied by our model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 430; 1; p. L21-L24
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  • 184
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We show that gamma-ray line emission at approximately 0.4 and less than or approximately 0.2 MeV can be produced by Compton scattering of beamed radiation in the jets of Galactic black hole candidates. This mechanism has the novel feature of not invoking the presence of e(exp +)-e(exp -) pairs. To produce the two lines, we employ a symmetric double-sided jet with bulk flow velocity of about 0.5c and incident beam radiation with a hard energy spectrum. We show that the two lines can be seen at viewing-angle cosines relative to the jet ranging from 0.2 to 0.6. This comprises 40% of the total solid angle. In addition, the line radiation is approximately 10% polarized. Depending on the bulk flow and viewing angle, the model can produce lines at other energies as well. In particular, a broad feature near 1 MeV can be seen by viewing the jet close to its axis. Our model can also accommodate single-line spectra if the beamed gamma-ray emission or the jets themselves are asymmetric.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 431; 1; p. L39-L42
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  • 185
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The gamma-ray spectrum of 3C 279 during 1991 June exhibited a near-perfect power law between 50 MeV and over 5 GeV with a differential spectral index of -(2.02 +/- 0.07). If extrapolated, the gamma-ray spectrum of 3C 279 should be easily detectable with first-generation air Cerenkov detectors operating above about 0.3 TeV provided there is no intergalactic absorption. However, by using model-dependent lower and upper limits for the extragalactic infrared background radiation field, a sharp cutoff of the 3C 279 spectrum is predicted at between about 0.1 and about 1 TeV. The sensitivity of present air Cerenkov detectors is good enough to measure such a cutoff, which would provide the first opportunity to obtain a measurement of the extragalactic background infrared radiation field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 390; 2, Ma
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  • 186
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The parallel mean free path and the diffusion coefficient parallel to the magnetic field line are derived from magnetic field data at 20 AU to characterize heliospheric modulation and energetic-particle/magnetic-field interaction. The computational method of Moussas et al. (1975, 1982) is employed, and the values of the parallel mean free path are shown to be significantly larger than the values estimated in studies of up to 6 AU. The distance dependence of the parallel diffusion mean free path is found to follow a power law, and the diffusion coefficient dependence upon energy is determined by a constant mean free path and the velocity of the particle. The contribution of the diffusion coefficient perpendicular to the magnetic field is expected to dominate the radial diffusion coefficient of cosmic rays, although the contribution of the diffusion parallel to the field is important with respect to the small-scale structure of intensity gradients.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics (ISSN 0038-0938); 140; 1, Ju; 161-170
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  • 187
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The solar particle events of August through December 1989, among the largest ever recorded, are analyzed to assess the potential hazards to humans on interplanetary missions from events of these types. Using the coupled neutron-proton space radiation transport computer code BRYNTRN, risk estimates for the effects of exposures to the skin, ocular lens, and bone marrow are made for nominal thicknesses of the spacecraft aluminum shielding. Risk assessment in terms of absorbed dose is made for each event. Also presented are estimates of organ absorbed dose and dose equivalent for pairs of events which occurred within 30-day periods, and for the cumulative August through December 1989 period.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Radiation Research (ISSN 0033-7587); 130; 1-6
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  • 188
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A Monte Carlo simulation shows that the EGRET gamma-ray telescope aboard the GRO satellite does not have sufficient sensitivity to detect linear polarization, even for 100-percent polarized gamma-ray sources. This is confirmed by analysis of calibration data. Several data selection techniques suggested to enhance polarization sensitivity have been evaluated and found to not significantly improve sensitivity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Experimental Astronomy (ISSN 0922-6435); 2; 2, 19
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  • 189
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Cosmic ray observations at 1 AU are compared for the last three solar minimum periods along with the 1977/1989 and 1987 Pioneer 10 and Voyager 1 and 2 data from the outer heliosphere. There is good agreement between the 1965 and 1987 Galactic cosmic ray H and He spectra at 1 AU. Significant and complex differences are found between the 1977/1978 and 1987 measurements of the Galactic and anomalous cosmic ray components at 1 and 15 AU. In the outer heliosphere there are negative latitudinal gradients that reach their maximum magnitude when the inclination of the outer heliosphere current sheet is at a minimum. The radial gradients decrease with heliocentric distance as about 1/r exp 0.7 and do not differ significantly at the successive solar minima. The measured radial and latitudinal gradients are used to estimate the particle transport parameters in the outer heliosphere. Using the local interstellar He spectrum of Webber et al. (1987), it is estimated that the modulation boundary is of the order of 160 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; 1557-157
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  • 190
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Northern Hemisphere data from the 19.2 GHz full sky survey are analyzed to place limits on the magnitude of Gaussian fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background implied by a variety of correlation functions. Included among the models tested are the monochromatic and Gaussian-shaped families, and those with power law spectra for n from -2 to 1. We place an upper bound on the quadrupole anisotropy of DeltaT/T less than 3.2 x 10 exp -5 rms, and an upper bound on scale-invariant (n = 1) fluctuations of a2 less than 4.5 x 10 exp -5 (95 percent confidence level). There is significant contamination of these data from Galactic emission, and improvement of our modeling of the Galaxy could yield a significant reduction of these upper bounds.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: After the first three minutes; Proceedings of the 1st Astrophysics Workshop, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Oct. 15-17, 1990 (A93-23605 07-90); p. 107-112.
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  • 191
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Present and future measurement of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) particularly in the radio and high energy gamma ray range offer the possibility of understanding the density and distribution of the cosmic rays in a galaxy other than our own and the role that they play in galactic dynamic balance. After a study of the consistency of the measurements and interpretation of the synchrotron radiation from our own galaxy, the cosmic ray distribution for the LMC is calculated under the assumption that the cosmic ray nucleon to electron ratio is the same and the relation to the magnetic fields are the same, although the implications of alternatives are discussed. It is seen that the cosmic ray density level appears to be similar to that in our own galaxy, but varying in position in a manner generally consistent with the concept of correlation with the matter on a broad scale.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Observatories in earth orbit and beyond (A93-23401 07-89); p. 537-541.
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  • 192
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: It is argued that the local gravitational dipole implied by the 50 brightest X-ray clusters of galaxies at z greater than 0.013 considered by Lahav et al. (1989) is relatively small compared with that inferred from the only three clusters at lower redshifts. Recent dipole analysis of the X-ray flux from bright AGN observed with HEAO-1A2 indicates that they are indeed strong tracers of this matter. The implications of this for the very pronounced large-scale foreground anisotropies to be measured via low-redshift AGN resolved in more sensitive all-sky surveys are explored. For the total extragalactic X-ray sky, i.e., including the relatively large Cosmic X-ray Background as well as the contribution of the resolved sources, the dipole moment is small compared to the monopole. Because of the large peculiar velocity of the Local Group, it is found that the currently estimated value for this total dipole moment can be used to set severe constraints on the volume emissivity arising from all X-ray sources within the present epoch.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: In: Observatories in earth orbit and beyond (A93-23401 07-89); p. 451-455.
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  • 193
    Publication Date: 2004-12-06
    Description: Apollo 12 solar wind spectrometer and particle energy spectra at lunar surface
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER APOLLO 12- PRELIM. SCI. REPT. 1 JUN. 1970; P 75-81
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  • 194
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: High energy electromagnetic radiation and energetic particles from sun, galaxies, and nuclear explosions in spacecraft environment
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 195
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-27
    Description: Solar radiation, albedo, and thermal radiation environment of earth and moon orbiting satellites
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: SPACE MATER. HANDBOOK 1969; P 25-35
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  • 196
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    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-17
    Description: Hydromagnetic tangential discontinuities in solar wind from Pioneer 6
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI., 1968 1969; P 127-130
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  • 197
    Publication Date: 2005-11-17
    Description: Carbon 12 to carbon 13 ratio in Zeta Ophivchi and exchange with interstellar matter
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI., 1968 1969; P 142-145
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  • 198
    Publication Date: 2005-11-17
    Description: Isotropic 1-100 Mev gamma radiation and cosmic ray detection of cosmological significance
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI., 1968 1969; P 172-176
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  • 199
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-17
    Description: High energy solar flare X rays
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI., 1968 1969; P 113-116
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  • 200
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-11-17
    Description: Diffusion of charged particles in magnetosphere
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN SCI., 1968 1969; P 63-66
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