ALBERT

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Ten new species of colorless Eugleninae are described. One of them is the type of a new genus (Calycimonas physaloides nov. gen. nov. sp.). Especially remarkable forms are: Astasia acus, a species related to the green Euglena acus but without chromatophores and stigma and considerably smaller; Astasia edax, a species with animal-like nutrition and peculiar ecological adaptations; Petalomonas striata, a form which is not spirally but transversely striated; and finally Hyalophacus caecus, which was observed already by Klebs and Pochmann but was not sufficiently described. The new genus Calycimonas (ex fam. Peranemacearum) is related to Tropidoscyphus on the one hand (nearly the same shape as e.g. Tr. octocostatus, but possessing only a single flagellum) and to Petalomonas on the other hand (mode of nutrition and of swimming, formation of the reservoir, rigidity: however in transverse section not flattened).The Astasiae with zootrophic nutrition are collected in a new subgenus Astasiae devorantes or Phytophaga which comprises besides A. edax three species already described by Skuja.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. H. canis (James) is reported from three of 36 stray dogs at Singapore and one of 34 palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Pallas) from Jeram, Selangor. H. muris (Balfour) was found at Singapore in 10 of 61 examples of Rattus norvegicus (Erxleben) and five of 23 of R. rattus diardi (Jentinck), and is also recorded from six of 139 examples of R. r. jarak (Bonhote) from Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca. Neutrophils of P. hermaphroditus containing gametocytes of H. canis exhibit pronounced karyorrhexis, while most of the parasites themselves show signs of pyknosis.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. A total of 155 clones of Stylonychia putrina collected in nature were tested for mating type. Two sexually isolated varieties were found among them: Variety I with 12 mating types and Var. II with 11. Five of the clones isolated in the laboratory belonged to 3 additional mating types of Var. I making a total of 15 mating types in this variety.Crosses were made among 6 of the mating types of Var. I, and 114 clones of progeny were raised and tested for mating type. No simple genetic explanation of the results was evident.An abnormal type of conjugation with fusion of the conjugants and subsequent fission was studied. Both parental mating types sometimes segregated during the first two fissions of a fused animal. Mating type determination in the progeny of the fused animals seemed to parallel that of the progeny of the normal conjugants in that in both cases certain mating types tended to be dominant over others.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The cytochemical procedure of Sen was used to demonstrate urease activity in Tetrahymena pyriformis S.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The chimpanzee is shown to behave like man to infection with Babesia divergens or bovis: the intact animal is totally resistant, whereas the splenectomized animal develops a fulminating infection accompanied by blackwater. The splenectomized rhesus monkey reacts in the same way also, but splenectomized rabbits are insusceptible. In the chimpanzee the typical accolé position of the “divergens” organisms (as seen in cattle) is absent, but occurs in the rhesus. It is suggested that latent piroplasmosis in man may exist on a large scale in rural populations in infected localities.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Studies cf 3 conjugating strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis grown in a bacterized medium indicated the presence of a system of alternative immobilizing surface antigens. Each strain was found to have the potential for the expression of 3 serologically unrelated antigens. These consisted of a “high temperature” antigen (expressed in the range of 20–35d̀C), a “low temperature” antigen (exhibited in cultures at 10d̀), and an antigen induced by growth in the presence of the above-mentioned “high temperature” antiserum. Normally, by the immobilization reaction, only one of these antigens could be detected as present on any one organism at any given time. The “high temperature” antigens of two of the strains were serclogically related while that of the 3rd strain did not cross-react with antisera to the other two. The “low temperature” antigens of the 3 strains were serologically related as were the antigens induced by growth in antiserum.Studies of inbred hybrids of two of the strains indicated a potential for still more alternative antigens as well as for the spontaneous expression of the antigen which in the parental strains could only be induced to appear by the presence of the specific antiserum.Study of the 3 strains in axenic medium indicated the existence of a more complex system and the possibility that two or more immobilizing antigens may be present simultaneously.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The establishment of Eimeria tenella sporozoites in the cecal mucosa of the chicken is described. The invasion process was similar to that reported for E. necatrix by Van Doorninck and Becker. Sporozoites were found to pass through the surface epithelium of the cecal mucosa into the lamina propria. Within the lamina propria the sporozoites were engulfed by macrophages and transported to the cells of the glands of Lieberkühn. Development of the sporozoites ensues within the gland epithelium.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The morphology of the vegetative phase and the sexual process in Pandorina morum have been studied in detail under controlled laboratory conditions. A number of strains from various areas of the United States, all essentially indistinguishable on morphological grounds, were analyzed for sexual compatibility. Forty-seven heterothallic clones were found to represent 15 separate pairs of mating types, or a minimum of 15 syngens (sensu Sonneborn, 1957). Two clones proved to be homothallic. Nine additional clones, which were not observed to mate with any strain, can be classified only after further collecting. The separate heterothallic pairs of mating types are sexually isolated by factors acting at the stage of gamete production; incompatible mating types produce no gametes when they are mixed together. The geographical distribution of the sets of mating types is very incompletely defined as yet, but they are not strictly endemic forms. Thirty heterothallic strains, representing each of the 15 sexually isolated sets of mating types of Pandorina morum, have been deposited with the Culture Collection of Algae maintained at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. When grown in CPLM medium or in a similar medium containing glucose instead of maltose as its sugar, Tritrichomonas foetus, Strain O, was much more sensitive to injury when frozen to -21d̀ C. in the presence. of 1 m glycerol during the initial and logarithmic phases of its population growth curve than at its peak and for some time thereafter. In 7 experiments in which the population peak occurred an average of 28.1 hours after inoculation, the average culture age at which the protozoa first survived freezing was 20.3 hours, at which time the population had reached 52.6% of its peak. The optimum culture age for survival after 1 day of freezing averaged 37.7 hours at which time the population averaged 75.6% of its peak. The optimum culture age for survival after 7 to 15 days of freezing averaged 32.3 hours, at which time the population averaged 82.7% of its peak. Better survival upon freezing was obtained in those experiments in which the population peak was reached relatively rapidly.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Specimens of Blepharisma undulans were transferred from young clone cultures to a rotocompressor with 3 mm3 of culture medium. The organisms were slightly compressed and photographed at various intervals with dark field illumination. The sequence of macronuclear and cytoplasmic changes was compared with similarly followed Feulgen preparations.The cycle falls into several phases: (1) an interphase (12–24 hr.) in which the organism increases in size while cytoplasmic and macronuclear appearances remain unchanged. During this phase, the macronucleus consists of 3 to 5 nodes of various sizes connected by strands. (2) a pre-condensation phase (1 hr.) in which a new posterior peristome and cytopyge appear without visible macronuclear change. (3) a condensation phase (10–20 min.) in which the macronuclear nodes coalesce into a round mass without dissolution of the central nodes or strands. (4) a postcondensation phase (1 hr.) characterized by: (a) elongation of the condensed macronucleus into a rod-like shape followed by typical nodal formation; or (b) elongation of the condensed macronucleus into a form resembling the letter “J”, followed by nodal formation, and resulting in a double row of nodes in one daughter and a single row in the other. Separation occurs at this time, initiating the new interphase. The development of the j-form macronucleus. the lack of obliteration of the central nodes, and the characteristic interphase condition distinguish this strain of B. undulans from others described elsewhere.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Six species of astomatous Infusoria, 4 new, are described from the alimentary tract of Oligochaeta from Ochrida Lake. Two belong to Ochridanus, characterized by a cytoskeleton whose “V”-shaped basal piece bears on its branches two articulated hooks brought together by a skeletal blade. This genus found in Ochridanous Tubificidae represents the counterpart of Anthonyella in the Lumbriculidae of Lake Baïkal. The presence of Ochridanus in these worms concurs with the almost complete absence of representatives of Radiophrya of which we have found but one species. A species of Metaradiophrya, a genus unknown to date from the Lumbricidae, was noticed in Glossoscolecidae. The different species of Ochridanus, Anthonyella, Metaradiophrya, and Radiophrya compose a very homogeneous group of Radiophryinae. The study of the ciliary rows and the cytoskeleton of 2 species of Juxtaradiophrya, parasitic in the Lumbriculidae of Ochrida, shows that, in the morphology of these ciliates, as well as in the same forms from Lake Baïkal, many transition characteristics exist between the Radiophryinae and Hoplitophryinae or Mesnilellinae. These 3 sub-families, with their undeniable genetic kinship give coherence to the family Hoplitophryidae.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Histochemical techniques were used to demonstrate the intracellular distribution of some hydrases, hydrolases, oxidases, and dehydrogenases in Stylonychia pustulata. The hydrase, aconitase, was confined to the mitochondria. Zymohexase activity occurred in the cytoplasm and probably in the mitochondria. The hydrolases, acid and alkaline phosphatases, lipase, and urease, were localized in the mitochondria. Lactic and glutamic dehydrogenases were confined to the mitochondria. Peroxidase and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were absent.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The oocysts, sporulation process, and endogenous stages of Eimeria raillieti (Léger, 1899) Galli-Valerio, 1930 from the slow-worm, Anguis fragilis, in England are described. The oocysts average 18 × 15 μ. Schizonts, microgametocytes and macrogametocytes were found in the ileum, and macro-gametocytes alone in the duodenum.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Zooxanthellae in pure culture, exposed to continuous light, release free O2 in amounts varying with time and cell number. Zooxanthellae exposed to alternate light and dark produce essentially as much O2 as in continuous light. Those in continuous dark do not yield free O2; rather, they draw from the medium's residual O2.Both the anemone Condylactis and the scyphozoan Cassiopeia are markedly phototactic. Kept in total darkness, both species show a dramatic numerical diminution in zooxanthellae. During 24 days of darkness, the mean total number of zooxanthellae in the individual Condylactis body was reduced from 26 million to ∼ 1 million. Specimens so bleached lost phototaxis.It is suggested that each species of zooxanthella host animal has its own specific light needs, which it caters to in various ways: (a) early selection of position, as with planulae or other freely motile larval forms; (b) gross body movement or posturing, as with anemones, medusae, and worms; (c) possession of light-filtering pigments, as with colored corals and molluscs; (d) possession of light-concentrating devices, as with tridacnids; (e) possession of highly contractile and differentially light-absorbing tissues, as with most coelenterates and some molluscs.Susceptibility of marine invertebrates to zooxanthellae infection may be related to the known paucity of nitrates and phosphates in tropical seas, a situation possibly inducing the free-swimming gymnodinioid forms to enter animal tissues where catabolic products are available to them. Zooxanthellae are reported from sessile marine invertebrates taken at depths of 100–116 fathoms.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. All of 99 adult English house-sparrows, examined in the St. Albans area of Hertfordshire, England, were found to be infected with the organism previously defined by Garnham (1950) as Atoxoplasma. Young birds were found to become infected while still in the nests and as early as 6 days after hatching; there was no evidence to suggest that the parasite was transmitted through the egg. Within a few weeks of leaving the nests, all of 150 fledgling sparrows examined were heavily infected and several trapped birds died from massive infections.All stages of schizogony were found in the lymphoid-macrophage cells of the spleen, bone marrow and liver of these birds; later, as the schizogonic cycle abated, gametocytes developed in similar cells of the liver, lungs and kidney. These gametocytes are of the Eimeria type: the zygote nucleus divides to produce an asporous and polyzoic oocyst containing a large number of sporozoites, and after the rupture of the oocyst these sporozoites invade the lymphocytes and monocytes of the peripheral blood.Transmission of the parasite in the sparrow is thought to take place after the ingestion of infected mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) by the young birds in the nests: unchanged sporozoites were found in smears of these mites that had been fed on infected sparrows. Transmission experiments were impossible due to the complete lack of clean sparrows.The taxonomic status of Atoxoplasma is discussed. The type of life cycle and the production of asporous, polyzoic oocysts indicate inclusion of this parasite in the Order Coccidiida, Family Eimeriidae, Sub-Family Cryptosporidiinae Hoare, 1933. After comparison of the two genera, the author concludes that Atoxoplasma must be regarded as a synonym for Lankesterella. Some previously described species of Atoxoplasma are, therefore, transferred to the genus Lankesterella.The name Lankesterella garnhami nov. sp., is proposed for the parasite in the English sparrow (Passer domesticus domesticus), and Lankesterella serini nov. sp., for that in the canary (Serinus canarius).

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Darkness and O2-lack promote formation of a pheophytin-like pigment from chlorophyll in Euglena gracilis in an acidic medium. Dinitrophenol (DNP) produces similar but more drastic pigment alterations in aerated and illuminated cells. The extent of pigment decay was dependent on DNP concentration and external pH. Since volume expansion and inhibition of the contractile vacuole were also noted, it is suggested that pheophytin formation is secondary to hydrogen ion influx from the external medium. Major structural alterations of the chloroplast accompanied the pigment changes.Pentachlorophenol, iodoacetamide, Na fluoride, and Na azide produced similar pigment changes. Malonic acid and fluoroacetate were ineffective under the conditions described. However, in the dark, cells treated with fluoroacetate formed pheophytin rapidly. These effects are discussed in relation to the maintenance of intracellular [H+].

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The heterotrophic, phototrophic, and phagotrophic nutrition of the chrysomonad flagellates Ochromonas malhamensis and O. danica were compared. Unlike O. malhamensis, O. danica, which is much richer in chloroplast pigments, grew readily photoautotrophically in a substrate-free medium in 5% CO2. Utilization of bound biotin in bacterial (Thiobacillus) bodies served to demonstrate phagotrophy in both flagellates. This nutritional versatility suggests that this group of flagellates will be exceptionally valuable for studying the evolutionary steps connecting photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, and phagotrophy.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. In a synthetic medium containing 57 compounds, including cholesterol, Trichomonas gallinae and T. gallinarum require 3 factors for growth and acid fermentation of maltose: (1) factor R, found in the protein contaminating some samples of ribonucleic acid, and in other isolated proteins such as conalbumin, γ-globulin, and bovine albumin fraction V; (2) factor T, found in Trypticase and in the same isolated proteins, but with activity at 4 times the dose required for factor-R activity, may be a large peptide containing proline; (3) factor S, found in serum, was replaceable by a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid, each inactive alone. Only C14 through C18 saturated fatty acids were active over a range of 0.058 to 2.34 μm per tube in the presence of oleic acid, while C18 through C22 unsaturated fatty acids were active in the same range with palmitic acid as the supplement. The unsaturated fatty acids were toxic at the largest dose. All fatty acids were not equally active. Surface-active agents containing mixtures of fatty acids also replaced serum. A 4th factor, found in serum, stimulates the rate of growth as shown by cell counts at 3 days of incubation. T. gallinarum, T. foetus, and a trichomonad from a pig's nose responded to the same supplements when grown on another synthetic medium.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Differences in temperature-tolerance, generation time, nutritional requirements, osmoresistance, pigment production, and sensitivity to high hydrogen or hydroxyl ion concentration have been observed among varieties, and among mating types within varieties of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The usefulness of these differences to taxonomists and geneticists is discussed.The nutrition of a temperature-tolerant strain, mating type II, variety 1, was given special attention and a chemicallydefined medium devised to support rapid growth at 35d̀ C. At 40d̀, growth in this medium failed, but was good in a crude medium. Temperature factors are suggested. Permeability of this ciliate, as inferred by utilization of nucleotides, was high.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Eight strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis were examined in multiple daily isolation series over ∼ 800 generations. Dead and defective lineages appeared in all clones. In 7, the defective sub-lines appeared at a constant characteristic rate; the 8th showed an increasing rate of production of two defects. A breeding analysis of certain persistent morphological and growth rate variants suggests that the variations derive from macronuclear alterations. The relationship between these cellular changes and “senility” in metazoa and other protozoa is discussed.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. An acetone-insoluble yeast fraction required for axenic growth of P. aurelia, stock 51, variety 4, sensitive, after fractionation contained at least 3 essential components: (1) one soluble in perchloric acid and completely replaceable by a mixture of ribosides or ribotides; (2) one inactivated after digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin or papain. Proteose-Peptone restored activity to this preparation, which suggests a peptide requirement; and (3) one not yet characterized.As for the purine and pyrimidines, these combinations, in decreasing order of activity, supported growth: guanosine + cytidine, guanosine + uridine, guanylic acid + cytidylic acid, and guanylic acid + uridylic acid. Each combination was maximally effective when the molar purine: pyrimidine ratio was ∼ 0.4. On a molar basis, the minimal riboside combinations were ∼ 1.3 × more active than the ribotides.Sparing of the purine and pyrimidine requirement was also investigated. In the presence of limiting amounts of guanylic acid, the following compounds, in decreasing order of activity, had sparing activity: deoxyguanosine, inosine, xanthosine, adenylic acid, and guanine. Adenine, adenosine, and deoxyadenosine were inhibitory under the test conditions. The requirement for cytidylic acid was spared by deoxycytidine, uridine, uridylic acid, deoxyuridine, thymidine, thymine, and uracil, in descending order.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. In reviewing 25 years of work on Tetrahymena, the author describes early difficulties experienced by himself and others in developing a chemically-defined medium and in defining the taxonomy of T. pyriformis. With identification of its essential requirements, a variety of nutritional studies revealed the close resemblance between the metabolic pathways of this ciliate and those of the chick and rat. This suggested studies on the effects of gamma radiation and the effect of antibiotics.Attention then turned to the puzzle of the absence of conjugation in all strains of T. pyriformis then maintained in laboratories. The observation that these strains were all amicronucleate led to the discovery of mating types (with D. F. Gruchy). This brought up the problem of what constitutes a species and how it might be solved in T. pyriformis where clearly defined groups are set off from other similar groups (varieties) by a breeding barrier.Another problem is whether a life cycle exists in this ciliate and if so, the role amicronucleate strains play in this cycle.The origin and obvious evolutionary success of these “genetically dead” strains are other problems that are considered.The search for nutritional markers for genetic experiments inspired large-scale collections, including some from tropical habitats. Strains were found which differed in serine and pyridoxine requirements. Genetic analysis was hindered by the high lethality following conjugation, unsatisfactory mating behavior in some clones, and the complete absence of autogamy, the latter making it difficult to obtain homozygous clones. The use of x-radiation yielded haploid individuals; when these were mated with diploid clones the resulting haploid progeny proved that the genes controlling mating type and pyridoxine synthesis resided in the micronucleus.Genetic analysis of the serine and pyridoxine mutants supports the idea that T. pyriformis is more of an outbreeder than an inbreeder. Left for the future is an extension of our knowledge of the breeding system of T. pyriformis and ultimately to examine critically the factors responsible for the success of this ubiquitous ciliate.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. During encystment of Colpoda cucullus (O. F. Müller) the respiratory rate decreases from about 11.3 × 10-5μl. O2/hr. (mean value for active form) to about 1.3 × 10-5μl./hr. (mean for unstable cyst); the process takes about 24 hrs. At the same time the activity of the contractile vacuole is stopped, but there is no correlation in time between the two processes: when respiration is inhibited by 1/2–2/3 the vacuolar activity is hardly changed. The respiration of unstable cysts remains approximately constant at least for 4 weeks. Experiments with methylene blue suggest that inhibition of respiration at encystment may be due to inhibition of terminal oxidase.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Two isolates (“A” and “B”) of Trypanosoma lewisi from the same rat stock source were serially transferred in calorically-restricted mice supplemented daily with normal rat serum. The “A” strain was transferred consecutively through 300 mice over a period of more than 3 years and was voluntarily discontinued. The “B” strain died out spontaneously after 43 consecutive passages in mice. The developmental histories of these 2 isolates were analyzed and compared with respect to duration of the parasitemic period, interval to the next subsequent passage in mice, day of death of each host animal, proportion of host animals that died, intensity of parasitemia in mouse tail blood, interval required for development of the observed maximal parasitemia, and duration of maximal parasitemia.“A” appeared to have become progressively adapted to the mouse as judged by a decrease in parasitemic period with successive transfer associated with a progressive increase in trypanosome population, and declines in the interval required for development of the observed maximal parasitemia and in the duration of this maximal response. There did not appear to be any correlation of the percentage of animals that died with any other factor. The “B” strain did not appear to have adapted itself to mice as judged by the foregoing criteria.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The Indian race of Blepharisma undulans described in this paper measures 150 μ in length. The macronucleus consists of 5–7 nodes, all of equal size. During binary fission, condensation of macronucleus is followed by its elongation and a thinning of the middle region which breaks with the division of the animal. It later attains the typical vegetative form.During conjugation 7 or 8 micronuclei pass through the first pregamic division, 5 to 7 through the second pregamic division and one product of the second division takes part in the third division. The rest degenerate. At the same time, the macronucleus also starts degenerating. After the synkaryon has divided twice, the conjugating pairs separate. Of the 4 products, 3 become macronuclear anlagen and one, micronuclear anlage.The micronuclei divide asynchronously both during binary fission and during conjugation. There is apparently considerable diversity in the structure and behaviour of the macronucleus and micronuclei in the different races of Blepharisma undulans.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. In cattle fed a high-starch diet, species of Entodinium and Diplodinium ingested associated ruminal bacteria. Stained preparations of diluted rumen contents showed Entodinium caudatum, E. minimum, E. dubardi, (syn. E. simplex), E. longinucleatum, E. bursa, E. nanellum, E. exiguum, and E. vorax contained gram-positive diplococci. Starch grains with adherent gram-positive diplococci were observed within Entodinium spp. Diplodinium ecaudatum forma ecaudatum, D. ecaudatum forma caudatum, D. neglectum and an unidentified species of Diplodinium also ingested ruminal diplococci. Bacteria were isolated from mixed species of Entodinium by washing and culturing the protozoa in a starch feed-extract agar medium. The strains isolated from the ciliates were gram-positive diplococci, 0.8 times 1–1.5 μm, which attached themselves to starch granules and were able to digest the starch. Conclusive evidence of bacterial ingestion by the oligotrichs was obtained by providing the bacterial cultures to Entodinium species (E. dubardi and E. minimum) which had been starved 24 hr. Gram-stained preparations showed the ciliates readily ingested the bacteria. The amylolytic cocci utilized by Entodinium spp. were identified as Streptococcus bovis.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Lankesterella corvi n. sp. (Coccidia, Eimeriidae, Cryptosporidiinae) is described from the rook, Corvus f. frugilegus L. in England. It was found in 36 of 196 fledged rooks less than 1-year old, but not in 25 nestlings or 38 adults. It was not found in 71 jackdaws (C. monedula spermologus) or in 110 other birds of 16 species.Mature sporozoites were found in the erythrocytes and occasionally in other blood cells. They were 6.2 times 2.5 μ, with a central, band-like nucleus, and cytoplasm which failed to stain with Giemsa's stain. Gametogonic and sporogonic stages, found in the bone-marrow of one bird, resembled corresponding stages of Eimeria.A fledgling rook was infected experimentally by inoculation of a blood and tissue suspension from an infected bird. Sporozoites appeared in its blood 4 days after inoculation. They appeared to increase slightly in size and their cytoplasm lost its initial affinity for Giemsa's stain during the next few days. Engorged mites (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) from the experimentally infected rock contained unchanged sporozoites but no developmental stages of the parasite. A canary could not be infected by intraperitoneal inoculation and feeding of such mites.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. A dichotomous, analytical key is offered for use in recognition and differentiation of the 26 orders and suborders belonging to the two subclasses of the single class Ciliata of the subphylum CILIOPHORA. The basic terminology employed in these brief characterizations, usable in systematic studies of ciliates in general, is defined first, and a plea is made for a more uniform vocabulary, especially in reference to structures which are without doubt homologous throughout the several higher ciliate taxa. Particular emphasis is placed on the all-important features in the oral area; many of these are figured as well as being described in words.Both the key and the definitions are essentially the first to be offered since Kahl's monographic work on the ciliates published in 1930–1935. They are demanded by the great accumulation of new pertinent data in the protozoclogical literature of the past 25 years.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The flagellate, Peranema trichophorum, has been studied in the electron microscope by thin-sectioning techniques. The flagella have the fibrillar pattern typical of cilia and flagella, but accessory structures including tapered, intraflagellar rods, striated, layered material on the outside of the membrane, and mastigonemes are present. In the near basal region of the flagellum, there is a swelling of the shaft which is correlated with the absence of the two central flagellar fibrils. The basal portion of the intraflagellar material is structurally and locationally similar to the basal parts of the flagellar fibril bundle; this similarity suggests that the two structures originated from similar precursors and that two kinetosomes comprise the light microscopist's blepharoplast in this organism.The ridged pellicle is composed of 3 membranes, only two of which follow the contour of the ridges. Several filaments 21 mμ in diameter are localized under the low point of each ridge, and a single, larger fibril which has a periodic structure is often located beneath the high point of each ridge.The cytostome and structures associated with it are described and discussed in relation to food taking. The pharyngeal rods are cross-connected and each is composed of numerous tubular elements surrounded by a denser, homogeneous layer. A system of membranes is attached to the rods and extends anteriorly.The nucleus contains two large nucleoli, numerous rod-shaped, membrane-limited bodies which appear similar in structure to bacteria, and a smaller granular component.Other organelles are briefly described including mitochondria, Golgi bodies, vacuoles, and endoplasmic reticulum.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Materials within the endoplasm of both the protomerite and deutomerite may be displaced and stratified by ultracentrifugation. Animals are not killed by this treatment, and in time a redistribution of stratified materials may occur. The electron microscope reveals numerous ultramicroscopic folds in the surface envelope which is composed of 3 membranes; the outer and middle cover the surface of the folds while the inner one continues as a smooth membrane over the ectoplasm. The contact surfaces of animals in syzygy do not show the small folds to be interlocked; instead, they are in fold-to-fold contact. Numerous relatively dense bodies which appear to be filamentous are sometimes observed immediately underneath or within the middle or inner membrane. Within the ectoplasm is an ultramicroscopic net-like fibrillar structure much denser than the surrounding cytoplasm. This system of fibrils is composed of anastomosing elements varying from ∼ 50 to 200 Å in diameter. Certain of the larger fibrils are directly attached to the surface envelope at positions between the folds. A second filamentous structure within the ectoplasm appears to be tubular. Elements of this system also appear to join and penetrate the surface envelope by means of pores.A large amount of gelatinous secretion forms at the surface of the sporont; as it glides forward a trail of mucous is left behind. The actual mechanism involved in the gliding movement was unobserved, but evidence is lacking to support the view that the gliding movement is engendered by posteriorly directed “jets” of mucus.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Vorticellas were subjected to achromycin, polymyxin, and mixtures of penicillin-streptomycin to remove bacterial contaminants. Although achromycin and polymyxin were most effective in controlling bacteria isolated from vorticella cultures, they proved too toxic for practical use. However, certain dilutions of penicillin-streptomycin were tolerated by vorticellas and, therefore, were incorporated into the axenizing procedure. Yeasts did not yield to the antibiotics and had to be removed by washing and dilution. Sterile vorticellas were finally obtained by transfer of groups of individuals through 6 washes. One of these, the 4th, lasted 8 hours and contained diluted penicillin-streptomycin.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The interphase nucleus of Lesquereusia spiralis, a testate rhizopod, 20–25 μ in diameter, contains 40–50 endosomes and a diffuse granular reticulum. Onset of nuclear division is marked by a cessation of pseudopod activity. Prophase changes include increase in size of the nucleus, disappearance of the endosomes except the peripheral ones, formation of 175–200 chromosomes from the reticulum, and the appearance of spindle fibers. By the end of prophase a well formed equatorial plate is present. The metaphase nucleus is slightly smaller and elongated; the chromosomes remain distinct. In anaphase the nucleus continues to elongate along the polar axis; the chromosomes apparently split lengthwise and polar caps appear. The nucleus elongates further so that by telophase it has become hour-glass shaped. The spindle fibers are now twisted. Separation of the nuclei takes place in the neck region. The nuclear membrane is unbroken during the process and peripheral endosomes are present at all stages. Total time for mitosis averages 45 minutes.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Three gregarines are described from the digestive tracts of marine crustacea from Bombay, India. These are Carcinoecetes etisi n.sp. from Etisus laevimanus, C. matutae n.sp. from Matuta lunaris, and Caridohabitans setnai n.gen., n.sp. from Peneus semisulcatus. Various life history stages are reported.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. In various ciliates the contractile vacuole is a permanent organelle, delimited by a differentiated cortex.The cortex is made up of a dense reticulum of anastomosing tubules limited by a smooth membrane, and vesicles. This “spongiome” can be considered as a localized and specialized condensation of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Two species of flagellate parasites, Herpetomonas muscarum (Leidy 1856) Kent 1881 and Crithidia luciliae (Strickland 1911) have been isolated in pure culture from the fly, Phaenicia sericata. Laboratory-reared Musca domestica were infected with each of the species. These two species have often been confused, the latter being regarded as “cysts” of the former. H. muscarum is long and slender and occurs actively swimming in the midgut of the host. C. luciliae is short and truncate and occurs mainly in the hindgut where it is often attached to the gut wall. C. luciliae grows readily and abundantly in culture and outgrows H. muscarum in mixed cultures. Attempts to infect Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens with C. luciliae failed while control feedings of these mosquitoes with Crithidia fasciculata produced infections.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Trimastigamoeba philippinensis Whitmore 1911 from Florida was cultured in the laboratory at 22 to 25° C. on a modified Bunting's agar medium overlaid or not with Neff's ameba-saline. Studies of its general morphology, transition from ameboid to flagellate phase and vice versa, encystment, and excystment were made. In general, Whitmore's observations are confirmed, except for his conclusions concerning the number of flagella and whether or not there is a rhizoplast. The flagellate phase has two mastigonts, each composed of a pair of flagella attached to a basal granule (blepharoplast). Intermediate stages in the development of the mastigonts may have caused Whitmore to decide that a tri-flagellar phase was the usual condition. The two mastigonts are not at any time attached to one another, nor to the nucleus, nor is there any evidence of a rhizoplast or rhizostyle. In the flagellate phase the bases of the mastigonts are closely surrounded by an anterior, gullet-like invagination, posterior to which the blepharoplasts rest adjacent to the nucleus. The four flagella extend 20 to 25 μ beyond the anterior limit of the pocket. Detailed descriptions of the morphologies of the ameboid and flagellate phases are given to supplement the morphology described by Whitmore. Possible affinities to other amebo-flagellates are discussed. It is concluded that the organism is generically and specifically distinct; and while its name is erroneously descriptive of its flagellate phase, it is taxonomically valid.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The organism used in the experiments fits Pierson's satisfactory description for Euplotes eurystomus. The mating behavior of 90 stocks of E. eurystomus collected from west Japan was studied. Mating occurs only after a decline in nutritive conditions. When the stocks were mixed together, two at a time, in all possible combinations, mating took place in all the mixtures. Mating occurs in the evening or the morning after mixing. An agglutinative reaction does not precede mating; but before pair formation, characteristic pre-pairing behavior is observed. Selfing is found in all the stocks, usually after the log-phase of the growth curve. Culture fluids from various cultures have no detectable capacity to induce selfing, but some of them can suppress selfing. The latter occurs only in specific combinations. Controls mixed with distilled water instead of culture fluid always contain selfers. From the results of such experiments, it is possible to classify the stocks into 9 types, so that stocks of the same type have the same character with respect to suppression of selfing. The culture fluid from type II suppresses selfing only in animals of type I, type IV acts only on type III, VI on V, VIII on VII, and VII on both V and VI. The reciprocal actions also occur, i.e., fluid from I suppresses selfing of type II, etc. The origin of the two mating members of a conjugating pair was traced by making mixtures of normal animals of one type with morphologically abnormal animals of another type. The latter have a distinct swelling at the left margin of the body. Such mixtures (I × II, V × VI and VII × VIII) yield conjugating pairs of normal mated with abnormal animals, i.e. cross-conjugating pairs, in 86–94% of the animals. Mixtures of type VI with VII yield a smaller percentage (48%) of cross-conjugating pairs. Mixtures of two cultures belonging to the same type, (II × II, VI × VI and VIII × VIII), in which selfing is not suppressed, yield 42–50% conjugating pairs of normal with normal, (selfing of the normal culture), and 32–45% conjugating pairs of abnormal with abnormal, (selfing in the abnormal culture). Mixtures of two cultures belonging to diverse types in which selfing is not suppressed (I × V, I × VIII, II × III, II × VII, II × IX, III × V, III × VI, III × VIII, IV × VI and VI × IX), yield 36–48% conjugating pairs (selfing) of normal with normal, and 26–50% conjugating pairs (selfing) of abnormal with abnormal. Interbreeding between two types thus normally occurs only when culture fluid of each type inhibits selfing by animals of the other type. These two types, which interbreed freely, may be considered as complementary mating types. The mating types of E. eurystomus thus fall into 5 varieties so that each one (except the fifth) has two complementary mating types. The mating types are numbered I and II in variety 1, III and IV in variety 2, V and VI in variety 3, VII and VIII in variety 4, and only IX in variety 5. Intervarietal mating does not occur in many combinations, but exceptionally it occurs between types V and VII, and between VI and VII. These hybrids become senile and finally die.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Two methods for purifying balantidia are described. The first one may be applied to cultures which are not thriving when it is desirable to keep the purified ciliates without loss in number. Another method may be used for bulk material such as intestinal contents containing these ciliates.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. A piroplasm occurring in the erythrocytes of 38 of 42 echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) has been described and named Babesia tachyglossi.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Identical cultural forms of Trypanosoma granulosae occur in NNN agar, Diamonds SNB-9 agar and Proteosepeptone blood agar. The inclusion of penicillin G sulfate and streptomycin had no effect upon the cultures. The first cultural forms to appear (24 hours) were long, slender crithidia which divided to produce short slender crithidia. The latter were the only forms encountered until the 18th day when rosettes, composed of 3–10 short, slender crithidia were found. Following the production of metacyclic trypanosomes (24th day) the culture rapidly died. Transfer of metacyclic trypanosomes and rosettes did not extend the length of culture life. T. diemyctyli is also unaffected by antibiotics and shows similar growth in all media used. Division in this species begins 50–96 hours after inoculation with the production, from the blood stream form, of two unequal, plump crithidia. These divide twice to form slender crithidia; the latter rapidly divide, but do not separate, and yield rosettes with a maximum number of 60 individuals. As the slender crithidia leave the rosette each either remains in the same form or transforms to a plump, pear shaped individual. Secondary rosettes are then formed from the latter. Metacyclic trypanosomes appear, in small numbers, after the 14th day.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. In a survey of coccidia of rodents from Harbel, Libera, the following species of Eimeria were found and described: E. musculoidei n. sp. from Mus (Leggada) musculoides; E. separata Becker & Hall, 1931 from Rattus (Dephomys) defua (new host record); E. praomysis n. sp. from Rattus (Praomys) tullbergi rostratus; E. dasymysis n. sp. from Dasymys incomptus rufulus; E. lemniscomysis n. sp. from Lemniscomys striatus striatus; and E. lophuromysis n. sp., E. sikapusii n. sp., E. liberiensis n. sp., E. harbelensis n. sp., E. africana n. sp., and E. kruidenieri n. sp. from Lophuromys sikapusi sikapusi.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The morphology of 4 genera of the family Trypanosomatidae has been studied with particular reference to the contractile vacuole, reservoir, flagellum, undulating membrane, kinetoplast, and nucleus. Both the contractile vacuole and reservoir have been found in all species examined. Four morphological types of culture forms are described with special reference to these structures: (1), the Crithidia fasciculata type which is short and membraneless with a rounded posterior end, truncate anterior end and a well developed reservoir; (2) the Herpetomonas muscarum type with no undulating membrane, a truncate posterior end, a rounded anterior end and a reservoir which varies in length from about 1/6 of the length of the body to the full length of the body; (3) the Leishmania type with no undulating membrane, a pointed posterior end, an asymmetrical anterior end and a short reservoir which remains constant in size; and (4), the short-membraned type exemplified by Trypanosoma cruzi, with a pointed posterior end, a short reservoir near the middle of the body and the flagellum attached to the body along a portion of its length. This last form is derived from the blood stream morphology as exemplified by Trypanosoma lewisi in the rat by a shifting of the kinetoplast, flagellum, reservoir and contractile vacuole along the surface of the body from a position posterior to a position anterior to the nucleus.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Exposure to non-lethal doses of ultraviolet completely inactivates chloroplast development and chlorophyll synthesis in Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris and in the Z strain. Treatment with visible light immediately following UV reverses the inactivation completely. The presence of chloroplasts is not necessary for this inactivation since similar results are obtained with light-grown cells (containing chloroplasts) and dark-grown cells (lacking chloroplasts).

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Strains of Trypanosoma rhodesiense resistant to atoxyl and to antrypol respectively were allowed to multiply in the blood of mice and were also maintained for some hours in the gut of tsetse flies. They failed to acquire cross-resistance as shown by tests with the respective drugs given singly and in combination to infected mice.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Paramecium multimicronucleatum was grown in a buffered desiccated lettuce medium maintained at pH 7.5, with Aerobacter aerogenes the main bacterial source. The maximum expansion in length and width was at pH 6.0; the minimum expansion in length and width at pH 8.5. The paramecia were usually stouter at pH levels 〈 7.0 except at pH 5.5 and generally more slender 〉 pH 7.0.The pH of the medium affected the size of food vacuoles as indicated by the fact that the maximum food vacuolar diameter was at pH 6.0, the minimum at 7.0.The fastest and greatest expansion of food vacuole diam. was at a relative viscosity of 8; the minimum food vacuolar diam. was in controls (without gum arabic) having a viscosity of 1.3.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma granulosae n. sp. was found in the salamander, Taricha granulosa twittyi, from Dutch Bill Creek, Sonoma County, California. This polymorphic trypanosome has an anterior nucleus containing a definite endosome. The kinetoplast is rod-shaped and never contained within a vacuole. Myonemes are occasionally seen in slender individuals.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Balantidium coli was cultured for 4 months in Dobell-Laidlaw's medium. About 10 specimens of monsters were found in the preparations (Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technique). One individual showed a tendency to polystomy. One doublet of Balantidium caviae (?) in preparations treated by the same technique was found in a population from a guinea pig.The monsters of Balantidium coli are either single distomic individuals or doublets (homopolar or heteropolar).The infraciliature of the monsters shows different degrees of deviation from the normal pattern. No reorganization field during the formation of additional cytostomes was observed, which agrees with the data on normal stomatogenesis. This process is very similar in both normal specimens and monsters and is characterized by the arrangement of radiating kineties surrounding the anlage of the cytostome and, evidently, by invagination of this area which later forms the peristome. The fate of single monsters and that of homopelar doublets is unknown. The heteropolar monsters are considered non-viable because the arrangement of the kineties in both presumptive daughters contradicts the rule of desmodexy (Chatton-Lwoff).The occurrence of the monsters in cultures may possibly be explained by the action of acriflavine which is mutagenic for Escherichia coli, or by gentian-violet which inhibits fission of sea urchin eggs.This paper apparently constitutes the first presentation of anomalies of the infraciliature in parasitic ciliates.In addition the exact arrangement of the kineties and kinetosomes at the posterior pole of Balantidium coli is described.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. A nonpathogenic strain of Histomonas was used in an attempt to immunize young turkeys against blackhead. Rectal inoculation of several thousand nonpathogenic histomonads on 2 or 3 consecutive days afforded considerable protection against modest rectal challenges with pathogenic histomonads 3 to 6 weeks later, but was much less effective against pathogenic histomonads introduced by feeding eggs of Heterakis gallinae. It is believed that an immune barrier limited to the surface of the cecal mucosa was established, and that the larvae of the cecal worms often penetrated this barrier before liberating their histomonads, thus permitting blackhead to develop. Immunization by the introduction of nonpathogenic histomonads with Heterakis eggs was not satisfactory. Apparently, the nonpathogenic organisms introduced in this way were too few to assure formation of an intact barrier.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Podophrya collini was fed homozygous killer Paramecium aurelia (containing kappa particles DNA). The rate of giant formation in the suctorian population was then determined; controls were fed homozygous sensitive P. aurelia. No difference in the rate of giant formation was observed; the DNA contribution by the kappa particles was not enough to induce a higher rate of giant formation. Cultures of P. collini containing only animals of known uniform age were then fed controlled numbers of Tetrahymena pyriformis or sensitive P. aurelia after these ciliates had been pretreated with guanylic acid, 8-azaguanine, commercial DNA or DNA isolated from Tetrahymena. Giant formation was increased after guanylic acid pretreatment, reduced after the 8-azaguanine pretreatment, and unaffected after DNA pretreatment over a 5-day test period. The changes in rate of giant formation are clearly caused by pretreatment agents. These agents reach the suctorian's metabolism via the food ciliates' food vacuoles before they are altered in the food vacuole.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Polytomella caeca utilizes as sole carbon sources in chemically defined media: acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, pyruvate, succinate, ethyl, butyl, amyl, and hexyl alcohols. Glyceraldehyde and α-ketoglutarate sustain very small populations. Caproate, caprylate, fumarate, malate, propyl, heptyl, and octyl alcohols and the iso-compounds iso-butyrate, iso-butyl and iso-hexyl alcohols are inadequate.Acetate is not assimilated 〈pH 5.0, propionate and butyrate 〈pH 6.0, and valerate 〈pH 7.0. Optimum for utilization of succinate is pH 3.0, for pyruvate pH 4.0, utilized also at pH 2.0 Fatty acids are utilized dissociated; succinate and pyruvate are utilized undissociated. Alcohols are assimilated throughout pH 4.0–7.4, except hexanol at pH 7.4. Alcohol availability is proportional to molecular length-1.pH after growth of fatty acid media is 8.4 ± 0.4; stable in pH 2.0 pyruvate and pH 3.0 succinate media; 3.5 ± 0.3 in alcohol media with initial pH 〈6.0. Longer alcohols cause less pH decrease during growth.Acetate concentrations 〈0.2% do not support maximum populations; concentrations of 0.2–1.0% do. pH after growth increases in these media to pH 8.5 with maximum populations.Malate, fumarate, α-ketoglutarate, and lactate seem not to penetrate the cell, but are metabolized by homogenates. Methylene blue reduction by homogenates indicates the presence of lactic, malic, succinic and α-ketoglutaric dehydrogenases, fumarase and glutamic transaminase. Extracts contain Embden-Meyerhof phosphate esters, ATP, and ADP.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. An immunity to reinfection with E. bovis was demonstrated in 3 experiments involving 60 calves. This immunity develops rapidly, as indicated by resistance to a challenge given 14 days after the immunizing inoculation. In 3 groups of 3 to 6 young calves each, immunity was still present to a moderate degree 2 to 3 months after inoculation; in one group of 5 animals about a year old there was apparently a high degree of immunity about 7 months after the last inoculation. In one experiment an immunizing inoculum of 10,000 oöcysts did not produce as much immunity as 50,000 oöcysts. In 2 experiments there appeared to be little difference in the immunity produced by a single inoculation of 50,000 as compared with 100,000 oöcysts, but inoculation with 100,000 oöcysts, resulted in substantially longer and more severe illness than 50,000 oöcysts. There appeared to be no appreciable difference in clinical symptoms or development of immunity between calves given a single immunizing inoculum and those given the same number of oöcysts in 5 equal inocula on successive days. Treatment with sulfamethazine and sulfamerazine (Merameth) 13 to 15 days after inoculation alleviated the clinical symptoms of coccidiosis without interfering appreciably with the development of immunity. In one experiment with 7 calves, no beneficial effect was noted from 1 or 2 transfusions of 500 ml. of plasma and leucocytes from immune calves into 4 calves 1 and 12 days or 11 days after a challenge inoculation.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Experiments were carried out to determine if the course of infection with Plasmodium cathemerium was changed when the temperature of incubation of the duck embryo host was lowered. At 30° C. the infection developed more slowly and never reached the peak seen in infected embryos incubated at 37° C. If infected embryos at 30° were returned to 37° C. the resultant parasitemia developed similarly to that usually seen in this host at the latter temperature. Studies of the periodic behavior of the parasite at 30° C. and 38° C. revealed no differences in the time of segmentation. Merozoite counts were unchanged. The reduced parasitemia in embryos at 30° C. may result from reduced ability of the parasite to penetrate new host cells.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Pelomyxa illinoisensis exhibits several phenomena of an interesting and uncommon nature, such as the presence of polar granules and the appearance of chromosomes through most of the resting and dividing stages of the nucleus. For these reasons and because of the importance of the nucleus as a stable characteristic in the taxonomy of amoebae, this study of the nucleus and nuclear division was undertaken.Culture methods were the same as those used for P. carolinensis. Best fixatives for nuclei were Carnoy, Flemming, 10% formalin, Duboscq-Brazil, Schaudinn and 2% osmium tetroxide. The body shape of P. illinoisensis in nuclear division is correlated with the stage of nuclear division and resembles the same stages in Amoeba proteus and P. carolinensis, with the exception of a ragged appearance of the cytoplasm of organisms containing prophase nuclei and the halo-like appearance of the pseudopods in those containing metaphase nuclei. The condensation of resting nuclei when subjected to acidified methyl green, reported by Kudo (18), occurred with all fixatives used with the exception of 10% formalin and 2% osmium tetroxide. The metaphase nuclei have a disk of polar granules on either side of the equatorial plate with fibers running from them to the chromosomes. The nature of these granules is unknown. Similarities and differences between P. illinoisensis and P. carolinensis are discussed.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Inhibitors, acid production, and substrate utilization by 4 strains of Tritrichmonas foetus (BP-3, BP-4, A-1, and A-2) were studied manometrically. All used glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, glycogen, starch, lactate, and pyruvate. Strain A-1, with the highest aerobic and anaerobic endogenous rates, used these substrates less than did the others. Strain BP-3 did not use lactose; strains BP-4 and A-2 did not use raffinose aerobically and only slightly anaerobically; strain A-1 used both nearly as well as maltose and sucrose. All were strongly inhibited by iodoacetate and, if tested in the presence of glucose, aerobically or anaerobically, by fluoride, arsenite, hydroxylamine, and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Aerobically, 2,4-dinitrophenol produced stimulation which was greater in the presence of glucose; anaerobically, it produced inhibition which was, in some cases, comparable to the effects produced by the other inhibitors. Fluoride, arsenite, azide, and hydroxylamine, although producing insignificant inhibitory effects on endogenous O2 consumption, reduced and, in some cases, abolished motility of all strains. All 4 strains produced acid under anaerobic and aerobic conditions; strain A-1 produced more than the others. Lactic acid accounted for 30–51% of the acid produced in all strains.Strain A-1 more closely resembled the nasal trichomonad of swine (strain PN-610) than did strain BP-1. (Doran(3)). The writer believes that the swine nasal strain is a highly adapted strain of T. foetus.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Vorticella microstoma was grown non-axenically and axenically at pH 6.4. Vorticellas were maintained indefinitely on Bacillus cereus in a medium composed of Proteose-Peptone, Cerophyl, and the filtrate from boiled wheat kernels. Prolific growth occurred in 2-membered cultures. A medium containing hydrolyzed gelatin, aqueous liver extract, yeast nucleic acid hydrolysate, glucose, and penicillin is recommended for axenic growth.The potential value of vorticellids as research tools is discussed together with metabolic implications of supplementing sterile Proteose-Peptone broth with natural substances in particle form. The ineffectiveness of adding tryptophan, thiamine, glycine, and chelating agents to the axenic medium was considered. Refinements of the axenic medium are on trial.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. 45% of the agamid lizards captured in the Harbel area of Liberia harboured haemosporidia. These were Haemamoeba (=Plasmodium) agamae, H. giganteum and a Haemoproteus.A full description of H. agamae and H. giganteum blood forms is made and the discovery is reported of exo-erythrocytic forms of H. agamae in the spleen and of H. giganteum in the brain and liver. One oöcyst of H. agamae is reported in Aedes aegypti.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. A brief introduction to a projected series of papers precedes the description of Plistophora collessi n.sp., parasitic in the egg follicles of Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus Giles and C. (C.) gelidus Theobald. This microsporidian causes degeneration of the oöcyte, nurse cells and epithelium of the invaded follicle, within the distended limiting membrane of which a spherical cyst is formed. Such cysts measure from 45 to 340 μ (av., 220 μ) in diameter, and contain many sporonts. These average 50 μ in length and breadth and ultimately contain up to 300 (av., 200) sporoblasts, each of which develops into a single tiny (av., 2.5 by 1.4 μ) spore. Myriads of spores (many of them remaining grouped within the individual sporont membranes) pack the ripe cysts, which burst out into the lumen of the ovary in place of eggs, often associated in pairs, less commonly in groups of three, still enveloped by the follicular tube membrane. They roll about freely in the lateral and common oviducts, and are probably liberated, some of them eventually to be ingested by mosquito larvae, when the infected females attempt to oviposit.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The pigments of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris change when cultures of light-grown organisms are placed in the dark; the alterations in spectrum indicate the formation of a pheophytin-like substance from chlorophyll. This pheophytin-like compound is not an artifact of extraction and separation of the pigments; the spectral changes occur in the intact cells. The “dark” pigment is not yet definitely characterized. Formation of this material on dark adaptation seems dependent on the nutritional history of the cells.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Two strains (1B and 1P) of Plasmodium relictum isolated from pigeons could be easily passed serially in pigeons by transfer of infected blood. What appeared at first to be a qualitative difference between the infectiousness of gametocytes of strain 1P in pigeons and of gametocytes of the strain after being adapted to canaries (1P1) was found to be only a quantitative difference in their infectivity for mosquitoes. Earlier work had indicated that gametocytes of strain 1P were noninfectious for mosquitoes. The experiments reported here show that Culex tarsalis is highly susceptible to gametocytes of both strains 1B and1P and that Culex pipiens is slightly susceptible to gametocytes of strain 1P.The susceptibility of 72 pigeons (belonging to 24 varieties, plus mongrels and 3 species hybrids) to sporozoites of strain 1P1 was tested; only 5 transient infections lasting no more than two days and 3 subpatent infections were obtained. Similar results were obtained with sporozoites of strain 1B.The two strains are similar in both mosquito and avian hosts except that 1B is more highly infectious for C. pipiens and C. tarsalis than 1P. There is evidence that one or both of these strains may be Plasmodium relictum matutinum, Huff(7). A proposed hypothesis indicates that (1) various species of mosquitoes have different susceptibilities, (2) various species of avian hosts are infectious to different degrees, and (3) that the probability of a mosquito of a given species being infected from a given species of parasite may be expressed by the degree of overlap between the normal curves of susceptibility of the mosquito and infectiousness of the gametocytes in the pertinent avian host. The susceptibilities of pigeons to sporozoites of the two strains of parasites and of mosquitoes to gametocytes produced in pigeons are so low that it can be questioned whether these strains could persist in nature without the presence of other avian hosts on the one hand possessing greater susceptibility than the pigeon to sporozoites and on the other hand contributing more to the infectiousness of the gametocytes than the pigeon does.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. A method for the isolation of trichocysts and cilia from whole paramecia is given. Trichocysts, cilia, mitochondria, and other particulates have been identified in homogenates and their numbers in different centrifugal fractions determined. Four antigens extractable from one strain of Paramecium have been studied by gel-diffusion techniques: Antigen 1, heat-stable, derived from trichocysts; antigen 2, not associated with any cellular particulate in homogenates; antigen 3, obtained in large quantities from the mitochondria; antigen 4, the antigen correlated with serotype, is derived mainly from the cilia and probably from the body wall and having the properties of a protein.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Eimeria carolinensis n.sp. (Sporozoa) is described from oöcysts in the feces of the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque) taken in the vicinity of Durham, North Carolina. The oöcysts are ellipsoidal to elongate ellipsoidal, 14–19.5 × 10–13 μ, mean of 17.6 × 11.3 μ. Micropyle absent. Oöcyst wall composed of 2 layers. A refractile granule present but no oöcyst residuum. Sporocysts ovoid almost filling the oöcyst. Small Stieda body present.

Notizen: The decay rate of gamma radiation emitted by a Jamaican mineral spring was measured using portable rate meters. The results of these experiments, supported by auxiliary tests, suggested that the main radioelement causing the radioactivity was radon 222. Fluctuations in the intensity of the radiation were studied in situ. An inverse relation between the intensity and the discharge rate of water was established and the effect of rainfall and of earthquakes was investigated. Some suggestions are made concerning the possible source of radon.

Notizen: The iron ores of the Siegerland-district are found in lodes occurring in schists of Lower Devonian age. In the course of the geophysical exploration for these ores, an attempt was also made to clarify the structure and the tectonics of the substratum of the sedimentary rock formations by seismic reflection measurements from the surface. Reflections were recorded in great numbers from layers of Silurian and Devonian age. The form of the folding of the strata derived therefrom corresponds well with that deduced from geological investigations. Beyond that, correlatable reflections were recorded from horizons down to a depth of nearly 25 000 m. It turned out that the iron ore lodes known from the mine workings occur almost vertically above those places where greater dislocations appear in the deepest substratum, and which geologically could be interpreted as fracture zones. The results so far obtained seem to be indicative of the fact that the tectonics of the deepest substratum and the occurrence of ore deposits are related to each other.

Notizen: Precision calibration tests carried out with a Worden gravimeter in environment conditions as varied as possible have led to the following conclusions. The secular variation curve of the calibration shows that the secular relative variation has been very appreciable in the first year of life of the instrument, precisely of 1.3 × 10−3 in 13 months, while it has been practically zero in the second year. This must be ascribed to the fact that at the beginning of the operations the gravity-meter had just arrived from the factory with its measuring body renewed.On the other side the effect of 24°C of temperature difference between two series of determinations reveals itself in a variation of 0.0022 of the value of the calibration, so that it can be established that the variation of the calibration is I‰ for each 10°C of temperature variation.

Notizen: Due weight must be given to three factors (1) its purpose, (2) the limitations imposed by nature, industry and environment, (3) the effect of errors in auxiliary measurements. Together the last two factors give an estimate of the accuracy which can be achieved. If this is sufficient for the instrument to fulfil its purpose design and construction can proceed. If it is not, a detailed survey of the last two factors is necessary in order to estimate the research effort that will be required when directed into the most effective channels. If the project is considered worth the effort it can proceed. These factors are discussed in relation to a borehole gravimeter. It is shown that the purpose will be served only if the accuracy is comparable with the best surface gravimeters. Borehole versions of some surface instruments are considered and it is concluded that none is suitable without considerable modifications. A successful borehole gravimeter is likely to be a completely new instrument.

Notizen: Recently, quite good determinations of interfaces have been made by means of seismic well surveys. These were carried out for various oil companies in Northwest Germany, especially on salt-domes, and in Southern Germany, and in the area of the Upper Rhine Valley. It was the purpose to determine the configuration and position of salt-flanks and important planes of stratification in the neighbourhood of deep wells, and thus to reduce the risk of expensive wells.For the delineation of the boundary surfaces the method described by Gardner in “Geophysics 1949” was applied.The problems arising and the results obtained are discussed in connection with some interesting examples. From them we see, above all, that a knowledge as precise as possible of the seismic velocities of all media involved in the measurement is very important. A good idea of the general stratification in the area of deep wells seismically surveyed will make possible a rational and adequate planning of the survey program and will facilitate the interpretation.

Notizen: A method is described in which the major part of gravimetric terrain corrections may be estimated by digital computing methods.

Notizen: The electric and magnetic field of a direct-current element, embedded in a space consisting of two halfspaces differing in conductivity and permeability, is given in a form suitable for integration along a cable. From these formulae is obtained the field when one end of a D.C. cable is grounded in a highly conducting, pencilformed ore body, considered as a line electrode with uniform current leakage. Numerical examples are given for a horizontal line electrode. The formulae should be useful as a first approximation to the A.C. case. The validity of this is shortly discussed.

Notizen: An analogy is established between the propagation of an electromagnetic field in a horizontally stratified conductive medium and that of currents in a linear electric network. This analogy will allow us to know in which case measurements executed at the surface of the ground can provide information about the properties of deeper layers. The situation is the same as when one tries, by means of impedance measurements at the input terminals, to know the properties of electric lines or lumped networks.A symmetrical linear network establishes between:Voltages V1 and V2 (respectively at input and output terminals)Currents I1 and I2 (respectively at input and output terminals), the relationship 〈displayedItem type="mathematics" xml:id="mu1" numbered="no"〉〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00168025:GPR77:GPR_77_mu1"/〉 is called the “phase constant” and Z the characteristic impedance The table 〈displayedItem type="mathematics" xml:id="mu2" numbered="no"〉〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00168025:GPR77:GPR_77_mu2"/〉 is called “characteristic matrix”If one then takes the horizontal components of an electromagnetic field, one can compare the voltage V with the horizontal electric field E (in volts m-1) and the current I with the horizontal magnetic field H (in Amp m−1)For plane waves in vacuum, one gets (Schelkunoff) Z=C (velocity of light)A layer whose thickness is D has a phase constant⌈= 2 πD/λ (λ= wavelength)For plane waves in a conductive, non magnetic medium whose conductivity is δ, one gets 〈displayedItem type="mathematics" xml:id="mu3" numbered="no"〉〈mediaResource alt="image" href="urn:x-wiley:00168025:GPR77:GPR_77_mu3"/〉 For the system of waves created by a point-source one expresses the solution, since it is classical, as a sum or integral of different modes. For each of these modes, one can still write a bilinear relationship similar to (1), and calculate Z and ⌈.A generalization of this result is given.Boundary conditions that exist at the surfaces of separation are met by writing the continuity of E and H. This condition exactly corresponds to the fact that there one V and one I at the junctions of various sections of lines, or networks.The characteristic matrix of a cascade of networks-or here that of a horizontally stratified ground– is the product of the matrixes of each network. If, in addition, one knows the end impedance–here the conductivity λn of the last layer, supposed to be infinite–one can compute the input impedance Re of the whole system. In electromagnetic prospecting, it is Re that conditions the observable field.Inversely, if measurements were infinitely accurate, the. knowledge of the surface field would give all the thicknesses D and conductivities δ of intermediate layers, in the same way that impedance measurements at the input terminals of a cable would allow to locate any failure. The imperfection of measurements causes the elements located too far away (from the point of view of wave attenuation) to escape detection.

Notizen: The iron ores of the Siegerland district are found in lodes occurring in schists of Lower Devonian age. These lodes, normally dipping almost perpendicularly, could be traced only by seismic reflection measurements underground, up to distances of approximately 500 m. The geophones were attached to the walls of the galleries. The frequencies of the recorded longitudinal and transverse waves ranged from 200 to 500 c.p.s. By this method a new siderite lode was discovered.

Notizen: Book Reviewed in this article:Lehrbuch der angewandten Geophysik, Teil II, H. Haalck.

Notizen: A series of repeat observations during a period of 5 years reveal a variation with time of the Worden gravimeter No. 142 small dial spring system. A possible change in the gravity difference concerned is ruled out. It is shown that the small dial scale factor has diminished by about 0.25 % within the last two years against about 0.5 % four to five years ago. The ratio of L.D. to S.D. has been analysed and the results obtained show confirmation of the change in the small dial system and prove a consistency in the large dial system.

Notizen: A study is made of the possibility of calculating electric potentials, and therefore of interpreting apparent resistivity measurements, when the ground presents structural conditions more complicated than plane, parallel stratification.For this work a schematic type of structure has been chosen, in which the discontinuity planes for electric resistivity are both parallel and perpendicular to the level of the ground.The problem has been examinated in its general aspect, and then some criteria for the numerical calculation have been indicated.Some calculated examples are presented, relevant to vertical electric soundings accomplished by conventional technique, for particular types of structure.

Notizen: The elastic impulse-from an explosion is propagated through the earth as an expanding shell bounded by the wavefront. This wavefront and its motion are a physical reality while rays or trajectories are much less sharply defined and cannot actually be observed because the wavelengths involved in seismic processes are too long. This means that the visualization and the interpretation of seismic processes can be carried out in a more satisfactory, simple and comprehensible way with wavefronts than with rays.H. R. Thornburgh (1930) introduced the very lucid and simple method of interpreting seismic refraction sections, using Huygen's principle to construct wavefronts from two symmetrical shotpoints by working back from their observed arrival times at the surface. The depths are found first with only a knowledge of the velocities down to the refractor and after that the velocities in the refractor can be determined.The pattern of the two wavefronts at equal time intervals, obtained when carrying out Thornburgh's construction, leads to the very simple, approximative “Plus-Minus” method. The additions of the travel times from two symmetrical shotpoints to-each geophone give the relative depths and their subtractions give the velocities of the refractor. The method extrapolates exact quantities from the refractor boundary up to the surface by the “Plus”- and “Minus” lines. This extrapolation introduces errors that can, more or less, be corrected for. A number of hypothetical cases are presented to give an insight into the applicability and reliability of the “Plus-Minus” method. Its main applications are for fairly shallow refraction investigations and for determining weathering corrections for refraction and reflection work.

Notizen: Major savings for operators of seismic parties have been achieved by the use of prilled ammonium nitrate as a substitute for gelatin dynamite in areas where shot holes are dry. Pound for pound, the prills appear to have the same energy yield as 60% gelatin dynamite, and some improvement of records has been noted where prills are used. Safety problems are less with ammonium nitrate than with dynamite, and the development of efficient field handling techniques prevents the loss of production.

Notizen: Some mathematical inequalities are proved and their relevance to the interpretation of local magnetic and gravity anomalies is discussed. They can be applied to the readings of either a vertical magnetometer or a total field magnetometer or a gravimeter and yield a maximum possible value for the depth below the earth's surface of the top surface of the body producing the anomaly.

Notizen: The utilization of Scottish hill-land potential is severely limited by inadequate wintering facilities resulting from a low proportion of inbye land to hill-land. The machair lands of the Uists, in the Outer Hebrides, however, provide a more suitable ratio, which is not commonly found in the Highlands of Scotland.Investigations into the grassland problems of the Hebrides were intensified in 1955; and some of the data obtained from trials are given here, as are suggestions for improving the production and utilization of grass in these areas. The climate, soil, and agricultural system all interact to provide conditions which are rarely seen elsewhere.

Notizen: A trial designed to show the effects of animal excreta on sward productivity is described.It was estimated that the grazing sheep returns in a season nutrients capable of immediate uptake by the plant equivalent to 5–6 cwt. nitro-chalk and 2–21/2 cwt. 60% muriate of potash per acre.A large part of sward yield depended on animal return. Clover depression from the effects of animal excreta and, under mowing treatment, from the effects of fertilizer nitrogen, did not result in marked loss of transferred clover nitrogen. There appeared to be a gain in clover soil-nitrogen from a reduction of the clover stand.A comparison is made between the restilts obtained from sheep excreta on the sward with those obtained from mowing treatment.The interaction between animal or fertilizer nitrogen and the clover plant is discussed.

Notizen: Various forms of magnesium compounds were applied to grassland managed under modern intensive conditions and the effects on yield and composition of the herbage were measured. Magnesium limestone increased both yield and magnesium content. Commercial magnesite (MgO) increased the magnesium content rapidly and also gave a small increase in yield. An annual dressing of magnesium sulphate had little effect on magnesium content and tended to depress yield after two years.A marked seasonal effect exists in pasture magnesium content. Increasing the magnesium content had little effect on its distribution within the plant, but it tended to depress calcium and potash.The results are discussed with special reference to recent research on the magnesium metabolism in dairy cattle.

Notizen: Three experiments are described, two with S215 meadow fescue and one with S37 cocksfoot, all grown for seed, during which all new tillers, soon after their appearance, were labelled at intervals of a month—a total of nearly 12,000 tillers. Whatever the first date of observation, the earliest tillers were always found to have contributed the largest proportion of the ears present at harvest. In one experiment applied nitrogen caused an increase in the number of tillers and ears, without however affecting the percentage contribution of the earliest tillers to the final crop of ears. The importance of the autumn period of tillering is stressed.