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  • Articles  (107,593)
  • 2005-2009  (107,593)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (107,593)
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  • Books  (80)
  • Articles  (107,593)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring Strategies at Phreatic Wellfields: A 3D Travel Time Approach (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water 43 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Ground water quality networks for monitoring phreatic drinking water wellfields are generally established for two main purposes: (1) the short-term safeguarding of public water supply and (2) signaling and predicting future quality changes in the extracted ground water. Six monitoring configurations with different well locations and different screen depths and lengths were evaluated using a numerical model of the 3D ground water flow toward a partially penetrating pumping well in a phreatic aquifer. Travel times and breakthrough curves for observation and pumping wells were used to judge the effectiveness of different design configurations for three monitoring objectives: (1) early warning; (2) prediction of future quality changes; and (3) evaluation of protection measures inside a protection zone. Effectiveness was tested for scenarios with advective transport, first-order degradation, and linear sorption. It is shown that the location and especially the depth of the observation wells should be carefully chosen, taking into account the residence time from the surface to the observation well, the residual transit times to the extraction well, and the transformation and retardation rates. Shallow monitoring was most functional for a variety of objectives and conditions. The larger the degradation rates or retardation, the shallower should the monitoring be for effective early warning and prediction of future ground water quality. The general approach followed in the current study is applicable for many geohydrological situations, tuning specific monitoring objectives with residence times and residual transit times obtained from a site-specific ground water flow model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00043.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat as a Ground Water Tracer (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water 43 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Heat carried by ground water serves as a tracer to identify surface water infiltration, flow through fractures, and flow patterns in ground water basins. Temperature measurements can be analyzed for recharge and discharge rates, the effects of surface warming, interchange with surface water, hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments, and basin-scale permeability. Temperature data are also used in formal solutions of the inverse problem to estimate ground water flow and hydraulic conductivity. The fundamentals of using heat as a ground water tracer were published in the 1960s, but recent work has significantly expanded the application to a variety of hydrogeological settings. In recent work, temperature is used to delineate flows in the hyporheic zone, estimate submarine ground water discharge and depth to the salt-water interface, and in parameter estimation with coupled ground water and heat-flow models. While short reviews of selected work on heat as a ground water tracer can be found in a number of research papers, there is no critical synthesis of the larger body of work found in the hydrogeological literature. The purpose of this review paper is to fill that void and to show that ground water temperature data and associated analytical tools are currently underused and have not yet realized their full potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00052.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glacial Sediment Causing Regional-Scale Elevated Arsenic in Drinking Water (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water 43 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: In the upper Midwest, USA, elevated arsenic concentrations in public drinking water systems are associated with the lateral extent of northwest provenance late Wisconsin-aged drift. Twelve percent of public water systems located within the footprint of this drift (212 of 1764) exceed 10 μg/L arsenic, which is the U.S. EPA's drinking water standard. Outside of the footprint, only 2.4% of public water systems (52 of 2182) exceed 10 μg/L arsenic. Both glacial drift aquifers and shallow bedrock aquifers overlain by northwest provenance late Wisconsin-aged sediment are affected by arsenic contamination. Evidence suggests that the distinct physical characteristics of northwest provenance late Wisconsin-aged drift—its fine-grained matrix and entrained organic carbon that fosters biological activity—cause the geochemical conditions necessary to mobilize arsenic via reductive mechanisms such as reductive desorption and reductive dissolution of metal oxides. This study highlights an important and often unrecognized phenomenon: high-arsenic sediment is not necessary to cause arsenic-impacted ground water—when “impacted” is now defined as 〉10 μg/L. This analysis also demonstrates the scientific and economic value of using existing large but imperfect statewide data sets to observe and characterize regional-scale environmental problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00053.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isotopes and Sustainability of Ground Water Resources, North China Plain (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water 43 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Ground water in deep confined aquifers is one of the major water resources for agricultural, industrial, and domestic uses in the North China Plain. Detailed information on ground water age and recharge is vital for the proper management of these water resources, and to this end, we used carbon 14 of dissolved inorganic carbon and tritium in water to measure the age and determine the recharge areas of ground water in the North China Plain. These isotopic data suggest that most ground water in the piedmont part of the North China Plain is 〈40 years old and is recharged locally. In contrast, ground water in the central and littoral portions of the North China Plain is 10,000 to 25,000 years old. The δ18O (δD) values of this ground water are 1.7‰ (11‰) less than that in the piedmont plain ground water and possibly reflect water recharged during a cooler climate during the last glaciation. The temperature of this recharge, based on δ18O values, ranges from 3.7°C to 8.4°C, compared to 12°C to 13°C of modern recharge water. The isotopic data set combined indicates that ground water in the central and littoral part of the North China Plain is being mined under non–steady state conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0038.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of Mineral Fouling on Hydraulic Behavior of Permeable Reactive Barriers (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water 43 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper describes reactive transport simulations conducted to assess the impact of mineral fouling on the hydraulic behavior of continuous-wall permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) employing granular zero-valent iron (ZVI) in carbonate-rich alluvial aquifers. The reactive transport model included a geochemical algorithm for simulating corrosion and mineral precipitation reactions that have been observed in ZVI PRBs. Results of simulations show that porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the ZVI decrease over time and that flows are redistributed throughout the PRB in response to fouling of the pore space. Under typical conditions, only subtle changes occur within the first 10 years (i.e., duration of the current field experience record with PRBs), and the most significant changes do not occur until the PRB has operated for at least 30 years. However, changes can occur sooner (or later) if the rate at which mineral-forming ions are delivered to the PRB is higher (or lower) than that expected under typical conditions (i.e., due to higher/lower flow rate or inflowing ground water that has higher/lower ionic strength). When the PRB is more permeable than the aquifer, the median Darcy flux in the PRB does not change appreciably over time because the aquifer controls the rate of flow through the PRB. However, seepage velocities in the PRB increase, and residence times decrease, due to porosity reductions caused by accumulation of minerals in the pore space. When fouling becomes extensive, bypassing and reductions in flow rate in the PRB occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0042.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arsenic in Glacial Aquifers: Sources and Geochemical Controls (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water 43 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A total of 176 wells in sand-and-gravel glacial aquifers in central Illinois were sampled for arsenic (As) and other chemical parameters. The results were combined with archived and published data from several hundred well samples to determine potential sources of As and the potential geochemical controls on its solubility and mobility. There was considerable spatial variability in the As concentrations. High concentrations were confined to areas smaller than 1 km in diameter. Arsenic and well depth were uncorrelated. Arsenic solubility appeared to be controlled by oxidation-reduction (redox) conditions, especially the presence of organic matter. Geochemical conditions in the aquifers are typically reducing, but only in the most reducing water does As accumulate in solution. In wells in which total organic carbon (TOC) was below 2 mg/L and sulfate (SO42−) was present, As concentrations were low or below the detection limit (0.5 μg/L). Arsenic concentrations 〉10 μg/L were almost always found in wells where TOC was 〉2 mg/L and SO42− was absent or at low concentrations, indicating post–SO42−reducing conditions. Iron (Fe) is common in the aquifer sediments, and Fe oxide reduction appears to be occurring throughout the aquifers. Arsenic is likely released from the solid phase as Fe oxide is reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0058.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating Aquifer Transmissivity from Specific Capacity Using MATLAB (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water 43 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Historically, specific capacity information has been used to calculate aquifer transmissivity when pumping test data are unavailable. This paper presents a simple computer program written in the MATLAB programming language that estimates transmissivity from specific capacity data while correcting for aquifer partial penetration and well efficiency. The program graphically plots transmissivity as a function of these factors so that the user can visually estimate their relative importance in a particular application. The program is compatible with any computer operating system running MATLAB, including Windows, Macintosh OS, Linux, and Unix. Two simple examples illustrate program usage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0101.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum/ (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water 43 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0118.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is current hydrogeologic research addressing long-term predictions? (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water 43 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Hydrogeology is a field closely related to the needs of society. Many problems of current national and local interest require predictions of hydrogeological system behavior, and in a number of important cases, the period of prediction is tens to hundreds of thousands of years. It is argued that the demand for such long-term hydrogeological predictions casts a new light on the future needs of hydrogeological research. Key scientific issues are no longer concerned only with simple processes or narrowly focused modeling or testing methods but also with assessment of prediction uncertainties and confidence, couplings among multiple physicochemical processes occurring simultaneously at a site, and the interplay between site characterization and predictive modeling. These considerations also have significant implications for hydrogeological education. With this view, it is asserted that hydrogeological directions and education need to be reexamined and possibly refocused to address specific needs for long-term predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0023.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractal travel time estimates for dispersive contaminants (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water 43 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Alternative fractional models of contaminant transport lead to a new travel time formula for arbitrary concentration levels. For an evolving contaminant plume in a highly heterogeneous aquifer, the new formula predicts much earlier arrival at low concentrations. Travel times of contaminant fronts and plumes are often obtained from Darcy's law calculations using estimates of average pore velocities. These estimates only provide information about the travel time of the average concentration (or peak, for contaminant pulses). Recently, it has been shown that finding the travel times of arbitrary concentration levels is a straightforward process, and equations were developed for other portions of the breakthrough curve for a nonreactive contaminant. In this paper, we generalize those equations to include alternative fractional models of contaminant transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.0025.x
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