ALBERT

Notizen: Underwater photogrammetry is being used in the particularly hostile environment of the North Sea where it has been put into commercially viable operation. The authors discuss underwater photogrammetry related to other means of inspection of oil platforms. They also deal with operational experience of 35 mm and 70 mm cameras, camera calibration, the provision of control and photogrammetric observations and data analysis. The demand for underwater photogrammetry continues to grow.

Notizen: This paper summarises the theoretical and practical development of’an analytical system for close range photogrammetry. The system uses the extended bundle method of phototriangulation and a sophisticated least squares algorithm. A description is given of computer software, and aspects of statistical testing and gross error detection are discussed in order to assess the accuracy potential. Applications of the system, for precise co-ordination of a target range and camera calibration are outlined.

Notizen: A photogrammetric system that is suitable for shallow water detailed mapping at scales from 1:50 to 1:500 for coastal and harbour engineering projects is described. The results from tests using automatic 35 mm Canon cameras on an elevated platform to determine the accuracy of planimetric and depth co-ordinates are presented. The economic benefits of stereophotography through shallow water rather than underwater photography are discussed.

Notizen: This paper reviews the growth in the use of photogrammetric techniques in architecture, principally in the United Kingdom, over the past ten years. The work of the various establishments involved in architectural photogrammetry is described and the results of a questionnaire, distributed within the architectural profession, are analysed. Some comparisons are made with developments elsewhere in Europe.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn examine dans cet article l'extension qu'a connue l'utilisation des méthodes photogrammétriques en architecture au cows des dix dernières années, principalement dans le Royaume-Uni. On y décrit les travaux des divers organismes impliqués dans la photogrammétrie architecturale et l'on y analyse les résultats d'un questionnaire diffusé au sein de la profession liée à l'architecture. On fournit enfin quelques comparaisons avec les développements constatés par ailleurs en Europe.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird über die zunehmende Anwendung photogrammetrischer Verfahren während der letzten 10 Jahre in der Architektur, insbesondere im Vereinigten Königreich, berichtet. Die Arbeit verschiedener Institutionen, die sich mit Architekturphotogrammetrie befassen, wird beschrieben, und es werden die Ergebnisse eines unter Architekten verteilten Fragebogens analysiert. Weiterhin werden Vergleiche zu Entwicklungen in anderen europäischen Ländern gezogen.

Notizen: The Renault Company has developed a system for the mathematical definition of complex surfaces known as the Unisurf method. In association with this method, close range photogrammetry is used to provide the digital data required for the analysis of a surface. Photogrammetric techniques are of value in various fields of application, including the styling of new models of cars, design modifications to existing models, car accident investigations and statistical studies on human bodies.

Notizen: The Fribourg test consisted of a comparative study of the entire map revision process at a scale of 1: 25000, with the same topographic map extract being used by the seven participating centres. A description of the test site is given, followed by details of the photography, ground control and map bases which were supplied to the participants. The wide range of photogrammetric and cartographic production procedures adopted by the various organisations is summarised and the results are analysed for completeness, accuracy and quality. Time and cost factors are also evaluated. Full details of all aspects of the test will be published in the final report on the experiment, which was carried out under the auspices of Commission D of OEEPE.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'essai de Fribourg a comporté une étude comparative du processus complet de révision cartographique à l'échelle du 1: 25000, avec la participation de sept centres travaillant sur le même extrait d'une carte topographique. On décrit dans cet article le site de l'essai, et l'on donne divers détails sur les photographies, les points d'appui au sol et les documents cartographiques qui ont été fournis aux participants. On y résume toute la gamme des procédés de production photogrammétrique et cartographique en usage dans les divers établissements tandis que l'on analyse les résultats obtenus en ce qui concerne leur plénitude, leur précision et leur qualité. Les paramètres de temps et de cost ont étéégalement estimés. Cette expérience, qui a été menée sous les auspices de la Commission D de l'OEEPE, fera l'objet d'un rapport final dans lequel seront publiés de manière détaillée tous les aspects relatifs à cet essai.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Fribourg-Test bestand aus einer vergleichenden Studie des gesamten Laufendhaltungsprozesses für den Massstab 1: 25 000, wobei dieselbe Kartenunterlage von 7 teilnehmenden Ländern verwendet wurde. Es erfolgt eine Beschreibung des Testgehietes, und es werden Angaben zu den Luftbildern, Passpunktanordnungen und Kartengrundlagen gemacht, die den Teilnehmern am Versuch übergeben wurden. Der grosse Bereich photogrammetrischer und kartographischer Produktionsverfahren, der von den verschiedenen Organisationen angewandt wurde, wird zusammengefasst und die Ergebnisse werden bzgl. Vollständigkeit, Genauigkeit und Qualität analysiert. Zeit- und Kostenfaktoren werden ehenfalls bewertet. Vollständige Details aller Gesichtspunkte des Tests werden im Abschlussbericht des Versuches veröffentlicht werden, der unter Aufsicht der Kommission D der OEEPE durchgefürt wurde.

Notizen: The functions of CIPA. the International Committee for Architectural Photogrammetry, are reviewed. The Committee, established in 1970, has been the focus for developments in architectural photogrammetry. The objectives of CIPA and the methods of collecting and distributing information are discussed. Publications, meetings and technical studies sponsored by CIPA have been numerous and details of these are given. The future direction of CIPAs work is also considered. A bibliography of all major publications from CIPA is provided.

Notizen: Book reviewed in this article:INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL REMOTE SENSING. By E. C. Barrett and L. F. Curtis.THE NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY: A HISTORY. By E. Pyatt.LAND-COVER STUDIES AND CROP ACREAGE ESTIMATES FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND SATELLITE IMAGERY. A CASE STUDY IN THE REGION OF TA’IZZ-TURBAH, YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC. By R. Schoch.AIR PHOTO INTERPRETATION FOR ARCHAEOLOGISTS. By D. R. Wilson.MAP PROJECTIONS USED BY THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. By J. P. Snyder.ON THE ACCURACY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF BUILDINGS: REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF THE TEST “DORDRECHT” CARRIED OUT BY COMMISSION C OF OEEPE. By J. Timmerman, P. A. Roos, K. Schürer and R. Förstner.AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY, Volume 7, 1981. Editor D. A. Edwards.

Notizen: A brief account of the background which influenced B.K.S. Surveys Limited to introduce an integrated digital mapping package is presented, followed by an outline of the features of the Wildmap system. The specific photogrammetric hardware configuration and production procedure adopted by B.K.S. are also described.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Cet article donne un rapide compte-rendu des conditions environnantes qui ont conduit la Société B.K.S. Surveys Limited à se doter d'un ensemble intégré de cartographie numérique. II fournit également un aperçu des caractéristiques du système Wildmap et une description de la configuration particulière du matériel photogrammétrique et de la méthodologie adoptée en production par B.K.S.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Kurze Darstellung von Hintergrundinformationen, die B.K.S. Surveys Ltd. bei der Einführung eines integrierten Programmpakets zur digitalen Kartenherstellung beeinflussten und Skizzierung der Grundzüge des Wildmap-Systems. Ausserdem werden die spezielle photogrammetrische Hardware und die bei B.K.S. angewandte Technologie beschrieben.

Notizen: The PAT-M program package was purchased in late 1979 for use in British government surveying departments. Some initial experiences in using this method are described and discussed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLes établissements publics britanniques de levé ont acquis à la fin 1979 un ensemble de programmes PAT-M. Les premières expérimentations de ce système font l'objet d'une description suivie d'une discussion.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEnde 1979 wurde das PAT-M Programmpaket zur Nutzung bei Britischen Vermessungsbehörden angekauft. Einige erste Erfahrungen bei Nutzung des Verfahrens werden beschrieben und diskutiert.

Notizen: This paper attempts to demonstrate the economy, quality and accuracy that can be obtained by the use of analytical methods and instruments in photogrammetry.As a practical example, amateur photographs, taken from a balloon (BCV D4 Delacoste) with a Hasselblad 500 EL/M camera, were used for restitution by means of the ORIENT bundle adjustment program and the Wild Aviolyt AC1/Aviotab TA2 analytical plotting system. Results are quoted for the time required and the accuracy obtained.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméCet article essaie de mettre en évidence les wantages que l'on peut tirer de l'emploi d'appareils et de méthodes analytiques en photogrammétrie, en ce qui concerne l'économie, la qualityé et la précision. On cite à titre d'exemple, l'emploi de photographies d'amateurs, prises en ballon (un Delacoste BCV D4) avec un appareil Hasselblad 500 EL/M, restituées au moyen du programme de compension par faisceaux ORIENT et du système de restitution analytique Wild Aviolyt AC/1 Aviotab TA2. On fait état du temps nécessaire et de la précision obtenue dans les résultats.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird der Versuch gemacht, Ökonomie, Qualität und Genauigkeit, die mit analytischen Verfahren und Geräten in der Photogrammetrie erzielt werden können, aufzuzeigen. Alspraktisches Beispiel dienen Amateurfotos, die von einem Ballon aus (BCV D4 Delacoste) mit einer Hasselblad-Kamera 500 EL/M aufgenommen und mit dem Bündelprogramm ORIENT und dem Analytischen Auswertegerät von Wild Aviolyt AC1/Aviotab TA2 ausgewertet wurden. Es werden Ergebnisse für den Zeitaufwand und die erreichte Genauigkeit angegeben.

Notizen: Approximately 110 sheets of orthophotomaps at a scale of 1:100000 covering all the ice, free area (300000 km2) of northern Greenland are to be produced by the Geodetic Institute of Denmark. Super-wide angle photography at a scale of 1:150 000 was acquired in 1978. Individual models are set up in a Wild B8S stereoplotter and, after carrying out aerial triangulation, a numerical method of absolute orientation is used. A digital ground model of the entire area is established in order to enable the interpolation of contour lines, for automatic plotting and to produce control data, for the orthophotoprojector. a Wild OR1. Methods of data handling and control, accuracies and typical errors are discussed.

Notizen: This paper reports on some work which has been undertaken to assess the advantages of increased automation in plotting tables attached to stereoplotters.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméCet article fait état d'un travail qui a été entrepris en vue d'évaluer les avantages d'un accroissement de l'automatisation des tables tracantes reliées aux appareils de restitution.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird über Arbeiten berichtet, um Vorteile aus einer gesteigerten Automation bei Zekhentischen zu gewinnen, die an Stereokartiergeräte angeschlossen sind.

Notizen: Much important archaeological information which is invisible to observers on the ground may be recorded on oblique aerial photographs, often taken with non-metric cameras. There is a requirement to plot this information on existing topographic maps. The archaeological background is outlined and a digital single photograph mapping system, based on monocomparator, microcomputer and small flatbed plotter, is described. This system is inexpensive and can be used by archaeological personnel without expertise in either analytical photogrammetry or computer graphics. Hence it may be capable of a useful role in map revision; its potential for this purpose is discussed and refinements to overcome its limitations are proposed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméUne grande partie des informations archéologiques importantes qui restent invisibles à des observateurs sur le terrain, peut être saisie avec des photographies aériennes obliques, prises le plus souvent avec des chambres non-métriques. Il est nécessaire de reporter ces informations sur les cartes topographiques existantes. Pour cela on dessine le fond archéologique sur le cliché et l'on utilise un système de cartographie numérique basé sur l'emploi d'une seule photographie, et comprenant un monocomparateur, un micro-ordinateur et une petite table traçante à plat. Ce système est bon marché et peut être mis en oeuvre par du personnel archéologue n'ayant aucune compétence en photogrammétrie analytique ni dans les sorties graphiques d'ordinateur. Ce système peut jouer, à partir de là, un rôle utile dans la révision des cartes; ses possibilityés dans ce domaine font l'objet d'une discussion tandis que des améliorations destinées à dépasser ses limitations actuelles sont proposées.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungViele wichtige archäologische Informationen, die dem Betrachter im Gelände verborgen bleiben, können auf Schrägluftbildern, die oft mit Amateurkameras aufgenommen wurden, erkannt werden. Dazu besteht dann die Anforderung, solche Informationen auf vorhandene Karten zu übertragen. Der archäologische Hintergrund wird skizziert und für Einzelbilder ein digitales Auswerteverfahren beschrieben, das auf der Verwendung eines Monokomparators, eines Mikrorechners und eines kleinen Flachbettplotters beruht. Dieses System ist billig und kann durch Archäologen ohne jede Erfahrung in analytischer Photogrammetrie oder Digitalgraphik angewendet werden. Es kann auch sinnvoll für die Karlenergänzung sein. Seine Möglichkeiten dafür werden diskutiert und weitere Verbesserungen vorgeschlagen.

Notizen: : Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) eggs and prolarvae were exposed to a range of treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) concentrations from 0 to 20 percent effluent by volume (v/v) under continuous flow test conditions. The treated BKME used in the study before dilution had a BOD5 of 18 to 25 mg/l, TSS of 60 to 185 mg/l and true color of 1750 to 1755 mg/l. No mortality attributable to BKME was found in three separate egg studies. No delayed hatching of the eggs occurred in any of the BKME treatments relative to the control treatment. No significant morphological abnormalities (pugheadness, truncation, or scoliosis) were found in prolarvae exposed to BKME from the egg stage through six days post/hatch. Tests with prolarvae revealed that BKME at concentrations from 2 to 20 percent v/v did not cause mortality during exposures up to 60 hours. However, BKME concentrations ranging between 8 to 12 percent up to 20 percent v/v caused increased mortality after 72 hours of exposure.

Notizen: : An implicit price model relating residential lot value to price determining characteristics of land is developed to measure the benefits of a structural flood control project. Special attention is given to the selection of relevant price determining characteristics of residential lots. An implicit price equation is estimated for both the with and without project conditions. Flood damages are quantified through the use of a dummy variable indicating a flood plain location. The analysis shows that annual flood damages were reduced by $15,275.

Notizen: : The routing of flood waves through the Central Basin of the Passaic River in New Jersey is complex because of flat gradients and flow reversals. The one-dimensional unsteady flow program DWOPER, developed by the National Weather Service, was used to simulate flood wave movement through the Basin. A historical event was used for calibration and two synthetic events were simulated. Boundary conditions consisted of discharge hydrographs at inflow points to the study area, local flow hydrographs at interior points, and a stage discharge relation for flow over the crest of a diversion dam at the basin outlet. Manning's n values were adjusted based on stage and discharge data for the historical event; however, verification data were not available for events comparable in magnitude to the synthetic events. Aspects of the investigation reported include techniques for characterizing the flow system, model calibration, techniques for representing a tunnel diversion, and simulation results.

Notizen: : This paper addresses the recent interest in management of the Missouri River. Interstate issues in the river basin include interbasin water diversions, riverbed and shoreline degradation, loss of recreational and natural areas, reduction in navigation capacity, the status of the Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Program in terms of general river development, and the elimination of river basin commissions, An attempt to develop a comprehensive interstate water compact failed in the 1950s. The new efforts towards establishing a compact are discussed, as well as other available mechanisms for resolution of the current political and legal differences among the ten river basin states.

Notizen: : Kriging utilizes a statistically based procedure of spatial interpolation that incorporates the spatial correlation structure of the phenomenon, and provides an error estimate. Kriging was applied to a total of 141 transmissivity values in an attempt to quantify the transmissivity distribution of the Santa Fe aquifer in Mesilla Bolson. New Mexico. The analysis produced contour maps of estimated transmissivity values and associated estimation variances. Through variogram analysis and fitting of an exponential variogrsm to 141 natural log of transmissivity (InT) values, the range was determined to be 3 miles, the average variance 2.74 (σInT= 1.65) with a mean of 8.65. Kriged estimates were generally lower when compared to estimates based on available transmissivity maps.

Notizen: : Precipitation, throughfall, and stream pH were measured weekly over a 27-week period in 1982 on the Little Millseat watershed in eastern Kentucky. The average pH values over the study period were 4.3, 4.9, and 6.4, respectively, indicating significant buffering as water moved from the atmosphere, through the deciduous canopy, and through or over the soil to the stream. Regression analysis demonstrated that the timing and amount of precipitation were important factors influencing the pH of the throughfall. Weekly precipitation and the three-week average precipitation were statistically significant variables, explaining 53 percent of the variance in the observed through- fall pH. Precipitation pH was not a statistically significant variable for this watershed and sampling period.

Notizen: : A significant fraction of rhodamine WT dye was lost during a short term multitracer injection experiment in a mountain stream environment. The conservative anion chloride and the sorbing cation lithium were concurrently injected. In-stream rhodamine WT concentrations were as low as 45 percent of that expected, based on chloride data. Concentration data were available from shallow‘wells’dug near the stream course and from a seep of suspected return flow. Both rhodamine WT dye and lithium were nonconservative with respect to the conservative chloride, with rhodamine WT dye closely following the behavior of the sorbing lithium.Nonsorption and sorption mechanisms for rhodamine WT loss in a mountain stream were evaluated in laboratory experiments. Experiments evaluating nonsorption losses indicated minimal losses by such mechanisms. Laboratory experiments using sand and gravel size streambed sediments show an appreciable capacity for rhodamine WT sorption.The detection of tracers in the shallow wells and seep indicates interaction between the stream and the flow in the surrounding subsurface, intergravel water, system. The injected tracers had ample opportunity for intimate contact with materials shown in the laboratory experiments to be potentially sorptive. It is suggested that in the study stream system, interaction with streambed gravel was a significant mechanism for the attenuation of rhodamine WT dye (relative to chloride).

Notizen: : Large variability of water quality data often makes it difficult to judge whether or not the conditions in an aquifier or a stream are deteriorating or not the conditions in an aquifer or a stream are deteriorating or improving. A technique for separation of variograms into positive and negative difference components is proposed. This technique was applied to water quality data from a requality improved with time on the stripmined and undisturbed areas, declined in a seep and an adjoining stream and remained about the same in the deep mined zone.

Notizen: Generally high rainfall and extensive forests in the East combine to produce excellent potential for managing forests for increased water yield. Models are presented that allow prediction of streamflow increase from hardwood and pine forests on a year-by-year basis. They are being routinely applied in land management planning on National Forests in the Southeast. A recent, independent test indicates that cumulative water yield increases can be predicted within about 14 percent of the actual value. However, because of the diverse land ownership patterns and the economic objectives of owners, realizing the potential will be difficult at best. The opportunity for realizing the full potential appears greatest where the land is publicly owned, but demand for water in the East has not reached the point where need for water dictates management prescriptions.

Notizen: Western Washington and western Oregon comprise a water-rich region that has a very uneven annual distribution of both precipitation and streamflow. Highest demand for water coincides with lowest streamflow levels between July 1 and September 30 when less than 5 percent of annual water yield occurs. Increases in annual water yield in small, experimental watersheds in the region have ranged up to 600 mm after entire watersheds were logged and up to 300 mm in watersheds that were 25 to 30 percent logged. Most of the increase has occurred during the fall-winter rainy season, and yield increases have been largest during the wettest years. Estimated sustained increases in water yield from most large watersheds subject to sustained yield forest management are at best only 3-6 percent of unaugmented flows. Realistically, watersheds in this region will not be managed to produce more water. Water yield augmentation will continue to be only a small and variable by-product of logging. The utility of water yield augmentation is limited by its size and by its occurrence relative to the time of water demand. In some local areas, reduction of fog interception and drip or establishment of riparian phreatophytic hardwoods may reduce summer flows.

Notizen: The demand for more water is increasing throughout the country. Research on upland watersheds clearly demonstrates that water yield can be increased using forest and range management practices. Based on the experience of the past several decades and a review of six papers in a recent AWRA series on water yield augmentation through vegetation management, the following issues and concerns are discussed: predicting increased yields from large basins; economic evaluation of additional flows; court acceptance and need for system models; the legal question of ownership and transferability of increased yields; and management emphasis on private and federal lands. The immediate potential for water yield augmentation is on carefully selected watersheds that have the bio-physical potential to produce high value water under environmentally acceptable multiple use management. We predict water yield management on a broader scale will result from increased pressures to solve the legal and economic issues involved.

Notizen: From 1971-1980, studies were conducted at Fresno, California, to identify and quantify, where possible, the soil and water chemistry, subsurface geologic, hydrologic, biologic, and operational factors that determine the long term (10-year) effectiveness of basin type artificial ground water recharge through alluvial soils. This paper updates previous findings and refers to publications that describe the geology beneath the basins and regional geology that determine the transmission and storage properties for local ground water management and chemical quality enhancement. High quality irrigation water from the Kings River was used for recharge. Construction and land costs for the present expanded facility 83 ha (205.2 ac) using three parcels of land were $1,457,100. The nine-year annual mean costs for only canal water, maintenance, and operation were $110.42/ha·m ($13.62/ac·ft) based on an average recharge rate of 1338 ha·m/yr (10,848 ac·ft/yr) at 86 percent facility efficiency. The measured end of season recharge rate averaged 14.97 ± 0.24 cm/day. The 10-year mean actual recharge rate based on actual water delivered, total ponded area, and total days of recharge was 12.1 cm/day.

Notizen: Atmospheric reaeration is a natural mechanism of oxygen transfer from the atmosphere to a water body. In practice, stream water quality models are developed with reaeration coefficients (K2) estimated by predictive equations. This leads to uncertainties in modeling analysis because these equations are empirical in nature and may yield greatly different K2 values for the same stream. Values of K2 may be adjusted in model calibration, but unfortunately, values of other model parameters are no less easy to identify and require adjustment in model calibration as well. Therefore, validity of a stream model would be enhanced significantly if K2 could be determined directly and reliably. In this research, values of K2 in the Canandaiqua Outlet in Central New York have been measured by using a gas tracer method. A successful modeling analysis was conducted using these K2 values. As a result, effluent limitations of several waste water discharges into the Outlet were established. It was concluded that field measurements of reaeration rate would improve modeling results significantly, and that the gas tracer method can be easily incorporated into intensive water quality surveys normally required for stream modeling.

Notizen: For a risk recreation activity like whitewater boating, a manager's goal of providing for the health and safety of the visitor may conflict with the goal of providing the opportunity for a satisfying recreation experience. As whitewater river managers face the problem of safety and risks, they should consider what users think about safety programs. The views of whitewater boaters toward (1) first aid equipment requirements, (2) signs warning of hazards, (3) aggressive enforcement of the rules, and (4) patrols to assist and regulate users were determined on 13 river segments in the western United States. A test was made of the relation between views toward safety measures and the level of risk and thrills sought by floaters. Conclusions of the study are: (1) river floaters' views toward possible management safety measures are not related to the amount of risk they desire; and (2) floaters, in general, prefer some safety measures to others. If safety measures mean that managers will be more visible on the river, floaters tend to dislike them. Therefore, a manager's approach to safety management should parallel the approach to recreation management in general, and regulation of use should be the minimum necessary to achieve safety objectives.

Notizen: The purpose of this study was to identify attitudes toward the recreational use of drinking water reservoirs in Massachusetts among municipal water supply managers in the state. Compared to the findings of recent studies assessing the attitudes of the general public, water officials were found to advocate highly restrictive views. No officials said that recreation was an insignificant source of water supply pollution; however, opinions were not found to be related to respondents' exposure to the literature on the topic. The majority were not, in fact, familiar with the literature assessing the impact of recreation on water supply reservoirs.

Notizen: : Cores were obtained from several tree species located both on a river floodplain and a nearby terrace. A ratio of annual tree growth on floodplains to terrace growth was developed and shown to be related to the annual river discharge. Growth ratios from the time prior to written records can therefore be used to reconstruct river discharge and infer past unrecorded flood frequency. Oak and basswood ratios yielded the best models for discharge reconstruction, whereas those of elm and birch were less useful. This method permits reconstruction of river discharge from an assemblage of growth cores obtained within a relatively small area.

Notizen: : In a cooperative demonstration project, NASA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) compared conventional and Landsat-derived land-use data for use in hydrologic models, and the resulting discharge frequency curves were analyzed. When a grid-based data-management system was used on a cell-by-cell basis (size about 1.1 acres or 0.45 hectare), Landsat classification accuracy was only 64 percent, but, when the grid cells were aggregated into watersheds, the classification accuracy increased to about 95 percent. When both conventional and Landsat land-use data were input to the HEC-1 model for generating discharge frequency curves, the differences in calculated discharge were judged insignificant for subbasins as small as 1.0mi2 (2.59 km2). For basins larger than 10mi2 (25.9km2), use of the Landsat approach is more cost-effective than use of conventional methods. Digital Landsat data can also be used effectively by local and regional agencies for hydrologic analysis by incorporating the data into grid-based data-management systems. The transfer of this new technology is well under way through inclusion in some Corps training courses and through use by both county government personnel and private consultants.

Notizen: : The salinity of the lower South Platte River in Colorado is characterized by plotting the average annual flow, total dissolved solids, and salt mass flow against distance along the stream. The plots show that salts are being leached from the irrigated lands above Greeley and are being deposited on the irrigated lands below Greeley. The salt deposition on the lower lands will result in their salination. The plots show also that fall and winter stream flows carry most of the salt loads. These fall and winter flows are stored in off stream reservoirs for use during the irrigation season. Therefore these salts are transferred to the lower irrigated lands where they accumulate. The salt balance for these lands can be improved by permitting the fall and winter flows to leave the basin, or by providing adequate land drainage coupled with supplemental irrigation water.

Notizen: : Spatial variation of five water quality variables were analyzed using composite water samples collected periodically from eight small watersheds (11.4–71.6 km2) in forested East Texas during 1977 through 1980. Based on 31 observations during the four-year period the average yield of nitrate-nitrite nitrogen (NNN), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (PO4), chloride (CHL), and total suspended sediment (TSS) were 1.43, 21.96, 3.09, 50.11, and 90.39 ka/ha/yr, respectively. Compared to the water quality standards of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1976) and the Texas Department of Water Resources (1976) for CHL, TSS, and NNN, none of the observations exceeded the limits for public water supplies.The study showed that forested watersheds normally yielded stream flow with better quality than that from agricultural watersheds. Watersheds of greater percent of pasture area, mean slope, stream segment frequency, and drainage density produced greater concentrations for these five chemical parameters in water samples. Meaningful equations were developed for estimating mean average yields for each chemical parameter for each watershed with R2 ranging from 0.77 to 0.96 and standard error of estimates from 17 to 33 percent of the observed means.

Notizen: : Bluegills were exposed for one hour to 0.2 or 2.3 mg/liter water soluble fraction (WSF) of JP-4 in a testing chamber designed to contain individual fish. A strain gage paddle was used to monitor activity. Whole body movement of individual fish did not change appreciably during exposure to either 0.2 or 2.3 mg/liter WSF-JP-4. Strength of pectoral fin movement, accounting for the majority of the fish behavior, increased in six of ten individuals exposed to 2.3 mg/liter WSF-JP-4. Pectoral fanning may be a useful parameter to indirectly assess water quality.

Notizen: : Tradeoffs between regional economic development and resource use is a question often confronting local decisionmakers. A resource-interindustry model can be used to depict the interrelationships between regional economic sectors as to household income and/or employment and resource use. A resource-interindustry model was developed for Humboldt and Lander Counties in Nevada which shows the tradeoffs between regional household income (wages, salaries, profits, and rents) and/or employment and water usage. Water income and water employment multipliers can be ranked, enabling decisionmakers to realize sectors which require greatest regional water usage to regional household income and/or employment.

Notizen: : Santa Fe Country, New Mexico, has adopted a land-use policy in which zoning densities provide a balance between the water use on a parcel of land and the water supply available bencath that land. In two of four mapped hydrologic zones, ground water in storage will be allowed to be mined to exhaustion in 100 years (40 years in urban areas). Elsewhere, the policy is for a steady state with use balanced by recharge. Equations to determine storage or recharge can be solved using site specific data or regional estimates of hydrologic conditions. Substantial reductions in the lot size requirements are allowed if water conservation convenants are adopted. Public acceptance indicates that the policy successfully integrates technical and political concerns. It is simple to administer, yet reflects widely expressed public goals and values.

Notizen: : A loading function methodology is presented for predicting runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses from complex watersheds. Separate models are defined for cropland, forest, urban and barnyard sources, and procedures for estimating baseflow nutrients are provided. The loading functions are designed for use as a preliminary screening tool to isolate the major contributors in a watershed. Input data sources are readily available and the functions do not require costly calibrations. Data requirements include watershed land use and soil information, daily precipitation and temperature records and rainfall erosivities. Comparison of predicted and measured water, sediment, and nutrient runoff fluxes for the West Branch Deleware River in New York, indicated that runoff was underpredicted by about 14 percent while dissolved nutrients were within 30 percent of observed values. Sediment and solid-phase nutrients were overpredicted by about 50 percent. An annual nutrient budget for the West Branch Delaware River showed that cornland was the major source of sediment, solid phase nutrients, and total phosphorus. Waste water treatment plants and ground water discharge contributed the most dissolved phosphorus and dissolved nitrogen, respectively.

Notizen: : Appraisal-level, engineering economic analyses for two types of irrigation systems are compared: (1) a surface-water irrigation system, and (2) a ground-water recharge irrigation system. An artificial recharge irrigation system is an economically viable alternative to surface-distributed irrigation in a conjunctive irrigation plan if electric power rates remain sufficiently low. As electric rates increase, this viability generally decreases until it becomes completely unattractive at rates of about 0.012 dollars per kilowatt hour.

Notizen: : Data from 54 well in central and eastern Kansas developed in unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age indicate that nitrate concentrations are inversely related to the depth of the well screen opening below the water level in the well casing because this relationship was found to exist in an area of Nebraska and in a large area of Kansas, the relationship is generally valid over a wide geo- graphical area. In addition, the data indicate that the incidence of nitrate concentrations exceeding 45 milligrams per liter and nitrate concentrations, in general, are significantly lower in water from wells with screens deeper than 25 feet below the water table in unconfined aquifers or where screens are placed in deep confined aquifers. No concentrations of nitrate greater than 45 milligrams per liter were in obseved wells where screens were deeper than 60 feet below the casing water level. These findings suggest that general placement of well screens as far below the water table as possible in unconfined unconsolidated aquifers in Kansas. and possibly other areas of the Midwest, may be an effective measure in preventing undesirable nitrate concentrations in ground water supplies. particularly in areas where nitrate is a problem.

Notizen: Increasing water for onsite and offsite uses can be a viable objective for management of certain western rangelands. One approach utilizes water harvesting techniques to increase surface runoff by preventing or slowing infiltration of rain. An attractive alternative, where applicable, is to replace vegetation that uses much water with plants that use less so that more water percolates through the soil to streams and ground water. Most sites are too dry to increase water yield in this way; probably less than 1 percent of the western rangelands can be managed for this purpose. However, where annual precipitation exceeds about 450 mm (18 inches) and deep-rooted shrubs can be replaced by shallow-rooted grasses, there is potential to increase streamflows and to improve forage for livestock. Little or no increase can be expected by eradication of low-density brush and pinyon-juniper woodlands. Potentials for improving water yield are reviewed and summarized by vegetation types.

Notizen: Removal of forest canopy to reduce interception, evaporation, and transpiration, and to collect blowing snow, etc., has been demonstrated to increase water yield from small subalpine watersheds. How useable the increase in yield might be depends on a number of factors. It is likely that a more complete description of what occurs in the acquatic and riparian environment as a result of the increased yield, and at points of collection or diversion will affect our judgment. There is room for a further contribution by earth and life scientists to fully round out the biophysical effects to be assessed in economic terms. A partial analysis may nonetheless be undertaken, and given certain peculiarly favorable circumstances in the Colorado Rockies for increases in yield, and the existence of a water transporting and utilizing infrastructure and markets, a provisional economic judgment can be reached.

Notizen: The Sierra Nevada produces over 50 percent of California's water. Improvement of water yields from the Sierra Nevada through watershed management has long been suggested as a means of augmenting the state's water supply. Vegetation and snowpack management can increase runoff from small watersheds by reducing losses due to evapotranspiration, snow interception by canopy, and snow evaporation. Small clearcuts or group selection cuts creating openings less than half a hectare, with the narrow dimension from south to north, appear to be ideal for both increasing and delaying water delivery in the red fir-lodgepole pine and mixed-conifer types of the Sierra west slope. Such openings can have up to 40 percent more snow-water equivalent than does uncut forest. However, the water yield increase drops to 1/2-2 percent of current yield for an entire management unit, due to the small number of openings that can be cut at one time, physical and management constraints, and multiple use/sustained yield guidelines. As a rough forecast, water production from National Forest land in the Sierra Nevada can probably be increased by about 1 percent (0.6 cm) under intensive forest watershed management. Given the state of reservoir storage and water use in California, delaying streamflow is perhaps the greatest contribution watershed management can make to meeting future water demands.

Notizen: With the pressure from industries and municipalities to reduce the waste water treatment costs associated with the permit limits needed to attain the goals of the Clean Water Act, attention has turned ways of introducing flexibility into the regulations without sacrificing the water quality goals.Wisconsin is the first state to have adopted a variety of options from which dischargers may choose when meeting their water quality requirements. These options were developed for the express purpose of minimizing the costs and maximizing the flexibility of the point source water quality regulations while ensuring that permitted discharge would not violate the water quality standards.This paper presents five options that the state has made available to dischargers, as well as one the state did not adopt. The conclusion is that a mix of options can substantially increase the flexibility and reduce the costs of meeting water quality standards on effluent limited streams.

Notizen: : Tabletop water quality modeling still plays an important role in the water pollution control activities of the Georgia Environmental Protection Division. Tabletop models are those developed with out the aid of extensive field data. One important component of GEORGIA DOSAG, our basic water quality model, is the equation used to predict flow through velocity. However, Georgia is characterized by wide physiographic diversity which reduces the effectiveness of uncalibrated velocity equations. Using 15 years of accumulated time-of-travel studies, a series of empirical velocity equations were developed and calibrated to various physiographic conditions in Georgia. Equations are available for each major soil province and for three stream flow ranges within each province - Q〈100 cfs, 100〈Q〈1000 cfs, and Q〉1000 cfs. Now, in the absence of extensive field data, we have data based velocity equations which can be tailored to each site under study.

Notizen: : Twenty-two gaging stations were selected for developing a regional flood frequency curve for small (area less than 2 square miles) watersheds in southern Illinois. Five probability functions were compared, and the extreme value type I function was selected to develop the regional flood curve. The curve was generated with the index flood method and also another empirical method that related the function parameters to the watershed area. Estimated peak discharges with various return periods were compared with the results obtained from multiple regression analysis.

Notizen: A comparative study was undertaken to evaluate peak runoff flow rates using (1) a continuous series of actual rainfall events and (2) design storms. The ILLUDAS computer model was used to simulate runoff over a catchment within the city of Montreal, Canada. A ten-year period, five-minute increment rainfall data base was used to derive peak flow frequency curves. Two types of design storms were analyzed: one derived from intensity duration frequency curves (Chicago type), the other from averaging actual rainfall patterns (Huff type). Antecedent soil moisture conditions were considered in the analyses. It was found that the probability distribution of runoff peak flow was sensitive to the choice of design storm pattern and to the antecedent soil moisture condition. A symmetrical, Chicago-type design storm with antecedent dry soil moisture produced a flow frequency curve similar to the one obtained from a series of historical rainfall events.

Notizen: Savings in capital, operation, and maintenance costs of new water supply facilities are referred to as “long run foregone costs.” Any conservation measure leads to reduction of water use or loss, however, significant long run foregone costs are realized only when reductions in size or delays in construction of facilities result. In order to accurately evaluate these costs it is necessary to know which facilities are affected and how they are affected (i.e., eliminated, downsized, or delayed). The effects of several levels of conservation on long run fore gone costs for an actual study are presented and some easy to use equations that may be used to calculate such savings are then derived. Some rules are presented to determine if it is more economical to delay construction or downsize facilities.

Notizen: : West Bitter Creek floodwater retarding structure site 3 in South Central Oklahoma was instrumented and records obtained and analyzed to obtain information concerning an impoundment water budget that is useful to landowners and designers of these impoundments. On-site loss of water from the impoundment was only 17 percent of the inflow during three years when the annual precipitation averaged 26 inches and the annual inflow averaged 1.4 inches. Runoff from an eroded area with no farm ponds was about 70 percent greater per unit area than from a portion of the watershed where 71 percent of the drainage area was controlled by farm ponds. A previous study indicated, however, that the ponds were reducing runoff only 13 percent. Loss of top soil increases runoff considerably. Only 24 percent of the total runoff into the impoundment was base flow. The flow rate into the impoundment was less than 0.05 cfs 70 percent of the time, and the inflow rate exceeded 10 cfs only 1 percent of the time. SCS runoff curve numbers varied between 57 and 96 for the impoundment watershed with an inverse relation between precipitation amount and curve number apprently caused by partial area runoff from impervious and semi-impervious areas. A comparison of measured event runoff versus event runoff computed by the SCS curve numbers gave an r2 of only 0.44. However, the total computed surface runoff for eight years of record was less than 1 percent below the measured runoff which indicated the curve number method was a good tool for predicting long term runoff for the watershed.

Notizen: : We have developed a computer model of soil loss on an upland watershed from the continuity considerations for sediment transport and from equations describing rill and interrill erosion. The model is based on dividing the upland area into a grid containing rill and interill zones, on the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), and on equations describing detachment and transport capacity of rill flow. The USLE estimates the sediment load from the contributing areas. The location and amount of total erosion and deposition are determined by comparing the transport and detachment capacity of rill flow for specific storms. The model considers the mechanics of erosion process and can serve as basis for reservoir and channel design and land use planning.

Notizen: : The analysis of stream flow and several water quality parameters in six Illinois rivers showed both deterioration and improvement in quality indicators during 1976–1977 drought. The adverse impacts were an increase of ammonia and manganese concentrations and, to a lesser degree, increased concentrations of phenol and specific conductance. At the worst point during the drought, the 12-month moving average of monthly ammonia concentration in the Sangamon River was about 620 percent higher than the antecedent value. On the other hand, average concentrations of nitrites and nitrates, total iron, and the number of coliform bacteria significantly decreased. This positive response suggests that streams which are considered unsuitable for municipal supply due to high levels of these quality indicators may be used as emergency sources during droughts.

Notizen: : The pressure on water resources from energy resource development and transformation is likely to be greater in the future than it has been in the past. A rational resolution of the political problems that this situation will generate requires that: 1) planning based on predictions of future energy supply and demand be replaced by scenario, or “what if?” analysis; 2) full attention be paid to the uncertainties in per-unit-energy water requirements; 3) suitable stochastic measures of water availability be used to compare water supply with water demand; 4) realistic ecological criteria, and other alternative use criteria, be developed for estimating impacts of water withdrawn or consurned for energy development; 5) human consequences of ecological impaccts are described in a manner that will allow the political process to intervene in an optimum manner to allocate water resources.

Notizen: : In order to choose among “best management practices,” forest managers need to predict sediment yield to perennial streams following various forest land operations. The “universal soil loss equation” (USLE) is not directly applicable to forest operations because of the heterogenous soil surface conditions left by harvesting, site preparation, and planting. A sediment hazard index is proposed, to be based on the amount of exposed mineral soil and its proximity to streams. The model offered includes rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility and average land slope, together with the index W. A paired watershed experiment in the central Georgia Piedmont was used to estimate parameters in the model. The experimental basin (80 acres) was clearcut, drum roller chopped twice, and planted by machine. The standard error of estimate of sediment yield was computed to be about 50/lbs/ac per sampling period (four months). Use of William's erogivity index (storm flow times peak flow) reduced the standard error to 33/lbs/ac.

Notizen: : The impact of floodplain regulations on mean appreciation rates of residential land values was tested at six study areas in five counties in western Oregon. The study hypothesis that such regulations significantly depress appreciation rates of regulated lands relative to those of similar unregulated lands was in most cases rejected. When the hypothesis was accepted circumstances would render conclusions tenuous. The problems and issues facing this type of research are presented in case studies of two of the research study areas. The following factors challenge investigators seeking to resolve questions about the relationship between land use regulations and land values: varying degrees of stringency with which regulations are enforced; unequal assessment procedures between counties; influences external to floodplain regulations that may affect appreciation rates, including denial of permits for septic tanks, flood damages, and amenity values associated with waterfront locations; and the uncertain effect that the availability of flood insurance, which accompanies floodplain regulations, has on land values.

Notizen: A general methodology is described for identifying and statistically modeling trends which may be contained in a water quality time series. A range of useful exploratory data analysis tools are suggested for discovering important patterns and statistical characteristics of the data such as trends caused by external interventions. To estimate the entries in an evenly spaced time series when data are available at irregular time intervals, a new procedure based upon seasonal adjustment is described. Intervention analysis is employed at the confirmatory data analysis stage to rigorously model changes in the mean levels of a series which are identified using exploratory data analysis techniques. Furthermore, intervention analysis can be utilized for estimating missing observations when they are not too numerous. The effects of cutting down a forest upon various water quality variables and also the consequences of acid rain upon the alkalinity in a stream provide illustrative applications which demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology.

Notizen: Past prices of Colorado-Big Thompson water shares were analyzed using an asset pricing model which incorporated the growth rate in real returns to irrigation water and the value of potential urban water uses. A real growth rate in the returns to irrigation water was estimated at 5.3 percent. Nevertheless, market values for water shares have exceeded capitalized agricultural values since 1969. Historically, urban use potential was heavily discounted, but the implicit discount rate fell rapidly in the last decade. The expectation that water shares will eventually be sold to municipal or industrial consumers now appears to be reflected fully in water prices.

Notizen: : The production of videotape as a product of a water resources seminar is an innovative approach to graduate education. The research effort required builds upon the traditional graduate seminar approach. The videotape production requires research effort to be focused into a coherent body of information which may be widely disseminated and effectively communicates information to the public. The use of outside speakers and field trips blends very well into the preparation of a videotape. The requriement to present the many sides of a complex water resource issue in a fair and equitable manner requires maturity and professional capability on the part of the students. The research effort requires the students to meet their professional obligation to present an objective, factual, and accurate statement of the issues studies.

Notizen: Book Reviews in this article:Estuarine Ecology, J. H. Day (Editor).Application of Results from Representative and Experimental Basins.Aquatic and Temstrid Humic Materials, Russell F. Christman and Egil T. Gjessing.Water Crisis: Ending the Policy Drought, T. L. Anderson.Water Rights: Scarce Resource Allocation, Bureaucracy, and the Environment, T. L. Anderson (Editor).