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  • Annual Reviews
  • 2005-2009  (3,514)
  • 1970-1974  (2,927)
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Year
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 199-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: The importance of small, noncoding RNAs that act as regulators of transcription, of RNA modification or stability, and of mRNA translation is becoming increasingly apparent. Here we discuss current knowledge of regulatory RNA function and review how the RNAs have been identified in a variety of organisms. Many of the regulatory RNAs act through base-pairing interactions with target RNAs. The base-pairing RNAs can be grouped into two general classes: those that are encoded on the opposite strand of their target RNAs such that they contain perfect complementarity with their targets, and those that are encoded at separate locations on the chromosome and have imperfect base-pairing potential with their targets. Other regulatory RNAs act by modifying protein activity, in some cases by mimicking the structures of other RNA or DNA molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133136
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  • 102
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    GENE THERAPY: Twenty-First Century Medicine (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 711-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Broadly defined, the concept of gene therapy involves the transfer of genetic material into a cell, tissue, or whole organ, with the goal of curing a disease or at least improving the clinical status of a patient. A key factor in the success of gene therapy is the development of delivery systems that are capable of efficient gene transfer in a variety of tissues, without causing any associated pathogenic effects. Vectors based upon many different viral systems, including retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses, currently offer the best choice for efficient gene delivery. Their performance and pathogenicity has been evaluated in animal models, and encouraging results form the basis for clinical trials to treat genetic disorders and acquired diseases. Despite some initial success in these trials, vector development remains a seminal concern for improved gene therapy technologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.050304.091637
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PROTEIN FAMILIES AND THEIR EVOLUTIONĐ??A STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 867-900 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: We can now assign about two thirds of the sequences from completed genomes to as few as 1400 domain families for which structures are known and thus more ancient evolutionary relationships established. About 200 of these domain families are common to all kingdoms of life and account for nearly 50% of domain structure annotations in the genomes. Some of these domain families have been very extensively duplicated within a genome and combined with different domain partners giving rise to different multidomain proteins. The ways in which these domain combinations evolve tend to be specific to the organism so that less than 15% of the protein families found within a genome appear to be common to all kingdoms of life. Recent analyses of completed genomes, exploiting the structural data, have revealed the extent to which duplication of these domains and modifications of their functions can expand the functional repertoire of the organism, contributing to increasing complexity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133029
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ZONA PELLUCIDA DOMAIN PROTEINS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 83-114 
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    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Many eukaryotic proteins share a sequence designated as the zona pellucida (ZP) domain. This structural element, present in extracellular proteins from a wide variety of organisms, from nematodes to mammals, consists of Đ♯260 amino acids with eight conserved cysteine (Cys) residues and is located close to the C terminus of the polypeptide. ZP domain proteins are often glycosylated, modular structures consisting of multiple types of domains. Predictions can be made about some of the structural features of the ZP domain and ZP domain proteins. The functions of ZP domain proteins vary tremendously, from serving as structural components of egg coats, appendicularian mucous houses, and nematode dauer larvae, to serving as mechanotransducers in flies and receptors in mammals and nonmammals. Generally, ZP domain proteins are present in filaments and/or matrices, which is consistent with the role of the domain in protein polymerization. A general mechanism for assembly of ZP domain proteins has been presented. It is likely that the ZP domain plays a common role despite its presence in proteins of widely diverse functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133039
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  • 105
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    THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 29-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Several genes have been identified for monogenic disorders that variably resemble Parkinson's disease. Dominant mutations in the gene encoding ʼ̛-synuclein enhance the propensity of this protein to aggregate. As a consequence, these patients have a widespread disease with protein inclusion bodies in several brain areas. In contrast, mutations in several recessive genes (parkin, DJ-1, and PINK1) produce neuronal cell loss but generally without protein aggregation pathology. Progress has been made in understanding some of the mechanisms of toxicity: Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and DJ-1 and PINK1 appear to protect against mitochondrial damage. However, we have not yet fully resolved how the recessive genes relate to ʼ̛-synuclein, or whether they represent different ways to induce a similar phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133400
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  • 106
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    MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED GUANYLATE KINASES REGULATE ADHESION AND PLASTICITY AT CELL JUNCTIONS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 219-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Tissue development, differentiation, and physiology require specialized cellular adhesion and signal transduction at sites of cell-cell contact. Scaffolding proteins that tether adhesion molecules, receptors, and intracellular signaling enzymes organize macromolecular protein complexes at cellular junctions to integrate these functions. One family of such scaffolding proteins is the large group of membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs). Genetic studies have highlighted critical roles for MAGUK proteins in the development and physiology of numerous tissues from a variety of metazoan organisms. Mutation of Drosophila discs large (dlg) disrupts epithelial septate junctions and causes overgrowth of imaginal discs. Similarly, mutation of lin-2, a related MAGUK in Caenorhabditis elegans, blocks vulval development, and mutation of the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95 impairs synaptic plasticity in mammalian brain. These diverse roles are explained by recent biochemical and structural analyses of MAGUKs, which demonstrate their capacity to assemble well-definedĐ??yet adaptableĐ??protein complexes at cellular junctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133339
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  • 107
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    DNA MISMATCH REPAIR (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 681-710 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is an evolutionarily conserved process that corrects mismatches generated during DNA replication and escape proofreading. MMR proteins also participate in many other DNA transactions, such that inactivation of MMR can have wide-ranging biological consequences, which can be either beneficial or detrimental. We begin this review by briefly considering the multiple functions of MMR proteins and the consequences of impaired function. We then focus on the biochemical mechanism of MMR replication errors. Emphasis is on structure-function studies of MMR proteins, on how mismatches are recognized, on the process by which the newly replicated strand is identified, and on excision of the replication error.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133243
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  • 108
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    THE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY OF TYPE II FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 791-831 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: The type II fatty acid synthetic pathway is the principal route for the production of membrane phospholipid acyl chains in bacteria and plants. The reaction sequence is carried out by a series of individual soluble proteins that are each encoded by a discrete gene, and the pathway intermediates are shuttled between the enzymes as thioesters of an acyl carrier protein. The Escherichia coli system is the paradigm for the study of this system, and high-resolution X-ray and/or NMR structures of representative members of every enzyme in the type II pathway are now available. The structural biology of these proteins reveals the specific three-dimensional features of the enzymes that explain substrate recognition, chain length specificity, and the catalytic mechanisms that define their roles in producing the multitude of products generated by the type II system. These structures are also a valuable resource to guide antibacterial drug discovery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133524
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
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    CELLULAR DNA REPLICASES: Components and Dynamics at the Replication Fork (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 283-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Chromosomal DNA replicases are multicomponent machines that have evolved clever strategies to perform their function. Although the structure of DNA is elegant in its simplicity, the job of duplicating it is far from simple. At the heart of the replicase machinery is a heteropentameric AAA+ clamp-loading machine that couples ATP hydrolysis to load circular clamp proteins onto DNA. The clamps encircle DNA and hold polymerases to the template for processive action. Clamp-loader and sliding clamp structures have been solved in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. The heteropentameric clamp loaders are circular oligomers, reflecting the circular shape of their respective clamp substrates. Clamps and clamp loaders also function in other DNA metabolic processes, including repair, checkpoint mechanisms, and cell cycle progression. Twin polymerases and clamps coordinate their actions with a clamp loader and yet other proteins to form a replisome machine that advances the replication fork.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073859
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  • 110
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    STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF FATTY ACID AMIDE HYDROLASE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 74 (2005), S. 411-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Notes: Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a mammalian integral membrane enzyme that degrades the fatty acid amide family of endogenous signaling lipids, which includes the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide and the sleep-inducing substance oleamide. FAAH belongs to a large and diverse class of enzymes referred to as the amidase signature (AS) family. Investigations into the structure and function of FAAH, in combination with complementary studies of other AS enzymes, have engendered provocative molecular models to explain how this enzyme integrates into cell membranes and terminates fatty acid amide signaling in vivo. These studies, as well as their biological and therapeutic implications, are the subject of this review
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133450
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  • 111
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    Recent Advances in Insect Population Dynamics (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 1-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.000245
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  • 112
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    The Ecology of Stream Insects (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 25-42 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.000325
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  • 113
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    Insect Mimicry (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 43-74 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.000355
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  • 114
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    Interpretations of Quaternary Insect Fossils (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 97-121 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.000525
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  • 115
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    Evolution and Taxonomic Significance of Reproduction in Blattaria (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 75-96 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.000451
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  • 116
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    The Structure of Arthropod Chemoreceptors (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 121-142 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.001005
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  • 117
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    Honey Bee Nutrition (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 143-156 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.001043
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  • 118
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    Physiology of Insect Hearts (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 173-198 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.001133
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  • 119
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    Biosystematics of the Embioptera (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 157-172 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.001105
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  • 120
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    Biological Rhythms in Terrestrial Arthropods (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 201-244 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.001221
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  • 121
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    Recent Advances in Insect Pathology (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 245-256 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.001333
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  • 122
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    Mode of Action of Pyrethroids, Nicotinoids, and Rotenoids (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 257-272 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.001353
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  • 123
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    Entomology of the Cocoa Farm (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 273-294 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.001421
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  • 124
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    Pome Fruit Pests and Their Control (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 295-320 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.001455
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  • 125
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    Ultralow Volume Applications of Contrated Insecticides in Medical and Veterinary Entomology (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 321-342 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.001541
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  • 126
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    Mite Transmission of Plant Viruses (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 343-380 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.002015
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  • 127
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    Resistance of Ticks to Chemicals (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 381-404 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.002121
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  • 128
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    Mycoplasma and Phytarboviruses as Plant Pathogens Persistenty Transmitted by Insects (1970)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 15 (1970), S. 405-464 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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  • 129
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    Blood-Sucking Behavior of Terrestrial Arthropods (1971)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 16 (1971), S. 1-28 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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  • 130
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    Insect Cell and Tissue Culture (1971)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 16 (1971), S. 27-52 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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  • 131
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    Steroid Metabolism in Insects (1971)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 16 (1971), S. 53-72 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.16.010171.000413
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  • 132
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    Bioluminescent Communication in Insects (1971)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 16 (1971), S. 97-122 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
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  • 133
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    Arthropod Silks: The Problem of Fibrous Proteins in Animal Tissues (1971)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 16 (1971), S. 73-96 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.16.010171.000445
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  • 134
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    Sorptive Dusts for Pest Control (1971)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 16 (1971), S. 123-158 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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  • 135
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    Host Specificity Determination of Insects for Biological Control of Weeds (1971)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 16 (1971), S. 159-178 
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    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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  • 136
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    The Bionomics of Leafhoppers (1971)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 16 (1971), S. 179-210 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.16.010171.001143
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    Life History of the Chironomidae (1971)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 16 (1971), S. 211-230 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.16.010171.001235
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    Bionomics of Autogenous Mosquitoes (1971)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 16 (1971), S. 231-248 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.16.010171.001311
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    Bioecology of Edaphic Collembola and Acarina (1971)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 16 (1971), S. 249-288 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.16.010171.001341
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    Effects of Insect Defoliation on Growth and Mortality of Trees (1971)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 16 (1971), S. 289-324 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.16.010171.001445
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    Learning and Memory in Insects (1972)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 17 (1972), S. 43-56 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.17.010172.000355
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    Changing Concepts of Vector Control in Malaria Eradication (1972)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 17 (1972), S. 75-102 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.17.010172.000451
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    Mutagenic, Teratogenic, and Carcinogenic Properties of Pesticides (1972)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 17 (1972), S. 123-148 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.17.010172.001011
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    Fate of Pesticides in the Environment (1972)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 17 (1972), S. 199-222 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.17.010172.001215
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    Management of Wild Bees for the Pollination of Crops (1972)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 17 (1972), S. 287-312 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.17.010172.001443
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    Economic Tropical Forest Entomology (1972)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 17 (1972), S. 313-352 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.17.010172.001525
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    Pathogenic Microorganisms in the Regulation of Forest Insect Populations (1972)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 17 (1972), S. 355-372 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.17.010172.002035
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    Comparative Anatomy of the Tracheal System (1972)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 17 (1972), S. 373-402 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.17.010172.002105
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    A Critique of the Status of Plant Regulatory and Quarantine Activities in the United States (1972)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 17 (1972), S. 453-460 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.17.010172.002321
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    Flight Behavior of Aphids (1972)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 17 (1972), S. 461-492 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.17.010172.002333
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    Biology of Braconidae (1974)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 19 (1974), S. 15-32 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.19.010174.000311
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    Biological Control of Mosquito Larvae (1974)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 19 (1974), S. 33-59 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.19.010174.000341
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    Isozymes in Insects and their Significance (1974)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 19 (1974), S. 117-138 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.19.010174.001001
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    INVASION BIOLOGY OF THRIPS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 67-89 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing IPM systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation with insecticides, leading to the development of insecticide resistance. Several challenges surface when attempting to manage incursive thrips species. Foremost among these is early recognition, followed by rapid and accurate identification of emergent pest species, elucidation of the region of origin, development of a management program, and the closing of conduits for global movement of thrips. In this review, we examine factors facilitating invasion by thrips, damage caused by these insects, pre- and post-invasion management tactics, and challenges looming on the horizon posed by invasive Thysanoptera, which continually challenge the development of sustainable management practices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151044
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    EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL STRATEGIES IN PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 233-258 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Parasitoid wasps have evolved a wide spectrum of developmental interactions with hosts. In this review we synthesize and interpret results from the phylogenetic, ecological, physiological, and molecular literature to identify factors that have influenced the evolution of parasitoid developmental strategies. We first discuss the origins and radiation of the parasitoid lifestyle in the Hymenoptera. We then summarize how parasitoid developmental strategies are affected by ecological interactions and assess the inventory of physiological and molecular traits parasitoids use to successfully exploit hosts. Last, we discuss how certain parasitoid virulence genes have evolved and how these changes potentially affect parasitoid-host interactions. The combination of phylogenetic data with comparative and functional genomics offers new avenues for understanding the evolution of biological diversity in this group of insects.
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    PLANT CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL ENEMY FITNESS: Effects on Herbivore and Natural Enemy Interactions (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 163-185 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tremendous strides have been made regarding our understanding of how host plant chemistry influences the interactions between herbivores and their natural enemies. While most work has focused on plant chemistry effects on host location and acceptance by natural enemies, an increasing number of studies examine negative effects. The tritrophic role of plant chemistry is central to several aspects of trophic phenomena including top-down versus bottom-up control of herbivores, enemy-free space and host choice, and theories of plant defense. Furthermore, tritrophic effects of plant chemistry are important in assessing the degree of compatibility between biological control and plant resistance approaches to pest control. Additional research is needed to understand the physiological effects of plant chemistry on parasitoids. Explicit tests are required to determine whether natural enemies can act as selective forces on plant defense. Finally, further studies of natural systems are crucial to understanding the evolution of multitrophic relationships.
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    PROSTAGLANDINS AND OTHER EICOSANOIDS IN INSECTS: Biological Significance (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 25-44 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Prostaglandins and other eicosanoids are oxygenated metabolites of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids. These compounds are well known for their important actions in mammalian physiology and disease. Recent work has revealed the presence and biological actions of eicosanoids in insects and many other invertebrate animals. In insects, eicosanoids mediate cellular immunity to microbial and metazoan challenge. Notably, some infectious organisms secrete factors responsible for impairing host insect immune reactions by inhibiting biosynthesis of eicosanoids. Eicosanoids also act in insect reproductive biology, in ion transport physiology, and in fever response to infection as well as in protein exocytosis in tick salivary glands. Aside from ongoing actions in homeostasis, certain eicosanoid actions occur at crucial points in insect life histories, such as during infectious challenge and important events in reproduction.
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    CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN INSECT SOCIETIES (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 581-608 
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    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Although best known for cooperation, insect societies also manifest many potential conflicts among individuals. These conflicts involve both direct reproduction by individuals and manipulation of the reproduction of colony members. Here we review five major areas of reproductive conflict in insect societies: (a) sex allocation, (b) queen rearing, (c) male rearing, (d) queen-worker caste fate, and (e) breeding conflicts among totipotent adults. For each area we discuss the basis for conflict (potential conflict), whether conflict is expressed (actual conflict), whose interests prevail (conflict outcome), and the factors that reduce colony-level costs of conflict (conflict resolution), such as factors that cause workers to work rather than to lay eggs. Reproductive conflicts are widespread, sometimes having dramatic effects on the colony. However, three key factors (kinship, coercion, and constraint) typically combine to limit the effects of reproductive conflict and often lead to complete resolution.
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    MOLECULAR AND EVOLUTIONARY BASIS OF THE CELLULAR STRESS RESPONSE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 225-257 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The cellular stress response is a universal mechanism of extraordinary physiological/pathophysiological significance. It represents a defense reaction of cells to damage that environmental forces inflict on macromolecules. Many aspects of the cellular stress response are not stressor specific because cells monitor stress based on macromolecular damage without regard to the type of stress that causes such damage. Cellular mechanisms activated by DNA damage and protein damage are interconnected and share common elements. Other cellular responses directed at re-establishing homeostasis are stressor specific and often activated in parallel to the cellular stress response. All organisms have stress proteins, and universally conserved stress proteins can be regarded as the minimal stress proteome. Functional analysis of the minimal stress proteome yields information about key aspects of the cellular stress response, including physiological mechanisms of sensing membrane lipid, protein, and DNA damage; redox sensing and regulation; cell cycle control; macromolecular stabilization/repair; and control of energy metabolism. In addition, cells can quantify stress and activate a death program (apoptosis) when tolerance limits are exceeded.
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    REGULATION OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS BY ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 335-376 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The female sex steroid hormones 17?‚-estradiol and progesterone mediate their biological effects on development, differentiation, and maintenance of reproductive tract and other target tissues through gene regulation by nuclear steroid receptors that function as ligand-dependent transcription factors. However, not all effects of 17?‚-estradiol and progesterone are mediated by direct control of gene expression. These hormones also have rapid stimulatory effects on the activities of a variety of signal transduction molecules and pathways and, in many cases, these effects appear to be initiated from the plasma cell membrane. There is growing evidence that a subpopulation of the conventional nuclear steroid receptor localized at the cell membrane mediates many of the rapid signaling actions of steroid hormones; however, novel membrane receptors unrelated to conventional steroid receptors have also been implicated. This chapter reviews the nature of the receptors that mediate rapid signaling actions of estrogen and progesterone and describes the signaling molecules and pathways involved, the mechanisms by which receptors couple with components of signaling complexes and trigger responses, and the target tissues and cell functions regulated by this mode of steroid hormone action.
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    MECHANISMS OF BICARBONATE SECRETION IN THE PANCREATIC DUCT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 377-409 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: In many species the pancreatic duct epithelium secretes HCO3 ions at a concentration of around 140 mM by a mechanism that is only partially understood. We know that HCO3 uptake at the basolateral membrane is achieved by Na+-HCO3 cotransport and also by a H+-ATPase and Na+/H+ exchanger operating together with carbonic anhydrase. At the apical membrane, the secretion of moderate concentrations of HCO3 can be explained by the parallel activity of a Cl/HCO3 exchanger and a Cl conductance, either the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) or a Ca2+-activated Cl channel (CaCC). However, the sustained secretion of HCO3 into a HCO3 -rich luminal fluid cannot be explained by conventional Cl/HCO3 exchange. HCO3 efflux across the apical membrane is an electrogenic process that is facilitated by the depletion of intracellular Cl, but it remains to be seen whether it is mediated predominantly by CFTR or by an electrogenic SLC26 anion exchanger.
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    SECRETION AND ABSORPTION BY COLONIC CRYPTS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 471-490 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The intestines play an important role in the absorption and secretion of nutrients. The colon is the final area for recapturing electrolytes and water prior to excretion, and in order to maintain this electrolyte homeostasis, a complex interaction between secretory and absorptive processes is necessary. Until recently it was thought that secretion and absorption were two distinct processes associated with either crypts or surface cells, respectively. Recently it was demonstrated that both the surface and crypt cells can perform secretory and absorptive functions and that, in fact, these functions can be going on simultaneously. This issue is important in the complexities associated with secretory diarrhea and also in attempting to develop treatment strategies for intestinal disorders. Here, we update the model of colonic secretion and absorption, discuss new issues of transporter activation, and identify some important new receptor pathways that are important modulators of the secretory and absorptive functions of the colon.
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    CALCIUM, THIN FILAMENTS, AND THE INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY OF CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 39-67 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Although well known as the location of the mechanism by which the cardiac sarcomere is activated by Ca2+ to generate force and shortening, the thin filament is now also recognized as a vital component determining the dynamics of contraction and relaxation. Molecular signaling in the thin filament involves steric, allosteric, and cooperative mechanisms that are modified by protein phosphorylation, sarcomere length and load, the chemical environment, and isoform composition. Approaches employing transgenesis and mutagenesis now permit investigation of these processes at the level of the systems biology of the heart. These studies reveal that the thin filaments are not merely slaves to the levels of Ca2+ determined by membrane channels, transporters and exchangers, but are actively involved in beat to beat control of cardiac function by neural and hormonal factors and by the Frank-Starling mechanism.
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    BIOPHYSICS, PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY, AND CLIMATE CHANGE: Does Mechanism Matter? (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 177-201 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Recent meta-analyses have shown that the effects of climate change are detectable and significant in their magnitude, but these studies have emphasized the utility of looking for large-scale patterns without necessarily understanding the mechanisms underlying these changes. Using a series of case studies, we explore the potential pitfalls when one fails to incorporate aspects of physiological performance when predicting the consequences of climate change on biotic communities. We argue that by considering the mechanistic details of physiological performance within the context of biophysical ecology (engineering methods of heat, mass and momentum exchange applied to biological systems), such approaches will be better poised to predict where and when the impacts of climate change will most likely occur.
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    ENDOCRINOLOGY OF THE STRESS RESPONSE 1 (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 259-284 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The stress response is subserved by the stress system, which is located both in the central nervous system and the periphery. The principal effectors of the stress system include corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH); arginine vasopressin; the proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides ʼ̛-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and ?‚-endorphin, the glucocorticoids; and the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine. Appropriate responsiveness of the stress system to stressors is a crucial prerequisite for a sense of well-being, adequate performance of tasks, and positive social interactions. By contrast, inappropriate responsiveness of the stress system may impair growth and development and may account for a number of endocrine, metabolic, autoimmune, and psychiatric disorders. The development and severity of these conditions primarily depend on the genetic vulnerability of the individual, the exposure to adverse environmental factors, and the timing of the stressful events, given that prenatal life, infancy, childhood, and adolescence are critical periods characterized by increased vulnerability to stressors.
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    MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF INTESTINAL N+/H+ EXCHANGE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 411-443 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The sodium/hydrogen exchange (NHE) gene family plays an integral role in neutral sodium absorption in the mammalian intestine. The NHE gene family is comprised of nine members that are categorized by cellular localization (i.e., plasma membrane or intracellular). In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of multiple species, there are resident plasma membrane isoforms including NHE1 (basolateral) and NHE2 (apical), recycling isoforms (NHE3), as well as intracellular isoforms (NHE6, 7, 9). NHE3 recycles between the endosomal compartment and the apical plasma membrane and functions in both locations. NHE3 regulation occurs during normal digestive processes and is often inhibited in diarrheal diseases. The C terminus of NHE3 binds multiple regulatory proteins to form large protein complexes that are involved in regulation of NHE3 trafficking to and from the plasma membrane, turnover number, and protein phosphorylation. NHE1 and NHE2 are not regulated by trafficking. NHE1 interacts with multiple regulatory proteins that affect phosphorylation; however, whether NHE1 exists in large multi-protein complexes is unknown. Although intestinal and colonic sodium absorption appear to involve at least NHE2 and NHE3, future studies are necessary to more accurately define their relative contributions to sodium absorption during human digestion and in pathophysiological conditions.
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    A PHYSIOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE PRIMARY CILIUM (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 515-529 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The primary cilium, an organelle largely ignored by physiologists, functions both as a mechano-sensor and a chemo-sensor in renal tubular epithelia. This forgotten structure is critically involved in the determination of left-right sidedness during development and is a key factor in the development of polycystic kidney disease, as well as a number of other abnormalities. This review provides an update of our current understanding about the function of primary cilia. Much new information obtained in the past five years has been stimulated, in part, by discoveries of the primary cilium's key role in the genesis of polycystic kidney disease as well as its involvement in determination of left-right axis asymmetry. Here we focus on the various functions of the primary cilium rather than on its role in pathology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.101353
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    RENAL TUBULE ALBUMIN TRANSPORT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 573-594 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Albumin is the most abundant protein in serum and contributes to the maintenance of oncotic pressure as well as to transport of hydrophobic molecules. Although albumin is a large anionic protein, it is not completely retained by the glomerular filtration barrier. In order to prevent proteinuria, albumin is reabsorbed along the proximal tubules by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which involves the binding proteins megalin and cubilin. Endocytosis depends on proper vesicle acidification. Disturbance of endosomal acidification or loss of the binding proteins leads to tubular proteinuria. Furthermore, endocytosis is subject to modulation by different signaling systems, such as protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-?‚). In addition to being reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, albumin can also act as a profibrotic and proinflammatory stimulus, thereby initiating or promoting tubulo-interstitial diseases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.031103.154845
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    THE COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF FOOD DEPRIVATION: From Feast to Famine (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 223-251 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The ability of animals to survive food deprivation is clearly of considerable survival value. Unsurprisingly, therefore, all animals exhibit adaptive biochemical and physiological responses to the lack of food. Many animals inhabit environments in which food availability fluctuates or encounters with appropriate food items are rare and unpredictable; these species offer interesting opportunities to study physiological adaptations to fasting and starvation. When deprived of food, animals employ various behavioral, physiological, and structural responses to reduce metabolism, which prolongs the period in which energy reserves can cover metabolism. Such behavioral responses can include a reduction in spontaneous activity and a lowering in body temperature, although in later stages of food deprivation in which starvation commences, activity may increase as food-searching is activated. In most animals, the gastrointestinal tract undergoes marked atrophy when digestive processes are curtailed; this structural response and others seem particularly pronounced in species that normally feed at intermittent intervals. Such animals, however, must be able to restore digestive functions soon after feeding, and these transitions appear to occur at low metabolic costs.
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    ROLE OF FXYD PROTEINS IN ION TRANSPORT (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 431-459 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The FXYD proteins are a family of seven homologous single transmembrane segment proteins (FXYD1Đ??7), expressed in a tissue-specific fashion. The FXYD proteins modulate the function of Na,K-ATPase, thus adapting kinetic properties of active Na+ and K+ transport to the specific needs of different cells. Six FXYD proteins ( 1Đ??5, 7 ) are known to interact with Na,K-ATPase and affect its kinetic properties in specific ways. Although effects of FXYD proteins on parameters such as K1/2Na+, K1/2K+, KmATP, and Vmax are modest, usually twofold, these effects may have important long-term consequences for homeostasis of cation balance. In this review we summarize basic features of FXYD proteins and present recent evidence for functional effects, structure-function relations and structural interactions with Na,K-ATPase. We then discuss possible physiological roles, based on in vitro observations and newly available knockout mice models. Finally, we also consider evidence that FXYD proteins affect functioning of other ion transport systems.
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    PERMEATION AND SELECTIVITY OF TRP CHANNELS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 685-717 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Ion channels are pore-forming transmembrane proteins that allow ions to permeate biological membranes. Pore structure plays a crucial role in determining the ion permeation and selectivity properties of particular channels. In the past few decades, efforts have been undertaken to identify key elements of the pore regions of different classes of ion channels. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about permeation and selectivity of channel proteins from the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily. Whereas all TRP channels are permeable for cations, only two TRP channels are impermeable for Ca2+ (TRPM4, TRPM5), and two others are highly Ca2+ permeable (TRPV5, TRPV6). Despite the great advances in the TRP channel field during the past decade, only a limited number of reports have dealt with functional characterization of pore properties, biophysical aspects of cation permeation, or description of pore structures of TRP channels. This review gives an overview of available experimental and theoretical data and discusses the functional impact of pore-structure modifications on TRP channel properties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040204.101406
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    PETER HOCHACHKA: Adventures in Biochemical Adaptation (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 25-37 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Peter Hochachka was one of the most creative forces in the field of comparative physiology during the past half-century. His career was truly an exploratory adventure, in both intellectual and geographic senses. His broad comparative studies of metabolism in organisms as diverse as trout, tunas, oysters, squid, turtles, locusts, hummingbirds, seals, and humans revealed the adaptable features of enzymes and metabolic pathways that provide the biochemical bases for diverse lifestyles and environments. In its combined breadth and depth, no other corpus of work better illustrates the principle of "unity in diversity" that marks comparative physiology. Through his publications, his stimulating mentorship, his broad editorial services, and his continuousĐ??and highly infectiousĐ??enthusiasm for his field, Peter Hochachka served as one of the most influential leaders in the transformation of comparative physiology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.041904.120836
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    RNAI AS AN EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC TOOL TO STUDY AND REGULATE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND DISEASE PROCESSES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 147-173 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Over the past four years RNA interference (RNAi) has exploded onto the research scene as a new approach to manipulate gene expression in mammalian systems. More recently, RNAi has garnered much interest as a potential therapeutic strategy. In this review, we briefly summarize the current understanding of RNAi biology and examine how RNAi has been used to study the genetic basis of physiological and disease processes in mammalian systems. We also explore some of the new developments in the use of RNAi for disease therapy and highlight the key challenges that currently limit its application in the laboratory, as well as in the clinical setting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.130716
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    LESSONS IN ESTROGEN BIOLOGY FROM KNOCKOUT AND TRANSGENIC ANIMALS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 285-308 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Tremendous progress has been made in elucidating numerous critical aspects of estrogen signaling. New tools and techniques have enabled detailed molecular analysis of components that direct estrogen responses. At the other end of the spectrum, generation of a multiplicity of transgenic animals has allowed analysis of the physiological roles of the estrogen-signaling components in biologically relevant models. Here, we review the ever-increasing body of knowledge in the field of estrogen biology, especially as applied to the female reproductive processes.
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    NOVEL RENAL AMINO ACID TRANSPORTERS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 557-572 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Reabsorption of amino acids, similar to that of glucose, is a major task of the proximal kidney tubule. Various amino acids are actively transported across the luminal brush border membrane into proximal tubule epithelial cells, most of which by cotransport. An important player is the newly identified cotransporter (symporter) B0AT1 (SLC6A19), which imports a broad range of neutral amino acids together with Na+ across the luminal membrane and which is defective in Hartnup disorder. In contrast, cationic amino acids and cystine are taken up in exchange for recycled neutral amino acids by the heterodimeric cystinuria transporter. The basolateral release of some neutral amino acids into the extracellular space is mediated by unidirectional efflux transporters, analogous to GLUT2, that have not yet been definitively identified. Additionally, cationic amino acids and some other neutral amino acids leave the cell basolaterally via heterodimeric obligatory exchangers.
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    LUNG VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 623-661 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Past studies have primarily focused on how altered lung vascular growth and development contribute to pulmonary hypertension. Recently, basic studies of vascular growth have led to novel insights into mechanisms underlying development of the normal pulmonary circulation and the essential relationship of vascular growth to lung alveolar development. These observations have led to new concepts underlying the pathobiology of developmental lung disease, especially the inhibition of lung growth that characterizes bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We speculate that understanding basic mechanisms that regulate and determine vascular growth will lead to new clinical strategies to improve the long-term outcome of premature babies with BPD.
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    REGULATION OF NORMAL AND CYSTIC FIBROSIS AIRWAY SURFACE LIQUID VOLUME BY PHASIC SHEAR STRESS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 543-561 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The physical removal of viruses and bacteria on the mucociliary escalator is an important aspect of the mammalian lung's innate defense mechanism. The volume of airway surface liquid (ASL) present in the respiratory tract is a critical determinant of both mucus hydration and the rate of mucus clearance from the lung. ASL volume is maintained by the predominantly ciliated epithelium via coordinated regulation of (a) absorption, by the epithelial Na+ channel, and (b) secretion, by the Ca2+ -activated Cl channel (CaCC) and CFTR. This review provides an update on our current understanding of how shear stress regulates ASL volume height in normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelia through extracellular ATP- and adenosine (ADO)-mediated pathways that modulate ion transport and ASL volume homeostasis. We also discuss (a) how derangement of the ADO-CFTR pathway renders CF airways vulnerable to viral infections that deplete ASL volume and produce mucus stasis, and (b) potential shear stressĐ??dependent therapies for CF.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.072304.112754
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    STRESS TRANSMISSION IN THE LUNG: Pathways from Organ to Molecule (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 507-541 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Gas exchange, the primary function of the lung, can come about only with the application of physical forces on the macroscale and their transmission to the scale of small airway, small blood vessel, and alveolus, where they serve to distend and stabilize structures that would otherwise collapse. The pathway for force transmission then continues down to the level of cell, nucleus, and molecule; moreover, to lesser or greater degrees most cell types that are resident in the lung have the ability to generate contractile forces. At these smallest scales, physical forces serve to distend the cytoskeleton, drive cytoskeletal remodeling, expose cryptic binding domains, and ultimately modulate reaction rates and gene expression. Importantly, evidence has now accumulated suggesting that multiscale phenomena span these scales and govern integrative lung behavior.
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    AN INTRODUCTION TO TRP CHANNELS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 619-647 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The aim of this review is to provide a basic framework for understanding the function of mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, particularly as they have been elucidated in heterologous expression systems. Mammalian TRP channel proteins form six-transmembrane (6-TM) cation-permeable channels that may be grouped into six subfamilies on the basis of amino acid sequence homology (TRPC, TRPV, TRPM, TRPA, TRPP, and TRPML). Selected functional properties of TRP channels from each subfamily are summarized in this review. Although a single defining characteristic of TRP channel function has not yet emerged, TRP channels may be generally described as calcium-permeable cation channels with polymodal activation properties. By integrating multiple concomitant stimuli and coupling their activity to downstream cellular signal amplification via calcium permeation and membrane depolarization, TRP channels appear well adapted to function in cellular sensation. Our review of recent literature implicating TRP channels in neuronal growth cone steering suggests that TRPs may function more widely in cellular guidance and chemotaxis. The TRP channel gene family and its nomenclature, the encoded proteins and alternatively spliced variants, and the rapidly expanding pharmacology of TRP channels are summarized in online supplemental material.
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    INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL AS PACEMAKERS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 307-343 
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    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: In the gastrointestinal tract, phasic contractions are caused by electrical activity termed slow waves. Slow waves are generated and actively propagated by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). The initiation of pacemaker activity in the ICC is caused by release of Ca2+ from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptorĐ??operated stores, uptake of Ca2+ into mitochondria, and the development of unitary currents. Summation of unitary currents causes depolarization and activation of a dihydropyridine-resistant Ca2+ conductance that entrains pacemaker activity in a network of ICC, resulting in the active propagation of slow waves. Slow wave frequency is regulated by a variety of physiological agonists and conditions, and shifts in pacemaker dominance can occur in response to both neural and nonneural inputs. Loss of ICC in many human motility disorders suggests exciting new hypotheses for the etiology of these disorders.
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    Environment, Subsistence, and Society: The Changing Archaeological Perspective (1972)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 1 (1972), S. 179-206 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.01.100172.001143
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    American Indian Linguistics (1972)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 1 (1972), S. 411-424 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.01.100172.002211
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    Anthropological Studies of the Educational Process (1973)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 2 (1973), S. 95-105 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.02.100173.000523
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    Southwestern Ethnology: A Critical Review (1973)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 2 (1973), S. 221-252 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.02.100173.001253
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    Current Directions in Southwestern Archaeology (1973)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 2 (1973), S. 201-219 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.02.100173.001221
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    The Origins of Agriculture (1973)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 2 (1973), S. 271-310 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.02.100173.001415
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    HUMAN RIGHTS, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE, AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES AMONG SOUTH AMERICAN INDIGENOUS GROUPS * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 639-665 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Despite the efforts of international health agencies to reduce global health inequalities, indigenous populations around the world remain largely unaffected by such initiatives. This chapter reviews the biomedical literature indexed by the PubMed database published between 1963 and 2003 on South American indigenous populations, a total of 1864 studies that include 63,563 study participants. Some language family groupings are better represented than are others, and lowland groups are better represented than are highland groups. Very few studies focus on major health threats (e.g., tuberculosis, influenza), public health interventions, or mestizo-indigenous epidemiological comparisons. The prevalence rates of three frequently studied infectionsĐ??parasitism, human T-cell lymphotropic viral infection (HTLV), and hepatitisĐ??are extraordinarily high, but these facts have been overlooked by national and international health agencies. This review underscores the urgent need for interventions based on known disease prevalence rates to reduce the burden of infectious diseases in indigenous communities.
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    WILL INDIGENOUS LANGUAGES SURVIVE? (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 293-315 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Much attention has been focused on the survival of Indigenous languages in recent years. Many, particularly anthropologists and linguists, anticipate the demise of the majority of Indigenous languages within this century and have called on the need to arrest the loss of languages. Opinions vary concerning the loss of language; some regard it as a hopeless cause, and others see language revitalization as a major responsibility of linguistics and kindred disciplines. To that end, this review explores efforts in language revitalization and documentation and the engagement with Indigenous peoples. It remains unclear why some attempts at language revitalization succeed, whereas others fail. What is clear is that the process is profoundly political.
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    RACE AND ETHNICITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH: Models to Explain Health Disparities (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 231-252 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: The description and explanation of racial and ethnic health disparities are major initiatives of the public health research establishment. Black Americans suffer on nearly every measure of health in relation to white Americans. Five theoretical models have been proposed to explain these disparities: a racial-genetic model, a health-behavior model, a socioeconomic status model, a psychosocial stress model, and a structural-constructivist model. We selectively review literature on health disparities, emphasizing research on low birth weight and high blood pressure. The psychosocial stress model and the structural-constructivist model offer greatest promise to explain disparities. In future research, theoretical elaboration and operational specificity are needed to distinguish among three distinct factors: (a) genetic variants contributing to disease risk; (b) ethnoracial or folk racial categories masquerading as biology; and (c) ethnic group membership. Such elaboration is necessary to move beyond the conflation of these three distinct constructs that characterizes much of current research.
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    THE EFFECT OF MARKET ECONOMIES ON THE WELL-BEING OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND ON THEIR USE OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 121-138 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Assessing the effects of markets on the well-being of indigenous peoples and their conservation of natural resources matters to identify public policies to improve well-being and enhance conservation and to test hypotheses about sociocultural change. We review studies about how market economies affect the subsistence, health, nutritional status, social capital, and traditional ecological knowledge of indigenous peoples and their use of renewable natural resources. Market exposure produces mixed effects on well-being and conservation. Unclear effects arise from the small sample size of observations; reliance on cross-sectional data or short panels; lack of agreement on the measure of key variables, such as integration to the market or folk knowledge, or whether to rely on perceived or objective indicators of health; and endogeneity biases. Rigorous empirical studies linking market economies with the well-being of indigenous peoples or their use of renewable natural resources have yet to take off.
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    On the Adequacy of Recent Phonological Theories and Practices (1973)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 2 (1973), S. 153-164 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.02.100173.001101
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    Mathematical Anthropology (1973)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 2 (1973), S. 189-199 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.02.100173.001201
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    Ethnographic Film: Structure and Function (1973)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 2 (1973), S. 179-187 
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    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.02.100173.001143
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    New Developments in Hominid Paleontology in South and East Africa (1973)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 2 (1973), S. 311-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.02.100173.001523
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    THROUGH WARY EYES: Indigenous Perspectives on Archaeology (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 429-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Archaeology has been linked to colonialist attitudes and scientific imperialism. But what are the perspectives of Indigenous groups concerning the practice of archaeology? Numerous organizations recognize the distinctive needs of Indigenous communities throughout the world and have adopted agreements and definitions that govern their relationships with those populations. The specific name by which Indigenous groups are known varies from country to country, as local governments are involved in determining the appropriateness of particular definitions to populations within their borders. This paper begins with an examination of the various aspects that have been used to determine whether or not a group of people might be considered "indigenous" under various definitions, and then uses the history of the relationships between North American archaeologists and Indigenous populations as a background for the examination of some of the political aspects of archaeology that have impacted Indigenous populations. It then proceeds to discuss perspectives on archaeology offered by members of various Indigenous populations throughout the World.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120540
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    ENHANCEMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND THE BODY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 695-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: The technological ability to alter biology, along with the social conditions and cultural expectations that enable such transformations, is spawning a variety of techniques that augment bodily forms and functions. These techniques, collectively known as enhancement technologies, aim to improve human characteristics, including appearance and mental or physical functioning, often beyond what is 'normal' or necessary for life and well-being. Humans have always modified their bodies. What distinguishes these techniques is that bodies and selves become the objects of improvement work, unlike previous efforts in modernity to achieve progress through social and political institutions. There are profound effects on sociality and subjectivity. This chapter reviews analytical approaches through which researchers have attempted to illuminate the practices, moral and economic reasoning, cultural assumptions and institutional contexts constituting enhancements, framing the discussion by examining the concept of the normal body. Examples from cosmetic, neurological and genetic enhancements will illustrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.144020
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    THE ECOLOGIES OF HUMAN IMMUNE FUNCTION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 495-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Immune function is notoriously complex, and current biomedical research elaborates this complexity by focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that characterize immune defenses. However, the human immune system is a product of natural selection that develops and functions in whole organisms that are integral parts of their surrounding environments. A population-level, cross-cultural, adaptationist perspective is therefore a necessary complement to the micro levels of analysis currently favored by biomedical immunology. Prior field-based research on human immunity is reviewed to demonstrate the relevance of cultural ecological factors, with an emphasis on the ecologies of nutrition, infectious disease, reproduction, and psychosocial stress. Common themes and anthropological contributions are identified in an attempt to promote future research in human ecological immunology that integrates theory and method for a more contextualized understanding of this important physiological system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120348
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    AUTOCHTHONY: Local or Global? New Modes in the Struggle over Citizenship and Belonging in Africa and Europe (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 385-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: The past 15 years have brought an upsurge of "autochthony." It has become an incendiary political slogan in many parts of the African continent as an unexpected corollary of democratization and the new style of development policies ("by-passing the state" and decentralization). The main agenda of the new autochthony movements is the exclusion of supposed "strangers" and the unmasking of "fake" autochthons, who are often citizens of the same nation-state. However, Africa is no exception in this respect. Intensified processes of globalization worldwide seem to go together with a true "conjuncture of belonging" (T.M. Li 2000 ) and increasingly violent attempts to exclude "allochthons." This article compares studies of the upsurge of autochthony in Africa with interpretations of the rallying power of a similar discourse in Western Europe. How can the same discourse appear "natural" in such disparate circumstances? Recent studies highlight the extreme malleability of the apparently self-evident claims of autochthony. These discourses promise the certainty of belonging, but in practice, they raise basic uncertainties because autochthony is subject to constant redefinition against new "others" and at ever-closer range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120354
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    NEW DIRECTIONS IN PIDGIN AND CREOLE STUDIES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: This chapter introduces the reader to the areas of previous investigation in creole studies, while outlining new directions the field is taking. The first section shows that, although the chief areas of interest have essentially remained the same for the past few decades, methodologies have changed toward a more comprehensive multilayered approach aimed at a better understanding of how individual creole languages emerge, evolve and function. The second section focuses particularly on cognitive processes involved in creole formation, such as restructuring, relexification, reanalysis, and dialectal leveling. In the third and last section, I critically evaluate the current state of affairs and point out potential obstacles and promising interdisciplinary trends.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120638
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    THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005), S. 523-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6570
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Biology
    Notes: Everywhere the issue has been examined, people make discriminations about others' physical attractiveness. Can human standards of physical attractiveness be understood through the lens of evolutionary biology? In the past decade, this question has guided much theoretical and empirical work. In this paper, we (a) outline the basic adaptationist approach that has guided the bulk of this work, (b) describe evolutionary models of signaling that have been applied to understand human physical attractiveness, and (c) discuss and evaluate specific lines of empirical research attempting to address the selective history of human standards of physical attractiveness. We also discuss ways evolutionary scientists have attempted to understand variability in standards of attractiveness across cultures as well as the ways current literature speaks to body modification in modern Western cultures. Though much work has been done, many fundamental questions remain unanswered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143733
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