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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (963)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (828)
  • 1980-1984  (1,791)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1981  (1,791)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (1,791)
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 101
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    Diazo processing of LANDSAT imagery: A low-cost instructional technique (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Diazo processing of LANDSAT imagery is a relatively simple and cost effective method of producing enhanced renditions of the visual LANDSAT products. This technique is capable of producing a variety of image enhancements which have value in a teaching laboratory environment. Additionally, with the appropriate equipment, applications research which relys on accurate and repeatable results is possible. Exposure and development equipment options, diazo materials, and enhancement routines are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 128-136
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  • 102
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    University/industry collaboration in remote sensing education (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A graduate level course covering the development and structure of geographical information systems and the acquisition and processing of LANDSAT data for input to these systems is described. A portion of the course was devoted to hands-on classification of LANDSAT digital tapes utilizing both university and private industry processing systems. This industry/university collaboration was extremely successful and resulted in a high quality course. It gave the students an excellent experience in working in a real-world client/consultant relationship undertaken to accomplish a specific task. There were two key factors in the success of the collaboration. First, there was a very careful product definition and advance meetings between the University faculty and the company personnel to be involved. Second, the students were not taken into the industrial facility until late in the course, after they had a reasonable knowledge of the physical bases of remote sensing, the concept of spectral signatures, and the fundamentals of pattern analysis.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 141-145
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  • 103
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    Laboratory exercises, remote sensing of the environment (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The exercises are designed to convey principles and theory of remote sensing, and methodologies of its application to civil engineering and environmental concerns, including agronomy, geography, geology, wildlife, forestry, hydrology, and other related fields. During the exercises the student is introduced to several types of remote sensing represented by imagery from conventional format: panchromatic, black-and-white infrared, color, and infrared, 35mm aerial photography, thermal infrared, radar, multispectral scanner, and LANDSAT. Upon completion of the exercises the student is expected to know: (1) the electromagnetic spectrum, its various wavelength sub-sections and their uses as sensors, (2) the limitations of each sensor, (3) the interpretation techniques used for extracting data from the various types of imagery, and (4) the cost effectiveness of remote sensing procedures for acquiring and evaluating data of the natural environment.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 120-126
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  • 104
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    Ground photography for improvved image interpretation training (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Systematic sets of ground based color and color infrared photography were presented to students in remote sensing classes to enhance their ability to interpret satellite images. Features readily apparent on computer enhanced LANDSAT images were presented simultaneously with ground based photography in the format of slide triplicates. It was hypothesized that this instructional approach would improve the students' abilities to recognize, understand and interpret ground phenomena present on remotely sensed imagery. Tests conducted in undergraduate remote sensing classes substantially upheld this hypothesis. Student image interpretive abilities were tested before and after being exposed to the ground level photography. In general, image interpretive skills of the class improved by 25%. Also, the performance of students having different academic majors varied greatly for differing types of image subjects.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 115-119
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  • 105
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    Performing and updating an inventory of Oregon's expanding irrigated agricultural lands utilizing remote sensing technology (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An inventory technique based upon using remote sensing technology, interpreting both high altitude aerial photography and LANDSAT multispectral scanner imagery, is discussed. It is noted that once the final land use inventory maps of irrigated agricultural lands are available and approximately scaled they may be overlaid directly onto either multispectral scanner or return beam vidicon prints, thereby providing an inexpensive updating procedure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 103-107
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  • 106
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    Customized remote sensing short courses (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The advantages of customized courses over general purpose courses are outlined. The development of course objectives and content and the incorporation of hands-on exercises are discussed. Criteria for ensuring the quality of the course are also defined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 93-101
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  • 107
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    Remote sensing: Present and future (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Satellite remote sensing technology is overviewed with particular emphasis on the present and planned LANDSAT satellite systems. Satellite-borne instrumentation and their capabilities are discussed including multispectral scanners, return beam vidicons, the thermal inertia mapper, and STEREOSAT instrumentation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 87-92
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  • 108
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    The requirements of teaching an interdisciplinary technology from the geographic perspective (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The growth of remote sensing course offerings within geography is reviewed and the impact of remote sensing on the discipline is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 72-76
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  • 109
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    Some characteristics and advantages of LANDSAT 3 return beam vidicon images (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: One advantage of a LANDSAT 3 return beam vidicon (RBV) scene is the synoptic view it provides. A 1:500,000 paper print of the size 19.4 cm x 19.4 cm encompasses an area of about 3,721 square miles (9,637 sq. km.) and this compares very favorably in coverage to small scale aerial photography. A second important advantage is that the ground resolution is 38 by 38 meters. Compared to the resolution of the MSS which is 79 by 79 meters the RBV provides a wealth of detail useful for many purposes. A great variety of man made structures are visible including bridges, roads, docks, and small airfields. Agricultural field patterns are clear and settlements of various sizes can be identified and delineated. A third advantage is related to the approximate panchromatic spectral response displayed in RBV images. Since many aerial photographic interpreters are accustomed to working with panchromatic photographs, they should have no difficulty understanding and putting RBV images immediately into use.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 84-85
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  • 110
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    Geological applications and training in remote sensing (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Some of the experiences, methods, and opinions developed during 15 years of teaching an introductory course in remote sensing at several universities in the Southern California area are related. Although the course is offered in Geology departments, every class includes significant numbers of students from other disciplines including geography, computer science, biology, and environmental science. The instructor or teaching assistant provides a few hours of tutorial lectures (outside of regular class time) on basic geology for these nongeologists. This approach is successful because the grade distribution for nongeologists is similar to that for geologists. The schedule for a typical one-semester course is given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 77-82
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  • 111
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    Remote sensing training needs in professional forest and range resource management curricula (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The status of remote sensing training in accredited U.S. forestry schools is reviewed. It is noted that there is a serious lack of emphasis on aerial photography and aerial photointerpretation in the current curricula. This lack of training at the professional school limits entering employee capability and necessitates expensive on-the-job training.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 68-71
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  • 112
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    The quantitative methodology of remote sensing: An educator's perspective (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Strategies for teaching the fundamentals of quantitative remote sensing to students from diverse disciplines and with a broad range of mathematical backgrounds are described. Because the concepts are fairly abstract and complex, the successful educator must take care to motivate and assist the students in mastering the concepts. He/she should strive to communicate intuitive notions of the concepts couched in settings as familiar as possible and use these settings to illustrate each mathematical or statistical formulation which is introduced. The utilization of laboratory-type experiences and lectures from experts is also suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 65-67
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  • 113
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    Equipment and approaches for teaching visual image interpretation (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The equipment needs for teaching a visual image interpretation course, and the advantages and limitations of using multimedia and programmed teaching approaches are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 50-55
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  • 114
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    Survey of instructional material for remote sensing (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The contents of 17 major textbooks and reference guides on remote sensing technology are listed and compared. As a group, these books concentrate more on principles of the electromagnetic spectrum, sensors and data processing, than on applications. Secondly, it appears that basic photointerpretation receives considerable attention, but that photogrammetry does not. Four texts which provide well-rounded treatments of the systematics of remote sensing are suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 45-49
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  • 115
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    Remote sensing programs and courses in engineering and water resources (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The content of typical basic and advanced remote sensing and image interpretation courses are described and typical remote sensing graduate programs of study in civil engineering and in interdisciplinary environmental remote sensing and water resources management programs are outlined. Ideally, graduate programs with an emphasis on remote sensing and image interpretation should be built around a core of five courses: (1) a basic course in fundamentals of remote sensing upon which the more specialized advanced remote sensing courses can build; (2) a course dealing with visual image interpretation; (3) a course dealing with quantitative (computer-based) image interpretation; (4) a basic photogrammetry course; and (5) a basic surveying course. These five courses comprise up to one-half of the course work required for the M.S. degree. The nature of other course work and thesis requirements vary greatly, depending on the department in which the degree is being awarded.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Purdue Univ. CORSE-81: The 1981 Conf. on Remote Sensing Educ.; p 60-64
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  • 116
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    Temporal relationships between spectral response and agronomic variables of a corn canopy (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Attention is given to an experiment in which spectral radiance data collected in three spectral regions are related to corn canopy variables. The study extends the work of Tucker et al. (1979) in that more detailed measurements of corn canopy variables were made using quantitative techniques. Wet and dry green leaf biomass is considered along with the green leaf area index, chlorotic leaf biomass, chlorotic leaf area, and leaf water content. In addition, spectral data were collected with a hand-held radiometer having Landsat-D Thematic Mapper (TM) bands TM3 (0.63-0.69 micrometers), TM4 (0.76-0.90 micrometers), and TM5 (1.55-1.75 micrometers). TM3, TM4, and TM5 seem to be well situated spectrally for making remotely sensed measurements related to chlorophyll concentration, leaf density, and leaf water content.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 11; Nov. 198
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  • 117
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    Optically processed Seasat radar mosaic of Florida (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An uncontrolled mosaic of optically correlated Seasat radar imagery of Florida is presented to illustrate the data and the large area synoptic coverage made possible by combining multiple data sets. The images were taken from a total of 12 passes over 33 days from July 24, 1978 to August 27, 1978. The mosaic is controlled geometrically and with respect to image tone (representing radar backscatter). The SAR data was obtained at an L-band frequency (1.275 GHz, 23.5 cm) and in a horizontal transmit/receive mode, resulting in a 25 m resolution in 100 km swath widths.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; Sept
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  • 118
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    Remote sensing of temperature profiles in vegetation canopies using multiple view angles and inversion techniques (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A mathematical method is presented which allows the determination of vertical temperature profiles of vegetation canopies from multiple sensor view angles and some knowledge of the vegetation geometric structure. The technique was evaluated with data from several wheat canopies at different stages of development, and shown to be most useful in the separation of vegetation and substrate temperatures with greater accuracy in the case of intermediate and dense vegetation canopies than in sparse ones. The converse is true for substrate temperatures. Root-mean-square prediction accuracies of temperatures for intermediate-density wheat canopies were 1.8 C and 1.4 C for an exact and an overdeterminate system, respectively. The findings have implication for remote sensing research in agriculture, geology or other earth resources disciplines.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; Apr. 198
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  • 119
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    A seismic signal processor suitable for use with the NOAA/GOES satellite data collection system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Because of the high data-rate requirements, a practical system capable of collecting seismic information in the field and relaying it, via satellite, to a central collection point is not yet available. A seismic signal processor has been developed and tested for use with the NOAA/GOES satellite data collection system. Performance tests on recorded, as well as real time, short period signals indicate that the event recognition technique used is nearly perfect in its rejection of environmental noise and other non-seismic signals and that, with the use of solid state buffer memories, data can be acquired in many swarm situations. The design of a complete field data collection platform is discussed based on the prototype evaluation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; Apr. 198
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  • 120
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    On the angular variation of solar reflectance of snow (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Spectral and integrated solar reflectance of nonhomogeneous snowpacks are derived assuming surface reflection of direct radiation and subsurface multiple scattering. For surface reflection, a bidirectional reflectance distribution function derived for an isotropic Gaussian faceted surface is considered, and for subsurface multiple scattering an approximate solution of the radiative transfer equation is studied. Solar radiation incident on the snowpack is decomposed into direct and atmospherically scattered radiation. Spectral attenuation coefficients of ozone, carbon dioxide, water vapor, aerosol, and molecular scattering are included in the calculation of incident solar radiation. Illustrative numerical results are given for a case of North American winter atmospheric condition. The calculated dependence of spectrally integrated directional reflectance (or albedo) on solar elevation is in qualitative agreement with available observations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Jan. 20
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  • 121
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    Spectral characteristics of wetland habitats (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; Feb. 198
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  • 122
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    Remote sensing of soil moisture content over bare field at 1.4 GHz frequency (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An algorithm for estimating moisture content of a bare soil from the observed brightness temperature at 1.4 GHz is discussed and applied to a limited data base. The method is based on a radiative transfer model calculation, which has been successfully used in the past to account for many observational results, with some modifications to take into account the effect of surface roughness. Besides the measured brightness temperatures, the three additional inputs required by the method are the effective soil thermodynamic temperature, the precise relation between moisture content and the smooth field brightness temperatures and a pair of parameters related to surface roughness. The procedures of estimating surface roughness parameters and of obtaining moisture content from observed brightness temperature are discussed. The algorithm is applied to observations from truck mounted and airborne radiometers. The estimated moisture contents compare favorably with the observations in the top 2 cm layer.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; June 20
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  • 123
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    Modeling the effects of various radiant transfers in mountainous terrain on sensor response (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A model is developed for the study of remote sensing spectral data problems encountered in mountainous terrain, where slope orientation with respect to sources of incident radiation must be considered for accurate classification of multispectral data. The model simulates the effects of solar, sky and adjacent slope irradiance fluxes and the bidirectional reflectance properties of the target surface on sensor response for various slope orientations. The errors associated with two practical techniques used to account for topographic effects on sensor response were evaluated in light of the model, and it was found that the simple cosine correction of the direct solar source showed reflectance errors greater than 11% while the technique considering both direct solar and diffuse sky sources was 50% more accurate.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; Apr. 198
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  • 124
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    Temporal changes of the global reflectance of a wheat field as a function of daily solar irradiance (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Based on in situ measurements of incident and reflected solar irradiation over a wheat field, daily values of the surface reflectance, a scene signature, were determined for a crop year. Diagnoses of these data reveal the character of the signature, and its changes with time, crop stage, and the magnitude of incident irradiance. The latter varies inversely with cloud cover.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 1; 21 p
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  • 125
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    Mantle convection and subcrustal stresses under Australia - A reply (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Modern Geology; 7; 4, 19; 1981
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  • 126
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    A comparison of radiative transfer models for predicting the microwave emission from soils (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Noncoherent and coherent numerical models for predicting emission from soils are compared. Coherent models use the boundary conditions on the electric fields across the layer boundaries to calculate the radiation intensity, and noncoherent models consider radiation intensities directly. Interference may cause different results in the two approaches when coupling between soil layers in coherent models causes greater soil moisture sampling depths. Calculations performed at frequencies of 1.4 and 19.4 GHz show little difference between the models at 19.4 GHz, although differences are apparent at the lower frequency. A definition for an effective emissivity is also given for when a nonuniform temperature profile is present, and measurements made from a tower show good agreement with calculations from the coherent model.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Science; 16; Sept
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  • 127
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    GPS application to mapping, charting and geodesy (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: GPSPAC, a receiver being developed for space applications by the Defense Mapping Agency and NASA, will use signals from GPS constellations to generate real-time values of host vehicle position and velocity. The GPSPAC has an L-band antenna and preamp capable of receiving the 1575 MHz and 1227 MHz spread spectrum signals; its stable oscillator at 5.115 MHz provides the basic frequency reference, resulting in a long term drift of less than one part in 10 to the -10th day. The GPSPAC performs many functions on board the spacecraft which were previously relegated to large-scale ground-based computer/receiver systems. A positional accuracy of better than 8 can be achieved for those periods when four or more NAVSTAR satellites are visible to the host satellite. The GPS geodetic receiver development, which will provide prototype receivers for utilization in terrestrial surveying operations, has the potential to significantly enhance the accuracy of point geodetic surveys over the current user hardware capability.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 128
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    The Seasat commercial demonstration program (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The background and development of the Seasat commercial demonstration program are reviewed and the Seasat spacecraft and its sensors (altimeter, wind field scatterometer, synthetic aperture radar, and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer) are described. The satellite data distribution system allows for selected sets of data, reformatted or tailored to specific needs and geographical regions, to be available to commercial users. Products include sea level and upper atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, marine winds, significant wave heights, primary wave direction and period, and spectral wave data. The results of a set of retrospective case studies performed for the commercial demonstration program are described. These are in areas of application such as marine weather and ocean condition forecasting, offshore resource exploration and development, commercial fishing, and marine transportation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Appl. of Remote Sensing Data on the Continental Shelf; p 59-72
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  • 129
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    Use of LANDSAT data to define soil boundaries in Carroll County, Missouri (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Bands 4, 5 and 7 false color composite photographs were prepared using data from LANDSAT scenes acquired during April 1977 and April 1981 on computer compatible tapes, and these color composites were compared with band 7 black and white photographs prepared for the entire county. Delineations of soil boundaries at the soil association level were achieved using LANDSAT spectral reflectance data and slope maps for a portion of Carroll County, Missouri. Forty two spectral reflectance classes from April 1977 LANDSAT data were overlaid on digitized slope maps of nine USGS 7.5 minute series topographic quadrangle slope maps to achieve boundary delineations of the soil associations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 1; 12 p
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  • 130
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    Freshwater ice thickness observations using passive microwave sensors (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Walden Reservoir, a freshwater lake in north-central Colorado, was overflown six times by a NASA C-130 aircraft between January 1977 and April 1980. The aircraft was equipped with four microwave radiometers operating between 0.81 and 6.0 cm in wavelength (37.0 to 5.0 GHz). The 6.0-cm radiometer data showed a good relationship with ice thickness based on a sample of four ice thickness values. The 1.67- and 1.35-cm radiometer data showed weaker relationships with ice thickness. The 0.81-cm sensor data showed no positive relationship with ice thickness. None of the relationships was statistically significant because of the small sample size. The 6.0-cm sensor data in the nadir-viewing mode was found to have the most potential of all the wavelengths studied, for use in remotely determining ice thickness. The 6.0-cm radiometer probably sensed the entire thickness of the ice on the reservoir (ranging from 25.4 to 67.3 cm in thickness) and was apparently not significantly affected by the snow overlying the ice. The shorter wavelengths are scattered by the snow overlying the ice and are more suitable for snow studies than for ice thickness studies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; Oct. 198
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  • 131
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    ICAP - An Interactive Cluster Analysis Procedure for analyzing remotely sensed data (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An Interactive Cluster Analysis Procedure (ICAP) was developed to derive classifier training statistics from remotely sensed data. ICAP differs from conventional clustering algorithms by allowing the analyst to optimize the cluster configuration by inspection, rather than by manipulating process parameters. Control of the clustering process alternates between the algorithm, which creates new centroids and forms clusters, and the analyst, who can evaluate and elect to modify the cluster structure. Clusters can be deleted, or lumped together pairwise, or new centroids can be added. A summary of the cluster statistics can be requested to facilitate cluster manipulation. The principal advantage of this approach is that it allows prior information (when available) to be used directly in the analysis, since the analyst interacts with ICAP in a straightforward manner, using basic terms with which he is more likely to be familiar. Results from testing ICAP showed that an informed use of ICAP can improve classification, as compared to an existing cluster analysis procedure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 11; Sept
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    Ore deposits in Africa and their relation to the underlying mantle (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: African magmatism is largely related to the tensional stress regimes of the crust which are induced by the hotter upwelling mantle rocks. These mantle rocks may provide emanating forces and thermal energy for the upward movements of primary ore bodies with fluid inclusions in the tensional stress regimes of the crust. In this paper, the Goddard Earth Gravity Model is used to calculate a detailed subcrustal stress system exerted by mantle convection under Africa. The resulting system is found to be correlated with the African metallogenic provinces. Recognition of the full spectrum of ore deposits in Africa that may be associated with the hotter upwelling mantle rocks has provided an independent evidence to support the hypothesis of mantle-derived heat source for ore deposits.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Modern Geology; 8; 1, 19; 1981
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    An analysis of short pulse and dual frequency radar techniques for measuring ocean wave spectra from satellites (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A four frequency moment characterization of backscatter from the near-vertical is applied to an analysis of the short pulse and dual frequency microwave techniques. The range reflectivity modulation spectrum closely approximates the directional wave slope spectrum, while harmonic distortion is small and is a minimum near 10 deg incidence. The short pulse measurement signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is typically greater than the narrowband dual frequency SNR, with the difference being the ratio of the range beam extent to pulse length, minus the ratio of beam-limited to pulse-limited Doppler spreads. It is concluded that dual frequency measurements are basically impractical, although short pulse measurements are useful and can employ existing space-qualified microwave hardware.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Science; 16; Nov
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    Airborne simultaneous spectroscopic detection of laser-induced water Raman backscatter and fluorescence from chlorophyll a and other naturally occurring pigments (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The airborne laser-induced spectral emission bands obtained simultaneously from water Raman backscatter and the fluorescence of chlorophyll and other naturally occurring waterborne pigments are reported here for the first time. The importance of this type data lies not only in its single-shot multispectral character but also in the application of the Raman line for correction or calibration of the spatial variation of the laser penetration depth without the need for in situ water attenuation measurements. The entire laser-induced fluorescence and Raman scatter emissions resulting from each separate 532-nm 10-nsec laser pulse are collected and spectrally dispersed in a diffraction grating spectrometer having forty photomultiplier tube detectors. Results from field experiments conducted in the North Sea and the Chesapeake Bay/Potomac River are presented. Difficulties involving the multispectral resolution of the induced emissions are addressed, and feasible solutions are suggested together with new instrument configurations and future research directions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Sept. 15
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  • 135
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    Remote sensing of total dry-matter accumulation in winter wheat (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Red and photographic-infrared spectral data collected on 21 dates over the growing season with a hand-held radiometer were quantitatively correlated with total dry-matter accumulation in winter wheat. The spectral data were found to be highly related to vigor and condition of the plant canopy. Two periods of drought stress and subsequent recovery from it were readily apparent in the spectral data. Simple ratios of the spectral radiance data compensated for variations in solar intensities and, when integrated over the growing season, explained 79% of the variation in total above-ground accumulation of dry matter. A satellite system is proposed to provide large-area assessment of total dry accumulation or net primary production from terrestrial vegetation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 11; July 198
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  • 136
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    Acquisition of background and technical information and class trip planning (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Instructors who are very familiar with a study area, as well as those who are not, find the field trip information acquisition and planning process speeded and made more effective by organizing it in stages. The stage follow a deductive progression: from the associated context region, to the study area, to the specific sample window sites, and from generalized background information on the study region to specific technical data on the environmental and human use systems to be interpreted at each site. On the class trip and in the follow up laboratory, the learning/interpretive process are at first deductive in applying previously learned information and skills to analysis of the study site, then inductive in reading and interpreting the landscape, imagery, and maps of the site, correlating them with information of other samples sites and building valid generalizations about the larger study area, its context region, and other (similar and/or contrasting) regions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Field Study for Remote Sensing; p 17-27
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  • 137
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    Radiometry with nighttime DMSP images in digital form (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The USAF Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) spacecraft sends images to earth in the form of numbers. It has been common practice to erase the only digital records, the magnetic tapes, for reuse, after films (resembling photographs) have been created from the numbers. While the DMSP images have been widely used, their application in research has been hindered by both the lack of digital data and the lack of an authoritative source of related technical information. The character of the digital form is considered. Each image is essentially a three-dimensional list (X,Y,Z) in which X and Y represent the position coordinates of a pixel and Z is its associated radiance. Only the value of Z is given and the X-Y position must be deduced from adjunct information. Each original scan composed of 1464 pixels represents an area on the earth's surface about 3 km wide and 3000 km long. Strengths and weaknesses of the system with respect to research applications are considered, and concepts for the design of a nocturnal imager are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; Sept
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  • 138
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    Simulated directional radiances of vegetation from satellite platforms (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A computer modeling and simulation investigated the effects of off-nadir viewing, canopy geometry and density, solar zenith angle, and atmospheric conditions on the radiance of several vegetated targets. Effects on the normalized difference (ND) index were also investigated, and two wavelengths of 0.68 and 0.80 micron were simulated at nine sensor zenith angles, five sensor azimuths, and nine solar zenith angles. Seven canopies of low, medium, and high densities were observed, and bidirectional reflectance functions of other canopies were discussed. A modified Turner's (1974) atmospheric radiative transfer model was used for 2300 simulation runs. Off-nadir viewing effects were more pronounced in the red than the infrared, and the variability was found to be a function of canopy geometry. The ND index eliminated much of the variability seen in the individual bands, while the overall variability decreased with increasing biomass, and increased with increasing solar zenith angles.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 2; July-Sep
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  • 139
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    Application of digital terrain data to quantify and reduce the topographic effect on Landsat data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data are integrated with 30 m US Geological Survey digital terrain data to quantify and reduce topographic effects on imagery of a forested mountain ridge in central Pennsylvania. Spectral band ratioing slightly decreased variation of Landsat data for 50% of the transects and could not eliminate direct-light topographic effects. A Lambertian model increased topographic effect, and a modified Lambertian model decreased variation produced by the original model, but gave higher variances than found in the raw Landsat data. A non-Lambertian model, however, decreased variation by 86%, reducing topographic effects. The study demonstrated that high quality digital terrain data can be used to develop and test improved radiative transfer models, and enhance the utility of MSS data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 2; July-Sep
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  • 140
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    Infrared-temperature variability in a large agricultural field (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Dunnigan Agro-Meteorological Experiment airborne thermal scanner images of a large varying-terrain barley field are acquired and analyzed. Temperature variability that may occur within instantaneous fields of view (IFOV) is defined (coefficient of variation: standard deviation/mean temperature in degrees C), and the percentage of the area within various IFOV's within + or - 1, 2, 3, and 5 degrees of the mean is determined. With the exception of very rugged terrain, over 80% of the area within 4, 16, 65 and 258 ha cells was at temperatures within + or - 3 C of the mean cell temperature. Remote measurements of field temperature appeared to be slightly influenced by pixel size in the range 4 ha to 259 ha, and the area percentage within any pixel which contributes within + or - 1, 2, 3, and 5 degrees C of the mean, is nominally the same. In conclusion, no great advantage is found in utilizing a small IFOV instead of a large one for remote sensing of crop temperature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 2; July-Sep
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  • 141
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    An examination of spectral band ratioing to reduce the topographic effect on remotely sensed data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Spectral-band ratioing of radiance data is examined as a means of reducing the topographic effect in multispectral data. A ground-based nadir-pointing two-channel radiometer filtered for the red and photographic IR portions of the spectrum was used to measure the topographic effect associated with a uniform surface inclined from horizontal to 60 deg at 16 compass points and for several solar elevations. It is found that ratioing reduced the topographic effect in the field-measured radiance data by an average of 83%, that the remaining topographic effect could be further reduced by subtracting the scattered-light component of the global irradiance before ratioing, and that ratioing was not effective in reducing the topographic effect on shaded surfaces illuminated solely by scattered light. It is concluded that additional variations in ratios can be expected for Landsat data owing to sensor calibration and quantization.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 2; Apr
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  • 142
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    Temporal spectral response of a corn canopy (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Techniques developed for the prediction of winter wheat yields from remotely sensed data indicating crop status over the growing season are tested for their applicability to corn. Ground-based spectral measurements in the Landsat Thematic Mapper bands 3 (0.62-0.69 microns), 4 (0.76-0.90 microns) and 5 (1.55-1.75 microns) were performed at one-week intervals throughout the growing season for 24 plots of corn, and analyzed to derive spectral ratios and normalized spectral differences of the IR and shortwave IR bands with the red. The ratios of the near IR and shortwave IR bands are found to provide the highest and most consistent correlations with corn yield and dry matter accumulation, however the value of band 5 could not be tested due to the absence of water stress conditions. Integration of spectral ratios over several dates improved the correlations over those of any single date by achieving a seasonal, rather than instantaneous, estimate of crop status. Results point to the desirability of further tests under other growth conditions to determine whether satellite-derived data will be useful in providing corn yield information.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; Nov. 198
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  • 143
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    Landsat observations of snowcover depletion and flooding in the Chesapeake Bay area during the winter of 1979 (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing Quarterly; 3; Jan. 198
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  • 144
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    Multisensor analysis of hydrologic features with emphasis on the Seasat SAR (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery of the Wind River Range area in Wyoming is compared with visible and near-infrared imagery of the same area. Data from the Seasat L-Band SAR and an aircraft X-Band SAR are compared with Landsat Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) visible data and near-infrared aerial photography and topographic maps of the same area. It is noted that visible and near-infrared data provide more information than the SAR data when conditions are the most favorable. The SAR penetrates clouds and snow, however, and data can be acquired day or night. Drainage density detail is good on SAR imagery because individual streams show up well owing to riparian vegetation; this causes higher radar reflections which result from the 'rough' surface which vegetation creates. In the winter image, the X-Band radar data show high returns because of cracks on the lake ice surfaces. High returns can also be seen in the L-Band SAR imagery of the lakes due to ripples on the surface induced by wind. It is concluded that the use of multispectral data would optimize analysis of hydrologic features.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; May 1981
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  • 145
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    Vegetable crop management with remote sensing (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Repetitive aerial photography with color infrared (ACIR) and black-and-white infrared (B and WIR) films was taken of potato and tomato fields in southwest Florida during the spring season of 1975. Color differences observed in the photographs revealed different levels of soil moisture in the fields, improper ditch arrangements, poor stands of plants, and areas where late blight (Phytophthora infestans) (Mont.)d.By and early blight (Alternaria solani) (Ell. and Mart.) Jones and Grout. were defoliating potato plants. Photographs of fields before planting also indicated areas where excessive rock formations existed which would make field preparation costly. Preplanting photographs also pinpointed areas with different water table levels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; Apr. 198
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  • 146
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    Aircraft active microwave measurements for estimating soil moisture (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Both active and passive microwave sensors are sensitive to variations in near-surface soil moisture. The principal advantage of active microwave systems for soil moisture applications is that high spatial resolution can be retained even at satellite attitudes. The considered investigation is concerned with the use of active microwave scatterometers for estimating near-surface soil moisture. Microwave scatterometer data were obtained during a series of three aircraft flights over a group of Oklahoma research watersheds during May 1978. Data were obtained for the C, L, and P bands at angles of incidence between 5 and 50 degrees. The best results were obtained using C band data at incidence angles of 10 and 15 degrees and soil moisture depth of 0 to 15 cm. These results were in excellent agreement with the conclusions of the truck-mounted scatterometer measurement program reported by Ulaby et al. (1978, 1979).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; June 198
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    Microwave remote sensing: Active and passive. Volume 1 - Microwave remote sensing fundamentals and radiometry (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The three components of microwave remote sensing (sensor-scene interaction, sensor design, and measurement techniques), and the applications to geoscience are examined. The history of active and passive microwave sensing is reviewed, along with fundamental principles of electromagnetic wave propagation, antennas, and microwave interaction with atmospheric constituents. Radiometric concepts are reviewed, particularly for measurement problems for atmospheric and terrestrial sources of natural radiation. Particular attention is given to the emission by atmospheric gases, clouds, and rain as described by the radiative transfer function. Finally, the operation and performance characteristics of radiometer receivers are discussed, particularly for measurement precision, calibration techniques, and imaging considerations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 148
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    Texture transforms of remote sensing data (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Tone and texture are fundamental interrelated visual concepts. The concepts are used for the digital analysis of remotely sensed image data. The reported investigation had the objective to develop software for the quantification of image texture and to apply the texture information to both image enhancement and thematic classification of remotely sensed data. The quantitative texture information was applied to the analysis of Landsat-2 Multispectral Scanner Subsystem (MSS) data. Attention is given to the characterization of image texture, textured transformations, the subtext program, and a description of methods and results. It is pointed out that the inability to use the texture transforms of the Landsat MSS data for the thematic mapping of the study area's land cover contrasts sharply with the reported results of the textural analysis of digitized aerial photography by Hsu (1978).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 11; Nov. 198
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  • 149
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    Sessions on remote sensing 1980; Proceedings of the Topical Meeting, Budapest, Hungary, June 2-14, 1980 (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: Studies included in this volume deal with spectral responses for remote sensing of the earth's surface and applications of remote sensing to mineral exploration. Consideration is given to the spectral responses of vegetation, bare land, water, and snow. Papers are presented on spectral reflectance characteristics of agricultural crops and application to crop growth monitoring, detection of volcanic ash coverage from Landsat MSS data, application of multispectral data to the detection of sea surface phenomena, and ore-controlling structures in volcanic regions observed on space images.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    A project to evaluate moisture stress and phenological factors in corn and soybean areas of southwestern and south-central Minnesota (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: The capability of aerial color infrared photography for identifying and locating soilscapes most susceptible to drought development or those having different soil drainages was evaluated. Although west central and southwestern Minnesota had a significant precipitation deficit during the 1980 crop season, indications of plant stress were not observed either from ground observation or through interpretation of imagery at the selected sampling sites. Well-drained soil was more depleted during the "maximium green peak" period than the poorly drained soil. The recharge was more evident on the poorly drained site in the fall. Measurements of leaf water potential and leaf temperature for corn and soybean leaves were made by multispectral band scanner and recorded for analysis.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: A Study of Minn. Land and Water Resources Using Remote Sensing, Vol. 14; 18 p
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  • 151
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    Lakewide monitoring of suspended solids using satellite data (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: In anticipation of using LANDSAT and Nimbus 7 coastal zone color scanner data to observe the decrease in suspended solids in Lake Superior following cessation of the dumping of taconite tailings, a series of lakewide sampling cruises was conducted to make radiometric measurements at a lake level. A means for identifying particulates and measuring their concentration from LANDSAT data was developed. The initial distribution of chemical parameters in the extreme western arm of the lake, where the concentration gradients are high, is to be based on the LANDSAT data. Subsequent lakewide dispersal and distribution is to be based on the coastal zone color scanner data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: A Study of Minn. Land and Water Resources Using Remote Sensing, Vol. 14; 29 p
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  • 152
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    Development of alternative data analysis techniques for improving the accuracy and specificity of natural resource inventories made with remote sensing data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: The applicability of digital LANDSAT data in updating the Minnesota Lake Land Management Information System and in assessing the trophic status of lakes was investigated. Data from various combinations of training, classification, and geometric correction techniques were compared to a photointerpreted reference data set consisting of ground-verified samples and six randomly selected photographs covering approximately one quarter of the study area. For a reconnaissance inventory, the training via polygons selected from aerial photographs with a canonical analysis minimum distance classifier is the most accurate and efficient analysis technique. The applications test project resulted in disappointing thematic classification results per se, but did contribute to the development of mechanisms for implementing a LANDSAT data processing capability in the State Planning Agency on a permanent basis.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: A Study of Minn. Land and Water Resources Using Remote Sensing, Vol. 14; 14 p
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  • 153
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    The Washington experience (evaluation and selection of hardware for automated geo-based information systems) (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A Washington geographic information system is described. The system has thrust from two different angles: the proprietary need for information to support the management of five million acres of thrust lands by the Department of Natural Resources, and the need for data over the entire state because of statewide governmental responsibilities. The data base includes information relevant to agricultural, forest, industrial, business, and community growth with emphasis on assembling information useful in setting intermediate and long-range goals. System selection procedures and system feasibility studies are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 195-199
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  • 154
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    The Montana experience (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development and capabilities of the Montana geodata system are discussed. The system is entirely dependent on the state's central data processing facility which serves all agencies and is therefore restricted to batch mode processing. The computer graphics equipment is briefly described along with its application to state lands and township mapping and the production of water quality interval maps.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 186-188
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  • 155
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    Image display system 511 (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The experience of the Idaho Department of Water Resources Remote Sensing Unit in bringing on line their System 511 is described. The system 511 is run on a PDP minicomputer. The minimum system hardware configuration is an 11/34 with a minimum core of 128 K word, 10 megabytes of direct access disk and a floating point processor. The required software configuration is an RSX 11M V 3.2 operating system with a FORTRAN IV plus compiler. The structure of System 511 is a series of hierarchical modular software units. Problems occurring during the systems installation are discussed, and the system operating and error detection capabilities and documentation evaluated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 155-159
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  • 156
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    Applications of digital image analysis capability in Idaho (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of digital image analysis of LANDSAT imagery in water resource assessment is discussed. The data processing systems employed are described. The determination of urban land use conversion of agricultural land in two southwestern Idaho counties involving estimation and mapping of crop types and of irrigated land is described. The system was also applied to an inventory of irrigated cropland in the Snake River basin and establishment of a digital irrigation water source/service area data base for the basin. Application of the system to a determination of irrigation development in the Big Lost River basin as part of a hydrologic survey of the basin is also described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 102-105
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  • 157
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    First down and goal to go (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A 10 year game plan for transition to the operational system was developed in the State of Washington. The plan is to: examine the results of past demonstration projects to identify successful operational applications, take advantage of geographic information systems, and work toward reducing/eliminating constraints of the present system which inhibit operational use. Support for the LANDSAT program was demonstrated by sending a user representative to NOAA working in the development of a user oriented system. It is suggested that the state should reassess its position, by taking advantage of the past 8 years' experience, and coordinate efforts to enhance LANDSAT' advantages in a cost effective manner.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 93-97
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  • 158
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    LANDSAT 2, 3, and D (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The history and operational status of the LANDSAT satellites and processing of LANDSAT imagery are summarized. Multispectral band scanner (MSS) data from LANDSAT 2 are being provided by recorders placed at several foreign ground stations. Return beam vidicon data are being received from LANDSAT 3. Processing and delivery of these data is improving, with disappearance of the backlog projected for 1982. The acquisition of MSS data and data from the thematic mapper (TM) is expected from LANDSAT D, with transfer of MSS data to NOAA projected for 1983 and TM data for 1985.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 68-76
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    USDA/federal user of LANDSAT remote sensing (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Developed and potential uses of remote sensing in crop condition and acreage assessment, renewable resources inventories, conservation practices, and water and forest management applications are described. Operational approaches, the adaptation of procedures to needs, and the agency's concern about data continuity and cost are discussed as well as support for future technology development for enhanced sensing capability. The use of improved camera systems for soil mapping and conservation monitoring from space shuttle, and of aerospace radar to improve soil moisture monitoring are mentioned.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 30-36
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    Synergistic relationships among remote-sensing and geophysical media: Geological and hydrological applications (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: Skylab photographs, side-looking radar imagery, published soil maps, topographic maps, conventional aerial photography as well as LANDSAT imagery under wet and dry changes for several years were analyzed over selected areas in Minnesota to test their usefulness in detecting near-surface ground water. Results show that optical density read from LANDSAT data is not a reliable discriminator of depth to shallow ground water when one band of one scene is used alone, and is little improved when several bands of several scenes are used synergistically. The method is enhanced if information from soil maps is included in the analysis, especially for discriminating boggy ground from better drained areas. It appears, however, that in areas where soil maps and good topographic maps already exist, the depth to ground water can be predicted from those media as well as (if not better than) it can be predicted from remote imagery. The LANDSAT method used demonstrated no capability for recognizing deeper categories of ground water.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: A Study of Minn. Land and Water Resources Using Remote Sensing, Vol. 14; 29 p
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    Development of computer software to analyze entire LANDSAT scenes and to summarize classification results of variable-size polygons (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Forest Pest Management Division (FPMD) of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry has the responsibility for conducting annual surveys of the State's forest lands to accurately detect, map, and appraise forest insect infestations. A standardized, timely, and cost-effective method of accurately surveying forests and their condition should enhance the probability of suppressing infestations. The repetitive and synoptic coverage provided by LANDSAT (formerly ERTS) makes such satellite-derived data potentially attractive as a survey medium for monitoring forest insect damage over large areas. Forest Pest Management Division personnel have expressed keen interest in LANDSAT data and have informally cooperated with NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) since 1976 in the development of techniques to facilitate their use. The results of this work indicate that it may be feasible to use LANDSAT digital data to conduct annual surveys of insect defoliation of hardwood forests.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E86-10020 , NASA-CR-177826 , NAS 1.26:177826 , PSU-IRLWR-RP-106/OR
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    MSU Test of P-model (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results of running key station data (soil, air, and dew point temperatures, net irradiation, and wind direction and speed) from Michigan through the P-model are presented. The details of each of the 55 error calculations are shown in tables. A histogram is included showing errors in degrees Fahrenheit.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Florida State Univ. Appl. of Satellite Frost Forecast Technol. to Other Parts of the United States; 8 p
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  • 163
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    Applicability of Satellite Freeze Forecasting and Cold Climate Mapping to the Other Parts of the United States (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Tasks performed to determine the value of using GOES satellite thermal imagery to enhance fruit crop production in Michigan are described. An overview is presented of the system developed for image processing and thermal image and surface environmental data bases prepared to assess the physical models developed in Florida. These data bases were used to identify correlations between satellite apparent temperatures patterns and Earth surface factors. Significant freeze events in 1981 and the physical models used to provide a perspective on how Florida models can be applied in the context of the Michigan environment are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Florida State Univ. Appl. of Satellite Frost Forecast Technol. to Other Parts of the United States; 59 p
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  • 164
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    Climate of Pennsylvania (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Some of the principal climatic features of Pennsylvania are described and a number of climatological summaries are presented for stations in various geographic regions of that state.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Florida State Univ. Appl. of Satellite Frost Forecast Technol. to Other Parts of the United States; 23 p
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  • 165
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    The 1978 Pennsylvania Orchard and Vineyard Inventory Survey (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Significant developments in the fruit industry in Pennsylvania are reported to provide basic information as a guide in the production and marketing of apples, pears, cherries, peaches, grapes, plums, prunes and nectarines. Tables show the number of growers, trees and acres by kind of fruit as well as the age of the trees, the number of barrels produced, and production by county and region.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Florida State Univ. Appl. of Satellite Frost Forecast Technol. to Other Parts of the United States; 68 p
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  • 166
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    Freeze Prediction Model (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Measurements of wind speed, net irradiation, and of air, soil, and dew point temperatures in an orchard at the Rock Springs Agricultural Research Center, as well as topographical and climatological data and a description of the major apple growing regions of Pennsylvania were supplied to the University of Florida for use in running the P-model, freeze prediction program. Results show that the P-model appears to have considerable applicability to conditions in Pennsylvania. Even though modifications may have to be made for use in the fruit growing regions, there are advantages for fruit growers with the model in its present form.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Florida State Univ. Appl. of Satellite Frost Forecast Technol. to Other Parts of the United States; 25 p
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  • 167
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    Application of Satellite Frost Forecast Technology to Other Parts of the United States Phase II: Introduction (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The history and status of University of Michigan and University of Pennsylvania involvement in determining if P-model for front prediction used in Florida is applicable to those geographic locations is reviewed. The possibility of using the S-model to develop a satellite front forecast system that can recall the distribution of temperatures during previous freezes from a particular area and bring that cold climate climatology to bear on present forecasts is discussed as well as a proposed GOES satellite downlink system to sectionalize the data used in Florida.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Appl. of Satellite Frost Forecast Technol. to Other Parts of the United States; 31 p
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  • 168
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    Cooperative forestry inventory project for Nevada (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A forest inventory project employing computerized classification of LANDSAT data to inventory vegetation types in western Nevada is described. The methodology and applicability of the resulting survey are summarized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 82-84
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  • 169
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    Multiresource analysis and information system concepts for incorporating LANDSAT and GIS technology into large area forest surveys (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A method of relating different classifications at each stage of a multistage, multiresource inventory using remotely sensed imagery is discussed. A class transformation matrix allowing the conversion of a set of proportions at one stage, to a set of proportions at the subsequent stage through use of a linear model, is described. The technique was tested by applying it to Kershaw County, South Carolina. Unsupervised LANDSAT spectral classifications were correlated with interpretations of land use aerial photography, the correlations employed to estimate land use classifications using the linear model, and the land use proportions used to stratify current annual increment (CAI) field plot data to obtain a total CAI for the county. The estimate differed by 1% from the published figure for land use. Potential sediment loss and a variety of land use classifications were also obtained.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 64-65
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  • 170
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    The Pacific Northwest story (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The establishment of image analysis facilities for the operational utilization of LANDSAT data in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington is discussed. The hardware and software resources are described for each facility along with the range of services.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 140-144
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  • 171
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    The Colorado experience (evaluation and selection of hardware for automated, geo-based information systems) (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A turnkey system which gives technical assistance to legislative redistricting and state census data affiliate activities is described. The procedures followed for the acquisition of the Colorado automated census mapping system are presented. Price and performance criteria of the system were examined and the system architecture is outlined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 189-194
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  • 172
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    Video Information Communication and Retrieval/Image Based Information System (VICAR/IBIS) (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The acquisition, operation, and planning stages of installing a VICAR/IBIS system are described. The system operates in an IBM mainframe environment, and provides image processing of raster data. System support problems with software and documentation are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 163-171
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  • 173
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    LANDSAT demonstration/application and GIS integration in south central Alaska (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Automated geographic information systems were developed for two sites in Southcentral Alaska to serve as tests for both the process of integrating classified LANDSAT data into a comprehensive environmental data base and the process of using automated information in land capability/suitability analysis and environmental planning. The Big Lake test site, located approximately 20 miles north of the City of Anchorage, comprises an area of approximately 150 square miles. The Anchorage Hillside test site, lying approximately 5 miles southeast of the central part of the city, extends over an area of some 25 square miles. Map construction and content is described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 146-151
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  • 174
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    Combining LANDSAT MSS, aerial photographs and ground measurements to estimate rangeland productivity (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The production of a vegetation map of over 2.2 million acres with detail down to the plant community level, and the production of estimates of rangeland productivity (pounds of usable forage per acre for cattle) for a 500,000 acre subset of area with a design goal for accuracy and precision of + or - 20% at the 80% confidence level, are considered. The data consist of five groups: maps of area, LANDSAT data, digital terrain data, large scale aerial photography, and ground plots. An outline of the data acquisition and data reduction schemes are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 130-132
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  • 175
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    Reindeer ranges inventory in western Alaska (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of LANDSAT data as a tool for reindeer range inventory on the tundra of northwestern Alaska is addressed. The specific goal is to map the range resource and estimate plant productivity of the Seward Peninsula. Information derived from these surveys is needed to develop range management plans for reindeer herding and to evaluate potential conflicting use between reindeer and caribou. The development of computer image classification techniques is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 133-137
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    Application of remote sensing techniques for identification of irrigated crop lands in Arizona (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Satellite imagery was used in a project developed to demonstrate remote sensing methods of determining irrigated acreage in Arizona. The Maricopa water district, west of Phoenix, was chosen as the test area. Band rationing and unsupervised categorization were used to perform the inventory. For both techniques the irrigation district boundaries and section lines were digitized and calculated and displayed by section. Both estimation techniques were quite accurate in estimating irrigated acreage in the 1979 growing season.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 98-100
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    Present/future California Department of Forestry remote sensing activities (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The utilization of LANDSAT data in forestry inventories in California is summarized. Problems in selecting meaningful classification systems, utilization of supervised or unsupervised classification systems, and data smoothing are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 85-86
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  • 178
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    Implementing automatic geographic referencing in Utah (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Efforts to use a fully integrated approach to remote sensing in Utah include a realization that data and information are also resources to be managed. A possibility that information acquired for a specific use such as geological application may be of use to others, for instance, to the highway department. Utah is trying to establish a core operation within the state to make some upfront investment in hardware, software, and technical expertise, sufficient to make the operational people in the field aware of what can be done. The key to the operation is to facilitate, coordinate, and educate, so agencies can act for themselves based on their needs, desires, capabilities, and budget.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 53-55
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  • 179
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    Remote sensing in Alaska: Opportunities and policy implications (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The natural resources of Alaska and their exploitation and further development are discussed. the use of remote sensing techniques for vegetation classification, wetlands identification, and other basic resource management techniques is assessed and the history of cooperation between state and federal land managers is reviewed. Agencies managing resources in Alaska are encountered to use existing forums to develop a coordinated program aimed at improving all resource management capabilities. Continuing education, training, demonstrations and evaluations must be provided to enhance management abilities and promote social and economic development in the state.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 43-48
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    Appropriateness in using LANDSAT in development energy related data bases (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of automated classification systems in the field of resource management and resource inventory is discussed. Applications of LANDSAT classification are outlined and include: energy load forecasting based upon land use inventories and change analysis, impact analysis of activities related to energy extraction, capability/suitability mapping in support of generation and substation location and transmission line routing, and assessment of solar energy potential in a highly urbanized setting where land values are high. It is found that the use of LANDSAT data is adequate for general inventories where few data categories are required, where resolution of data to around 150 acres minimum is required, and where no other complete imagery set can be obtained.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 205-209
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    Earth Resources Laboratory Applications Software (ELAS) (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Implementation of the Earth Resources Laboratory applications software (ELAS) system is described. A Data General Eclipse model S/230 minicomputer is employed for image processing of LANDSAT data. A 16 bit word is used, and the smaller addressability necessitates reducing some of the array sizes. All INTEGER*4 variables were changed to REAL. Interfacing the ELAS software to Data General's FORTRAN callable runtime routines required rewriting the input/output routines and the subroutines that bring in the various overlays. Overlay relinking is required when a change is made in resident routines. The ELAS system and its user documentation is evaluated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 172-174
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    Interactive Digital Image Manipulation System (IDIMS) (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The implementation of an interactive digital image manipulation system (IDIMS) is described. The system is run on an HP-3000 Series 3 minicomputer. The IDIMS system provides a complete image geoprocessing capability for raster formatted data in a self-contained system. It is easily installed, documentation is provided, and vendor support is available.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 160-162
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  • 183
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    Spin-axis attitude estimation and magnetometer bias determination for the AMPTE mission (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Algorithms were developed for magnetometer biases and spin axis attitude calculation. Numerical examples of the performance of the algorithm are given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Sixth Ann. Flight Mech.(Estimation Theory Symp.; 14 p
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  • 184
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    The state agency experience (evaluation/selection of hardware for automated, geo-based information systems) (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The purpose and format of a panel session that addressed the procedures by which the hardware components of geographic information systems are evaluated and selected are described. State agencies from Alaska, Colorado, Montana, and Washington were represented and the topic was discussed within the general context of information requirements in land management decision making.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc.,; p 175-178
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  • 185
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    Application of LANDSAT MSS to elk habitat management (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The utilization of information derived from LANDSAT multispectral scanner data to estimate the impact of proposed timber harvests on potential elk use is briefly discussed. The evaluations were conducted in Northeastern Oregon where several herds of Rocky Mountain elk range in the Blue Mountains. The inventory product is a geographically referenced data base containing land cover types and habitat components (cover/forage).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 138-139
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  • 186
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    ESRI applications of GIS technology: Mineral resource development (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The application of geographic information systems technology to large scale regional assessment related to mineral resource development, identifying candidate sites for related industry, and evaluating sites for waste disposal is discussed. Efforts to develop data bases were conducted at scales ranging from 1:3,000,000 to 1:25,000. In several instances, broad screening was conducted for large areas at a very general scale with more detailed studies subsequently undertaken in promising areas windowed out of the generalized data base. Increasingly, the systems which are developed are structured as the spatial framework for the long-term collection, storage, referencing, and retrieval of vast amounts of data about large regions. Typically, the reconnaissance data base for a large region is structured at 1:250,000 scale, data bases for smaller areas being structured at 1:25,000, 1:50,000 or 1:63,360. An integrated data base for the coterminous US was implemented at a scale of 1:3,000,000 for two separate efforts.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 144-145
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  • 187
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    Verification of land cover maps from LANDSAT data (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The application of cluster sampling to verifying the accuracy of maps derived from digital data is discussed. Variants of the cluster sampling technique were used in large scale assessments for areas in excess of one million hectares. Three types of classification errors are possible: commission errors, omission errors, and overall error classification. Commission errors for a particular cover type occur when pixels are classified as that cover type but are found to be some other cover type when the field is checked. Omission errors occur when pixels of fields already visited and known to be of a particular cover type, are classified as some other cover type. Overall error is the proportion of pixels incorrectly classified, without regard to omission or commission. Since the classified image represents the sampling frame, sampling for accuracy assessment was designed to estimate commission error. However, the sample can also provide useful estimates of omission and overall error. Assessment for Alaska, Arizona, and Oklahoma are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 119-125
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  • 188
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    An inventory of California's irrigated land (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Currently in the fourth year of its applications pilot test project to assess irrigated lands for water management, California officials found that the performance goal of plus or minus 5% at the 95% confidence level by each of the state's 10 major hydrologic basins was bettered in all but a few cases using manual analysis techniques for estimation. The process used was photointerpretation of enlarged LANDSAT scenes (1:150,000 scale), adjusting the determined acreage using a regression estimator and ground truth data from 637 sample cells. Sample cells were allocated to areas stratified on the basis of field size and selected crop types. Interpretation of three dates of imagery was required to span the complete time during which irrigated crops are grown in California. The registration of multitemporal data and classification procedures for estimating irrigated land using digital techniques are being studied as part of the second task in the project.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 100-101
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  • 189
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    Updating census urban area maps with LANDSAT data (1981)
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    Description: The use of LANDSAT data for updating census maps of urbanized areas by identification of a fringe of suburban territory to be considered for inclusion within a revised urban area map is described. Methodologies of the application system verification and transfer project are evaluated. These include manual analysis of color photographs, line printer maps, and land cover classifications; change detection using an image differencing routine to depict changes in reflectance values between the two anniversary LANDSAT images; and use of the IBIS/VICAR digital image processing system. Application of IBIS/VICAR to mapping the Orlando, Florida area is described in detail.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 110-118
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  • 190
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    State/federal interaction of LANDSAT system and related technical assistance (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The history of state involvement in LANDSAT systems planning and related efforts is described. Currently 16 states have visual LANDSAT capabilities and 10 others are planning on developing such capabilities. The federal government's future plans for the LANDSAT system, the impacts of recent budget decisions on the systems, and the FY 82 budget process are examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 56-63
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    State resource management and role of remote sensing (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Remote sensing by satellite can provide valuable information to state officials when making decisions regarding resources management. Portions of California's investment for Prosperity program which seem likely candidates for remote sensing include: (1) surveying vegetation type, age, and density in forests and wildlife habitats; (2) controlling fires through chaparal management; (3) monitoring wetlands and measuring ocean biomass; (4) eliminating ground water overdraught; (5) locating crops in overdraught areas, assessing soil erosion and the areas of poorly drained soils and those affected by salt; (6) monitoring coastal lands and resources; (7) changes in landscapes for recreational purposes; (8) inventorying irrigated lands; (9) classifying ground cover; (10) monitoring farmland conversion; and (11) supplying data for a statewide computerized farmlands data base.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 20-25
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    Remote sensing applications for range management (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of satellite information for range management is discussed. The use of infrared photography and color photography for analysis of vegetation cover is described. The methods of interpreting LANDSAT imagery are highlighted and possible applications of such interpretive methods to range management are considered. The concept of using LANDSAT as a sampling frame for renewable natural resource inventories was examined. It is concluded that a blending of LANDSAT vegetation data with soils and digital terrain data, will define a basic sampling unit that is appropriate for range management utilization.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc. 1981; p 126-129
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    Land cover classification for Puget Sound, 1974-1979 (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Digital analysis of LANDSAT data for land cover classification projects in the Puget Sound region is surveyed. Two early rural and urban land use classifications and their application are described. After acquisition of VICAR/IBIs software, another land use classification of the area was performed, and is described in more detail. Future applications are considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 106-109
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  • 194
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    Remote sensing/vegetation classification (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The CALVEG classification system for identification of vegetation is described. This hierarchical system responds to classification requirements and to interpretation of vegetation at various description levels, from site description to broad identification levels. The system's major strength is its flexibility in application of remote sensing technology to assess, describe and communicate data relative to vegetative resources on a state-wide basis. It is concluded that multilevel remote sensing is a cost effective tool for assessment of the natural resource base. The CLAVEG system is found to be an economically efficient tool for both existing and potential vegetation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 87-92
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  • 195
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    Intergovernmental Science/Engr/Tech Advisory Panel (ISETAP): Overview (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Major constraints to the utilization of LANDSAT by state governments are identified. Six recommendations are made: (1) commitment by the federal government to assure LANDSAT data continuity and compatibility; (2) federal support of LANDSAT system; (3) federal agency responsibility should be clearly defined; (4) commitment by the federal government to prior consultation with the state in LANDSAT decisions; (5) commitment by the federal government to systematic and ongoing technology transfer programs; and (6) improvement of the data processing and delivery system. The transfer of technology from NOAA to the private sector and its impact on the state governments utilizing LANDSAT are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 49-51
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  • 196
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    Operational LANDSAT remote sensing system development (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The reduction of $121.6 million dollars from NOAA's LANDSAT development program for FY 1982, and the shortened time period for transferring remote sensing technology to the private sector resulted in changes in the Agency's plans for managing the operational system. Proposed legislation for congressional consideration or enactment to establish conditions under which this private sector transfer will occur, and the expected gradual rise in the price of data products are discussed. No money exists for capital investment and none is projected for investing in an operational data handling system for the LANDSAT D satellite. Candidates knowledgeable of various aspects of the needs and uses of remote sensing are urged to consider participation in NOAA's advisory committee.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Western Reg. Remote Sensing Conf. Proc., 1981; p 26-29
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  • 197
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    State remote sensing (LANDSAT) programs catalog (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This directory lists the technical capabilities, personnel, and program structure for remote sensing activities as they existed in each state in late 1980. The institutional framework, participating agencies, applications, status, equipment, software, and funding sources are also indicated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10127 , NASA-CR-172802 , NAS 1.26:172802
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  • 198
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    Aircraft remote sensing of soil moisture and hydrologic parameters, Taylor Creek, Florida, and Little River, Georgia, 1979 data report (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Experiments were conducted to evaluate aircraft remote sensing techniques for hydrology in a wide range of physiographic and climatic regions using several sensor platforms. The data were collected in late 1978 and during 1979 in two humid areas--Taylor Creek, Fla., and Little River, Ga. Soil moisture measurements and climatic observations are presented as well as the remote sensing data collected using thermal infrared, passive microwave, and active microwave systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E84-10010 , NASA-TM-85468 , NAS 1.15:85468 , ARR-NE-13
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  • 199
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    Computational aspects of geometric correction data generation in the LANDSAT-D imagery processing (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method is presented for systematic and geodetic correction data calculation. It is based on presentation of image distortions as a sum of nominal distortions and linear effects caused by variation of the spacecraft position and attitude variables from their nominals. The method may be used for both MSS and TM image data and it is incorporated into the processing by means of mostly offline calculations. Modeling shows that the maximal of the method are of the order of 5m at the worst point in a frame; the standard deviations of the average errors less than .8m.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Sixth Ann. Flight Mech.(Estimation Theory Symp.; 16 p
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  • 200
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    Analysis of landfills with historic airphotos (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An investigation is conducted regarding the value of existing aerial photographs for waste management, including landfill monitoring. The value of historic aerial photographs for documenting landfill boundaries is shown in a graph in which the expansion of an active landfill is traced over a 40-year period. Historic aerial photographs can also be analyzed to obtain general or detailed land-use and land-cover information. In addition, the photographs provide information regarding other elements of the physical environment, including geology, soils, and surface and subsurface drainage. The value of historic photos is discussed, taking into account applications for inventory, assessing contamination/health hazards, planning corrective measures, planning waste collection and facilities, developing inactive landfills, and research concerning improved land-filling operations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; Sept
    Format: text
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