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  • Articles  (6,828)
  • Springer  (6,828)
  • 1980-1984  (6,828)
  • 1982  (6,828)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (6,828)
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  • Articles  (6,828)
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  • 1980-1984  (6,828)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructure of wood char (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 19-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The exposure of wood treated with a commercial fire retardant chemical to fire conditions resulted in different patterns of char and fissure development than are seen in untreated whole wood. In addition microstructural observations demonstrated the existence of particulate fire retardant residues in char from treated wood. The source and mode of growth of these particles is considered as well as effects of fire retardants on crack growth, char development and overall appearance of chars from treated wood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351372
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of phenols and charcoal from bagasse by a rapid continuous pyrolysis process (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Tar and charcoal could be produced in high yields from bagasse by applying a rapid continuous pyrolysis process at a relatively low temperature. The ether extractives of the pyrolytic tar and oil amounted to 9.4% based on bagasse. Phenols represented 79% of these extractives. Gas chromatographic separation showed that guaiacol and its derivatives constituted 38% of the identified simple phenols. There were much smaller amounts of syringol and none at high pyrolysis temperatures. Depithing did not reduce the ash content of the charcoal, but it yielded an environmentally clean charcoal containing practically no sulfur or nitrogen. It was necessary to remove the fine particle size fraction of the bagasse after grinding in order to reduce the ash content of the charcoal. The carbon content of the charcoal increased rapidly with increasing temperature, and reached 96% at 720°C. The charcoal had a remarkably high adsorption capacity despite the fact that it had not been subjected to any activation treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351374
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IAWS bulletin board (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 81-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351096
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alkaline degradation of spruce and beech wood (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 155-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The alkaline delignification of spruce and beech wood is accomplished in three phases. The first phase results in a decrease of yield down to 83...80%, the second one in a decrease from 83...80% to 64...61% and the third one in a yeld drop from 64...61% to 50...46%. The amount of polysaccharides removed in the first phase was 22%, in the second phase 5...6% and in the third phase 10% of the total polysaccharides in the original wood. The amount of lignin removed in the first phase of delignification was 9...11% in the second phase 53...54% and in the third phase 28% of the total lignin in the original wood. The polysaccharides extracted in the second and third phase amounted to 70...78% of the polysaccharides removed in the first delignification phase. For an entire characterization of the delignification reaction not only the course of lignin removal is of importance but also the course of the polysaccharide extraction. The results show that for a two-stage alkali-oxygen-cooking technology the optimum yield after initial partial alkaline delignification lies in the range of 64...61%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351100
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Topochemistry of delignification in Douglas-fir wood with soda, soda-anthraquinone and karft pulping as determined by SEM-EDXA (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 139-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Delignification studies on 0.5 μm sections of Douglas-fir earlywood tracheids pulped by soda, soda-anthraquinone (soda/AQ) and kraft pulping processes were performed by determining bromine concentrations in various morphological regions with SEM-EDXA technique. Soda/AQ pulping was much more selective in removing lignin from the middle lamella regions than either soda or kraft pulping. However, up to 50% delignification, more lignin was removed from the secondary wall by soda or kraft, compared to soda/AQ pulping. The kinetics of lignin removal in the various morphological regions were established. Addition of AQ and sodium sulfide resulted in an earlier transition from a slow initial to a rapid bulk delignification, particularly in the middle lamella, and in an enhanced bulk delignification in the secondary wall. Anthraquinone was also found to promote residual delignification in the secondary wall, where sodium sulfide was not effective. The opposite was observed for the bulk delignification in the middle lamella, where only sodium sulfide addition improved the rate significantly. The great differences observed in the bulk delignification rates between middle lamella and secondary wall in soda pulping as well as their response to additives suggest structural differences between middle lamella and secondary wall lignins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351099
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of lignification in loblolly pine tracheids by the SEM-EDXA technique (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 167-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The lignification process in different morphological regions of loblolly pine tracheids was studied by the SEM-EDXA technique. Prior to S2 layer formation, lignification was initiated in the cell corner middle lamella and compound middle lamella regions. Subsequently a rapid lignin deposition was observed in both regions, whereas secondary wall lignification was a more gradual process and initiated when the middle lamella lignin concentration was approximately 50% of maximum. Within the secondary wall, the S1 layer is lignified first. Then, lagging just behind cell wall formation, lignification of the S2 layer is initiated adjacent to the S1 layer and extends toward the lumen. Finally, the S3 layer lignified. Upon completion of lignification, the cell walls had a higher concentration of lignin in both the S1 and S3 layers than in the S2 layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353866
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Participation of singlet oxygen in the photodegradation of wood surfaces (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 193-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Photodegradation of wood surfaces in the presence of oxygen was studied. ESR studies revealed that free radicals were formed at the wood surface during photoirradiation. These wood free radicals readily interacted with oxygen molecules to form peroxide radicals. Iodometry UV absorption studies showed that hydroperoxide was formed in the photoirradiated wood. The hydroperoxide concentration increased when wood was irradiated in the presence of singlet oxygen generators such as Rose Bengal and Methylene Blue. Hydroperoxide concentration decreased when wood was irradiated in the presence of singlet oxygen quenchers such as 1,4-diazobicyclo (2,2,2) octane, β-carotene and triethylamine. These findings imply the participation of singlet oxygen in the photodegradation of wood surfaces. The mechanisms of formation of singlet oxygen and hydroperoxide during photoirradiation are proposed. The consequence of hydroperoxide decomposition reactions on the discoloration and degradation of wood surface is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353868
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indirect identification methods for the elastic constants of orthotropic materials and their application to wood (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary This paper concerns the elaboration of a method for the determination of elastic constants of orthotropic bodies with particular application to wood. It is based on the finite element calculation (displacement pattern) of thin plate samples and on the experimental measurement of the deflections at particular points under a simply imposed load.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353870
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 239-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353872
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcium promoted phenolic coupling by superoxide radical —a possible lignification reaction in wood (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The reaction of enzymatically generated superoxide radical with coniferyl alcohol in aqueous solution at pH 8.0 was studied. In the absence of calcium (II) no reaction occurred, but with a calcium (II) concentration of about 50 mM or more, coniferyl alcohol was oxidized by the superoxide radical. Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol and pinoresinol were identified in the reaction mixture. From this result it is concluded that in the presence of calcium (II) the superoxide radical can achieve a one electron oxidation of coniferyl alcohol. It is suggested that a superoxide-generating enzyme outside the cell wall is responsible for the lignification. This suggestion is based on knowledge of the pore structure of wood cell walls, the high calcium concentration in non-lignified cells, the course of lignification and the existence of superoxide-producing enzyme systems in plant cell walls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351376
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 79-80 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351377
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent progress in the chemistry and topochemistry of compression wood (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 83-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A review of the chemistry and topochemistry of compression wood with 200 references. Compression wood contains on the average 30% cellulose, 35–40% lignin, 10% galactan, 9% galactoglucomannan, 8% xylan, and 2% of a 1,3-glucan (laricinan). The cellulose is less crystalline, and the xylan has fewer arabinose side chains than in normal wood. The lignin is composed of guaiacylpropane and p-hydroxyphenylpropane units. It is more condensed, has a higher proportion of carbon-carbon bonds, and contains fewer arylglycerol-β-aryl ether structures than a normal conifer lignin. The ray cells and the primary wall of the tracheids have the same chemical composition in normal and compression woods. The galactan is largely located in the outer region of the secondary wall. Only 5–10% of the lignin in compression wood tracheids is extracellular. The middle lamella is less lignified than in normal wood, while the S1 and inner S2 layers have a lignin concentration of 30–40% which is twice as high as in normal wood. The lignin content of the S2 (L) layer is equal to or higher than that of the intercellular region along the wall. The review is concluded with a brief reference to areas where present information is incomplete or lacking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351097
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for bound-water transport in wood (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 123-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A model for the isothermal transport of bound water through the cell wall of wood is developed, based on the assumption that the driving force for moisture movement is the gradient of “spreading” pressure ϕ, as first proposed by Babbitt (1950). This pressure is a surface phenomenon, derivable from the surface sorption theory of Dent (1977), a modification of the BET sorption theory. The force resisting moisture transport is assumed to be inversely proportional to moisture content and directly proportional to the equivalent viscosity of the sorbed water, calculated to be orders of magnitude larger than that of free water. The coefficients normally used to describe isothermal moisture transport in wood are derived from the model, and their predicted behavior as functions of the relative vapor pressure h of the cell wall are described graphically. An attempt is made to calculate a quantitative magnitude for the diffusion coefficient D, based on an assumed relationship between viscosity and the activation energy for water diffusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351098
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IAWS bulletin board (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 165-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353864
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NATO ASI-Programme on “Biomass Utilization” (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 166-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353865
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activities of some enzymes of lignin formation in reaction wood of Thuja orientalis and Metasequoia glyptostroboides 2 (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 287-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary To elucidate biochemical features leading to p-hydroxyphenyl-rich lignin in gymnosperm reaction wood the activities of the following five enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of p-hydroxyphenyl lignin were compared in reaction and opposite woods: phenylalanine ammonialyase (EC 4.3.1.5), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.11), p-hydroxycinnamate: CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.12), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.-) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7). The enzyme activities in the reaction woods of Thuja orientalis and Metasequoia glyptostroboides were remarkably higher than those in the opposite woods, reflecting the higher contents of p-hydroxyphenyl lignin in reaction wood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353155
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on wood gluing (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 293-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this paper was to clarify the gluability and adhesion mechanism of polypropylene as a hot melt wood adhesive for plywood bonding. The gluability of plywood glued with nonpolar and modified polypropylene satisfied approximately the specification of the Japan Agricultural Standard, Designation Types 1 and 2. The moisture content (8 to 25 %) of the core veneer had no recognizable effect on gluability. The durability of polypropylene and that of modified polypropylene were the same as that of melamine-formaldehyde resin. Molten polypropylene made good contact with veneer surface, and penetrated into the lumina of wood cells and other spaces. In the separated glue lines, casts of glue which had penetrated into the vessels had many mushroom-like projections which had filled the bordered pit cavities. It was indicated that the anchoring effect of polypropylene which had penetrated into various wood elements and spaces in the veneer contributed dominantly to the gluability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353157
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    The periderms of three North American conifers (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 305-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The anatomy of periderms in three North American conifers are described and compared. The phellems of balsam fir and eastern hemlock consist of tangential bands of thin-walled phellem (TnP) separated by one, or sometimes more, cell layers of thick-walled phellem (TkP). The phellem of white spruce contains tangential bands of TnP and TkP, as well as one to several cell layers of crystalliferous phellem (CP) abaxially adjacent to every TkP zone. The TkP, and to a lesser extent the TnP, are distinctive for each of the three conifers. The terminations of phellem growth cycles in fir and hemlock are delineated by thickened adaxial suberinic walls in the last-formed layer of TnP cells. In spruce, the adaxial suberinic walls of the last-formed layer of CP cells are thickened. TkP marks the geginning of phellem growth cycles in all three conifers. TkP cells are “true” suberized phellem cells, not phelloids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353159
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book review (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 286-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353154
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  • 20
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    Book review (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 292-292 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353156
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  • 21
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    Book review (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 304-304 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353158
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  • 22
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    Fifteenth International Particleboard Symposium held at Washington State University Structural Products, Special Considerations and Binders (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 317-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353160
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  • 23
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    Evaluation of the quantitative assay of lignin distribution by SEM-EDXA-technique (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 1-18 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A method has been developed for the determination of lignin distribution in wood cell walls by studying bromine concentrations in 0.5 μm sections with scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDXA) technique. Evaluation of backscattering, absorption and fluorescence effects on quantitative assay of lignin distribution indicated that these effects may all be ignored, if relative comparisons are made. Thus, a relative ratio of the measured Br-L X-ray intensities directly provides bromine concentration ratio, from which the ratio of lignin concentrations in different morphological regions can be estimated. Additionally, the effect of electron beam bombardment on bromine was found to be negligible. Therefore, the SEM-EDXA technique provides quantitative information of lignin distribution with relatively high accuracy. The potential and limitations of this technique were also elucidated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351371
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  • 24
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    Acoustic emission from softwoods in tension (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 35-57 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring is a non-destructive testing technique widely used to detect flaw development and crack propagation in metals, ceramics, polymers and composite materials. This paper relates the AE-strain characteristics from three softwoods tested in tension to mechanisms of deformation observed by scanning electron microscopy. All wood specimens are identical in size and radial-longitudinal in orientation, enabling the path of failure through planes of earlywood and latewood to be examined. It is found that the proportion of earlywood to latewood in each species has a marked effect on the shape of the AE-strain curves. Parana pine, containing very few latewood tracheids, exhibits a close to linear relationship between log cumulative emissions and strain until close to failure when the count rate increases rapidly. Douglas-fir, which has well-defined earlywood-latewood boundaries generates many AEs at low strain and there is greater variation in the shape of the AE characteristic between samples. Parana pine and Douglas-fir are tested at 20 °C (12.5 % EMC). Scots pine is also stressed at 20°C (12.5%EMC), 20°C (0.7%EMC) and 80°C (0.7%EMC), to assess the effect of moisture content on AE. Values of Young's modulus, stress at failure and work of fracture for the three softwoods are compared with the AE-strain data. Although the work of fracture is related to the total AEs to failure, no direct proportionality exists between the two parameters. Finally, the AE-strain data for plywood and glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), both man-made composite materials, are compared with those of wood, the natural composite material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351373
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  • 25
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    The occurrence of benzyl non-cyclic ether bonds in lignin (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 67-70 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary A reply to the note by Nimz (1981) on the occurrence of benzyl non-cyclic ether bonds in lignin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351375
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    A model for testing the efficiency of material selection using life data (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 223-237 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary An extension is made to a previously proposed reliability-based procedure for characterizing the duration of load properties of wood. This extension provides a methodology for testing if two disjoint nominal populations of wood specified by modulus of elasticity have significantly different time to failure distributions at a given applied stress. This extension has practical application in the assignment of grades to structural lumber and in determining the dependence of time to failure on grade, species, and size.
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    Book review (1982)
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    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 259-260 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353148
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    On the fracture morphology in wood (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 241-259 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Structural changes in spruce and aspen wood samples subjected to axial compression were examined by means of the scanning electron microscope. For comparison, macroscopic model experiments were carried out on tube-shaped samples made of paper so as to represent segments of fibriform xylem cells. The results show that there are fracture patterns characteristic of wood in general and others characteristic of the species of wood. The phenomena characteristic of wood in general are prevalent at the cellular level and in the fracture behaviour of the cell wall layers and perforations. The characteristics of the various species of wood dominate at the level of the growth rings and are decisively influenced by the composition and arrangement of the tissues. The model experiments show that the failure morphology of the individual cells of the xylem may be explained to some extent by their geometry.
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    Book review (1982)
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    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 277-278 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00353152
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    Comparative studies on lignin distribution by UV microscopy and bromination combined with EDXA (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 269-277 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary In order to elucidate a previously reported discrepancy in the ratio of the lignin concentration in the middle lamella to that in the secondary wall as determined by ultraviolet (UV) microscopy and bromination combined with EDXA, the ultraviolet absorptivity of the lignin and the lignin reactivity towards bromination were compared for black spruce wood (Picea mariana Mill.). In addition, UV microscopy and EDXA techniques were applied to the determination of lignin distribution in the tracheids in order to establish the relationship between the two techniques. The results indicated that, although the ultraviolet absorptivity in different morphological regions is essentially the same, the secondary wall lignin was 1.70 times more reactive towards bromination than the middle lamella lignin. By applying the value of 1.70 as a correction to the EDXA results, the estimated lignin distribution by EDXA was in fairly good agreement with that from UV microscopy.
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    Relationship between ball milling and the susceptibility of wood to digestion by cellulase (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 279-285 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Aspen wood was ball milled for times as long as 10 days. The change in wood morphology was examined in the ultraviolet microscope. The accessibility of the milled wood to cellulase was also determined. Soon after the commencement of the milling, part of the wood took on a characteristic appearance in which the cell wall material was completely broken down. The proportion of this disordered wall material (DWM) increased with increased time of milling. The accessibility to cellulase increased with the proportion of DWM produced by the milling.
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    Apical control of branch movements in white pine: Compression wood action (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 181-191 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary The movements of branches or control stem girdled white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were analyzed using beam theory. The stresses generated in the compression wood (CW) produced bending moments to counter the added bending moments due to new branch growth. The branches on the treated trees produced additional CW after untreated trees stopped elongation and diameter growth. The intensity of the stresses in this additional CW was greater than in the other CW. Thus, branches on treated trees moved up vertically well beyond their initial orientation due to both more CW and more active CW. The branches on untreated trees all deflected downward as branch weight continued to increase after CW production stopped.
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    Bending creep behavior of Acer Saccharum marsh veneered medium-density fiberboard composite (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 203-213 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary This study was to determine the effects of shelling ratio (SR) 0.200, 0.314, and 0.400, relative humidity (RH) 50, 64, 78, and 92 percent, and temperature (T) 10°C, 24°C, and 38°C, on the initial elastic (YE) deformation, irrecoverable creep (YIR) and creep deformations (YC) of sugar maple-veneered-medium-density fiberboard (MDF) composite panels 16 mm thick, 229 by 584 mm in size for the purpose of developing a hardwood composite. This composite would possess creep resistance comparable to conventional softwood plywood and lumber. The YE, YC, and YIR of all composite panels were significantly (at 0.05 level) affected by the SR, RH, and T in this study. However, no differences in creep deformations were found in all specimens between the SR of 0.314 and 0.400, between the RH of 50 and 64 percent, and between the T of 10°C and 24°C conditions. Composite panels with an SR value of 0.314 and 0.400 had YC values approaching that of maple lumber. Panels with SR value of 0.200 displayed lower average YE, YC, and YIR values than those of the Douglas-fir plywood. The effect of T on creep deformation was small when compared to the effects of SR and RH. The YIR accounted for almost 2/3 of the YC for all composite panels. Predicted YE, YC, and YIR values obtained from the multiple regression models predict very well the observed test values. The creep behavior of the composites was explained well by a power-law equation in log-log form for periods of 2 to 10 minutes and 10 to 100 minutes. Reasonable approximations of YC at 2-week intervals were made by extrapolating the short-term creep test results of 10 to 100 minutes log-log regression analysis oor the veneered-MDF composites.
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    Book review (1982)
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    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 268-268 
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    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Chemical characterization of tissue fractions from the middle lamella and secondary wall of black spruce tracheids (1982)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 261-267 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Elemental and functional group analyses were carried out on tissue fractions from the secondary wall and middle lamella of black spruce tracheids. The secondary wall lignin was found to contain 1.7 times as much methoxyl per C9 as the middle lamella lignin, indicating a substantial proportion of unmethylated para-hydroxyphenylpropane residues in the middle lamella. The content of carbonyl groups was at least three times larger in middle lamella lignin than in secondary wall lignin. The carboxyl content of the middle lamella was found to be about three times as large as that of the secondary wall. Elemental analyses show a higher carbon and lower oxygen content in the middle lamella than in the secondary wall.
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    Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren von Rißsystemen (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 51 (1982), S. 301-310 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Starting with the solution for a single crack with loaded crack faces, a system of equations is derived which allows an approximate determination of stress intensity factors of a system of straight cracks. Several examples illustrate the method.
    Notes: Übersicht Ausgehend von der Lösung für den Einzelriß unter Rißflankenbelastung wird ein Gleichungs-system hergeleitet, das die approximative Bestimmung der Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren eines Systems von geraden Rissen gestattet. Einige Beispiele illustrieren die Methode.
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    A thermomechanical description of materials with internal variables in the process of phase transitions (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 51 (1982), S. 287-299 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Eine kontinuumsmechanische Darstellung für thermoplastische Stoffe während eines Phasenübergangs wird gegeben. Das Material wird mit Hilfe von verschiedenen Zustandsvariablen charakterisiert: zwei Variablen, die kristallographische Änderungen während der plastischen Deformation angeben und ein Satz von Variablen, welche den Umfang des Phasenübergangs beschreiben. Stoffgleichungen werden hergeleitet. Außerdem wird gezeigt, daß C-C-T- und T-T-T-Diagramme aus der entwickelten Theorie hergeleitet werden könnten.
    Notes: Summary A continuum mechanical description is presented for thermoplastic materials in the process of solid-solid phase transition. The material is assumed to be characterized by three different internal state variables: two internal variables which specify the crystallographic structural change during the plastic deformation, and a set of scalar internal variables which describes the extent of phase transition. Applying Edelen's decomposition theorem, the plastic quantities are determined from the dissipation potential, while the elastic quantities are specified by the internal energy. The explicit form of the flow rule and the evolutional equations for the internal variables are derived. The constitutive equations for the stress and the entropy are obtained in rate-type. It is shown that the continuous cooling transformation (C-C-T) diagram and the isothermal time-temperature-transformation (T-T-T) diagram could be derived from the theory developed here. The infinitesimal case is discussed in detail.
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    Ein Beitrag zum dynamischen Verhalten der Kurvengetriebe mit Schwinghebel (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 51 (1982), S. 311-323 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The followers in cam mechanisms are usually regarded as rigid elements in a dynamical analysis. In this work, cam mechanisms with oscillating followers were investigated. The follower was considered as a thin elastic rod and the other members of the mechanism were taken as rigid. After setting up the equation of lateral motion of the oscillating follower in the plane of the mechanism — which is a partial differential equation of fourth order with time and space dependent coefficients — the lateral vibrations were investigated from a stability point of view by reducing the differential equation to a Hill system. Then, using an approximate solution of the system obtained above, the effect of various parameters on the contact between the cam and its roller were analyzed. It was found that the consideration of the elasticity of the follower gave different results as compared to the analysis where it was assumed to be rigid. Thus the elasticity of the follower is an important parameter to be considered.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Abtriebsglieder in Kurvengetrieben werden bei dynamischen Untersuchungen zum größten Teil als starr angenommen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden speziell Kurvengetriebe mit Schwinghebel untersucht. Dabei wird die Schwinge selbst als ein dünner, elastischer Stab betrachtet, wobei alle anderen Glieder als starr angesehen werden. Nach Aufstellung der Differentialgleichung der Querschwingungen der Schwinge in der Getriebeebene, die eine partielle Differentialgleichung vierter Ordnung mit zeit- und ortsabhängigen Koeffizienten ist, werden diese Schwingungen nach Reduzierung der Differentialgleichung in ein Hillsches Differentialgleichungssystem auf Stabilität untersucht. Danach wird mit Hilfe einer Näherungslösung des erhaltenen Systems der Einfluß verschiedener Parameter auf den Kraftschluß zwischen der Kurve und der Abtriebsrolle untersucht. Insgesamt kommt man zu der Feststellung, daß die Berücksichtigung der Schwingenelastizität, verglichen mit dem Falle einer starren Schwinge, unterschiedliche Ergebnisse liefert und daher diese Eigenschaft möglichst in Betracht gezogen werden sollte.
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    Theory of thin-walled curved members with shear deformation (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 51 (1982), S. 325-336 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Die Differentialgleichungen und Randbedingungen, die das Verhalten von Stabsystemen aus gekrümmten dünnwandigen Stäben unter Berücksichtigung des Schubverformungseinflusses beschreiben, werden durch das Prinzip der virtuellen Arbeit abgeleitet. In der gewöhnlichen Biege- oder Wölbkrafttorsionstheorie ist das Gleichgewicht der Kräfte in Längsrichtung an einem infinitesimalen dünnwandigen Element des Stabes nicht erfüllt, da die Normalspannung σgq zu Null angenommen wird; d. h., der Verformungseinfluß der Biege- und Wölbschubspannungen wird vernachlässigt. In dieser Arbeit wird die Methode der successiven Approximationen benutzt, um ein genaueres Verschiebungsfeld zu bestimmen. Daraus folgt, daß das vorstehende Gleichgewicht der Kräfte bei jedem Wiederholungsschritt erfüllt ist, in welchem die Normalspannung σgq durch das bestimmte Verschiebungsfeld in Längsrichtung gegeben wird. Für die erhaltene Näherungslösung kann man die Konvergenz zur exakten Lösung nachweisen. Einige numerische Beispiele werden gegeben. Durch den Vergleich mit Ergebnissen anderer Verfasser können die Genauigkeit und die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Methode bestätigt werden.
    Notes: Summary The differential equations and the boundary conditions governing the behavior of structures composed of thin-walled curved members with shear deformation are derived in accordance with the virtual work principle. In the general bending theory or bending-torsion theory, the equilibrium equation of forces acting on an infinitesimal wall element in the axial direction is not sufficiently satisfied, since it is assumed that the normal stress σθ is equal to zero. That is, the effects of the shear stress due to bending or warping are neglected. In the present paper, the method of successive approximations is used to determine a refined displacement field. Hence, the equilibrium condition for the infinitesimal wall element is satisfied at each repeated step in which the normal stress is calculated from the determined displacement in the axial direction, and the effects of shear deformation are considered. Approximate solutions which are believed to have sufficient accuracy are developed and given herein. Numerical examples are shown for several problems. Through the comparison with other author's results, the accuracy and the efficiency of this method may be verified.
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    Oscillations of immiscible liquids in free space or in spherical containers in zero-gravity environment (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 51 (1982), S. 363-381 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Es werden die natürlichen gekoppelten Frequenzen zweier nichtmischbarer inkompressibler, reibungsfreier, aber mit Oberflächenspannung behafteter Flüssigkeiten im schwerelosen Raum bestimmt. Dabei werden sowohl flüssige Kugeltropfen als auch Flüssigkeiten im Kugeltank behandelt.
    Notes: Summary The natural coupled frequencies are determined for an arrangement of two immiscible incompressible and frictionless liquids with surface- and interfacial tension. The system is in the state of zerogravity and consists either of liquid globules or liquids in a spherical container.
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    Nichtlineare Stabilitätsuntersuchungen mit der Methode der Finiten Elemente (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 51 (1982), S. 337-362 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Exact and approximate solutions for the critical load of elastic structures exhibiting a nonlinear prebuckling response are described. The incremental iterative displacement finite element formulation is used. Two main aspects are covered. First different supplementary procedures evaluating the stability citerion parallel to the nonlinear analysis are investigated. Among these are the function of the determinant, and eigenvalue formulations for the load parameter and the frequency. In the second part two improved initial stability analyses are proposed to determine an approximate solution of the final critical load. They are based on the perturbation method in which the equilibrium and stability equations are expanded in series solutions. In both parts several numerical examples are given.
    Notes: Übersicht Ziel der Arbeit ist die exakte und genäherte Bestimmung der kritischen Last von elastischen Systemen mit nichtlinearem Vorbeulverhalten. Grundlage ist die Verschiebungsformulierung der Methode der finiten Elemente in inkrementell/iterativer Darstellung. Im ersten Hauptteil werden begleitende Stabilitätsuntersuchungen bei der exakten Auswertung der nichtlinearen Gleichungen behandelt. Hierzu gehören die Determinantenbeobachtung sowie Eigenwertuntersuchungen für den Lastparameter und die Eigenfrequenz. Im zweiten Hauptteil werden zwei verbesserte Anfangsstabilitätsanalysen zur genäherten Bestimmung der kritischen Last vorgestellt, die auf Reihenlösungen der Gleichgewichts- und Stabilitätsgleichungen basieren. In beiden Teilen bestätigen zahlreiche Beispiele die Brauchbarkeit der behandelten Verfahren.
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    Über den Öldurchsatz bei druckgeschmierten Lagern (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 51 (1982), S. 399-414 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The problem of determining the oil flow in pressure-fed bearings is equivalent to the computation of the capacitance of conducting wire and band arrangements, a problem well known in electrostatics. Using the known solutions to the corresponding electrostatic problems, oil flow coefficients for finite diameter to width ratios are determined for oil flow from holes and grooves.
    Notes: Übersicht Das Problem der Berechnung des Öldurchsatzes eines druckgeschmierten Lagers mit Zapfenexzentrizität ɛ = 0 ist äquivalent dem aus der Elektrostatik bekannten Problem der Kapazitätsberechnung von draht- oder bandförmigen Leiteranordnungen. Diese bekannten Lösungen der Elektrostatik werden benutzt, um Durchsatzkoeffizienten für Lager endlicher Breite mit runder bzw. schlitzförmiger Ölzufuhr zu ermitteln.
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    Eine Methode zur direkten Berechnung von Gleichgewichtslagen im Nachbeulbereich (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 51 (1982), S. 415-420 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The common incremental procedure is replaced by a quasi viscous method, which allows stable equilibrium states in the post buckling range to be found unaffected by limit points or bifurcations of the solution path. Examples are given for the buckling of plates and shells.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Verfahren der quasi viskosen Dämpfung ermöglicht die direkte Berechnung von Gleichgewichtszuständen im Vor- und Nachbeulbereich von elastischen Konstruktionen. Der Berechnungsprozeß wird von örtlichen Durchschlags- oder Verzweigungspunkten nicht beeinträchtigt. Bei entsprechender Wahl der Dämpfung kann auf das schrittweise Aufbringen der Last, wie in inkrementellen Verfahren üblich, verzichtet werden.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird eine Methode vorgeschlagen, mit der durch Auffassung des Beulens als quasi viskosen Prozeß Gleichgewichtszustände im Nachbeulbereich ohne inkrementelles Vorgehen und unbeeinträchtigt von Durchschlags- oder Verzweigungspunkten berechnet werden können. Für die Anwendung auf Platten und Zylinderschalen werden Beispiele gegeben
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    Eine vollständige Gleichungsstruktur der linearen Elastizitätstheorie (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 51 (1982), S. 421-426 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The equations of the threedimensional linear elasticity theory are arranged in a Tonti-type-scheme. Through this representation the duality of kinematic and dynamic variables is easily recognizable. It is shown that Navier's differential equations of deformations have formally the same structure as Beltrami's differential equations of stress functions.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Gleichungen der linearen dreidimensionalen Elastizitätstheorie werden in einem Tonti-Schema angeordnet. Durch diese Darstellung ist die Dualität zwischen Weggrößen und Kraftgrößen besonders leicht erkennbar. Es zeigt sich, daß die Navier'sehen Verschiebungsdifferentialgleichungen formal die gleiche Struktur haben wie die Differentialgleichungen von Beltrami für die Spannungsfunktionen.
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    Das sphärische hydrostatische Lager mit zentraler Drucktasche unter schräger Last (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 51 (1982), S. 383-398 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is investigated within which limits the spherical hydrostatic bearing with single central recess is able to support oblique loads. First, applying the Reynolds equation to a bearing of only slight sphericity, a preliminary comparison of convergence behavior is made between a perturbation solution and a Fourier solution, showing the latter distinctly to be more suitable. A second-order Fourier solution is then derived for bearings of any geometry. Results are presented for the axial and radial load component coefficients to serve as a basis for the design of structurally simple combined bearings. Compared with other designs of the multi-recess or multi-pad type, the bearing analyzed here has the advantage of reducing technical expenditure as well as energy dissipation. But it must be accepted that its load-carrying capacity becomes more narrowly limited. Also the radial stiffness tends to decrease. Measurements taken on a fabricated bearing confirm how closely bearing performance is related to bearing precision. The analysis presented is not based on using larger digital computers but can be evaluated with small-capacity calculators.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird untersucht, innerhalb welcher Grenzen das sphärische hydrostatische Lager mit einzelner zentraler Tasche schräg zur Achse wirkende Lasten aufnehmen kann. Ausgehend von der Reynoldsschen Gleichung, werden zunächst an einem schwach gekrümmten Lager Lösungsansätze nach der Methode der Störungsrechnung und nach einem Fourier-Ansatz hinsichtlich ihres Konvergenzverhaltens miteinander verglichen, wobei sich der Fourier-Ansatz deutlich als geeigneter erweist. Es wird dann der Rechnungsgang für Lager beliebiger Geometrie bis zur zweiten Fourier-Ordnung entwickelt und als Ergebnis axiale und radiale Tragfähigkeitszahlen berechnet. Damit sind Unterlagen für den Entwurf konstruktiv einfacher hydrostatischer Schräglager gegeben, die vor anderen Bauformen mit einer Vielzahl von Drucktaschen oder Stützquellen den Vorzug wesentlich geringeren technischen Aufwands und Energieumsatzes haben. Dafür muß allerdings in Kauf genommen werden, daß der zulässigen radialen Belastbarkeit engere Grenzen gesetzt sind. Auch ist die radiale Steifigkeit unter Umständen etwas unterlegen. An Hand von Meßergebnissen an einem ausgeführten Lager wird gezeigt, wie eng die Leistungsfähigkeit des Lagers mit der Formgüte der Lagerflächen verflochten ist. Der dargestellte Lösungsweg erfordert nicht den Einsatz größerer Rechenanlagen, sondern kommt mit programmierbaren Kleingeräten aus.
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    Nichtlineare Biegung und Beulen von Zylindern und krummen Rohren bei Normaldruck (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The pure nonlinear bending of an elliptic tube under normal pressure is investigated. The problem is described by two integro-differential equations of the Reissner-Meissner type which are integrated with the means of approximating the solution function by Fourier series. The curves bending moment vs curvature change are given and discussed for various parameters (ratio of axes A/B, normal pressure q, curvature parameter μ). The buckling of the tubes under the bending load is determined by a hypothesis of “local buckling”.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird die reine nichtlineare Biegung eines elliptischen Rohres unter Normaldruckbelastung untersucht. Das Problem wird durch zwei Integrodifferentialgleichungen vom Reissner-Meissner-Typ beschrieben, die mittels der Fourierreihenapproximation der Lösungsfunktionen integriert werden. Die nichtlinearen Biegemoment-Krümmungsänderungskurven werden für verschiedene Parameter (Halbachsenverhältnis A/B, Normaldruckbelastung q, Krümmungsparameter μ) angegeben und diskutiert. Das Beulen der Rohre bei Biegung wird mittels einer Hypothese des lokalen Beulens bestimmt.
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    Querschnittsverformungen von Stäben (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 17-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method is presented which uses a stepwise correction of non-equilibrated states of stress following from the assumptions of Bernoulli bending and St. Venant torsion to determine additional displacements and stresses. They are defined as products of an axial deformation and either a cross-sectional unit displacement or a unit stress state. Generalized variational principles for the unit variables and first order differential equation systems for the axial deformations and their corresponding forces are derived.
    Notes: Übersicht Durch eine schrittweise Korrektur der Ungleichgewichtszustände, die aus den Annahmen der Bernoullischen Biegung und der St. Venantschen Torsion folgen, werden zusätzliche Verschiebungen und Spannungen bestimmt. Diese werden als Produkte einer Verformung der Stabachse und einer querschnittsabhängigen Einheitsverschiebung oder Einheitsspannung definiert. Verallgemeinerte Variationsaussagen für die Einheitsvariablen und Differentialgleichungssysteme erster Ordnung für die Verformungen der Stabachse sowie deren korrespondierende Schnittgrößen werden hergeleitet.
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    On a liapunov-like approach to the stability of Pflüger-like plates (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 39-46 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht In Bild 1 sind Platten vom Pflüger-Typ dargestellt. Da diese Platten zur Klasse der stabartigen Platten gehören, bleiben sie Divergenzsysteme, selbst wenn sie mitgehenden Druckkräften ausgesetzt sind. Das ist in [1] gezeigt worden. Diese Tatsache mag für Raumfahrzeuge in der Wiedereintrittsphase bei Rückkehr zur Erde wichtig sein. Dann werden nämlich die Platten der äußeren Verkleidung mitgehenden Reibungskräften ausgesetzt, die von der Atmosphäre herrühren und wenn diese Platten Divergenzsysteme sind, nehmen ihre Schwingungsfrequenzen mit zunehmender Reibung ab, was sicher vorteilhaft ist. Aus diesem Grunde mag eine Stabilitätsuntersuchung von Pflügerartigen Platten gerade jetzt angebracht sein. Darüber hinaus sind Platten vom Pflüger-Typ konservative Systeme von der zweiten Art [2]. Deshalb besitzen sie ein gewisses zeitinvariantes Funktional, welches im folgenden als Liapunov-Funktional verwendet werden soll.
    Notes: Summary Pflüger-like plates are shown in Fig. 1. Since plates of this kind belong to the so called rod-like plates, they remain divergence type systems when subjected to compressive follower forces as has been proved in [1]. This fact may be of importance for space vehicles returning into the atmosphere in their re-entrance phase. Then, the outside panels of the vehicle are exposed to frictional follower forces, and if these panels are of the divergence type, their vibration frequency decreases with increasing friction, which is a beneficial phenomenon. Hence, a stability investigation of Pflüger-like plates may be timely. Pflüger-like plates are in addition conservative systems of the second kind [2]. Therefore, they possess a certain time invariant functional which will be used subsequently as a Liapunov functional.
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    Analyse des dynamischen Verhaltens räumlicher Gelenkvierecke (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 47-61 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The equations of motion for the general spatial four-bar mechanism which appears in many technical applications, are derived by means of the theorems of momentum and moment of momentum. Thus, the reaction forces in the bearings and the combining hinges can be calculated simultaneously. Furthermore, the dynamical behaviour of the four-bar mechanism depends on the technical realization of the hinged articulations. The equations of motion are solved numerically, and the procedure is demonstrated by an example.
    Notes: Übersicht Für ein allgemeines räumliches Gelenkviereck, das in vielen technischen Anwendungen als Antriebselement oder Übertragungsglied auftritt, werden mit Hilfe von Impuls- und Drallsätzen die Bewegungsgleichungen aufgestellt, um so gleichzeitig die praktisch interessierenden Lager- und Gelenkreaktionen mit zu erfassen. Dabei hängt das dynamische Verhalten des Gelenkviereckes wesentlich von der technischen Ausführung der gelenkigen Verbindungen ab. Die Arbeitsweise des zur Lösung der Bewegungsgleichungen entwickelten numerischen Verfahrens wird an einem Beispiel demonstriert.
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    Discussion (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 91-93 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Unterschiede zwischen isotropen und anisotropen Spannungszuständen am Beispiel eines kreisförmigen Tunnelprofils (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 77-89 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary General differences between isotropic and orthotropic states of stress are discussed. The differential equation of an orthotropic disk is solved exactly, whereby the boundary conditions of loading at infinity and the absence of external loading along a circular hole are taken into consideration. The state of stress of such an orthotropic disk is compared with that of a corresponding isotropic disk. Essential difference in the results are also discussed with the aid of photoelastic pictures which were taken by the use of orthotropic models.
    Notes: Übersicht Allgemeine Unterschiede zwischen isotropen und orthotropen Spannungszuständen werden diskutiert. Die Differentialgleichung einer orthotropen Scheibe wird exakt gelöst, wobei die Randbedingungen einer Belastung im Unendlichen sowie der Kräftefreiheit an einem kreisförmigen Ausschnitt beachtet werden. Der Spannungszustand einer solchen orthotropen Scheibe wird dem einer äquivalenten isotropen Scheibe gegenübergestellt, wobei auf wesentliche Unterschiede in den Ergebnissen auch an Hand spannungsoptischer Bilder, die an orthotropen Modellen aufgenommen wurden, eingegangen wird.
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    Frictionless contact between an elastic stamp and an elastic foundation (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 63-76 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Ausgehend von den statischen und kinematischen Grundgleichungen und Ungleichungen wird ein (materialunabhängiges) gemischtes Prinzip der virtuellen Arbeiten hergeleitet, das die Starrkörperverschiebungen des Stempels, den Kontaktdruck und die Oberflächenverschiebungen der sich beröhrenden Körper enthält. Für elastisches Material läßt sich ein Sattelfunktional vom Hellinger-Reißner-Typ angeben, aus dem komplementäre Extremumsprinzipien erzeugt werden. Insbesondere ist das Kraftprinzip für eine Diskretisierung gut geeignet und wird daher für die numerische Lösung als mathematisches Optimierungsproblem verwendet. Als Beispiele dienen starre Stempel (Würfel, Kugel, Kegel) auf einem geschichteten Halbraum, eine Rechteckplatte auf einem elastischen Halbraum sowie ein Balken auf einer nichtlinearen Winkler-Bettung.
    Notes: Summary Starting from the statical and kinematical basic equations and inequalities resp. we derive a (material independent) mixed principle of virtual work which includes the rigid body displacements of the stamp, the contact pressure and the surface displacements of the contacting bodies. For an elastic material a saddle functional of the Hellinger-Reißner type occurs from which complementary extremum principles are generated. Especially the force principle is well suited for the discretization of the originally continuous contact problem and is therefore used as a basis for the numerical realization as a mathematical optimization problem. As examples we consider rigid stamps (rectangle, sphere, cone) on a layered halfspace and a rectangular plate on an elastic halfspace. The modification for a beam on a nonlinear Winkler foundation is also discussed.
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    Author's reply (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 93-94 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Computation of a two-dimensional stress intensity factor by the boundary element method (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 95-104 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Dieser Aufsatz bietet eine Formulierung elastostatischer Probleme durch die Methode der Randelemente an. Die Formulierung benutzt eine Darstellung in Matrizenbezeichnung, so daß sie auf ein verfügbares System für Matrizenstrukturberechnung einfach anwendbar ist. Ein ausgebautes Computerprogramm wird auf die Berechnung des Spannungsintensitätsfaktors K i für einige Beispiele in der ebenen Elastizität angewendet. Die mittels der Randelemente erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden mit anderen Lösungen verglichen. Dadurch zeigt sich die Wirksamkeit der Methode der Randelemente.
    Notes: Summary This paper presents a boundary element formulation for elastostatic problems. The formulation is expressed in terms of the matrix notation, so that it is easily applicable to an available system of matrix structural analysis. A computer program developed is used to calculate the stress intensity factor K I for some example problems in plane elasticity. Comparison is made between the boundary element calculations and other solutions, whereby the effectiveness of the boundary element method is demonstrated.
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    From finite elasticity to linearized theory (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 121-129 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht In der Arbeit wird eine neue Herleitung der linearen Theorie der Elastizität aus den exakten Gleichungen der endlichen Elastizität gezeigt. Eine Hypothese, die geometrisch direkter ist als die Hypothese eines „kleinen Verschiebungsgradienten”, wird vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Summary The subject of this paper is to study the derivation of the linear elasticity theory from the exact equations of finite elasticity. A hypothesis geometrically more direct than the hypothesis of “small displacement gradient” has been proposed. The derivation method is different from those that exist.
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    Arguments for and against Engesser's buckling formulas (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 105-113 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Um bei Knickproblemen den Schub zu berücksichtigen, verwendet man entweder das Engessersche oder das sogenannte modifizierte Verfahren, das von Haringx zur Behandlung von Schraubenfedern vorgeschlagen worden ist. Während die meisten Autoren die zweite Methode vorzuziehen scheinen, hat Nänni [4] mittels der dreidimensionalen Elastizitätstheorie gezeigt, daß bei Stäben die erste überlegen ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit stützt sich auf ein fundamentaleres eindimensionales Verfahren und bestätigt Nännis und damit Engessers Ergebnisse. Sie zeigt auch, daß mit dem Schub zusammen die Verkürzung des Stabes zu berücksichtigen ist, und sie verbessert Engessers Formeln dementsprechend. Schließlich zeigt sie, weshalb das Verfahren von Haringx bei Federn korrekt ist.
    Notes: Summary To account for shear in buckling pioblems, one uses either the approach of Engesser or the socalled modified approach, proposed by Haringx in connection with helical springs. Both are based on onedimensional reasoning. While most authors seem to prefer the second method, Nänni [4] has shown by means of the three-dimensional theory of elasticity that, for bars, the first one is superior. The present paper is based on a more fundamental one-dimensional approach and confirms Nänni's and hence Engesser's results. It also shows that, together with shear, shortening of the bar must be taken into account, and it improves Engesser's formulas accordingly. It finally shows why Haringx' approach is correct for springs.
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    Some remarks on the problem of column buckling (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 115-119 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Es wird gezeigt, wie im Rahmen einer früheren Untersuchung des Verfassers der Unterschied zwischen den Resultaten des Engesserschen Verfahrens und eines modifizierten Engesser'schen Verfahrens ausschließlich zum Ausdruck kommt durch einen Unterschied in der Eorm der angenommenen eindimensionalen Spannungsformänderungsbeziehungen für den Knickstab. Abhängig von einer Wahl zwischen zwei Arten von Ausdrücken für die Beschreibung der Dehnungs- und Schubverformungen im Stabe erfordert entweder das Engessersche oder das abgeänderte Resultat die Berücksichtigung von gewissen nichtlinearen Gliedern in den Spannungsformänderungsbeziehungen.
    Notes: Summary It is shown that within the framework of an earlier analysis of the author the difference between the results of Engesser's procedure and of a modified Engesser procedure can be accounted for entirely by a difference in assumptions concerning the form of the assumed one-dimensional stress strain relations. Depending on a choice between two types of expressions for the description of axial normal strain and transverse shearing strain in the beam it is either Engesser's procedure or the modified procedure which requires the presence of certain nonlinear terms in the stress strain relations.
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    Zur Behandlung von Zufallssehwingungen mechanischer Bauteile infolge mehrfachkorrelierter stochastischer Erregungen (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 131-141 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In comparison with the wellknown method for calculating variances of random vibrations using spectral densities the method of the covariance analysis is illustrated. The efficiency of this method is demonstrated for multi-correlated random excitations which can be found in nature. An example with windinfluenced vibrations of a televisiontower is discussed for both methods.
    Notes: Übersicht Neben der zur Behandlung mechanischer Zufallsschwingungen gebräuchlichen Spektralmethode wird die Kovarianzanalyse mit ihrer vorteilhaften Schwingungsvarianzberechnung vorgestellt. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Methode auch für mehrfachkorrelierte, in der Natur meßbare Zufallsvorgänge genutzt werden kann. Am Beispiel eines winderregten Turmtragwerks wird ein Vergleich zwischen Spektralmethode und Kovarianzanalyse gezogen.
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    Kurt Magnus 70 Jahre (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 143-144 
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Some aspects of Euler-Newton equations of motion (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 167-176 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Euler-Newtonsche Gleichungen, dargestellt in einem besonderen Zustandsraum, liefern eine systematische Methode zur Herleitung der Differentialgleichungen eines Systems starr verbundener Körper. Diese Methode eignet sich für symbolisch algebraische Verfahren und zur Programmierung. Durch Projektion, unter Anwendung des Prinzips der virtuellen Arbeit und Berechnung der inneren Produkte, können einige oder alle Zwangskräfte eliminiert werden. Die Berechnung dieser Kräfte erfordert symbolische Matrixinversion, für die hier ein iteratives Verfahren vorgeschlagen wird. Ferner wird eine Methode vorgestellt, die zur Herleitung der Lyapunovschen Stabilitätsfunktion in der Umgebung eines beliebigen Arbeitspunktes dient. Die Lyapunovfunktion kann durch symbolische Verfahren und durch ergänzende Anwendungen der Euler-Newton Methode ermittelt werden.
    Notes: Summary Euler-Newton's equations for a system of connected rigid bodies, written in a special state space form, provide a systematic method of arriving at the differential equations of the system. This method is amenable to programming and symbolic algebraic manipulation. The elimination of some or all forces of constraint is by projection, implementing the principle of virtual work, and is done by inner products. The computation of these forces requires symbolic inversion of a matrix for which an iterative scheme is proposed here. A method for construction of Lyapunov functions for stability of such systems in the vicinity of an arbitrary operating point is proposed. This construction may be achieved by symbolic manipulations and supplements applications of the Euler-Newton method.
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    Schwingungsberechnung zusammengesetzter Systeme durch modale Synthese (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 177-182 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Substructure coupling by component mode synthesis leads to a rational algebraic eigenvalue problem with series of partial fractions. An iterative process using the trace-theorem is given and a method to avoid poles.
    Notes: Übersicht Die modale Synthese einer zusammengesetzten Struktur wird durchgeführt anhand eines gebrochen rationalen Eigenwertproblems für eine geeignete Rumpfstruktur. Eine iterative Lösung mit Hilfe des Trace-Verfahrens und das Abspalten der Polstellen werden vorgeführt.
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    Path-independent integrals in inhomogeneous media (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 159-166 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Das Konzept wegunabhängiger Integrale, welches für homogene Medien früher eingeführt wurde, wird für den Fall eines Risses in einer Grenzfläche zwischen zwei verschiedenen Halbebenen erweitert. Durch Verwendung eines der in dieser Arbeit definierten wegunabhängigen Integrale erhalten wir den Spannungsintensitätsfaktor, wenn die Eißlippen durch an beiden Lippen identisch verteilter Spannungen oder Einzelkräfte oder Momente belastet werden. Die oben genannten Integrale sind erweitert, um den Fall einer willkürlichen Zahl von kollinearen Bissen in der Grenzfläche der Halbebenen einzuschließen. Der Fall von periodischen Rissen kann aus dieser Analysis erhalten werden. Schließlich kann eine interessante Verallgemeinerung für den Fall erhalten werden, daß willkürliche Risse, Einschlüsse oder nicht unbedingt an den Rißlippen wirkende Einzelkräfte und Momente in Wechselwirkung stehen.
    Notes: Summary The concept of path independent integrals introduced previously for homogeneous media is extended to the case of a crack in the interface between dissimilar half planes. Using any of the pathindependent integrals defined in this paper we obtain the stress intensity factor when the lips of the crack are loaded by identical distributions of stresses in both lips, or by concentrated forces or couples. The above integrals are extended in order to include the case of an arbitrary number of collinear cracks in the interface of two half planes. The case of periodic cracks may be derived from the above analysis. Finally, an interesting generalization may be obtained for the case where arbitrary cracks, inclusions or concentrated forces and couples, not necessarily applied at the lips of the crack, interact.
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    Ein analytisches Verfahren zur Berechnung der Untergrundkopplung von mehreren starren, auf der Halbraumoberfläche liegenden Streifenfundamenten bei harmonischer Erregung (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 145-157 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A finite number of dynamically coupled rigid strip foundations is considered, which are perfectly bonded to the surface of a linear-elastic isotropic and homogeneous half space, representing a mixed two-dimensional boundary value problem. The resulting loads between the rigid inertialess strip foundations and the half space due to harmonic displacement excitation are calculated. The mixed boundary value problem is transformed into a system of coupled Fredholm integral equations of the first kind, the kernels being the unknown surface stresses under the foundations. An approximate solution of the integral equations is obtained using the generalized Bubnov-Galerkin method. It is demonstrated that the results provide a simple means for studying the motions of a finite number of adjacent foundations with varying inertia properties.
    Notes: Übersicht Ein gemischtes ebenes Randwertproblem der Elastokinetik ist gelöst worden. Der linear elastische, homogene und isotrope Halbraum wird an seiner Oberfläche mit starren Laststreifenflächen harmonisch verformt, und die dadurch entstehenden Reaktionsspannungen des elastischen Mediums unterhalb der Lastflächen werden ermittelt. Das gemischte Randwertproblem führt zu einem Gleichungssystem von gekoppelten Fredholmschen Integralgleichungen erster Art, wobei die Kerne den Reaktionsspannungen des Halbraumes entsprechen, die aufgrund einer erzwungenen harmonischen Verschiebungserregung an einem bestimmten Teilbereich der Oberfläche hervorgerufen werden. Das Integralgleichungssystem wird approximativ mit Hilfe des verallgemeinerten Bubnov-Galerkin-Verfahrens gelöst. Schließlieh wird gezeigt, wie aus den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit die Verschiebungen von mehreren starren benachbarten Streifenfundamenten bei einer harmonischen Belastung errechnet werden können.
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    Steady motions in controlled gyrostat systems (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 183-204 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Die Bewegungsgleichungen von Gyrostaten-Systemen werden für den allgemeinen Fall angegeben, in dem gyroskopische Terme auftreten, die nicht von der Rotorbewegung stammen. Die Stabilität stationärer Bewegungen des freien und des geregelten Gyrostaten werden untersucht. Steuerbarkeit und Beobachtbarkeit werden ebenfalls behandelt mit der relativen Rotordrehzahl als Beobachtung und dem Drehmoment um die Rotorachse als Steuergröße.
    Notes: Summary The equations of motion of a gyrostat system are given for the general case in which gyroscopic terms are present which are not due to the rotor motion. The stability of steady motions is investigated for free and for controlled systems. Observability and controllability are discussed, with the relative rotor speed as observation and the torque on the rotor as control variable.
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    Vergleichende Untersuchung von Fahrzeugsehwingungen an räumlichen Ersatzmodellen (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 205-219 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An exact simulation of vehicle vibrations can only be done with three-dimensional models. In this paper four vehicle models of different complexity and excited stochastically by means of an appropriate modelled three-dimensional roadway are investigated. It is shown, how variations in modelling produce difference in ride comfort and ride safety criteria.
    Notes: Übersicht Eine genaue Simulation von Fahrzeugschwingungen kann nur mit Hilfe räumlicher Ersatzmodelle vorgenommen werden. In dieser Arbeit werden vier unterschiedlich komplizierte Fahrzeugmodelle untersucht, die durch eine entsprechend räumlich modellierte Fahrbahn stochastisoh erregt werden. Es wird gezeigt, wie sich Variationen bei der Modellierung auf die Ergebnisse von Beurteilungskriterien für Fahrkomfort und Fahrsicherheit auswirken.
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    Zum ebenen plastischen Fließen der porigen Metalle (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 221-228 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the paper a system of the equations for the theory of plane plastic flow of porous metals is introduced. As distinct from ideal plasticity the stress tensor and the strain rate tensor are coupled by means of a porosity function. It is discussed wether or not the method of characteristics may be used in order to solve the system. A linearization of the yield condition is introduced and three boundary value problems are investigated.
    Notes: Übersicht In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Gleichungssystem der Theorie des ebenen plastischen Fließens der porigen Metalle präsentiert. Im Gegensatz zur Theorie ideal plastischer Materialien sind die Gleichungen für die Komponenten des Spannungstensors und die Geschwindigkeitsgleichungen durch die Porosität gekoppelt. Eine Anwendungsmöglichkeit der Charakteristikenmethode wird diskutiert. Eine Linearisierung der Fließbedingung wird eingeführt und drei Randwertprobleme werden betrachtet.
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    Nonlinear flexural vibration of moderately thick orthotropic circular plates (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 237-243 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Eine Theorie nichtlinearer Schwingungen orthotroper Kreisplatten wird mit der Methode von Berger formuliert, wobei Schubverformung und Drehträgheit berücksichtigt werden. Für eingespannte Platten wird mit dem Verfahren von Galerkin eine numerische Lösung bestimmt und mit bekannten Lösungen verglichen. Die numerischen Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Einfluß von Schubverformung und Drehträgheit bei mäßig dicken Platten beträchtlich sein kann.
    Notes: Summary In this paper a nonlinear vibration theory which includes the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotatory inertia is formulated for rectilinearly orthotropic circular plates using Berger's method. A solution to the governing equations for rigidly clamped plates is obtained on the basis of a single-mode approach by use of Galerkin's method and numerical Runge-Kutta procedure. A good agreement is found between present results and those obtained by a more accurate theory for nonlinear static and dynamic cases. Numerical results indicate significant influence of these effects on the vibration behaviour of moderately thick plates, especially high-modulus composite plates. These effects, however, are not so significant for the radius-to-thickness ratio greater than 10.
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    Geometrisch nichtlineare Fachwerke (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 229-236 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The topic of this article is the investigation of the static behaviour of systems of linear elastic bars under large deflections. Numerical problems and the question of global stability are discussed. In addition, several examples and various applications are presented.
    Notes: Übersicht Es wird das statische Verhalten von Systemen aus linear elastischen Stäben, die insgesamt großen Deformationen unterworfen sind, untersucht. Dabei treten numerische Probleme, aber auch Fragen der globalen Stabilität auf. Beispiele und verschiedene Anwendungen werden vorgestellt.
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    On the existence of characteristic directions in three-dimensional photoelasticity (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 245-250 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Es wird gezeigt, daß die Existenz der charakteristischen Richtungen aus einer Beziehung folgt, die in [1] abgeleitet wurde, im Gegensatz zur Schlußfolgerung der Verfasser. Einige andere Beweise der Existenz der charakteristischen Richtungen werden auch gegeben. Es wird gezeigt, daß in vielen Fällen die charakteristischen Richtungen von den Hauptachsen wesentlich abweichen.
    Notes: Summary It is shown that the existence of the characteristic directions follows from a relationship derived in [1], contrary to the conclusion of the authors. Some other proofs of the existence of the characteristic directions are also given. It is pointed out that in many cases characteristic directions deviate considerably from principal directions.
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    Marangoni-convection in a freely floating liquid sphere due to axial temperature field (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 263-273 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersieht Eine sich im schwerelosen Zustand befindende Flüssigkeitskugel ist einem axialen Temperaturfeld ausgesetzt. Durch die Variation der Oberflächenspannung entsteht eine thermale Marangoni-Konvektion, für die die Stromfunktion und die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung für stationäre und instationäre an der Kugeloberfläche aufgeprägte beliebige Temperaturfelder analytisch bestimmt wird. Dabei wird die biharmonische Gleichung der Stromfunktion mit Hilfe der zugeordneten Legendreschen Kugelfunktionen der ersten Art gelöst. Der spezielle Fall einer stationären linearen axialen Temperaturverteilung wird numerisch ausgewertet. Es ergibt sich dabei eine quadratische Geschwindigkeitsverteilung innerhalb der Kugel, die für die radiale Geschwindigkeit eine cos ϑ- und in ϑ-Richtung eine sin ϑ-Abhängigkeit aufweist.
    Notes: Summary A freely floating liquid drop is subjected at its surface to an axial temperature field inducing a thermal Marangoni-convection due to the variation of the surface tension. Streamfunction and velocity distribution are analytically determined for steady and unsteady temperature fields, by solving the equation for the Streamfunction with the help of associated Legendre functions of the first kind. The special case of a steady linear axial temperature field is evaluated numerically and exhibits a single quadratic velocity profile, which in radial direction is proportional to cos ϑ and in ϑ-direction proportional to sin ϑ.
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    Zusammengesetzte Scheiben aus verschiedenartigen Werkstoffen gleicher Querkontraktionszahl und ihre Berechnung nach der Singularitätenmethode (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 251-262 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The state of tensions and displacements in discs which are composed of discs of different material with the same Poisson's ratio is calculated by means of the Boundary Element Method (BEM). Load or dislocation singularities are used to reduce the problem to a system of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind, which is solved numerically. To illustrate the applicability of the method two examples are presented including numerical results.
    Notes: Übersicht Der Spanmmgs- und der Verformungszustand zusammengesetzter Scheiben aus verschiedenartigen Werkstoffen gleicher Querkontraktionszahl werden mit Hilfe der Integralgleichungsmethode (BEM) berechnet. Unter Verwendung von Kräfte- oder Versetzungssingularitäten wird das Problem auf ein System Fredholmseher Integralgleichungen 2. Art zurückgeführt, das numerisch gelöst wird. An zwei Beispielen wird die Anwendbarkeit des Verfahrens gezeigt.
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    Eine Anmerkung zur Stabilität linear-viskoelastischer rotierender Wellen (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 275-285 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The stability of rotating shafts is investigated by means of a perturbation technique and the results assuming a Voigt-Kelvin-material and a linear-viscoelastic material compared.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Stabilitätsaussagen für Rotoren mit linearer innerer und äußerer Dämpfung hängen vom zugrunde gelegten Werkstoffgesetz ab. In dieser Arbeit werden für Wellen aus linear-viskoelastischem Werkstoff nach Einführung von inneren Variablen mit einer Störungsrechnung Stabilitätskriterien abgeleitet. Sie verhalten sich stabiler als Wellen aus viskos gedämpftem Material. Zwei Beispiele demonstrieren die durch das Werkstoffgesetz bedingten Unterschiede.
    Notes: Übersicht Die Stabilität rotierender Wellen wird mit einer Störungsrechnung untersucht und die Ergebnisse für ein Voigt-Kelvin-Material und einen linear-viskoelastischen Werkstoff miteinander verglichen.
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    Berechnung von Wärmespannungen in Scheiben infolge stationärer Temperaturfelder mit Hilfe der Integralgleichungsmethode (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 297-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Boundary Element Method (BEM) is used to calculate thermal stresses in discs, caused by stationary temperature fields. Beside the statical or geometrical boundary conditions the temperature or the temperature gradient can be formulated as an additional boundary condition. By use of thermal sources or thermal dipols the problem is reduced to a system of Fredholm integral equations, which is solved numerically. Finally examples are presented including numerical results.
    Notes: Übersicht Mit Hilfe der Integralgleichungsmethode (BEM) werden in dieser Arbeit Wärmespannungen, die in Scheiben infolge stationärer Temperaturfelder entstehen, berechnet. Neben den statischen oder geometrischen Randbedingungen wird die Temperatur oder der Temperaturgradient als zusätzliche Randbedingung vorgegeben. Unter Verwendung von Wärmequellen oder Wärmedipolen wird das Problem auf ein System Fredholmscher Integralgleichungen zurückgeführt, das numerisch gelöst wird. Numerische Untersuchungen schließen die Arbeit ab.
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    Das Fernfeld eines Tragflügels (1982)
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    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 287-295 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The farfield of an airfoil with finite span in steady flow is considered. A new solution is derived It contains the known three dimensional solutions for large distances from the vortex shead as well as the known two dimensional solution in the Trefftzplane. With the new solution the induced drag can be calculated from the momentum in a plane parallel to the Trefftzplane, where the down wash is still less than that of the Trefftzplane and where the flow is twodimensional near the vortex shead only, but three dimensional elsewhere.
    Notes: Übersicht Für das Pernfeld eines stationär fliegenden Flügels endlicher Spannweite waren bisher zwei Grenzfälle bekannt, ein räumlicher für große Entfernung vom Wirbelband und ein anderer, ebener für unendliche Entfernung vom Tragflügel in der sogenannten Trefftzebene. Im folgenden wird eine neue Lösung hergeleitet, die im gesamten Fernfeld gilt und die älteren Grenzfälle enthält. Mit ihr kann der induzierte Widerstand in einer zur Trefftzebene parallelen Ebene großer, aber endlicher Entfernung berechnet werden. Dort ist der Trefftzabwind noch nicht erreicht und die Strömung nur am Wirbelband eben, sonst aber räumlich.
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    Eine Erweiterung der klassischen Schalentheorie; der Einfluß von Dickenverzerrungen und Querschnittsverwölbungen (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 311-322 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Starting from the basic equations of the linear three-dimensional elasticity theory, displacements and strains are expanded in power series in terms of the thickness coordinate. While the kinematic equations and Hooke's law are satisfied locally, the equilibrium equations are satisfied globally by application of an integration procedure. It can be shown, that a consequent quadratic approximation leads to consistent shell equations without requiring any additional assumption. The circular cylindrical shell is treated as a typical example.
    Notes: Übersicht Ausgehend von den Grundgleichungen der linearen dreidimensionalen Elastizitätstheorie werden Verformungen und Verzerrungen in eine Potenzreihe bezüglich der Dickenkoordinate entwickelt. Während die Kinematik und das Elastizitätsgesetz lokal erfüllt werden, werden die Gleichgewichtsbedingungen durch Anwendung eines Integrationsmechanismus global erfüllt. Es wird gezeigt, daß eine konsequente quadratische Approximation zu konsistenten Schalengleichungen führt. Zusätzliche Annahmen oder Vernachlässigungen sind nicht erforderlich. Als Beispiel wird die Kreiszylinderschale behandelt.
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    Optimal cupolas of uniform strength: Spherical M-shells and axisymmetric T-shells (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 335-353 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird der optimale Entwurf sphärischer Kuppeln behandelt, wobei die von Misessche Fließbewegung zugrunde gelegt wird. Fünf verschiedene Lastkombinationen werden untersucht. Der zweite Teil befaßt sich mit der optimalen quadratischen Form des Meridians von Kuppeln, die der Fließbedingung von Tresca folgen.
    Notes: Summary The first part of this paper is concerned with the optimal design of spherical cupolas obeying the von Mises yield condition. Five different load combinations, which all include selfweight, are investigated. The second part of the paper deals with the optimal quadratic meridional shape of cupolas obeying the Tresca yield condition, considering selfweight plus the weight of a non-carrying uniform cover. It is established that at long spans some non-spherical Tresca cupolas are much more economical than spherical ones.
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    Stress wave propagation in an elastic/viscoplastic half-space containing a spherical cavity (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 323-334 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Die Grundgleichungen für das dynamische Verhalten in einem elastischen/viskoplastischen dreidimensionalen Medium mit sphärischen Hohlräumen wurde in einem bipolaren Koordinatensystem durch einen verallgemeinerten Dehnungsgeschwindigkeitstensor dargestellt. Als ein numerisches Beispiel ist die Ausbreitung der Spannungswelle mit der direkten Integrationsmethode numerisch analysiert worden. Dabei wirkte eine axial-symmetrische dynamische Belastung auf eine ebene Grenzfläche ein, wie sie beispielsweise durch den Aufprall eines Geschosses auf einer ebenen Grenzfläche leicht hervorgerufen werden kann. Als Ergebnisse sind die Spannungsverteilungen am sphärischen Hohlraumrand und die plastische Wellenfront im Halbraum zu verschiedenen Zeiten dargestellt. Es wird ebenfalls gezeigt, daß eine dynamische Belastung, die auf ein kleines Gebiet der ebenen Grenzfläche einwirkt, Zugspannungen am oberen Teil des sphärischen Hohlraumrandes hervorruft.
    Notes: Summary The governing equations of the dynamic problems in an elastic/viscoplastic three-dimensional medium containing spherical cavities are formulated by means of bipolar coordinates introducing a generalized strain rate tensor. As numerical examples, the stress wave propagation in an elastic/viscoplastic half-space containing a spherical cavity is analyzed by the method of direct integration of the basic equations of the problem, when an axisymmetric dynamic load is applied to the plane boundary by impact of a projectile with the boundary. Stress distributions on the boundary of the spherical cavity and the plastic wave front in the semi-infinite body are shown for successive times. It is also illustrated that, when a dynamic load is applied on a small area in the plane boundary, the tensile stress arises at the upper portions of the cavity.
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    Fully developed turbulent flow in a pipe: an intermediate layer (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 355-377 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Die voll entwickelte turbulente Rohrströmung wird für größere Reynolds-Zahlen mit der Methode der asymptotischen Entwicklungen untersucht, wobei eine wichtige Zwischenschicht identifiziert wird. Die asymptotischen Entwicklungen für drei Schichten (innere, mittlere und äußere) werden mit Hilfe von Übergangsbedingungen nach Millikan angepaßt. Messungen zeigen, daß wesentliche logarithmische Gebiete in Wirklichkeit vorhanden sind, wobei das Verhältnis ihrer Neigungen 2.03 ist. Die vorliegende Theorie beschreibt das Geschwindigkeitsprofil über einen größeren Bereich als die klassische Theorie.
    Notes: Summary The fully developed mean turbulent pipe flow is analysed at large Reynolds number by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. From the study of various limiting processes, in the sense of Kaplun, a crucial intermediate limit is identified whose transverse dimension is of the order of geometric mean of the transverse dimensions of the classical inner and outer layers. The asymptotic expansions in the three layers (inner, intermediate and outer) are matched by the Millikan's argument leading to two overlap domains where velocity distribution is logarithmic but their slopes could be different. The measurements show that the sustantial log regions do in fact exist in the two overlap domains and the ratio of their slopes is 2.03. The present theory describes the velocity profile over a greater range when compared to the classical theory. The predictions of Reynolds stress and turbulent energy production are in remarkably good argreement with the data for almost entire turbulent flow region from the beginning of the buffer layer to the axis oj pipe.
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    Lösung von Verzweigungsproblemen und Traglastproblemen bei einer Klasse nichtlinearer Randwertprobleme der Kontinuumsmechanik (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 379-389 
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    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A one parameter class of boundary-value problems is considered. The theoretical foundation for the calculation of critical values of the parameter is summarised. It turns out that in general the calculation of critical values of the parameter leads to a nonlinear Eigenvalue problem. In detail a class of nonlinear material laws is discussed where the calculation of critical values of the parameter leads to a linear Eigenvalue problem. As applications of the method derived in this paper first the problem of the imperfection sensitivity of a circular plate is studied. Second, the limit load problem of a plane semi-infinite medium indented by a smooth flat die is solved.
    Notes: Übersicht Eine einparametrige Klasse von Randwertproblemen wird vorgegeben. Es werden die Grundlagen für die Berechnung von kritischen Werten des Parameters dargestellt. Es zeigt sich, daß man dazu i. a. ein nichtlineares Eigenwertproblem zu lösen hat. Insbesondere wird eine Klasse nichtlinearer Stoffgesetze diskutiert, bei der man zur Ermittlung von kritischen Werten des Parameters ein lineares Eigenwertproblem zu lösen hat. Die sich hieraus ergebenden Möglichkeiten werden anhand der Lösung von zwei unterschiedlich scheinenden Problemstellungen verdeutlicht: Zunächst wird das Problem der Imperfektions-sensitivität einer radial gedrückten Kreisplatte behandelt. Anschließend wird in derselben Verfahrensweise die Traglast eines über einen glatten, flachen Stempel belasteten Halbraums ermittelt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00536209
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    Some theoretical considerations and experimental results concerning elastic-plastic stress-strain relations (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 391-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Im Rahmen der klassischen phänomenologisehen Plastizitätstheorie ist das Formänderungsgesetz, d. h. die Beziehungen zwischen den Spannungs- und den Verzerrungsinkrementen durch die sog. Normalenregel, sehr eng mit der Fließbedingung verknüpft. Bei gewissen Problemen führt dies zu einer unbefriedigenden Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Befunden. Es wird gezeigt, wie die klassische Theorie in geeigneter Weise verallgemeinert werden kann, ohne zu Widersprüchen im Rahmen der Thermodynamik zu führen. Auf diesem Wege läßt sich eine bessere Übereinstimmung zwischen theoretischen und experimentellen Ergebnissen bei nicht-proportionalen Belastungsprozessen erzielen.
    Notes: Summary Within the frame of the classical phenomenological theory of plasticity the yield condition and the inelastic stress-strain relations are very restrictively correlated by the so-called normality rule. For certain classes of problems this leads to an unsatisfactory agreement with experimental results. It can be shown how the classical theory can be generalized in a suitable manner without violating the fundamental thermo-dynamical laws in order to obtain a better agreement between theoretical and experimental results in problems with non-proportional loading history.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00536210
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    On exactness of the kinematical approach in the structural shakedown and limit analysis (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 421-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Bei der Anwendung von Shakedown- oder Traglast-Verfahren werden durch passend gewählte Parameter verallgemeinerte Spannungen und Verzerrungen definiert. Es wird untersucht, ob durch diese Approximation unzulässig große Fehler eingeführt werden.
    Notes: Summary Applying the concepts of limit analysis and shakedown, appropriately defined parameters called generalized stresses and strains are used instead of the actual stresses and strains. It is investigated if the resulting approximations introduce too large errors and if the errors follow only from the simplifying kinematical hypotheses adopted when defining the generalized variables.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00536212
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    Net-stress analysis in creep mechanics (1982)
    Springer
    Archive of applied mechanics 52 (1982), S. 405-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Übersicht Im Aufsatz wird ein Tensor vierter Stufe eingeführt, der als linearer Operator einen „net-stress” Tensor mit Cauchys Spannungstensor verknüpft. Die Koordinaten dieses Tensors vierter Stufe lassen sich aus den Koordinaten eines Kriechschadentensors zweiter Stufe ermitteln. Es wird zwischen anisotroper Schadensentwicklung und ursprünglich im Werkstoff vorhandener Anisotropie unterschieden, die beispielsweise durch die Herstellung (etwa Walzvorgang) bedingt ist. Bei der Aufstellung von Stoffgleichungen sind somit drei Argumenttensoren zu berücksichtigen: Cauchys Spannungstensor, Schadenstensor zweiter Stufe und Tensor der Anfangsanisotropie vierter Stufe. Das Hauptproblem besteht darin, nicht reduzierbare Tensorgeneratoren zu finden und eine Integritätsbasis zu konstruieren, die der Darstellung angepaßt ist. Für den praktischen Gebrauch werden vereinfachte Darstellungsmöglichkeiten besprochen.
    Notes: Summary In the paper a net-stress tensor is obtained by a linear transformation from Cauchy's stress tensor, i.e. a fourth-order (not total symmetric) tensor is introduced the components of which can be calculated by the components of an anisotropic creep-damage tensor of rank two. We have to distinguish between anisotropy corresponding to a forming process, for instance rolling, and anisotropic damage growth. Then, constitutive equations and anisotropic damage growth equations are given by symmetric second-order tensor-valued tensor functions in three argument tensors: the Cauchy stress tensor, the anisotropic creep-damage tensor of rank two, and a fourth-order constitutive tensor characterizing the anisotropy from, e.g., rolling. The central problem is to find an irreducible set of tensor generators involving the mentioned argument tensors and to construct an integrity basis associated with the representation of the tensor response function. In finding simplified constitutive equations for more practical use some examples are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00536211
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    Charge carrier statistics of semiconductors containing defects with negative electronic correlation energy (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 71.55.Fr ; 72.80.Cw ; 71.45.Gm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The free charge carrier concentration as a function of the reciprocal temperature and the doping level [p(1/T)- andp(C)-characteristics] is calculated from the neutrality equation of a semiconductor containing positive or negativeU centers. The typical exponential laws and power laws of thep(1/T)- andp(C)-characteristics are given both for positive and negative correlation energy of the bound charge carrier pairs. Furthermore, the characteristics are evaluated differentially, in order to obtain criteria for the presence of negativeU centers in semiconductors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01197545
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  • 84
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    Shallow acceptor population and free hole concentration in Si: In and Si:Ga with IR-photoexcitation (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 71-78 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20 Jv ; 71.55-i
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Hall measurements at low temperaturesT〈50 K have been performed on Si:In (N In≈1017 cm−3) and Si:Ga (N Ga≧1018 cm−3) with infrared photoexcitation of holes into the valence band. It is shown in quantitative agreement with a theoretical model that the population of shallow acceptors, e.g. B and Al, which are present as impurities in concentrations ofN B,Al≈1012-1014 cm−3 strongly affects the photoexcited hole concentration. Photo-Hall measurements can, therefore, serve as a tool for the determination of low impurity acceptor concentrations in the case of high In- or Ga-doping. Hole capture coefficientsB In=6×10−4 (T/K)−1,8 cm3 s−1 andB Ga=2×10−4 (T/K)−1 cm3 s−1 have been determined.
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    Determination of relative force constant inβ-Ti (Fe) alloys by means of the Mössbauer second-order Doppler shift (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 89-94 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 76.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the present work we have used the Mössbauer effect to investigate the dependence of the second-order Doppler shift on temperature for one sample ofβ-Ti (Fe) alloy with 9.3 at.% Fe. The experimental data of total shift of the Mössbauer line in a temperature interval between 4K and 975 K were fitted to theoretical expressions obtained by assuming the Debye approximation to describe the lattice and a more general approximation for high temperature, which take into account the difference in mass of the impurity atom and that of the host lattice. From the fitting we have obtained that the Ti-Fe interatomic forces are larger than that of Ti-Ti.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615810
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    Magnetic behavior of amorphous Sm-Co alloy films (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 79-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 75.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Amorphous films of Sm100−x Co x with 70≦x≦90 were made by vapor deposition on flat glass substrates kept at 300 K. The films crystallize above 700 K. The film plane is the easy plane with the planar anisotropy of the order of 107 erg cm−3, indicating a local anisotropy of the order 108 erg cm−3. With regard to local anisotropy and magnetization, the films appear to correspond to the random anisotropy concept of amorphous magnets. Films evaporated in a magnetic field parallel to the film plane have an induced uniaxial anisotropy of the order of 106 erg cm−3. Hysteresis loops in fields parallel to the easy axis are perfectly rectangular with coercive fieldsH c in the range 30 Oe〈H c〈3000 Oe, depending on composition, temperature and heat treatment. The magnetization reverses by a thermally activated domain nucleation and growth process having a narrow distribution of time constants. Aging at temperatures below the crystallization temperature reduces the anisotropies andH c.
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    Optical method for measuring the coupling constant of surface acoustic waves (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 95-97 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 62
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The coupling constant of common or thin-layered-piezoelectric interdigital transducers for surface acoustic waves up to the highest frequencies can be determined in an optical way with reproducibility better than 3%. Being a nondestructive and noncontact method one can apply it in the technological process for fabricating uniform piezoelectric layered transducers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615811
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    Electrodynamics of moving media and the force on a current loop (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 99-105 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 01 ; 41 ; 75
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The development of the Chu formulation of the electrodynamics of moving media is reviewed. The force on a current loop and/or magnetic dipole is developed for three different models and all three are shown to be identical, as already shown in previous publications. The electromagnetic momentum associated with the three different models is derived and the equality of the force expressions is confirmed on the basis of the momentum conservation theorem of electrodynamics. The paper is based on a lecture delivered at Technion at the occasion of Professor Franz Ollendorff's 80th birthday.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615812
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    Effect of intensity modulation on radiation-induced melting and vaporization of solids (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 121-124 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 64 ; 43
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Linear response of steady-state melting and of evaporation processes to the modulation of radiation intensity is considered in the framework of a Stephan-like approach. It is shown that resonance behaviour of the surface temperature pertinent to the evaporation process persists in the case where the evaporation front is preceded by a melting transition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615814
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    High electric-field hall effect measurements onn-type InSb at 77 K (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 107-120 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 72.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Pulsed Hall-effect experiments onn-type InSb at 77 K, with nanosecond time resolution, at magnetic inductions down to 2 mT and for electric field strengths up into the avalanche regime are reported. Results on mobility are compared with previous experimental data and various theoretical calculations. For the first time also results on the scattering factor as a function of electric field are given. A curious time dependent behaviour of the transverse voltage under avalanche conditions is reported. Along with the development of the avalanche the transverse voltage decreases and may even change sign. This phenomenon is qualitatively explained in terms of the magnetoconcentration effect and the change of contact properties under avalanche conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615813
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    Line emission from semiconductive CdS single crystals (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 125-127 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract When a pulse voltage of sufficient width is applied to a semiconductive CdS bar, a large increase in the electric current occurs with an intense light emission. The dominant part of this emission spectrum consists of Cd(I) atomic lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615815
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    Cadmium deposition on transparent substrates by laser induced dissociation of Cd(CH3)2 at visible wavelengths (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 133-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.55 ; 81.15-g ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The laser initiated formation of Cd-deposits from dimethylcadmium (DMCd) on quartz substrates has been investigated at various wavelengths between 337 and 676 nm. In this range substrate and DMCd are both transparent. The deposition mechanism is initiated by multiphoton dissociation of DMCd molecules adsorbed at the glass substrate and continues by pyrolysis of DMCd molecules at the laser-heated metallic deposit. Metal structures with a resolution below 1 μm have been obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616663
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    Positron trapping at grain boundaries (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 149-152 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A simple model is developed for the trapping of positrons at grain boundaries. It is shown that there is a linear relationship between any linear annihilation parameter and the inverse grain size. An effective grain boundary width is defined, which depends on the positron diffusion length and on the strength of the grain boundary for positrons. The effect of detrapping on this effective width is also considered. The model is tested by using the experimental results available in the literature.
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    The multiple-image interactions and the mean-barrier approximation in MOM and MVM tunneling junctions (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 139-147 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68 ; 73.40 ; 79.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the multiple image interactions on theI–V characteristics and the reliability of the mean barrier approximation in calculating the current in MOM and MVM tunneling junctions are critically examined. It is demonstrated that the continued use of the uncorrected form of Simmons' original multiple-image force interaction in the analysis of tunneling junctions can lead to serious errors in both the current and the dynamic resistance. An extensive numerical analysis of planar junctions including the image potential suggests that the basic mean barrier approximation formulated by Simmons is essentially a thick barrier approximation. It also is shown that the conventional mean barrier approximation is a relatively poor approximation for the tunneling barriers of interest, and that it is not possible to establish a reliable a priori estimate of its range of validity.
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    Space-time resolved reflectivity measurements of picosecond laser-pulse induced phase transitions in (111) silicon surface layers (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 153-160 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.20 ; 81 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The changes in reflectivity of a silicon surface, irradiated by a green picosecond pulse, are probed during and following that pulse with a spatial resolution of 10 μm. The data indicate the development of a liquid phase, and a resolidification either into a single crystal or an amorphous phase. The latter has a characteristic ring-type pattern, and occurs only at locations where the incident picosecond laser fluence lies between 0.2 and 0.26 J/cm2. The reflectivity data appear to be in good quantitative agreement with a “simple heating” model, in which the electrons and phonons maintain a local thermodynamic equilibrium on a picosecond time scale.
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    Ion beam exposure of resists (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 239-241 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 Ki ; 84.80 Gc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Problems caused by the statistical variation of the number of exposing ions in ionbeam lithography are discussed. Using Poisson statistics, the minimum dose required for exposure as a function of resist sensitivity and minimum feature size is calculated. It is found that, although ion-beam resists show a very high sensitivity of 1011 to 1013,cm−2, it would be possible to use still more sensitive resists and obtain submicron linewidth resolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619085
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    Spectral selectivity of nickel and chromium rough surfaces (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 233-238 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reflectance of metal surfaces with sinusoidal roughness of different periods and depths has been investigated experimentally. The results show clearly that the surface structure can be used to modify the optical properties of metal surfaces at different wavelengths. With a proper choice of groove depth to period ratio, nickel or chromium coatings on gratings have low reflectance in the short wavelength region, but achieve high reflectance in the infrared region. A solar absorptance as high as 93% has been obtained from such a surface. The surfaces are thought to be representative for randomly rough surfaces provided proper correlation length and height variation are chosen. Further, as the absorber is made of a single metal surface, it could be highly temperature resistant.
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    Annealing kinetics of ion-implanted nickel-aluminium alloy (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 243-246 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 66.30.Jt ; 61.70.Tm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The first-order chemical reaction-rate formalism has been used in conjunction with diffusion to describe phenomenologically the annealing of ion-implanted nickel-aluminium alloys. An activation energy of 1.83 eV was determined for the reaction which causes a decrease in the bulk concentration. Possible participants in the reaction have been discussed.
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    Binding of gas atoms to extended crystal defects in molybdenum studied by positrons (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 247-250 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.80 ; 71.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The positron annihilation technique (P.A.T.) has been used in a study of interactions between gas impurities and crystal defects (vacancy loops and voids) in molybdenum. P.A.T. measurements were found to be very effective for this purpose. We propose that the observed effects are due to decoration of the void surface with nitrogen and vacancy loop decoration with hydrogen and nitrogen.
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    On the trapping of positrons in cadmium in the temperature range from 80 to 330 K (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 257-261 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.70 ; 61.70 ; 81
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The positron lifetime was measured in cadmium in the temperature range between 80 K and 500 K. For the first time a plateau was observed by this method in polycrystalline samples. The obtained data are well explained by depletion of shallow traps forT≤180 K and by self-trapping in the prevacancy region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619089
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