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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Biotic interactions and global change (1993)
    Sunderland, Massachusetts : Sinauer Associates
    Details Availability
    Call number: PIK N 071-94-0169
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 559 p.
    ISBN: 0878934308 , 0-87893-429-4
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOPHYSICS, PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY, AND CLIMATE CHANGE: Does Mechanism Matter? (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 67 (2005), S. 177-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Recent meta-analyses have shown that the effects of climate change are detectable and significant in their magnitude, but these studies have emphasized the utility of looking for large-scale patterns without necessarily understanding the mechanisms underlying these changes. Using a series of case studies, we explore the potential pitfalls when one fails to incorporate aspects of physiological performance when predicting the consequences of climate change on biotic communities. We argue that by considering the mechanistic details of physiological performance within the context of biophysical ecology (engineering methods of heat, mass and momentum exchange applied to biological systems), such approaches will be better poised to predict where and when the impacts of climate change will most likely occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.105027
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoregulation and the determinants of heat transfer in Colias butterflies (1982)
    Springer
    Oecologia 53 (1982), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary As a means of exploring behavioral and morphological adaptations for thermoregulation in Colias butterflies, convective heat transfer coefficients of real and model butterflies were measured in a wind tunnel as a function of wind speed and body orientation (yaw angle). Results are reported in terms of a dimensionless heat transfer coefficient (Nusselt number, Nu) and a dimensionless wind speed (Reynolds number, Re), for a wind speed range typical of that experienced by basking Colias in the field. The resultant Nusselt-Reynolds (Nu-Re) plots thus indicate the rates of heat transfer by forced convection as a function of wind speed for particular model geometries. For Reynolds numbers throughout the measured range, Nusselt numbers for C. eurytheme butterflies are consistently lower than those for long cylinders, and are independent of yaw angle. There is significant variation among individual butterflies in heat transfer coefficients throughout the Re range. Model butterflies without artificial fur have Nu-Re relations similar to those for cylinders. Heat transfer in these models depends upon yaw angle, with higher heat transfer at intermediate yaw angles (30–60°); these yaw effects increase with increasing Reynolds number. Models with artificial fur, like real Colias, have Nusselt numbers which are consistently lower than those for models without fur at given Reynolds numbers throughout the Re range. Unlike real Colias, however, the models with fur do show yaw angle effects similar to those for models without fur. The independence of heat loss from yaw angle for real Colias is consistent with field observations indicating no behavioral orientation to wind direction. The presence of fur on the models reduces heat loss but does not affect yaw dependence. The large individual variation in heat transfer coefficients among butterflies is probably due to differences in fur characteristics rather than to differences in wing morphology. Finally, a physical model of a butterfly was constructed which accurately simulates the body temperatures of basking Colias in the field for a variety of radiation and wind velocity conditions. The success of the butterfly simulator in mimicking Colias thermal characteristics confirms our preliminary understanding of the physical bases for and heat transfer mechanisms underlying thermoregulatory adaptations in these butterflies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377132
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal physiological ecology of Colias butterflies in flight (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 69 (1986), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary As a comparison to the many studies of larger flying insects, we carried out an initial study of heat balance and thermal dependence of flight of a small butterfly (Colias) in a wind tunnel and in the wild. Unlike many larger, or facultatively endothermic insects, Colias do not regulate heat loss by altering hemolymph circulation between thorax and abdomen as a function of body temperature. During flight, thermal excess of the abdomen above ambient temperature is weakly but consistently coupled to that of the thorax. Total heat loss is best expressed as the sum of heat loss from the head and thorex combined plus heat loss from the abdomen because the whole body is not isothermal. Convective cooling is a simple linear function of the square root of air speed from 0.2 to 2.0 m/s in the wind tunnel. Solar heat flux is the main source of heat gain in flight, just as it is the exclusive source for warmup at rest. The balance of heat gain from sunlight versus heat loss from convection and radiation does not appear to change by more than a few percent between the wings-closed basking posture and the variable opening of wings in flight, although several aspects require further study. Heat generation by action of the flight muscles is small (on the order of 100 m W/g tissue) compared to values reported for other strongly flying insects. Colias appears to have only very limited capacity to modulate flight performance. Wing beat frequency varies from 12–19 Hz depending on body mass, air speed, and thoracic temperature. At suboptimal flight temperatures, wing beat frequency increases significantly with thoracic temperature and body mass but is independent of air speed. Within the reported thermal optimum of 35–39°C, wing beat frequency is negatively dependent on air speed at values above 1.5 m/s, but independent of mass and body temperature. Flight preference of butterflies in the wind tunnel is for air speeds of 0.5–1.5 m/s, and no flight occurs at or above 2.5 m/s. Voluntary flight initiation in the wild occurs only at air speeds ≦1.4 m/s. In the field, Colias fly just above the vegetation at body temperatures of 1–2°C greater than when basking at the top of the vegetation. These measurements are consistent with our findings on low heat gain from muscular activity during flight. Basking temperatures of butterflies sheltered from the wind within the vegetation were 1–2°C greater than flight temperatures at vegetation height.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377616
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal ecology of Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): a new mechanism of behavioral thermoregulation (1985)
    Springer
    Oecologia 66 (1985), S. 540-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary I document a new mechanism for behavioral thermoregulation, not previously described in animals, called reflectance basking. This behavior, described here for Pieris butterflies, involves the use of the wings as solar reflectors that reflect solar radiation onto the body to increase body temperature. Results show that Pieris require thoracic (body) temperature. between 29° and 40° C in order to take off and fly, and achieve these elevated temperatures by basking. Diurnal patterns of population flight activity are closely correlated with patterns of body temperature during basking. Behavioral studies indicate that 1) Pieris orient to solar radiation, 2) they use thermoregulatory postures consistent with reflectance basking, and 3) they do not use the basking postures found in other Pierid butterflies (i.e., the Coliadinae). There are consistent differences in wing angles used in reflectance basking between Pieris in different subgenera. Results are discussed with respect to thermoregulation and wing color in other Pierid butterflies, and suggest that a re-evaluation of the functional significance of melanization in Pieris is needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379347
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoregulatory significance of wing melanization in Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): physics, posture, and pattern (1985)
    Springer
    Oecologia 66 (1985), S. 546-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pieris butterflies use a novel behavioral posture for thermoregulation called reflectance basking, in which the wings are used as solar reflectors to reflect radiation to the body. As a means of exploring the thermoregulatory significance of wing melanization patterns, I examine the relation of basking posture and wing color pattern to body temperature. A mathematical model of the reflectance process predicts certain combinations of dorsal wing melanization pattern and basking posture that maximize body temperature. Laboratory experiments and field observations show that this model correctly predicts qualitative differences in the relation of body temperature to basking posture based on differences in the extent of dorsal melanization on the wing margins, both between species and between sexes within species of Pieris. This is the first demonstration in insects that coloration of the entire wing surface can affect thermoregulation. Model and experimental results suggest that, in certain wing regions, increased melanization can reduce body temperature in Pieris; this effect of melanization is exactly the opposite of that found in other Pierid butterflies that use their wings as solar absorbers. These results are discussed in terms of the evolution of wing melanization pattern and thermoregulatory behavior in butterflies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379348
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical determinants of nectar feeding strategy in hummingbirds: energetics, tongue morphology, and licking behavior (1983)
    Springer
    Oecologia 60 (1983), S. 214-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To explore the mechanical determinants of feeding strategies for nectar feeders, we develop a fluid dynamical and behavioral model describing the mechanics and energetics of capillary feeding in hummingbirds. Behavioral and morphological data for Calypte and Archilochus are used to test and illustrate this model. We emphasize the important differences between capillary and suction mechanisms of fluid feeding. Model predictions of nectar intake rates and nectar volumes per lick are consistent with observed values for Calypte anna. The optimal nectar concentration maximizing rate of energy intake depends on tongue morphology and licking behavior. For hummingbirds exhibiting optimal licking behavior, the optimal nectar concentration is 35–40% sucrose for feeding on large nectar volumes. For small nectar volumes, the optimal concentration is 20–25%. The model also identifies certain tongue morphologies and licking frequencies maximizing energy intake, that are consistent with available observations on licking behavior and tongue design in nectar feeding birds. These predictions differ qualitatively from previous results for suction feeding in butterflies. The model predicts that there is a critical food canal radius above which suction feeding is superior to capillary feeding in maximizing the rate of energy intake; the tongues of most hummingbirds and sunbirds fall above this critical radius. The development of suction feeding by nectarivorous birds may be constrained by the elastic properties of their flexible tongues. Our results show that, in terms of morphology, scaling, and energetics, different mechanisms of feeding on the same food resource can lead to qualitatively different predictions about optimal design and feeding strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379523
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical determinants of nectar-feeding energetics in butterflies: muscle mechanics, feeding geometry, and functional equivalence (1989)
    Springer
    Oecologia 79 (1989), S. 66-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Pieris ; Nectivory ; Optimal foraging ; Muscle mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We develop a mechanistic model for nectar feeding in butterflies that integrates the two basic components of the feeding process: the fluid dynamics of nectar flow through the food canal and the contractile mechanics of the muscular, cibarial pump. We use the model to predict the relation between rate of energy intake during feeding and nectar concentration. We then identify nectar concentations that maximize energy intake rates (the optimal concentrations). We illustrate the model using measurements of the food canal and cibarium of Pieris butterflies. The model predicts an overall optimal range of nectar concentration of 31–39% sucrose for butterflies, which is in agreement with previously reported laboratory values. The model also predicts an interaction among the geometries of the food canal, the cibarial cavity, and the cibarial muscles, that allows us to identify the combinations of food canal, cibarium, and muscle dimensions that yield the highest rates of energy intake. Nectar-feeding is “functionally equivalent” in butterflies and hummingbirds: two physically different feeding mechanisms can yield identical energy intake rates. This equivalence results from a mathematical and physical similarity between quasi-steady-state fluid flow in hummingbrid tongues and the force-velocity characteristics of contracting cibarial muscle in butterflies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378241
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interaction of the female ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with her eggs in relation to the morphology of the gallery system (1977)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 21 (1977), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde untersucht das Verhalten des Weibchens von Xyleborus ferrugineus in Beziehung zur Morphologie seines Galeriesystems und zur Lage der Eier in dem System, welches in einem künstlichen Medium in Reagenzgläsern gebildet wurde. Vier wichtige morphologische Plätze innerhalb des Galeriesystems wurden gefunden: Seitenkammern, Gabelung von Galerien, Kopfende einer Galerie und ‘Glasende’ (d.h. wo eine Galerie nicht mehr an der Glasinnenwand weiterführt, sondern sich ins Medium wendet). Weibchen höhlen zunächst Haupt- und Zweiggalerien aus; Seitenkammern werden kurz vor sowie nach dem Einsetzen der Eiablage hinzugefügt. Die Seitenkammern waren der häufigste Platz für die Eier. Die Gegenwart eines Eies an einem Platz im Galeriesystem erhöhte gewöhnlich die Häufigkeit der ‘Stops’ der Weibchen (definiert als Anhalten und/oder Wechsel der Richtung ihrer Bewegung). Bei Seitenkammern war jedoch diese Häufigkeit die gleiche mit und ohne Eier. Weibchen blieben nicht signifikant länger an Stellen, wo sich Eier befanden als wo keine Eier waren. Die Seitenkammern schienen die Funktion, wiewohl nicht die Struktur der klassischen Scolytiden-Brutkammer zu haben. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert in Hinsicht auf die funktionelle Morphologie der Scolytidengalerien und auf die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Weibchen und ihren Eiern.
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of the female ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus ferrugineus, was studied in relation to the morphology of its gallery system and to the location of eggs within the system as constructed in an artificial medium. Females first excavated main and branch galleries, and branch cells were added just prior to, and after, the onset of oviposition. The branch cell was the most common location of eggs. The presence of an egg at any location in the gallery system usually increased the frequency of stops by the female. However, at branch cells this frequency was the same with and without eggs. Females did not spend significantly greater time in areas where eggs were present than where eggs were absent. These results are discussed in relation to the functional morphology of scolytid galleries and to the interactions between the female and her eggs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300335
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    External morphology of Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabr.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). I. Head and prothorax of adult males and femalesThis research was supported by the Director of the Research Division, C.A.L.S., University of Wisconsin, Madison; and in part by Research Grant RR-00779 from the Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health and by funds from the Schoenleber Foundation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The overall body dimensions and external morphology of the head, head appendages, prothorax, and prothoracic legs of the adult haploid male and diploid female Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius) were examined by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, and analyzed for variation. The female is significantly larger (1.26 X) than the male. The length/width ratio of both the pronotum and elytron, and the pronotum-length/elytron-length ratio are significantly different in the male and female. These findings indicate a distinct sexual dimorphism in general body form. There is significantly greater variability in pronotal length and width in the male than the female. There are sexual differences in setal patterns and setal size variabilities on the dorsal pronotum and the terminus of the antennae.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051540110
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