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  • 101
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 380-380 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 102
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 303-306 
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    Notes: Summary The humanity of the Upper Palæolithic is represented exclusively byHomo sapiens; already at that time a remarkable diversity in human species was evident. Only by an intensive study of present and future discoveries of skeletons the question can be solved whether the remarkable variety is an individual variability of a homogeneous population or whether it corresponds to different races (up to six).
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  • 103
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 312-312 
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    Notes: Summary Mucor Ramannianus is auxo-heterotrophic for the thiazol of aneurine. The var.angulisporus is auxo-autotrophic.
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  • 104
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 321-323 
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  • 105
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 349-354 
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  • 106
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 367-368 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fluoride beschleunigen die Autoxydation von Zystein zu Zystin in saure Lösung (p H 1,8). Zusatz von Fe-Salzen hat keinen Einfluß auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit.
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  • 107
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 372-372 
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    Notes: Résumé Culex molestus n'a pas de chromosomes sexuels. Le caractère «œil blanc» est récessif, mais ce phénotype apparaît avec des fréquences très différentes chez les ♂♂ et les ♀♀ issus d'un père hétérozygote. La masculinité est due à un gène dominant situé dans le même chromosome que «œil blanc», et à six unités de celui-ci, environ.
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  • 108
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 467-468 
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  • 109
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 488-490 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die heute vorhandene Kenntnis der zwischen den Atomen wirkenden Kräfte gestattet die Voraussage, daß alle Materialien unter sehr hohen Drucken Eigenschaften zeigen können, die von den unter gewöhnlichen Verhältnissen zu beobachtenden wesentlich abweichen. Es wird gezeigt, daß dies in besonderem Maße für die Mischbarkeit der verschiedenen Substanzen gelten wird.
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  • 110
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 512-512 
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  • 111
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 512-512 
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  • 112
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 55-60 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Autor referiert über die frühere chemische Bearbeitung des Haschischproblems, wobei namentlich die Arbeiten vonCahn (bis 1933) wichtig sind. Die beiden Substanzen Cannabinol und Cannabidiol aus Haschisch sind inaktiv, der Träger der physiologischen Wirkung konnte noch nicht rein dargestellt werden. Synthetische Tetrahydrocannabinole zeigen zum Teil starke Haschischwirkung. Der Autor vermutet, daß die Struktur des natürlichen Wirkungsträgers ähnlich sein wird wie diejenige der aktiven synthetischen Produkte.
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  • 113
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 63-64 
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    Notes: Summary I. Tarcsay's modification of Piotrowski's ten Rorschach signs for the diagnosis of organic and endogenous psychoses was tested on the Rorschach records of 105 genuine epileptics, 50 schizophrenics, 50 psychopaths, and 22 neurotics. The signs were found to give a positive diagnosis of psychosis in about 80% of the true cases of psychoses, but also in 45% of the psychopaths and neurotics, so that they hardly can be used for differential diagnosis. Tarcsay's schizophrenia signs and the neurosis signs of Miale and Harrower-Erickson proved to have still less diagnostic value.
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  • 114
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 66-66 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Thiosulfatlösungen von mäßiger Stärke bildet Silber die zwei Ionen Ag(S2O3) 2 3− und Ag(S2O3) 3 5− , deren Komplexkonstanten bestimmt wurden.
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  • 115
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 74-75 
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  • 116
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 82-86 
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    Notes: Summary 1. The most important opinions concerning the shape of linear chain-molecules are quoted. 2. From the existence of an energy of rotation, which was proved on gaseous ethan, and from the presence of distinct positions of lowest potential energy of the C-atoms follows, if the above facts are applied to dissolved long chain-molecules, that the C-C bond in long chains shows no rotation. 3. The quantitative results of the ringforming reactions with long paraffin-chains, which have a very distinct minimum yield, if the chain has 9–12 C-atoms, are contradictory to the general hypothesis of free rotation. 4. Measurements of viscosity with model substances are not in agreement with the idea of free rotation, which leads to statistic balls, but point to the “stability of shape of the molecules” (Staudinger). 5. The chain-molecules tend to take the position of lowest potential energy. The amplitudes of the vibration in deviation of the normal position are given by the heat energy as well as by the moduli of elasticity and torsion of the chain. Quite a number of substances have the fully extended chain as stable shape. Other substances probably have no extended chains but angular chains as stable forms.
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  • 117
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 109-110 
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    Notes: Summary The growth ofBacterium coli commune in culture-medium afterFriedlein containing glucose was controled by photometry. Addition of uracil hastens the growth slightly, addition of adenin delays it. The curve of growth with adenin shows two maxima similarly as the primary and secundary effect after irradiation of biological material by ultrashort rays. As known the irradiation of nucleic-acids sets in partial freedom purins and pyrimidins. These are changed again by intense irradiation. The news products of irradiation have probably also biological influences.
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  • 118
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 183-184 
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    Notes: Résumé L'auteur a étudié aux rayons X la transition du titanate de barium autour de 120° C. Dans un intervalle de quelques degrés, il y a coexistence des deux formes cristallines (tétragonale et cubique). Il semble probable qu'il y a une nouvelle transition près de — 183° C. Il est intéressant de noter que ces pointsλ ne peuvent pas être attribués à une mise en rotation de molécules.
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  • 119
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 222-224 
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    Notes: Summary The behaviour of sulphurated high molecular carbohydrates and similar compounds shows that certain physiological properties (anticoagulation, tolerance depend not only on the size of the molecule but also on its structure. Toxic properties increase but anti-coagulation action decreases with the size of the molecule. Thread-like molecules are more effective than spherocolloids. Differences in size and structure of the molecule have no influence on other effects.
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  • 120
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 224-225 
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    Notes: Summary The cycle assuring infection of the fungusGlœosporium fructigenum Berk. causing bitter-rot of cherries, rarely of apples and plums in Switzerland, is herewith discussed. The buds' raments on cherry-trees are discovered as new part of the cycle; the fungus can pass the winter in them as a parasit, just as it does in twigs. Probably the fungus begins to spread from the buds' raments in the following year.
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  • 121
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 229-229 
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  • 122
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 231-232 
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  • 123
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 237-250 
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  • 124
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 262-263 
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  • 125
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 313-315 
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    Notes: Summary The temperature effective period for the formation of double antennæ and palpi in the gene-combinationsc ec ct; Dfd r-L ends with the second half of the third larval stage. The t.e.p. of the mutantsaristopedia andproboscipedia ends with puparium formation. Thus we have another proof that the imaginal discs ofDrosophila are not definitely determined in the last larval stage.
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  • 126
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 315-316 
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    Notes: Summary The lithium chloride and the substances, which are capable of producing a similar effect on the embryo development, increase the viscosity of proteins from the Amphibian embryo. The sodium thiocyanate, the sodium iodide and the pyocyanine lower it. The proteins fractions which can appear in elongated particles are those which feel the action of the thiocyanate and of the pyocyanine.
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  • 127
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 336-349 
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    Notes: Summary A consideration of symmetry in any object or process entails essentially a correlation between parts of a unit or between unit and unit. Enquiry must be made as to what is geometrically distinguishable or indistinguishable and an attempt undertaken to discover the pattern underlying apparent disorder. Crystallography has been the science in which the principles of symmetry have been most extensively applied and received their fullest development. Naturally enough, the system evolved for formulating the symmetry inherent in crystals has been adapted to the specific problems the crystallographer sets out to solve. Such researches, however, go far beyond the bounds of ordinary geometric crystallography and are, in particular, an essential requisite for mastering the problems of stereochemistry. It is, therefore, obviously desirable to find a method of formulation which can be applied to any or all the problems in which the question of symmetry arises, such as the systematic ambiguities or the possible deformations of objects or processes endowed with symmetry. To this end the Element of Symmetry, traditional starting point of investigations into symmetry, must be replaced by the covering operations as such. Symmetry formulæ can be deduced, which beyond merely describing the features involved, permit the detailed numerical calculation of their development and variation. In this respect they must prove of value not only to the chemist in his investigation of isomers etc., but can usefully be adopted also by the crystallographer. A short introduction into this new method of formulation is given in the preceding pages.
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  • 128
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 364-367 
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    Notes: Summary The authors describe the results of a quantum mechanical treatment of aromatic hydrocarbons enabling the determination of the electronic charge at each point of the molecule. They give the interpretation of the chemical reactivity of these substances by means of “molecular diagramms”.
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  • 129
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 371-372 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Veränderungen im Ca- und Mg-Gehalt der Eier vonArbacia pust. während der ersten Stunde nach der Befruchtung untersucht. Es wird ein Ca- und Mg-Verlust mit Höhepunkt eine halbe Stunde nach der Befruchtung festgestellt.
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  • 130
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 378-380 
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  • 131
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 18-23 
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  • 132
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 27-28 
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    Notes: Summary It has been found that in the presence of concentrated acids with aromatic or heterocyclic aldehydes, sterols can be condensed to deeply coloured compounds which have been identified as “Carbenium”-salts. These salts act in the same way as theWizinger ethylenes. The table shows the relation between colour and constitution.
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  • 133
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 29-30 
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    Notes: Summary The effects of adrenaline on human subjects can induce a histamine-counter-regulation, which appears after physiological or therapeutical adrenaline-doses. The proved counter-regulation's effect offers a possibility for explanation of collaps-conditions after nerve block and after subcutaneous infiltration anaesthesia. This suggests the prevention of such incidences by anti-histamine-substances. The individual differences in the course of reaction may have clinical importance.
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  • 134
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 385-390 
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    Notes: Summary The author proposes to include in a new class of drugs: the “thioloprive drugs,” all those substances which react in one way or another, with the thiol functions of proteins, cysteine or glutathione. This class includes oxidizing agents, heavy metals, maleic acid and halogenated organic substances like mustard gas, lewisite or monoiodoacetic acid. The creation of this new pharmacological family is justified by the fact that these varied substances have many common toxic effects (Lundsgaard contracture, cytotoxic action, œdema), that they inhibit the same enzymes, and that a logical interpretation of many of their actions is possible on the basis of their reaction with the thiol groups.
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  • 135
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 407-408 
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    Notes: Summary Solutions containing 50 and more percent of whey and additional anorganic salts represent suitable substrates for the surface culture ofPenicillia in the production of penicillin. Some other natural substances are enumerated, which, in our experiments, also enhanced the penicillin yield.
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  • 136
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 411-412 
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    Notes: Résumé Les stérones donnent par condensation avec des cystéines des spiro-stéroïdes-thiazolidines. On a mentionné l'importance possible de telles structures dans des processus biochimiques.
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  • 137
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 415-417 
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    Notes: Summary The author shows mathematically and experimentally, that a mechanical frequency-analysis in the cochlea is possiblewithout resonance and that the yielding and damping of the basilar membrane are determinative.
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  • 138
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 406-407 
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    Notes: Summary Oxidation ofα, γ, δ, ξ-Tetraketones (I) with lead-tetraacetate yields dehydracetic acid and analogous compounds (IV). The reaction can be understood if one assumes that acylketenes (III) are formed as intermediates through the glycol-fission of the dienolic form II of the tetraketones.
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  • 139
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 409-409 
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    Notes: Summary The amorphous carboxylic acid of the doisynolic acid type, prepared byHunter andHogg according to a new method developed by us, consists presumably of a mixture of products representing different hydrogenation stages.
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  • 140
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 408-409 
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    Notes: Summary The bromination ofΔ 4-3-keto-steroids with the aid of N-bromo-succinimide takes place in 6-position, that is in allyl-position and not inα-position to the keto group. By splitting off hydrogen bromide from these 6-bromo-compounds,Δ 4;6-3-keto-steroids are obtained in known manner.
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  • 141
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 410-411 
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    Notes: Summary Oxidation of ferric sulphate in a concentration of about 0,002 mols per litre by means ofγ- andβ-radiations shows no dependence from temperature between 4 and 54 degrees Celsius. Frozen solutions are not oxidized by radiations. Therefore reaction is only possible, when water molecules have free movement. The probability of energy-conduction for the used concentration is not changed by rising temperature for 50 degrees.
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  • 142
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 412-412 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Analogie zwischen der bekannten Thrombininaktivierung in Serum und dem Inaktivierungsprozeß von Thrombin durch gebundenes Heparin gezeigt. Es ist möglich, daß die Thrombininaktivierungsfähigkeit des Serums dem gebundenen Heparin zu verdanken ist.
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  • 143
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 490-492 
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    Notes: Summary New proposals concerning machines for the acceleration of electrically charged particles are briefly described with two examples (heavy particles, electrons).
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  • 144
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 512-512 
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  • 145
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 64-65 
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    Notes: Summary The permeability of jellies of known structure can be determined by experiments on models by application of a principle of hydrodynamical similarity.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 458-459 
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    Notes: Summary The thymonucleic acid of the cell nucleus and the ribonucleic acid of the cytoplasmic granules are both included in very similar complexes. Treated by a 0.6 M solution of KCl these complexes separate in two fractions, one comprising thymo or ribonucleoproteid, the other characterized by its insolubility and its high content in alcaline phosphatase.
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  • 147
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 115-115 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 500-501 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Zytoplasma der unbefruchteten Seeigeleier sind die Aschen gleichmäßig verteilt; gegen die Kortikalschicht sind sie hingegen etwas angehäuft. Nach der Befruchtung, im Spermaster-Stadium, ordnen sich die Aschen radiär um den zentral gelegenen Kern. Eine starke Aschenansammlung findet sich an der Stelle der Spindel.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 503-504 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 66-67 
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    Notes: Summary In case ofAbsidia coerulea, Mucor mucedo, Rhizopus nodosus, Rhizopus oryzae andRhizopus suinus (auxoautotroph), Hypoxanthine effects, as well as in case ofPhycomyces Blakesleeanus (auxo-heterotroph), by acceleration of the germinating of the spores a temporary increased growth in contrary to controls without this additional growth factor.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 145-146 
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    Notes: Summary Experiments were carried out to test the effects of relative humidity on prepupae and pupae of the Silkworm,Bombyx mori L., at 250 C. It was found that: (1) duration of prepupal + pupal stages is the same at all relative humidities between 7 and 100%; (2) mortality seems unaffected in all these humidity conditions; (3) moths obtained in percentages between 55 and 100% R. H. have the same average wet weight; moths obtained under dryer conditions have a lower average weight (expressed in percentage of initial weights of prepupae); (4) pupae extracted from their cocoons develop as quickly and as well as pupae in their cocoons.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 210-214 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 204-210 
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    Notes: Summary After a historical survey on the discovery of the small planets and the international organization of the calculation of orbits the importance of the divergences from the ordinary orbits between Mars and Jupiter is discussed. On the one side those small planets which approach Mars, Jupiter, even Earth and Saturn, in strongly excentric orbits offer new methods for the mass determination of the large planets; e.g. the perigee of Eros made possible a new determination of the parallax of the sun (8″,79). On the other side the group of the Trojans e.g. gives new aspects for the problem of the three bodies. In the breaches of commensurability the statistical distribution of the orbits of the small planets hints to the problem of the stability of the planetary system.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 222-222 
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    Notes: Summary Herpes corneæ simplex (febrilis) is a virus disease. In 1942 the author found out that the purely epithelial forms of Herpes corneæ are cured on an average within four days, if the patients took 4–5 milligrams of «Gynergen Sandoz» (Ergotamin-tartrate Stoll) a day. According to the newest observations fresh Herpes corneæ can also be cured through rinsing with a solution of 0.5 mg of Gynergen (2 cm3 a day). The development of the Herpes disease and its cure is a chemical process of the cells, which, according to the author, is influenced by Gynergen. — Ergotamin is won out ofsecale cornutum, which owes its origin to the fungusClaviceps purpurea. This fungus together with thePenicillium notatum belongs to theAscomycetes group. Both are biologically related and their substance has chemical points of contact. — With respect to bacteria, Penicillin is antibiotic, the author presumes antibiotical properties against Herpes in Ergotamin (Gynergen Sandoz), the study of which he suggests should be gone into more thoroughly. With two different viruses Gynergen Sandoz has been known to bring about a cure in many cases: namely Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and Herpes corneæ simplex (febrilis).
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 151-152 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 265-272 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 292-295 
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    Notes: Summary The general morphological and the fissural character ofDubois' andKoenigswalds Pithecanthropi andBlack's Sinanthropus (E) strongly suggest that thePithecanthropus brain had more anthropoid features than theSinanthropus brain.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 310-311 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Einwirkung von N-bromierten Amiden auf Äthylenketone wurde erforscht. Im Fall vonα-Äthylenketonen wurden Substitutionsprodukte erhalten, die zu einem bisher kaum beachteten Substanzenbereich gehören. Der Mechanismus der Bromierung von Äthylenaldehyden wurde diskutiert.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 312-313 
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    Notes: Résumé L'hétérotrophie deC. Reukaufii est confirmée. Cette espèce requiert dans des conditions données: la biotine, remplaçable par la désthiobiotine, l'aneurine, remplaçable par la pyrimidine. L'action au miel est étudiée.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 317-318 
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    Notes: Summary Complexes of bivalent tin with polyoxybenzene-polysulfonic acids have a diuretic effect, when injected subcutaneously in dogs or rabbits. The same compounds also sensibilize the cardiotonic effect of digitalis-substances on the isolated heart or on fragments of the isolated heart as usually employed for testing digitalis-substances. In a small number of patients suffering from heart disease, a rapid increase of their till then lowered diuresis was induced through subcutaneous injections of a solution of the above mentioned tin complex.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 318-319 
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    Notes: Summary The authors have recently introduced a new reaction, which allows to estimate the lability of the Serum Proteins. It is measured by the turbidity caused by a solution of CdSO4. It is shown by electrophoresis before and after the CdSO4-reaction has taken place, that the turbidity is not originating from any single protein fraction, but from all of them, though to a different degree.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 391-397 
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    Notes: Summary According to considerations put forwards byW. Kuhn andA. Rittmann some years ago, it follows that the chemical composition of the interior of the earth must be rather homogeneous; the well-known discontinuity which occurs at 2900 km with respect to the propagation of longitudinal and transverse waves should not be due to a discontinuity of the material composition (not to an iron core). It is due to a continous decrease of the viscosity and thereby of the relaxation time; transverse waves of a period of e.g. 30 seconds will no more be propagated in a material whose relaxation time for tangential stress is below 30 seconds, while the longitudinal waves will suffer a decrease of the velocity at the same time. A criticism put forward byA. Eucken consists in the argument that a material in which the time of relaxation for tangential stress becomes equal to the period of the vibration will exhibit a considerable absorption coefficient for longitudinal waves too. It is now shown that the distance on which the period of vibration and the relaxation time are approximately equal is small compared with the wave length of the seismic waves in question, from which it follows that the resulting absorption of the longitudinal waves too will only be small. A further consideration shows that a mixture of 99 atomic % hydrogen and 1 atomic % of iron is most probably supercritical at a temperature of 5000° abs. A survey of the solubilities in question shows further that the hydrogen present in a mixture of 90% hydrogen and 10% iron should on the strength of the absorption coefficient be completely absorbed by the iron at 5000° abs. and at a total pressure of 2.106 atmospheres. The main argument why the assumption of an iron core inside the earth must be dismissed remains the fact that the present state must be the result of an asymptotic processus which at least in its final phase has occurred under conditions similar to the present conditions of temperature, pressure and viscosity; these latter conditions are far from permitting the processus of sedimentation etc. which would be required.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 413-415 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zellulosespaltende Bakterien von der GattungCytophaga wurden in durchlüfteter Nährlösung mit Watte gezüchtet. Nach 2 Wochen Bebrütung wurden aus der Lösung Trockenpräparate der Bakterien mittels verschiedenen Methoden hergestellt. Der enzymatische Abbau von Lichenin und umgefällter Zellulose (Cellophan) wurde unter Verwendung dieser Präparate näher studiert. Es war möglich, aus den Trockenpräparaten zellfreie Enzymlösungen durch Extraktion mit Boratpuffer zu erhalten. Diese Lösungen waren sowohl gegen Lichenin als Cellophan wirksam. Mit beiden Substraten wurde ein Optimum beip H 7.0 gefunden, was mit dem Zuwachsoptimum der Bakterien übereinstimmt, jedoch von den Optimalwerten früher bekannter Zellulase- und Lichenasepräparate aus Pilzen und Evertebraten abweicht. Mg-Ionen wirkten aktivierend bei der Licheninspaltung.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 504-506 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 114-114 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 115-116 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 138-138 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 143-145 
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    Notes: Summary In certain cases, the production of bacterial nodules on legumes can be influenced by aneurin. The preliminary trials should be continued in order to establish the most favourable conditions of aneurin action.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 195-196 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 221-222 
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    Notes: Summary The real density of a porous matter is determined by means of the equationV=a − b · s, whereV is the volume of imbibition, related to the surface tension (s) of the liquid, while “a” and “b” are experimental coefficients. The examination of this equation led to the conclusion that “a” represents the total porous volume, while “b” is a function of the mean porous radius. The knowledge of the equation related to a given substance, allows to calculate immediately the real density. Furthermore the ratiob/a defines a characteristics porosity index.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 215-220 
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    Notes: Summary Lycomarasmin is a plasma poison produced byFusarium lycopersici Sacc., the pathogen of tomato wilt. In a dilution of 10−2 and 10−3 mol it causes a pathological wilting of tomato plants and usually disturbs their water balance; in a dilution of 10−4 mol it only disturbs the latter. In the present paper, we develop the theory that in sufficient concentration lycomariasmin damages or destroys thesemipermeability of the plasma boundary layer. In a dilution of 10−2 and 10−3 mol of lycomarasmin the semipermeability of the plasma membranes iscompletely destroyed. Thus on the one hand the conditions for osmotic pressure disappear and irreversible pathological wilting appears, and on the other hand cellular fluid passes into the transpiration current of the cell-membrane and leads to a momentary excess humidity, particularly in the leaf-tissues, and thus also to a momentaryexcess transpiration. The water-deficit regularly observed in wilt-literature is therefore not the cause of pathological wilting but, just as the wilting itself, a consequence of the distruction of the semipermeability of the plasma boundary layer. In a dilution of 10−4 mol lycomarasmin apparently only affects the permeability of the exterior plasma boundary layer forwater, but not for sugars etc. Therefore it only produces an excess of fluid in the leaf tissues and thus an excess transpiration, but no definite inactivation of the plasma membrane and therefore also no pathological wilt.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 24-26 
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    Notes: Summary The mechanism of action of thiouracil and thiourea was investigated on Xenopus tadpoles. Both substances are able to stop metamorphotic changes if administered early enough. Characteristic disturbances occur in the epithelium of the thyroid follicles after only 24 hours. The action of these substances over a period of several weeks may lead to goitre. In the pituitary anterior lobe, on the other hand, the same characteristic changes take place in the basophilic cells as after thyroidectomy. The thyroid structure of hypophysectomised tadpoles corresponds to that of untreated hypophysectomised animals. Thiourea and thiouracil do not inhibit the thyroxine effect on thyroidectomised and hypophysectomised tadpoles. These findings indicate that the point of attack of thiouracil and thiourea lies in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid, and thus supportAstwood's hypothesis.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 26-27 
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    Notes: Summary A number of the compounds which had been shown byAstwood, in experiments on the rat, to have an action on the thyroid, were investigated for their inhibitory effect on the metamorphosis of Xenopus. The same compounds which had been proved to be active in the rat, were also shown, with few exceptions (e. g. p-amino-benzoic acid), to be active in Xenopus. On the other hand several substances which were not active in the rat (e. g. ammonium thiocyanate, thioacetamide) were active in Xenopus. Several of the compounds whichAstwood had described as not especially active or even inactive, proved to be particularly active. N-allylthiourea is about 10–20 times, and N-benzoylthiourea up to 200 times more active than thiourea or thiouracil. Ammonium thiocyanate and thioacetamide, which were found byAstwood to be inactive, showed a higher activity in Xenopus than potassium thiocyanate, which is active in the rat. The possible reasons for these big differences in activity in the rat and in Xenopus are discussed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 30-30 
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    Notes: Summary Diets with 1–2 p. ct.l-tyrosine produce characteristic symptoms in the white rat (loss of weight, conjunctivitis, transitory cloudness and vascularization of the cornea, loss of hair, cheilitis, inflammation of the toes and alkaptonuria). Additional administration of thyroxine accelerates the development of the pathological symptoms of the eyes, while simultaneous application of thiouracil has a preventive or delaying effect on the syndrome mentioned above.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 28-29 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vonPrelog undSzpilfogel vorgeschlagene Strychninformel kann die Eigenschaften von Pseudostrychnin (Hydroxystrychnin) nicht erklären. Für den Fall, daß sich N(b) in einem sechsgliedrigen Ring befindet, wird eine abgeänderte Strukturformel zur Diskussion vorgeschlagen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 31-32 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 31-31 
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    Notes: Summary Preliminary report on the synthesis of vitamin A methyl ether starting from 4-trimethylcyclohexenyl-2-methyl-butenal and 1-methoxy-3-methyl-pentenin.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 32-33 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 431-438 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird in diesem Artikel versucht, die Evolution der Atemmechanismen in verschiedenen Entwicklungsrichtungen darzustellen und die Korrelation, welche zwischen Tiergröße und Leistung besteht, aufzuweisen. Die einfachsten Atemeinrichtungen lassen nur geringe Körpergröße und niedrigen Stoffwechsel zu. Kiemen, wie sie bei Wasserorganismen ausgebildet sind, können eine hohe Wirksamkeit entwickeln und erlauben eine gesteigerte Körpergröße. Der Übergang zum Luftleben, wie er in der Geschichte der Vertebraten wirklich vor sich gegangen ist, brachte eine ganz erhebliche Herabsetzung der respiratorischen Wirksamkeit des Kreislaufs mit sich, die erst bei den warmblütigen Säugetieren und Vögeln vollständig überwunden werden konnte. Die Vogellungen, die einen Luftstrom vor- und rückwärts durch die Luftkapillaren treiben, sind sogar wirksamer als diejenigen der Säugetiere. Die Atempigmente im Blute vieler Tierformen zeigen interessante Anpassungen an den Sauerstoff- und Kohlensäuredruck, dem die Tiere ausgesetzt sind. Tracheenatmung, die hauptsächlich durch Diffusion von Sauerstoff durch ein System starrer Röhren hervorgebracht wird, setzt der möglichen Größe der Tracheaten eine feste Grenze, aber sie läßt innerhalb dieser Grenze eine große Mannigfaltigkeit zu.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 459-459 
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    Notes: Summary The fluorination of DDT has led to the isolation of dichloro-diphenyl-difluoro-chloroethane. The introduction of the two fluorine atoms decreases considerably the paralysing effect, but does not seem to affect the toxicity of this insecticide.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 468-468 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 476-488 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 412-413 
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    Notes: Summary It is possible to separate in a state of high electrophoretic purity and homogeneity theα andβ components of myosin solutions by fractionation with ammonium sulfate. The solutions ofα andβ myosins differ considerably by their physical properties.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 417-418 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 48-55 
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    Notes: Summary The vital importance of the vitamins resides in theircoferment function, which enables them to catalyse enzymatic processes in living tissues. The term “coferment” is used in this connection to designate organic compounds of relatively low molecular weight, which in conjunction with the specific proteinous apoferments bring about the transformation of definite substrates. The vitamins are, however, catabolized like ordinary substrates when they come into contact with enzymatic systems in which they have no coferment function. This explains why normal life cannot be sustained, if the living organisms do not receive asnutritional factors the vitamins which they cannot synthesize. From a biochemical point of view not only exogenous hypo- or avitaminoses but all pathological changes may be regarded as the sequelae of disturbances in one or several enzymatic systems. The vitamins may exert a regulating influence also in these enzymatic disturbances which are not directly caused by vitamin deficiency. In such cases they will act asrèmedies.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 72-74 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 75-76 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 76-76 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 103-105 
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    Notes: Summary TheBrinell hardness ofHume-Rothery alloys depends on their electron concentration in the same way as do catalytic activation energy and electric resistivity. A wave-mechanical theory of hardness, based on the more or less total completion of theBrillouin-zones, is proposed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 107-108 
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    Notes: Summary Radioactive α-bromotriphenylethylen has been used to gain information upon the metabolism of synthetic oestrogenic substances. In female mice, high concentrations could be detected in the ovaries, uterus and mamma, especially when the experiments were performed on animals under full spontaneous oestrus. The male are characterized by an elective fixation of the oestrogen in the preputial glands.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 70-70 
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    Notes: Summary According to the known proposition fromSteiner-Minkowski, the volume of the outer parallel-solid of a convex polyeder of then-dimensional space is a rational integral function at most from then th degree. The author gives an extension of this proposition to any polyeder.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 105-105 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary White rats fed on diets containing oils have much more sterols in their adrenals than control rats in whose diets the oils have been substituted by fats.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 490-490 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Inequalities will be stated which will be valid for the volumes of the outer and inner parallel-sets of a closed and bounded set of the common space.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 509-512 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A survey of recent work on the theories of the peculiar mechanical behaviour of substances with rubber-like properties is given. All the theories are based on the assumption that these substances (including rubber itself) are composed of very long, flexible chainmolecules. Any segment of a chain is linked to two neighbouring segments by bonds similar to those which are present in typical solids and to all other neighbours by linkages like the bonds prevailing between the particles of liquids. The chain molecules are intermingled so as to form a kind of a felt. This state of aggregation is intermediate between the solid and the liquid; it is called the rubber-like state (état gommoïdal). Elasticity, viscosity and plastic flow as well as the influence of crystallization, vulcanization and degradation are discussed in terms of this theory.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 150-151 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 153-159 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cytoplasm consists of the cortex and the endoplasm. The rather thin cortex is built up by protein-leaflets and lipoid lamellae. The endoplasm is a structure of fibrils forming a dense network. The fibrils, composed of chromidia and interchromidia must be considered as a bundel of polypeptide chains. They are about of the same size as the elementary fibrils in the tail of the spermatozoa. The chromidia show all the main properties of what has been called theoretically “biogenmolecule.” They are centers of growth and metabolism of the cytoplasm. The different functions of the various components of the plasm are considered.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 190-191 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Binocular Electroretinography in man shows that the elective light-stimulation of one retina produces a normal Electroretinogramm at the stimulated, ipsilateral eye, furthermore a bioelectric consensual response at the contralateral eye. This latter response consists in a positive deflection, corresponding to increased electropositivity under the corneal electrode. A close synchronism exists between the consensual response and the secondary rise (c-potential) of the ipsilateral Electroretinogramm. The consensual response does not appear to be of pupillary or oculomotor origin, but can probably be identified with thec-potential, the significance of which will have to bee reexamined, as well as the problem of the efferent innervation of the retina.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 196-196 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 2 (1946), S. 231-231 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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