ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

X
feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • Articles  (211)
  • Annual Reviews  (211)
  • 2000-2004  (211)
  • Technology  (211)
Collection
  • Articles  (211)
Source
Publisher
Years
Year
Journal
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHYSICOCHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF HYDROGELS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 9-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hydrogels are cross-linked hydrophilic polymers that can imbibe water or biological fluids. Their biomedical and pharmaceutical applications include a very wide range of systems and processes that utilize several molecular design characteristics. This review discusses the molecular structure, dynamic behavior, and structural modifications of hydrogels as well as the various applications of these biohydrogels. Recent advances in the preparation of three-dimensional structures with exact chain conformations, as well as tethering of functional groups, allow for the preparation of promising new hydrogels. Meanwhile, intelligent biohydrogels with pH- or temperature-sensitivity continue to be important materials in medical applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.9
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CURRENT METHODS IN MEDICAL IMAGE SEGMENTATION1 (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 315-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Image segmentation plays a crucial role in many medical-imaging applications, by automating or facilitating the delineation of anatomical structures and other regions of interest. We present a critical appraisal of the current status of semiautomated and automated methods for the segmentation of anatomical medical images. Terminology and important issues in image segmentation are first presented. Current segmentation approaches are then reviewed with an emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of these methods for medical imaging applications. We conclude with a discussion on the future of image segmentation methods in biomedical research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.315
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICROFABRICATED MICRONEEDLES FOR GENE AND DRUG DELIVERY (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 289-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By incorporating techniques adapted from the microelectronics industry, the field of microfabrication has allowed the creation of microneedles, which have the potential to improve existing biological-laboratory and medical devices and to enable novel devices for gene and drug delivery. Dense arrays of microneedles have been used to deliver DNA into cells. Many cells are treated at once, which is much more efficient than current microinjection techniques. Microneedles have also been used to deliver drugs into local regions of tissue. Microfabricated neural probes have delivered drugs into neural tissue while simultaneously stimulating and recording neuronal activity, and microneedles have been inserted into arterial vessel walls to deliver antirestenosis drugs. Finally, microhypodermic needles and microneedles for transdermal drug delivery have been developed to reduce needle insertion pain and tissue trauma and to provide controlled delivery across the skin. These needles have been shown to be robust enough to penetrate skin and dramatically increase skin permeability to macromolecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.289
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF BIOPHYSICAL RESPONSE DURING FREEZING IN TISSUES (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 257-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cryopreservation and cryosurgery are important biomedical applications used to selectively preserve or destroy cellular systems through freezing. Studies using cryomicroscopy techniques, which allow the visualization of the freezing process in single cells, have shown that a drop in viability correlates with the extent of two biophysical events during the freezing process: (a) intracellular ice formation and (b) cellular dehydration. These same biophysical events operate in tissue systems; however, the inability to visualize and quantify the dynamics of the freezing process in tissues has hampered direct correlation of these events with freezing-induced changes in viability. This review highlights two new techniques that use freeze substitution and differential scanning calorimetry to provide dynamic freezing data in tissue. Characteristic dimensions and parameters extracted from these new data are then used in a predictive model of biophysical freezing response in several tissues, including liver and tumor. This approach promises to help guide improved design of both cryopreservation and cryosurgical applications of tissue freezing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.257
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANTIBODY ENGINEERING (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 339-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antibodies are unique in their high affinity and specificity for a binding partner, a quality that has made them one of the most useful molecules for biotechnology and biomedical applications. The field of antibody engineering has changed rapidly in the past 10 years, fueled by novel technologies for the in vitro isolation of antibodies from combinatorial libraries and their functional expression in bacteria. This review presents an overview of the methods available for the de novo generation of human antibodies, for engineering antibodies with increased antigen affinity, and for the production of antibody fragments. Select applications of recombinant antibodies are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.339
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THREE-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND IMAGING (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 457-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two-dimensional viewing of three-dimensional anatomy by conventional ultrasound limits our ability to quantify and visualize a number of diseases and is partly responsible for the reported variability in diagnosis. Over the past two decades, many investigators have addressed this limitation by developing three-dimensional imaging techniques, including three-dimensional ultrasound imaging. In this paper we describe the development of a number of three-dimensional ultrasound imaging systems that make use of B mode, color Doppler, and power Doppler. In these systems, the conventional ultrasound transducer is scanned mechanically or by a freehand technique. The ultrasound images are digitized and then reconstructed into a three-dimensional volume, which can be viewed and manipulated interactively by the diagnostician with a variety of image-rendering techniques. These developments as well as future trends are discussed with regard to their applications and limitations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.457
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VISUAL PROSTHESES (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 3 (2001), S. 145-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of man-made systems to restore functional vision in the profoundly blind has recently undergone a renaissance that has been fueled by a combination of celebrity and government interest, advances in the field of bioengineering, and successes with existing neuroprosthetic systems. This chapter presents the underlying physiologic principles of artificial vision, discusses three contemporary approaches to restoring functional vision in the blind, and concludes by presenting several relevant questions to vision prostheses. While there has been significant progress in the individual components constituting an artificial vision system, the remaining challenge of integrating these components with each other and the nervous system does not lie strictly in the realm of neuroscience, medicine, or engineering but at the interface of all three. In spite of the apparent complexity of an artificial vision system, it is not unreasonable to be optimistic about its eventual success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.145
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IMAGING THREE-DIMENSIONAL CARDIAC FUNCTION (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 431-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The three-dimensional (3-D) nature of myocardial deformations is dependent on ventricular geometry, muscle fiber architecture, wall stresses, and myocardial-material properties. The imaging modalities of X-ray angiography, echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) are described in the context of visualizing and quantifying cardiac mechanical function. The quantification of ventricular anatomy and cavity volumes is then reviewed, and surface reconstructions in three dimensions are demonstrated. The imaging of myocardial wall motion is discussed, with an emphasis on current MRI and tissue Doppler imaging techniques and their potential clinical applications. Calculation of 3-D regional strains from motion maps is reviewed and illustrated with clinical MRI tagging results. We conclude by presenting a promising technique to assess myocardial-fiber architecture, and we outline its potential applications, in conjunction with quantification of anatomy and regional strains, for the determination of myocardial stress and work distributions. The quantification of multiple components of 3-D cardiac function has potential for both fundamental-science and clinical applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.431
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOPHYSICAL INJURY MECHANISMS IN ELECTRICAL SHOCK TRAUMA (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 477-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Electrical shock trauma tends to produce a very complex pattern of injury, mainly because of the multiple modes of frequency-dependent tissue-field interactions. Historically, Joule heating was thought to be the only cause of electrical injuries to tissue by commercial-frequency electrical shocks. In the last 15 years, biomedical engineering research has improved the understanding of the underlying biophysical injury mechanisms. Besides thermal burns secondary to Joule heating, permeabilization of cell membranes and direct electroconformational denaturation of macromolecules such as proteins have also been identified as tissue-damage mechanisms. This review summarizes the physics of tissue injury caused by contact with commercial-frequency power lines, as well as exposure to lightning and radio frequency (RF), microwave, and ionizing radiation. In addition, we describe the anatomic patterns of the resultant tissue injury from these modes of electromagnetic exposures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.477
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EXTRACORPOREAL TISSUE ENGINEERED LIVER-ASSIST DEVICES (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 607-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The treatment of acute liver failure has evolved to the current concept of hybrid bioartificial liver (BAL) support, because wholly artificial systems have not proved efficacious. BAL devices are still in their infancy. The properties that these devices must possess are unclear because of our lack of understanding of the pathophysiology of liver failure. The considerations that attend the development of BAL devices are herein reviewed. These considerations include choice of cellular component, choice of membrane component, and choice of BAL system configuration. Mass transfer efficiency plays a role in the design of BAL devices, but the complexity of the systems renders detailed mass transfer analysis difficult. BAL devices based on hollow-fiber bioreactors currently show the most promise, and available results are reviewed herein. BAL treatment is designed to support patients with acute liver failure until an organ becomes available for transplantation. The results obtained to date, in this relatively young field, point to a bright future. The risks of using xenogeneic treatments have yet to be defined. Finally, the experience gained from the past and current BAL systems can be used as a basis for improvement of future BAL technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.607
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF BRAIN FUNCTION AND NEUROCHEMISTRY (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 633-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the short time since its introduction, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has rapidly evolved to become an indispensable tool for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. Recently, this methodology has been successfully used for the acquisition of functional, physiological, and biochemical information in intact systems, particularly in the human body. The ability to map areas of altered neuronal activity in the brain, often referred to as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), is probably one of the most significant recent achievements that rely on this methodology. This development has permitted the examination of functional specialization in human and animal brains with unprecedented spatial resolution, as demonstrated by mapping at the level of orientation and ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex. These functional imaging studies are complemented by the ability to study neurochemistry using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, allowing the determination of metabolic processes that support neurotransmission and neurotransmission rates themselves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.633
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MODELING TOTAL HEART FUNCTION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 147-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Computational models of the electrical and mechanical function of the heart are reviewed. These models attempt to explain the integrated function of the heart in terms of ventricular anatomy, the structure and material properties of myocardial tissue, the membrane ion channels, and calcium handling and myofilament mechanics of cardiac myocytes. The models have established the computational framework for linking the structure and function of cardiac cells and tissue to the integrated behavior of the intact heart, but many more aspects of physiological function, including metabolic and signal transduction pathways, need to be included before significant progress can be made in understanding many disease processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121537
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INTERVENTIONAL AND INTRAOPERATIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING1 (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 661-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The goal of the Image Guided Therapy Program, as the name implies, is to develop the use of imaging to guide minimally invasive therapy. The program combines interventional and intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with high-performance computing and novel therapeutic devices. In clinical practice the multidisciplinary program provides for the investigation of a wide range of interventional and surgical procedures. The Signa SP 0.5 T superconducting MRI system (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) has a 56-cm-wide vertical gap, allowing access to the patient and permitting the execution of interactive MRI-guided procedures. This system is integrated with an optical tracking system and utilizes flexible surface coils and MRI-compatible displays to facilitate procedures. Images are obtained with routine pulse sequences. Nearly real-time imaging, with fast gradient-recalled echo sequences, may be acquired at a rate of one image every 1.5 s with interactive image plane selection. Since 1994, more than 800 of these procedures, including various percutaneous procedures and open surgeries, have been successfully performed at Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.661
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IN VIVO NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 715-754 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Interrogation of tissue with light offers the potential for noninvasive chemical measurement, and penetration with near-infrared wavelengths (750-1000 nm) is greater than with visible light. Specific absorption by clinically relevant compounds such as oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin and the intracellular respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase enable in vivo measurement of these to be performed safely and conveniently. This is the basis of in vivo near-infrared spectroscopy (ivNIRS). Multiple scattering of the interrogating beam by tissues leads to an optical path that is considerably longer than the simple physical pathlength and this complicates the analysis. Modeling of photon propagation through tissues with, for example, finite element and Monte Carlo methods, is assisting in improving the ivNIRS methodology. Instrumentation has advanced from simple continuous wave approaches, through time-resolved methods based on either time-domain or frequency-domain approaches, to spatially resolved measurement based on diffuse reflectance. Initial clinical applications were for monitoring the brain in the neonate and fetus and muscle in adults. Currently, use in adults and children for neurological assessments are of growing interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.715
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CARDIAC ENERGY METABOLISM: Models of Cellular Respiration (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 3 (2001), S. 57-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The heart requires a large amount of energy to sustain both ionic homeostasis and contraction. Under normal conditions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production meets this demand. Hence, there is a complex regulatory system that adjusts energy production to meet this demand. However, the mechanisms for this control are a topic of active debate. Energy metabolism can be divided into three main stages: substrate delivery to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Each of these processes has multiple control points and exerts control over the other stages. This review discusses the basic stages of energy metabolism, mechanisms of control, and the mathematical and computational models that have been used to study these mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.57
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOENGINEERING OF THERAPEUTIC AEROSOLS (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 4 (2002), S. 93-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The new field of therapeutic aerosol bioengineering (TAB), driven primarily by the medical need for inhaled insulin, is now expanding to address medical needs ranging from respiratory to systemic diseases, including asthma, growth deficiency, and pain. Bioengineering of therapeutic aerosols involves a level of aerosol particle design absent in traditional therapeutic aerosols, which are created by conventionally spraying a liquid solution or suspension of drug or milling and mixing a dry drug form into respirable particles. Bioengineered particles may be created in liquid form from devices specially designed to create an unusually fine size distribution, possibly with special purity properties, or solid particles that possess a mixture of drug and excipient, with designed shape, size, porosity, and drug release characteristics. Such aerosols have enabled several high-visibility clinical programs of inhaled insulin, as well as earlier-stage programs involving inhaled morphine, growth hormone, beta-interferon, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and several asthma drugs. The design of these aerosols, limited by partial knowledge of the lungs' physiological environment, and driven largely at this stage by market forces, relies on a mixture of new and old science, pharmaceutical science intuition, and a degree of biological-impact empiricism that speaks to the importance of an increased level of academic involvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.100101.132311
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COCHLEAR IMPLANTS: Some Likely Next Steps* (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 207-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The history of cochlear implants is marked by large improvements in performance, especially over the past two decades and especially due to the development of ever-better processing strategies. Although the progress to date has been substantial, present devices still do not restore normal speech reception, even for top performers and particularly for listening to speech in competition with noise or other talkers. In addition, a wide range of outcomes persists, with some patients receiving little benefit using the same devices that support high levels of speech reception for others. The purpose of this review is to describe some likely possibilities for further improvement, including (a) combined electric and acoustic stimulation of the auditory system for patients with significant residual hearing, (b) use of bilateral implants, (c) a closer replication with implants of the processing steps in the normal cochlea, and (d) applications of knowledge about factors that are correlated with outcomes to help patients presently at the low end of the performance scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121645
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF THE VASCULAR TREE IN THE HUMAN RETINA (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 427-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The retinal circulation of the normal human retinal vasculature is statistically self-similar and fractal. Studies from several groups present strong evidence that the fractal dimension of the blood vessels in the normal human retina is approximately 1.7. This is the same fractal dimension that is found for a diffusion-limited growth process, and it may have implications for the embryological development of the retinal vascular system. The methods of determining the fractal dimension for branching trees are reviewed together with proposed models for the optimal formation (Murray Principle) of the branching vascular tree in the human retina and the branching pattern of the human bronchial tree. The limitations of fractal analysis of branching biological structures are evaluated. Understanding the design principles of branching vascular systems and the human bronchial tree may find applications in tissue and organ engineering, i.e., bioartificial organs for both liver and kidney.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140100
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MASS TRANSPORT IN ARTERIES AND THE LOCALIZATION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 79-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large arteries that involves a characteristic accumulation of high-molecular-weight lipoprotein in the arterial wall. This review focuses on the mass transport processes that mediate the focal accumulation of lipid in arteries and places particular emphasis on the role of fluid mechanical forces in modulating mass transport phenomena. In the final analysis, four mass transport mechanisms emerge that may be important in the localization of atherosclerosis: blood phase controlled hypoxia, leaky endothelial junctions, transient intercellular junction remodeling, and convective clearance of the subendothelial intima and media. Further study of these mechanisms may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies for atherosclerotic diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121529
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF BRAIN ANATOMY (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 119-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The brain changes profoundly in structure and function during development and as a result of diseases such as the dementias, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, and tumor growth. Strategies to measure, map, and visualize these brain changes are of immense value in basic and clinical neuroscience. Algorithms that map brain change with sufficient spatial and temporal sensitivity can also assess drugs that aim to decelerate or arrest these changes. In neuroscience studies, these tools can reveal subtle brain changes in adolescence and old age and link these changes with measurable differences in brain function and cognition. Early detection of brain change in patients at risk for dementia; tumor recurrence; or relapsing-remitting conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, is also vital for optimizing therapy. We review a variety of mathematical and computational approaches to detect structural brain change with unprecedented sensitivity, both spatially and temporally. The resulting four-dimensional (4-D) maps of brain anatomy are warehoused in population-based brain atlases. Here, statistical tools compare brain changes across subjects and across populations, adjusting for complex differences in brain structure. Brain changes in an individual can be compared with a normative database comprised of subjects matched for age, gender, and other demographic factors. These dynamic brain maps offer key biological markers for understanding disease progression and testing therapeutic response. The early detection of disease-related brain changes is also critical for possible pre-emptive intervention before the ravages of disease have set in.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121611
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COCHLEAR IMPLANTS: Some Likely Next Steps* (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 207-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The history of cochlear implants is marked by large improvements in performance, especially over the past two decades and especially due to the development of ever-better processing strategies. Although the progress to date has been substantial, present devices still do not restore normal speech reception, even for top performers and particularly for listening to speech in competition with noise or other talkers. In addition, a wide range of outcomes persists, with some patients receiving little benefit using the same devices that support high levels of speech reception for others. The purpose of this review is to describe some likely possibilities for further improvement, including (a) combined electric and acoustic stimulation of the auditory system for patients with significant residual hearing, (b) use of bilateral implants, (c) a closer replication with implants of the processing steps in the normal cochlea, and (d) applications of knowledge about factors that are correlated with outcomes to help patients presently at the low end of the performance scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121645
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    METABOLIC ENGINEERING: Advances in Modeling and Intervention in Health and Disease (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 349-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The field of metabolic engineering encompasses a powerful set of tools that can be divided into (a) methods to model complex metabolic pathways and (b) techniques to manipulate these pathways for a desired metabolic outcome. These tools have recently seen increased utility in the medical arena, and this paper aims to review significant accomplishments made using these approaches. The modeling of metabolic pathways has been applied to better understand disease-state physiology in a variety of cellar, subcellular, and organ systems, including the liver, heart, mitochondria, and cancerous cells. Metabolic pathway engineering has been used to generate cells with novel biochemical functions for therapeutic use, and specific examples are provided in the areas of glycosylation engineering and dopamine-replacement therapy. In order to document the potential of applying both metabolic modeling and pathway manipulation, we describe pertinent advances in the field of diabetes research. Undoubtedly, as the field of metabolic engineering matures and is applied to a wider array of problems, new advances and therapeutic strategies will follow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.031003.163247
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TISSUE GROWTH AND REMODELING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 77-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The growth and remodeling of a tissue depends on certain features in the history of its mechanical environment as well as its genetic makeup. The mechanical environment influences the tissue's developing morphology, the process of simply increasing the size of existing morphological structures, and the formation of the proteins of which the tissue is constructed. The relationships between genetic information, various epigenetic mechanisms and tissue development are discussed. The developmental growth and remodeling of most structural tissues are enhanced by the use of those tissues and retarded by their disuse. The mechanical or mathematical modeling of tissue growth and development using cellular automata models and continuum mechanical models is reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140250
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TIME-REVERSAL ACOUSTICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 465-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Time reversal is a very powerful method for focusing through complex and heterogeneous media and shows very promising results in biomedical applications. In this paper, we review some of the main applications investigated during the past decade. An iterative implementation of the time-reversal process allows tracking gallstones in real time during lithotripsy treatments. In this application domain, a smart exploitation of the reverberations in solid waveguides permits the focusing of high-amplitude ultrasonic shock waves with a small number of transducers. Finally, because time reversal is able to correct the strong distortions induced by the skull bone on ultrasonic propagation, this adaptive focusing technique is very promising for ultrasonic hyperthermia brain therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121630
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE TISSUE ENGINEERING PUZZLE: A Molecular Perspective (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 441-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The inability of biomaterial scaffolds to functionally integrate into surrounding tissue is one of the major roadblocks to developing new biomaterials and tissue-engineering scaffolds. Despite considerable advances, current approaches to engineering cell-surface interactions fall short in mimicking the complexity of signals through which surrounding tissue regulates cell behavior. Cells adhere and interact with their extracellular environment via integrins, and their ability to activate associated downstream signaling pathways depends on the character of adhesion complexes formed between cells and their extracellular matrix. In particular, alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrins are central to regulating downstream events, including cell survival and cell-cycle progression. In contrast to previous findings that alphavbeta3 integrins promote angiogenesis, recent evidence argues that alphavbeta3 integrins may act as negative regulators of proangiogenic integrins such as alpha5beta1. This suggests that fibronectin is critical for scaffold vascularization because it is the only mammalian adhesion protein that binds and activates alpha5beta1 integrins. Cells are furthermore capable of stretching fibronectin matrices such that the protein partially unfolds, and recent computational simulations provide structural models of how mechanical stretching affects fibronectin function. We propose a model whereby excessive tension generated by cells in contact to biomaterials may in fact render fibronectin fibrils nonangiogenic and potentially inhibit vascularization. The model could explain why current biomaterials independent of their surface chemistries and textures fail to vascularize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121615
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MECHANOTRANSDUCTION AT CELL-MATRIX AND CELL-CELL CONTACTS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 275-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Mechanical forces play an important role in the organization, growth, maturation, and function of living tissues. At the cellular level, many of the biological responses to external forces originate at two types of specialized microscale structures: focal adhesions that link cells to their surrounding extracellular matrix and adherens junctions that link adjacent cells. Transmission of forces from outside the cell through cell-matrix and cell-cell contacts appears to control the maturation or disassembly of these adhesions and initiates intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately alter many cellular behaviors. In response to externally applied forces, cells actively rearrange the organization and contractile activity of the cytoskeleton and redistribute their intracellular forces. Recent studies suggest that the localized concentration of these cytoskeletal tensions at adhesions is also a major mediator of mechanical signaling. This review summarizes the role of mechanical forces in the formation, stabilization, and dissociation of focal adhesions and adherens junctions and outlines how integration of signals from these adhesions over the entire cell body affects how a cell responds to its mechanical environment. This review also describes advanced optical, lithographic, and computational techniques for the study of mechanotransduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140040
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ADVANCES IN QUANTITATIVE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ANALYSIS METHODS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 453-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) plays a significant role in EEG-based clinical diagnosis and studies of brain function. In past decades, various qEEG methods have been extensively studied. This article provides a detailed review of the advances in this field. qEEG methods are generally classified into linear and nonlinear approaches. The traditional qEEG approach is based on spectrum analysis, which hypothesizes that the EEG is a stationary process. EEG signals are nonstationary and nonlinear, especially in some pathological conditions. Various time-frequency representations and time-dependent measures have been proposed to address those transient and irregular events in EEG. With regard to the nonlinearity of EEG, higher order statistics and chaotic measures have been put forward. In characterizing the interactions across the cerebral cortex, an information theory-based measure such as mutual information is applied. To improve the spatial resolution, qEEG analysis has also been combined with medical imaging technology (e.g., CT, MR, and PET). With these advances, qEEG plays a very important role in basic research and clinical studies of brain injury, neurological disorders, epilepsy, sleep studies and consciousness, and brain function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121601
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENGINEERING SYNTHETIC VECTORS FOR IMPROVED DNA DELIVERY: Insights from Intracellular Pathways (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 397-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Significant progress has been made in the area of nonviral gene delivery to date. Yet, synthetic vectors remain less efficient by orders of magnitude than their viral counterparts. Research continues toward unraveling and overcoming various barriers to the efficient delivery of DNA, whether in plasmid form encoding a gene or as an oligonucleotide for the selective inhibition of target gene expression. Novel components for overcoming these hurdles are continually being incorporated into the design of synthetic vectors, leading to increasingly more virus-like particles. Despite these advances, general principles defining the design of synthetic vectors are yet to be developed fully. A more quantitative analysis of the cellular uptake and intracellular processing of these vectors is required for the rational manipulation of vector design. Mathematical frameworks with a more conceptual basis will help obtain an integrated perspective on these complex systems. In this review, we critically examine the progress made toward the improved design of synthetic vectors by the strategic exploitation of intracellular mechanisms and explore newer possibilities to overcome obstacles in the practical realization of this field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140203
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOMATERIALS: Where We Have Been and Where We are Going (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 41-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Since its inception just over a half century ago, the field of biomaterials has seen a consistent growth with a steady introduction of new ideas and productive branches. This review describes where we have been, the state of the art today, and where we might be in 10 or 20 years. Herein, we highlight some of the latest advancements in biomaterials that aim to control biological responses and ultimately heal. This new generation of biomaterials includes surface modification of materials to overcome nonspecific protein adsorption in vivo, precision immobilization of signaling groups on surfaces, development of synthetic materials with controlled properties for drug and cell carriers, biologically inspired materials that mimic natural processes, and design of sophisticated three-dimensional (3-D) architectures to produce well-defined patterns for diagnostics, e.g., biological microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMs), and tissue engineering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140027
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ADVANCES IN HIGH-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 157-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Among advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the increase of the magnetic field strength is perhaps one of the most significant. The use of high magnetic fields for in vivo magnetic resonance is motivated by a number of considerations. Advantages are increases in signal-to-noise ratio, blood-oxygenation level-dependent contrast, and spectral resolution, while disadvantages include potential reduction of contrast in anatomic imaging owing to lengthening of T1 and effects of susceptibility of high fields. To address these challenges, technical advances have been made in various aspects of MRI, allowing high-field MRI to provide exquisite morphological and functional details in clinical and research settings. This review provides an overview of technical issues and applications of high-field MRI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140017
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FUNCTIONAL EFFICACY OF TENDON REPAIR PROCESSES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 303-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Despite various attempts to repair and replace injured tendon, an understanding of the repair processes and a systematic approach to achieving functional efficacy remain elusive. In this review the epidemiology of tendon injury and repair is first examined. Using a traditional paradigm for repair assessment, the biology and biomechanics of normal tendon, natural healing, and repair are then explored. New treatment strategies such as functional tissue engineering are discussed, including a functional approach to treatment that involves the development of in vivo functional design parameters to judge the acceptability of a repair outcome. The paper concludes with future directions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140240
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ROBOTICS, MOTOR LEARNING, AND NEUROLOGIC RECOVERY (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 497-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Robotic devices are helping shed light on human motor control in health and injury. By using robots to apply novel force fields to the arm, investigators are gaining insight into how the nervous system models its external dynamic environment. The nervous system builds internal models gradually by experience and uses them in combination with impedance and feedback control strategies. Internal models are robust to environmental and neural noise, generalized across space, implemented in multiple brain regions, and developed in childhood. Robots are also being used to assist in repetitive movement practice following neurologic injury, providing insight into movement recovery. Robots can haptically assess sensorimotor performance, administer training, quantify amount of training, and improve motor recovery. In addition to providing insight into motor control, robotic paradigms may eventually enhance motor learning and rehabilitation beyond the levels possible with conventional training techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140223
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OPTICAL PROJECTION TOMOGRAPHY (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 209-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Optical projection tomography is a new approach for three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of small biological specimens. It fills an imaging gap between MRI and confocal microscopy, being most suited to specimens that are from 1 to 10 mm across. The tomographic principles of optical projection tomography (OPT) are explained, its most important applications in biomedical research explored, and comparisons drawn of its pros and cons compared to a number of alternative imaging technologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140210
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INJURY AND REPAIR OF LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 83-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this chapter, biomechanical methods used to analyze healing and repair of ligaments and tendons are initially described such that the tensile properties of these soft tissues as well as their contribution to joint motion can be determined. The focus then turns to the important mechanical and biological factors that improve the healing process of ligaments. The biomechanics of surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament and the key surgical parameters that affect the performance of the replacement grafts are subsequently reviewed. Finally, injury mechanisms and the biomechanical analysis of various treatment techniques for various types of tendon injuries are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.83
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL MODELING OF CARDIAC VENTRICULAR FUNCTION: From Cell to Organ (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 119-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three topics of importance to modeling the integrative function of the heart are reviewed. The first is modeling of the ventricular myocyte. Emphasis is placed on excitation-contraction coupling and intracellular Ca2+ handling, and the interpretation of experimental data regarding interval-force relationships. Second, data on use of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance (DTMR) imaging for measuring the anatomical structure of the cardiac ventricles are presented. A method for the semi-automated reconstruction of the ventricles using a combination of gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state (GRASS) and DTMR images is described. Third, we describe how these anatomically and biophysically based models of the cardiac ventricles can be implemented on parallel computers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.119
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICROENGINEERING OF CELLULAR INTERACTIONS (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 227-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tissue function is modulated by an intricate architecture of cells and biomolecules on a micrometer scale. Until now, in vitro cellular interactions were mainly studied by random seeding over homogeneous substrates. Although this strategy has led to important discoveries, it is clearly a nonoptimal analog of the in vivo scenario. With the incorporation-and adaptation-of microfabrication technology into biology, it is now possible to design surfaces that reproduce some of the aspects of that architecture. This article reviews past research on the engineering of cell-substrate, cell-cell, and cell-medium interactions on the micrometer scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.227
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CRYOSURGERY (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 157-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cryosurgery is a surgical technique that employs freezing to destroy undesirable tissue. Developed first in the middle of the nineteenth century it has recently incorporated new imaging technologies and is a fast growing minimally invasive surgical technique. A historical review of the field of cryosurgery is presented, showing how technological advances have affected the development of the field. This is followed by a more in-depth survey of two important topics in cryosurgery: (a) the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of tissue destruction during cryosurgery and (b) monitoring and imaging techniques for cryosurgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.157
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THOMAS MCMAHON: A Dedication in Memoriam (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 3 (2001), S. xv 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Thomas A. McMahon (1943-1999) was a pioneer in the field of biomechanics. He made primary contributions to our understanding of terrestrial locomotion, allometry and scaling, cardiac assist devices, orthopedic biomechanics, and a number of other areas. His work was frequently characterized by the use of simple mathematical models to explain seemingly complex phenomena. He also validated these models through creative experimentation. McMahon was a successful inventor and also published three well-received novels. He was raised in Lexington, Massachussetts, attended Cornell University as an undergraduate, and earned a PhD at MIT. From 1970 until his death, he was a member of the faculty of Harvard University, where he taught biomedical engineering. He is fondly remembered as a warm and gentle colleague and an exemplary mentor to his students.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.0
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOMECHANICS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DEVELOPMENT (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 3 (2001), S. 1-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It long has been known that mechanical forces play a role in the development of the cardiovascular system, but only recently have biomechanical engineers begun to explore this field. This paper reviews some of this work. First, an overview of the relevant biology is discussed. Next, a mechanical theory is presented that can be used to model developmental processes. The theory includes the effects of finite volumetric growth and active contractile forces. Finally, applications of this and other theories to problems of cardiovascular development are discussed, and some future directions are suggested. The intent is to stimulate further interest among engineers in this important area of research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.1
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PIERRE M. GALLETTI: A Personal Reflection (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Pierre Galletti, my friend and colleague, passed away on March 8, 1997, having left his mark on the emerging field of biomedical engineering. He was a pioneering researcher, making his impact in such fields as heart-lung bypass, artificial organs, and tissue engineering. He was a dedicated teacher and a mentor to many. He not only provided leadership in the establishment of the medical school at Brown University, but also helped start Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta. He was an entrepreneur and an individual who realized that ultimately basic science only impacts patient care when new technology is made available to the public. He served the bioengineering community in many ways, later in life becoming active in public policy, and as the second president of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, more than anyone focused this organization on its public policy role. He was the consummate biomedical engineer, a person of great vision, a man for all seasons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.1
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TWO-PHOTON EXCITATION FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 399-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two-photon fluorescence microscopy is one of the most important recent inventions in biological imaging. This technology enables noninvasive study of biological specimens in three dimensions with submicrometer resolution. Two-photon excitation of fluorophores results from the simultaneous absorption of two photons. This excitation process has a number of unique advantages, such as reduced specimen photodamage and enhanced penetration depth. It also produces higher-contrast images and is a novel method to trigger localized photochemical reactions. Two-photon microscopy continues to find an increasing number of applications in biology and medicine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.399
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEW CURRENTS IN ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF EXCITABLE TISSUES1 (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 377-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Electric fields can stimulate excitable tissue by a number of mechanisms. A uniform long, straight peripheral axon is activated by the gradient of the electric field that is oriented parallel to the fiber axis. Cortical neurons in the brain are excited when the electric field, which is applied along the axon-dendrite axis, reaches a particular threshold value. Cardiac tissue is thought to be depolarized in a uniform electric field by the curved trajectories of its fiber tracts. The bidomain model provides a coherent conceptual framework for analyzing and understanding these apparently disparate phenomena. Concepts such as the activating function and virtual anode and cathode, as well as anode and cathode break and make stimulation, are presented to help explain these excitation events in a unified manner. This modeling approach can also be used to describe the response of excitable tissues to electric fields that arise from charge redistribution (electrical stimulation) and from time-varying magnetic fields (magnetic stimulation) in a self-consistent manner. It has also proved useful to predict the behavior of excitable tissues, to test hypotheses about possible excitation mechanisms, to design novel electrophysiological experiments, and to interpret their findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.377
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CAN WE MODEL NITRIC OXIDE BIOTRANSPORT? A SURVEY OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR A SIMPLE DIATOMIC MOLECULE WITH SURPRISINGLY COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 3 (2001), S. 109-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is a remarkable free radical gas whose presence in biological systems and whose astonishing breadth of physiological and pathophysiological activities have only recently been recognized. Mathematical models for NO biotransport, just beginning to emerge in the literature, are examined in this review. Some puzzling and paradoxical properties of NO may be understood by modeling proposed mechanisms with known parameters. For example, it is not obvious how NO can survive strong scavenging by hemoglobin and still be a potent vasodilator. Recent models do not completely explain how tissue NO can reach effective levels in the vascular wall, and they point toward mechanisms that need further investigation. Models help to make sense of extremely low partial pressures of NO exhaled from the lung and may provide diagnostic information. The role of NO as a gaseous neurotransmitter is also being understood through modeling. Studies on the effects of NO on O2 transport and metabolism, also reviewed, suggest that previous mathematical models of transport of O2 to tissue need to be revised, taking the biological activity of NO into account.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.109
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICRO- AND NANOMECHANICS OF THE COCHLEAR OUTER HAIR CELL (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 3 (2001), S. 169-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Outer hair cell electromotility is crucial for the amplification, sharp frequency selectivity, and nonlinearities of the mammalian cochlea. Current modeling efforts based on morphological, physiological, and biophysical observations reveal transmembrane potential gradients and membrane tension as key independent variables controlling the passive and active mechanics of the cell. The cell's mechanics has been modeled on the microscale using a continuum approach formulated in terms of effective (cellular level) mechanical and electric properties. Another modeling approach is nanostructural and is based on the molecular organization of the cell's membranes and cytoskeleton. It considers interactions between the components of the composite cell wall and the molecular elements within each of its components. The methods and techniques utilized to increase our understanding of the central role outer hair cell mechanics plays in hearing are also relevant to broader research questions in cell mechanics, cell motility, and cell transduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.169
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEW DNA SEQUENCING METHODS (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 3 (2001), S. 195-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Human Genome Project and other major genomic sequencing projects have pushed the development of sequencing technology. In the past six years alone, instrument throughput has increased 15-fold. New technologies are now on the horizon that could yield massive increases in our capacity for de novo DNA sequencing. This review presents a summary of state-of-the-art technologies for genomic sequencing and describes technologies that may be candidates for the next generation of DNA sequencing instruments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.195
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEUROENGINEERING MODELS OF BRAIN DISEASE (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 577-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The techniques of computational simulation have begun to be applied to modeling neurological disease and mental illness. Such neuroengineering models provide a conceptual bridge between molecular/cellular pathology and cognitive performance. We consider models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. Each of these diseases involves a disorder of neuromodulation coupled with underlying neuronal pathology. Parallels arising between these models suggests that a common set of computational mechanisms may account for functional loss across a spectrum of brain diseases. In particular, we focus on attractor-based network dynamics and how they arise from neural architectures, on mechanisms for linking sequences of attractor states and their role in cognition, and on the role of neuromodulation in controlling these processes. These studies suggest new approaches to understanding the forebrain circuits underlying cognition, and point toward a new tool for dissecting the pathophysiology of brain disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.577
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMPUTER MODELING AND SIMULATION OF HUMAN MOVEMENT (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 3 (2001), S. 245-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent interest in using modeling and simulation to study movement is driven by the belief that this approach can provide insight into how the nervous system and muscles interact to produce coordinated motion of the body parts. With the computational resources available today, large-scale models of the body can be used to produce realistic simulations of movement that are an order of magnitude more complex than those produced just 10 years ago. This chapter reviews how the structure of the neuromusculoskeletal system is commonly represented in a multijoint model of movement, how modeling may be combined with optimization theory to simulate the dynamics of a motor task, and how model output can be analyzed to describe and explain muscle function. Some results obtained from simulations of jumping, pedaling, and walking are also reviewed to illustrate the approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.245
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CARTILAGE TISSUE REMODELING IN RESPONSE TO MECHANICAL FORCES (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 691-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies suggest that there are multiple regulatory pathways by which chondrocytes in articular cartilage sense and respond to mechanical stimuli, including upstream signaling pathways and mechanisms that may lead to direct changes at the level of transcription, translation, post-translational modifications, and cell-mediated extracellular assembly and degradation of the tissue matrix. This review focuses on the effects of mechanical loading on cartilage and the resulting chondrocyte-mediated biosynthesis, remodeling, degradation, and repair of this tissue. The effects of compression and tissue shear deformation are compared, and approaches to the study of mechanical regulation of gene expression are described. Of particular interest regarding dense connective tissues, recent experiments have shown that mechanotransduction is critically important in vivo in the cell-mediated feedback between physical stimuli, the molecular structure of newly synthesized matrix molecules, and the resulting macroscopic biomechanical properties of the tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.691
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS FOR BIOPHOTONICS APPLICATIONS: Improving Sensing, Imaging, and Therapeutics (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Advances in chemistry and physics are providing an expanding array of nanostructured materials with unique and powerful optical properties. These nanomaterials provide a new set of tools that are available to biomedical engineers, biologists, and medical scientists who seek new tools as biosensors and probes of biological fluids, cells, and tissue chemistry and function. Nanomaterials are also being used to develop optically controlled devices for applications such as modulated drug delivery as well as optical therapeutics. This review discusses applications that have been successfully demonstrated using nanomaterials including semiconductor nanocrystals, gold nanoparticles, gold nanoshells, and silver plasmon resonant particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120723
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOMATERIALS FOR MEDIATION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Recent events have emphasized the threat from chemical and biological warfare agents. Within the efforts to counter this threat, the biocatalytic destruction and sensing of chemical and biological weapons has become an important area of focus. The specificity and high catalytic rates of biological catalysts make them appropriate for decommissioning nerve agent stockpiles, counteracting nerve agent attacks, and remediation of organophosphate spills. A number of materials have been prepared containing enzymes for the destruction of and protection against organophosphate nerve agents and biological warfare agents. This review discusses the major chemical and biological warfare agents, decontamination methods, and biomaterials that have potential for the preparation of decontamination wipes, gas filters, column packings, protective wear, and self-decontaminating paints and coatings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.121202.125602
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BLOOD VESSEL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS-1995-2002 (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 413-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Knowledge of blood vessel mechanical properties is fundamental to the understanding of vascular function in health and disease. Analytic results can help physicians in the clinic, both in designing and in choosing appropriate therapies. Understanding the mechanical response of blood vessels to physiologic loads is necessary before ideal therapeutic solutions can be realized. For this reason, blood vessel constitutive models are needed. This article provides a critical review of recent blood vessel constitutive models, starting with a brief overview of the structure and function of arteries and veins, followed by a discussion of experimental techniques used in the characterization of material properties. Current models are classified by type, including pseudoelastic, randomly elastic, poroelastic, and viscoelastic. Comparisons are presented between the various models and existing experimental data. Applications of blood vessel constitutive models are also briefly presented, followed by the identification of future directions in research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120719
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICRO-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY-CURRENT STATUS AND DEVELOPMENTS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 185-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The recent rapid increase in interest in tomographic imaging of small animals and of human (and large animal) organ biopsies is driven largely by drug discovery, cancer detection/monitoring, phenotype identification and/or characterization, and development of disease detection methods and monitoring efficacies of drugs in disease treatment. In biomedical applications, micro-computed tomography (CT) scanners can function as scaled-down (i.e., mini) clinical CT scanners that provide a three-dimensional (3-D) image of most, if not the entire, torso of a mouse at image resolution (50-100 mum) scaled proportional to that of a human CT image. Micro-CT scanners, on the other hand, image specimens the size of intact rodent organs at spatial resolutions from cellular (20 mum) down to subcellular dimensions (e.g., 1 mum) and fill the resolution-hiatus between microscope imaging, which resolves individual cells in thin sections of tissue, and mini-CT imaging of intact volumes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140130
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF THERAPEUTIC CLONING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 27-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Few treatment options are available for patients suffering from diseased and injured organs because of a severe shortage of donor organs available for transplantation. Therapeutic cloning, where the nucleus from a donor cell is transferred into an enucleated oocyte in order to extract pluripotent embryonic stem cells, offers a potentially limitless source of cells for replacement therapy. Scientists in the field of tissue engineering apply the principles of cell transplantation, material science, and engineering to construct biological substitutes that will restore and maintain normal function in diseased and injured tissues. The present chapter reviews recent advances that have occurred in therapeutic cloning and tissue engineering and describes applications of these new technologies that may offer novel therapies for patients with end-stage organ failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.012204.115707
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR MACHINES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 363-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Molecular machines are tiny energy conversion devices on the molecular-size scale. Whether naturally occurring or synthetic, these machines are generally more efficient than their macroscale counterparts. They have their own mechanochemistry, dynamics, workspace, and usability and are composed of nature's building blocks: namely proteins, DNA, and other compounds, built atom by atom. With modern scientific capabilities it has become possible to create synthetic molecular devices and interface them with each other. Countless such machines exist in nature, and it is possible to build artificial ones by mimicking nature. Here we review some of the known molecular machines, their structures, features, and characteristics. We also look at certain devices in their early development stages, as well as their future applications and challenges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140143
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OCULAR BIOMECHANICS AND BIOTRANSPORT (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 249-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The eye transduces light, and we usually do not think of it as a biomechanical structure. Yet it is actually a pressurized, thick-walled shell that has an internal and external musculature, a remarkably complex internal vascular system, dedicated fluid production and drainage tissues, and a variety of specialized fluid and solute transport systems. Biomechanics is particularly involved in accommodation (focusing near and far), as well as in common disorders such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, myopia, and presbyopia. In this review, we give a (necessarily brief) overview of many of the interesting biomechanical aspects of the eye, concluding with a list of open problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140055
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MECHANICAL BIOEFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 229-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultrasound is used widely in medicine as both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Through both thermal and nonthermal mechanisms, ultrasound can produce a variety of biological effects in tissues in vitro and in vivo. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals of key nonthermal mechanisms for the interaction of ultrasound with biological tissues. Several categories of mechanical bioeffects of ultrasound are then reviewed to provide insight on the range of ultrasound bioeffects in vivo, the relevance of these effects to diagnostic imaging, and the potential application of mechanical bioeffects to the design of new therapeutic applications of ultrasound in medicine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140126
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 57
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SELECTIVE ELECTRICAL INTERFACES WITH THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 4 (2002), S. 407-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To achieve selective electrical interfacing to the neural system it is necessary to approach neuronal elements on a scale of micrometers. This necessitates microtechnology fabrication and introduces the interdisciplinary field of neurotechnology, lying at the juncture of neuroscience with microtechnology. The neuroelectronic interface occurs where the membrane of a cell soma or axon meets a metal microelectrode surface. The seal between these may be narrow or may be leaky. In the latter case the surrounding volume conductor becomes part of the interface. Electrode design for successful interfacing, either for stimulation or recording, requires good understanding of membrane phenomena, natural and evoked action potential generation, volume conduction, and electrode behavior. Penetrating multimicroelectrodes have been produced as one-, two-, and three-dimensional arrays, mainly in silicon, glass, and metal microtechnology. Cuff electrodes circumvent a nerve; their selectivity aims at fascicles more than at nerve fibers. Other types of electrodes are regenerating sieves and cone-ingrowth electrodes. The latter may play a role in brain-computer interfaces. Planar substrate-embedded electrode arrays with cultured neural cells on top are used to study the activity and plasticity of developing neural networks. They also serve as substrates for future so-called cultured probes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.020702.153427
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOMATERIALS FOR MEDIATION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent events have emphasized the threat from chemical and biological warfare agents. Within the efforts to counter this threat, the biocatalytic destruction and sensing of chemical and biological weapons has become an important area of focus. The specificity and high catalytic rates of biological catalysts make them appropriate for decommissioning nerve agent stockpiles, counteracting nerve agent attacks, and remediation of organophosphate spills. A number of materials have been prepared containing enzymes for the destruction of and protection against organophosphate nerve agents and biological warfare agents. This review discusses the major chemical and biological warfare agents, decontamination methods, and biomaterials that have potential for the preparation of decontamination wipes, gas filters, column packings, protective wear, and self-decontaminating paints and coatings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.121202.125602
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 59
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRUCTURAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND MOLECULAR MR IMAGING OF THE MICROVASCULATURE (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 29-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely applied for functional imaging of the microcirculation and for functional and structural studies of the microvasculature. The interest in the capabilities of MRI in noninvasively monitoring changes in vascular structure and function expanded over the past years, with specific efforts directed toward the development of novel imaging methods for quantification of angiogenesis. Molecular imaging approaches hold promise for further expansion of the ability to characterize the microvasculature. Exciting applications for MRI are emerging in the study of the biology of microvessels and in the evaluation of potential pharmaceutical modulators of vascular function and development, and preclinical MRI tools can serve for the design of mechanism-of-action-based noninvasive clinical methods for monitoring response to therapy. The aim of this review is to provide a current snapshot of recent developments in this rapidly evolving field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121606
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 60
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SELECTED METHODS FOR IMAGING ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 57-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract For millennia, physicians have used palpation as a part of the physical examination to detect pathology. The ubiquitous presence of "stiffer" tissue associated with pathology often represents an early warning sign for disease, as in the cases of breast or prostate cancer. Very often tumors are found at surgery that were occult even with modern imaging instruments. This implies that methods for estimating "hardness" of tissues would add a weapon to the medical armamentarium. To this end, this review discusses several methods of estimating tissue hardness using internal or external means of applying stress (force per unit area) and several associated methods of detecting the resulting strain (fractional length change) in an effort to image a tissue mechanical property, such as Young's modulus (ratio of stress to strain). Some investigators have developed methods of estimating stiffness or modulus, but most methods result in qualitative images of stiffness. Nevertheless, such estimates may add a great deal of information not currently available to the current field of medical imaging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121623
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 61
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ENGINEERING OF GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 179-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The rapid accumulation of genetic information and advancement of experimental techniques have opened a new frontier in biomedical engineering. With the availability of well-characterized components from natural gene networks, the stage has been set for the engineering of artificial gene regulatory networks with sophisticated computational and functional capabilities. In these efforts, the ability to construct, analyze, and interpret qualitative and quantitative models is becoming increasingly important. In this review, we consider the current state of gene network engineering from a combined experimental and modeling perspective. We discuss how networks with increased complexity are being constructed from simple modular components and how quantitative deterministic and stochastic modeling of these modules may provide the foundation for accurate in silico representations of gene regulatory network function in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121553
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 62
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEURAL TISSUE ENGINEERING: Strategies for Repair and Regeneration (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 293-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nerve regeneration is a complex biological phenomenon. In the peripheral nervous system, nerves can regenerate on their own if injuries are small. Larger injuries must be surgically treated, typically with nerve grafts harvested from elsewhere in the body. Spinal cord injury is more complicated, as there are factors in the body that inhibit repair. Unfortunately, a solution to completely repair spinal cord injury has not been found. Thus, bioengineering strategies for the peripheral nervous system are focused on alternatives to the nerve graft, whereas efforts for spinal cord injury are focused on creating a permissive environment for regeneration. Fortunately, recent advances in neuroscience, cell culture, genetic techniques, and biomaterials provide optimism for new treatments for nerve injuries. This article reviews the nervous system physiology, the factors that are critical for nerve repair, and the current approaches that are being explored to aid peripheral nerve regeneration and spinal cord repair.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120731
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 63
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TIME-REVERSAL ACOUSTICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 465-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Time reversal is a very powerful method for focusing through complex and heterogeneous media and shows very promising results in biomedical applications. In this paper, we review some of the main applications investigated during the past decade. An iterative implementation of the time-reversal process allows tracking gallstones in real time during lithotripsy treatments. In this application domain, a smart exploitation of the reverberations in solid waveguides permits the focusing of high-amplitude ultrasonic shock waves with a small number of transducers. Finally, because time reversal is able to correct the strong distortions induced by the skull bone on ultrasonic propagation, this adaptive focusing technique is very promising for ultrasonic hyperthermia brain therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121630
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 64
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE TISSUE ENGINEERING PUZZLE: A Molecular Perspective (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 441-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The inability of biomaterial scaffolds to functionally integrate into surrounding tissue is one of the major roadblocks to developing new biomaterials and tissue-engineering scaffolds. Despite considerable advances, current approaches to engineering cell-surface interactions fall short in mimicking the complexity of signals through which surrounding tissue regulates cell behavior. Cells adhere and interact with their extracellular environment via integrins, and their ability to activate associated downstream signaling pathways depends on the character of adhesion complexes formed between cells and their extracellular matrix. In particular, alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrins are central to regulating downstream events, including cell survival and cell-cycle progression. In contrast to previous findings that alphavbeta3 integrins promote angiogenesis, recent evidence argues that alphavbeta3 integrins may act as negative regulators of proangiogenic integrins such as alpha5beta1. This suggests that fibronectin is critical for scaffold vascularization because it is the only mammalian adhesion protein that binds and activates alpha5beta1 integrins. Cells are furthermore capable of stretching fibronectin matrices such that the protein partially unfolds, and recent computational simulations provide structural models of how mechanical stretching affects fibronectin function. We propose a model whereby excessive tension generated by cells in contact to biomaterials may in fact render fibronectin fibrils nonangiogenic and potentially inhibit vascularization. The model could explain why current biomaterials independent of their surface chemistries and textures fail to vascularize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121615
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 65
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SELECTED METHODS FOR IMAGING ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 57-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: For millennia, physicians have used palpation as a part of the physical examination to detect pathology. The ubiquitous presence of "stiffer" tissue associated with pathology often represents an early warning sign for disease, as in the cases of breast or prostate cancer. Very often tumors are found at surgery that were occult even with modern imaging instruments. This implies that methods for estimating "hardness" of tissues would add a weapon to the medical armamentarium. To this end, this review discusses several methods of estimating tissue hardness using internal or external means of applying stress (force per unit area) and several associated methods of detecting the resulting strain (fractional length change) in an effort to image a tissue mechanical property, such as Young's modulus (ratio of stress to strain). Some investigators have developed methods of estimating stiffness or modulus, but most methods result in qualitative images of stiffness. Nevertheless, such estimates may add a great deal of information not currently available to the current field of medical imaging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121623
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 66
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MASS TRANSPORT IN ARTERIES AND THE LOCALIZATION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 79-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large arteries that involves a characteristic accumulation of high-molecular-weight lipoprotein in the arterial wall. This review focuses on the mass transport processes that mediate the focal accumulation of lipid in arteries and places particular emphasis on the role of fluid mechanical forces in modulating mass transport phenomena. In the final analysis, four mass transport mechanisms emerge that may be important in the localization of atherosclerosis: blood phase controlled hypoxia, leaky endothelial junctions, transient intercellular junction remodeling, and convective clearance of the subendothelial intima and media. Further study of these mechanisms may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies for atherosclerotic diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121529
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 67
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MODELING TOTAL HEART FUNCTION (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 147-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Computational models of the electrical and mechanical function of the heart are reviewed. These models attempt to explain the integrated function of the heart in terms of ventricular anatomy, the structure and material properties of myocardial tissue, the membrane ion channels, and calcium handling and myofilament mechanics of cardiac myocytes. The models have established the computational framework for linking the structure and function of cardiac cells and tissue to the integrated behavior of the intact heart, but many more aspects of physiological function, including metabolic and signal transduction pathways, need to be included before significant progress can be made in understanding many disease processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121537
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 68
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF BRAIN ANATOMY (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 119-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The brain changes profoundly in structure and function during development and as a result of diseases such as the dementias, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, and tumor growth. Strategies to measure, map, and visualize these brain changes are of immense value in basic and clinical neuroscience. Algorithms that map brain change with sufficient spatial and temporal sensitivity can also assess drugs that aim to decelerate or arrest these changes. In neuroscience studies, these tools can reveal subtle brain changes in adolescence and old age and link these changes with measurable differences in brain function and cognition. Early detection of brain change in patients at risk for dementia; tumor recurrence; or relapsing-remitting conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, is also vital for optimizing therapy. We review a variety of mathematical and computational approaches to detect structural brain change with unprecedented sensitivity, both spatially and temporally. The resulting four-dimensional (4-D) maps of brain anatomy are warehoused in population-based brain atlases. Here, statistical tools compare brain changes across subjects and across populations, adjusting for complex differences in brain structure. Brain changes in an individual can be compared with a normative database comprised of subjects matched for age, gender, and other demographic factors. These dynamic brain maps offer key biological markers for understanding disease progression and testing therapeutic response. The early detection of disease-related brain changes is also critical for possible pre-emptive intervention before the ravages of disease have set in.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121611
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 69
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ENGINEERING OF GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 179-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The rapid accumulation of genetic information and advancement of experimental techniques have opened a new frontier in biomedical engineering. With the availability of well-characterized components from natural gene networks, the stage has been set for the engineering of artificial gene regulatory networks with sophisticated computational and functional capabilities. In these efforts, the ability to construct, analyze, and interpret qualitative and quantitative models is becoming increasingly important. In this review, we consider the current state of gene network engineering from a combined experimental and modeling perspective. We discuss how networks with increased complexity are being constructed from simple modular components and how quantitative deterministic and stochastic modeling of these modules may provide the foundation for accurate in silico representations of gene regulatory network function in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121553
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 70
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MULTIAXIAL MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 251-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: For native and engineered biological tissues, there exist many physiological, surgical, and medical device applications where multiaxial material characterization and modeling is required. Because biological tissues and many biocompatible elastomers are incompressible, planar biaxial testing allows for a two-dimensional (2-D) stress-state that can be used to fully characterize their three-dimensional (3-D) mechanical properties. Biological tissues exhibit complex mechanical behaviors not easily accounted for in classic elastomeric constitutive models. Accounting for these behaviors by careful experimental evaluation and formulation of constitutive models continues to be a challenging area in biomechanical modeling and simulation. The focus of this review is to describe the application of multiaxial testing techniques to soft tissues and their relation to modern biomechanical constitutive theories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120714
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 71
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEURAL TISSUE ENGINEERING: Strategies for Repair and Regeneration (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 293-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Nerve regeneration is a complex biological phenomenon. In the peripheral nervous system, nerves can regenerate on their own if injuries are small. Larger injuries must be surgically treated, typically with nerve grafts harvested from elsewhere in the body. Spinal cord injury is more complicated, as there are factors in the body that inhibit repair. Unfortunately, a solution to completely repair spinal cord injury has not been found. Thus, bioengineering strategies for the peripheral nervous system are focused on alternatives to the nerve graft, whereas efforts for spinal cord injury are focused on creating a permissive environment for regeneration. Fortunately, recent advances in neuroscience, cell culture, genetic techniques, and biomaterials provide optimism for new treatments for nerve injuries. This article reviews the nervous system physiology, the factors that are critical for nerve repair, and the current approaches that are being explored to aid peripheral nerve regeneration and spinal cord repair.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120731
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 72
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOMONITORING WITH WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 383-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Wireless biomonitoring, first used in human beings for fetal heart-rate monitoring more than 30 years ago, has now become a technology for remote sensing of patients' activity, blood pulse pressure, oxygen saturation, internal pressures, orthopedic device loading, and gastrointestinal endoscopy. Technical advances in miniaturization and wireless communications have enabled development of monitoring devices that can be made available for general use by individuals/patients and caregivers. New methods for short-range wireless communications not encumbered by radio spectrum restrictions (e.g., ultra-wideband) will enable applications of wireless monitoring without interference in ambulatory subjects, in home care, and in hospitals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121653
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 73
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    METABOLIC ENGINEERING: Advances in Modeling and Intervention in Health and Disease (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 349-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The field of metabolic engineering encompasses a powerful set of tools that can be divided into (a) methods to model complex metabolic pathways and (b) techniques to manipulate these pathways for a desired metabolic outcome. These tools have recently seen increased utility in the medical arena, and this paper aims to review significant accomplishments made using these approaches. The modeling of metabolic pathways has been applied to better understand disease-state physiology in a variety of cellar, subcellular, and organ systems, including the liver, heart, mitochondria, and cancerous cells. Metabolic pathway engineering has been used to generate cells with novel biochemical functions for therapeutic use, and specific examples are provided in the areas of glycosylation engineering and dopamine-replacement therapy. In order to document the potential of applying both metabolic modeling and pathway manipulation, we describe pertinent advances in the field of diabetes research. Undoubtedly, as the field of metabolic engineering matures and is applied to a wider array of problems, new advances and therapeutic strategies will follow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.031003.163247
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 74
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGING AND BIOENGINEERING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.062403.131947
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 75
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOMATERIALS: Where We Have Been and Where We are Going (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 41-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Since its inception just over a half century ago, the field of biomaterials has seen a consistent growth with a steady introduction of new ideas and productive branches. This review describes where we have been, the state of the art today, and where we might be in 10 or 20 years. Herein, we highlight some of the latest advancements in biomaterials that aim to control biological responses and ultimately heal. This new generation of biomaterials includes surface modification of materials to overcome nonspecific protein adsorption in vivo, precision immobilization of signaling groups on surfaces, development of synthetic materials with controlled properties for drug and cell carriers, biologically inspired materials that mimic natural processes, and design of sophisticated three-dimensional (3-D) architectures to produce well-defined patterns for diagnostics, e.g., biological microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMs), and tissue engineering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140027
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 76
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGING AND BIOENGINEERING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.062403.131947
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FLUID MECHANICS OF HEART VALVES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 331-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Valvular heart disease is a life-threatening disease that afflicts millions of people worldwide and leads to approximately 250,000 valve repairs and/or replacements each year. Malfunction of a native valve impairs its efficient fluid mechanic/hemodynamic performance. Artificial heart valves have been used since 1960 to replace diseased native valves and have saved millions of lives. Unfortunately, despite four decades of use, these devices are less than ideal and lead to many complications. Many of these complications/problems are directly related to the fluid mechanics associated with the various mechanical and bioprosthetic valve designs. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art experimental and computational fluid mechanics of native and prosthetic heart valves in current clinical use. The fluid dynamic performance characteristics of caged-ball, tilting-disc, bileaflet mechanical valves and porcine and pericardial stented and nonstented bioprostheic valves are reviewed. Other issues related to heart valve performance, such as biomaterials, solid mechanics, tissue mechanics, and durability, are not addressed in this review.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140111
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 78
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TISSUE GROWTH AND REMODELING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 77-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The growth and remodeling of a tissue depends on certain features in the history of its mechanical environment as well as its genetic makeup. The mechanical environment influences the tissue's developing morphology, the process of simply increasing the size of existing morphological structures, and the formation of the proteins of which the tissue is constructed. The relationships between genetic information, various epigenetic mechanisms and tissue development are discussed. The developmental growth and remodeling of most structural tissues are enhanced by the use of those tissues and retarded by their disuse. The mechanical or mathematical modeling of tissue growth and development using cellular automata models and continuum mechanical models is reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140250
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 79
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TISSUE ENGINEERING OF LIGAMENTS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 131-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Tissue engineering is emerging as a significant clinical option to address tissue and organ failure by implanting biological substitutes for the compromised tissues. As compared to the transplantation of cells alone, engineered tissues offer the potential advantage of immediate functionality. Engineered tissues can also serve as physiologically relevant models for controlled studies of cells and tissues designed to distinguish the effects of specific signals from the complex milieu of factors present in vivo. A high number of ligament failures and the lack of adequate options to fully restore joint functions have prompted the need to develop new tissue engineering strategies. We discuss the requirements for ligament reconstruction, the available treatment options and their limitations, and then focus on the tissue engineering of ligaments. One representative tissue engineering system involving the integrated use of adult human stem cells, custom-designed scaffolds, and advanced bioreactors with dynamic loading is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140037
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 80
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CELL MECHANICS: Mechanical Response, Cell Adhesion, and Molecular Deformation (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 189-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract As the basic unit of life, the cell is a biologically complex system, the understanding of which requires a combination of various approaches including biomechanics. With recent progress in cell and molecular biology, the field of cell mechanics has grown rapidly over the last few years. This review synthesizes some of these recent developments to foster new concepts and approaches, and it emphasizes molecular-level understanding. The focuses are on the common themes and interconnections in three related areas: (a) the responses of cells to mechanical forces, (b) the mechanics and kinetics of cell adhesion, and (c) the deformation of biomolecules. Specific examples are also given to illustrate the quantitative modeling used in analyzing biological processes and physiological functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.189
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 81
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FUNDAMENTALS OF IMPACT BIOMECHANICS: Part 2-Biomechanics of the Abdomen, Pelvis, and Lower Extremities (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 3 (2001), S. 27-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This is the second of two chapters (the first chapter appeared in the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 2000, 2:55-81) dealing with some 60 years of accumulated knowledge in the field of impact biomechanics. The regions covered in the first chapter were the head, neck, and thorax. In this chapter, the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities are discussed. The thoracolumbar spine is not covered because of length limitations and the low frequency of injury to this area from automotive accidents. Again, in the cited results, the reader needs to be keenly aware of the wide variation in human response and tolerance. This is due primarily to the large biological variations among humans and to the effects of aging. Average values that are useful in design cannot be applied to individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.27
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 82
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE PROCESS AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMAGE-GUIDED PROCEDURES (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 3 (2001), S. 83-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Medical imaging has been used primarily for diagnosis. In the past 15 years there has been an emergence of the use of images for the guidance of therapy. This process requires three-dimensional localization devices, the ability to register medical images to physical space, and the ability to display position and trajectory on those images. This paper examines the development and state of the art in those processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.3.1.83
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 83
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MULTIAXIAL MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 251-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract For native and engineered biological tissues, there exist many physiological, surgical, and medical device applications where multiaxial material characterization and modeling is required. Because biological tissues and many biocompatible elastomers are incompressible, planar biaxial testing allows for a two-dimensional (2-D) stress-state that can be used to fully characterize their three-dimensional (3-D) mechanical properties. Biological tissues exhibit complex mechanical behaviors not easily accounted for in classic elastomeric constitutive models. Accounting for these behaviors by careful experimental evaluation and formulation of constitutive models continues to be a challenging area in biomechanical modeling and simulation. The focus of this review is to describe the application of multiaxial testing techniques to soft tissues and their relation to modern biomechanical constitutive theories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120714
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOMONITORING WITH WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 383-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wireless biomonitoring, first used in human beings for fetal heart-rate monitoring more than 30 years ago, has now become a technology for remote sensing of patients' activity, blood pulse pressure, oxygen saturation, internal pressures, orthopedic device loading, and gastrointestinal endoscopy. Technical advances in miniaturization and wireless communications have enabled development of monitoring devices that can be made available for general use by individuals/patients and caregivers. New methods for short-range wireless communications not encumbered by radio spectrum restrictions (e.g., ultra-wideband) will enable applications of wireless monitoring without interference in ambulatory subjects, in home care, and in hospitals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121653
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 85
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BLOOD VESSEL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS-1995-2002 (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 413-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of blood vessel mechanical properties is fundamental to the understanding of vascular function in health and disease. Analytic results can help physicians in the clinic, both in designing and in choosing appropriate therapies. Understanding the mechanical response of blood vessels to physiologic loads is necessary before ideal therapeutic solutions can be realized. For this reason, blood vessel constitutive models are needed. This article provides a critical review of recent blood vessel constitutive models, starting with a brief overview of the structure and function of arteries and veins, followed by a discussion of experimental techniques used in the characterization of material properties. Current models are classified by type, including pseudoelastic, randomly elastic, poroelastic, and viscoelastic. Comparisons are presented between the various models and existing experimental data. Applications of blood vessel constitutive models are also briefly presented, followed by the identification of future directions in research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120719
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 86
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRUCTURAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND MOLECULAR MR IMAGING OF THE MICROVASCULATURE (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 29-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely applied for functional imaging of the microcirculation and for functional and structural studies of the microvasculature. The interest in the capabilities of MRI in noninvasively monitoring changes in vascular structure and function expanded over the past years, with specific efforts directed toward the development of novel imaging methods for quantification of angiogenesis. Molecular imaging approaches hold promise for further expansion of the ability to characterize the microvasculature. Exciting applications for MRI are emerging in the study of the biology of microvessels and in the evaluation of potential pharmaceutical modulators of vascular function and development, and preclinical MRI tools can serve for the design of mechanism-of-action-based noninvasive clinical methods for monitoring response to therapy. The aim of this review is to provide a current snapshot of recent developments in this rapidly evolving field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121606
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS FOR BIOPHOTONICS APPLICATIONS: Improving Sensing, Imaging, and Therapeutics (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 5 (2003), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Advances in chemistry and physics are providing an expanding array of nanostructured materials with unique and powerful optical properties. These nanomaterials provide a new set of tools that are available to biomedical engineers, biologists, and medical scientists who seek new tools as biosensors and probes of biological fluids, cells, and tissue chemistry and function. Nanomaterials are also being used to develop optically controlled devices for applications such as modulated drug delivery as well as optical therapeutics. This review discusses applications that have been successfully demonstrated using nanomaterials including semiconductor nanocrystals, gold nanoparticles, gold nanoshells, and silver plasmon resonant particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.011303.120723
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGY: Devices, Systems, and Applications (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 4 (2002), S. 129-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this review, recent advances in DNA microarray technology and their applications are examined. The many varieties of DNA microarray or DNA chip devices and systems are described along with their methods for fabrication and their use. This includes both high-density microarrays for high-throughput screening applications and lower-density microarrays for various diagnostic applications. The methods for microarray fabrication that are reviewed include various inkjet and microjet deposition or spotting technologies and processes, in situ or on-chip photolithographic oligonucleotide synthesis processes, and electronic DNA probe addressing processes. The DNA microarray hybridization applications reviewed include the important areas of gene expression analysis and genotyping for point mutations, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and short tandem repeats (STRs). In addition to the many molecular biological and genomic research uses, this review covers applications of microarray devices and systems for pharmacogenomic research and drug discovery, infectious and genetic disease and cancer diagnostics, and forensic and genetic identification purposes. Additionally, microarray technology being developed and applied to new areas of proteomic and cellular analysis are reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.020702.153438
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MECHANO-ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE: Their Inhomogeneities and Anisotropies (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 4 (2002), S. 175-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this chapter, the recent advances in cartilage biomechanics and electromechanics are reviewed and summarized. Our emphasis is on the new experimental techniques in cartilage mechanical testing, new experimental and theoretical findings in cartilage biomechanics and electromechanics, and emerging theories and computational modeling of articular cartilage. The charged nature and depth-dependent inhomogeneity in mechano-electrochemical properties of articular cartilage are examined, and their importance in the normal and/or pathological structure-function relationships with cartilage is discussed, along with their pathophysiological implications. Developments in theoretical and computational models of articular cartilage are summarized, and their application in cartilage biomechanics and biology is reviewed. Future directions in cartilage biomechanics and mechano-biology research are proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.110701.120309
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS: Human Safety Issues (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 4 (2002), S. 211-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Most of the recently revised safety standards worldwide are set in terms of internal rates of electromagnetic energy deposition (specific absorption rates or SAR) at radio frequencies (RF) and microwave frequencies, and of induced electric fields or current densities at lower frequencies up to 10 MHz. Numerical methods have been developed that use millimeter resolution anatomically based models of the human body to determine SAR or the induced electric fields and current densities for real-life EM exposure conditions. A popular method for use at RF and microwave frequencies is the finite-difference time-domain method. This method is described and illustrated for SAR distributions due to cellular telephones for head models based on human anatomy. A method often used for calculations of induced electric fields and current densities at low frequencies is the impedance method. Use of this method is illustrated by an example of an electronic article surveillance (EAS) system for anatomic models of an adult and 10- and 5-year-old children. Experimental phantoms using a fluid to simulate the dielectric properties of the brain may be used for determination of peak 1- or 10-g SAR needed for compliance with the various safety standards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.020702.153447
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ADVANCES IN IN VIVO BIOLUMINESCENCE IMAGING OF GENE EXPRESSION (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 4 (2002), S. 235-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To advance our understanding of biological processes as they occur in living animals, imaging strategies have been developed and refined that reveal cellular and molecular features of biology and disease in real time. One rapid and accessible technology for in vivo analysis employs internal biological sources of light emitted from luminescent enzymes, luciferases, to label genes and cells. Combining this reporter system with the new generation of charge coupled device (CCD) cameras that detect the light transmitted through the animal's tissues has opened the door to sensitive in vivo measurements of mammalian gene expression in living animals. Here, we review the development and application of this imaging strategy, in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI), together with in vivo fluorescence imaging methods, which has enabled the real-time study of immune cell trafficking, of various genetic regulatory elements in transgenic mice, and of in vivo gene transfer. BLI has been combined with fluorescence methods that together offer access to in vivo measurements that were not previously available. Such studies will greatly facilitate the functional analysis of a wide range of genes for their roles in health and disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.111901.093336
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHYSICS AND APPLICATIONS OF MICROFLUIDICS IN BIOLOGY (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 4 (2002), S. 261-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fluid flow at the microscale exhibits unique phenomena that can be leveraged to fabricate devices and components capable of performing functions useful for biological studies. The physics of importance to microfluidics are reviewed. Common methods of fabricating microfluidic devices and systems are described. Components, including valves, mixers, and pumps, capable of controlling fluid flow by utilizing the physics of the microscale are presented. Techniques for sensing flow characteristics are described and examples of devices and systems that perform bioanalysis are presented. The focus of this review is microscale phenomena and the use of the physics of the scale to create devices and systems that provide functionality useful to the life sciences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.112601.125916
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TELEREHABILITATION RESEARCH: Emerging Opportunities (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 4 (2002), S. 287-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The field of clinical rehabilitation is rooted in the premise that carefully planned and delivered therapeutic intervention enhances patient outcomes. Underlying this statement is a deeper scientific reality: The field exists because biosystems (e.g., tissues, cells, organs, persons) are inherently adaptive and can dynamically change as a function of a sequence of inputs (e.g., exercise, pharmaceuticals). The tools of telerehabilitation help minimize the barrier of distance, both of patients to rehabilitative services and of researchers to subject populations. This enhanced access opens up new possibilities for discovering and implementing optimized intervention strategies across the continuum of care. Telecommunications technologies are reviewed from the perspective of systems models of the telerehabilitation process, with a focus on human-technology interface design and a special emphasis on emerging home and mobile technologies. Approaches for providing clinical rehabilitation services through telerehabilitation are addressed, including innovative consumer-centered approaches. Finally, telerehabilitation is proposed as a tool for reinvigorating the rehabilitative bioengineering research enterprise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.112801.121923
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOMECHANICAL DYNAMICS OF THE HEART WITH MRI (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 4 (2002), S. 321-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a noninvasive way to evaluate the biomechanical dynamics of the heart. MRI can provide spatially registered tomographic images of the heart in different phases of the cardiac cycle, which can be used to assess global cardiac function and regional endocardial surface motion. In addition, MRI can provide detailed information on the patterns of motion within the heart wall, permitting calculation of the evolution of regional strain and related motion variables within the wall. These show consistent patterns of spatial and temporal variation in normal subjects, which are affected by alterations of function due to disease. Although still an evolving technique, MRI shows promise as a new method for research and clinical evaluation of cardiac dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.020702.153434
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ADVANCES IN PROTEOMIC TECHNOLOGIES (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 4 (2002), S. 349-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Proteomics is a rapidly emerging set of key technologies that are being used to identify proteins and map their interactions in a cellular context. With the sequencing of the human genome, the scope of proteomics has shifted from protein identification and characterization to include protein structure, function and protein-protein interactions. Technologies used in proteomic research include two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, yeast two-hybrids screens, and computational prediction programs. While some of these technologies have been in use for a long time, they are currently being applied to study physiology and cellular processes in high-throughput formats. It is the high-throughput approach that defines and characterizes modern proteomics. In this review, we discuss the current status of these experimental and computational technologies relevant to the three major aspects of proteomics-characterization of proteomes, identification of proteins, and determination of protein function. We also briefly discuss the development of new proteomic technologies that are based on recent advances in analytical and biochemical techniques, engineering, microfabrication, and computational prowess. The integration of these advances with established technologies is invaluable for the drive toward a comprehensive understanding of protein structure and function in the cellular milieu.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.020702.153443
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ON THE METRICS AND EULER-LAGRANGE EQUATIONS OF COMPUTATIONAL ANATOMY (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 4 (2002), S. 375-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews literature, current concepts and approaches in computational anatomy (CA). The model of CA is a Grenander deformable template, an orbit generated from a template under groups of diffeomorphisms. The metric space of all anatomical images is constructed from the geodesic connecting one anatomical structure to another in the orbit. The variational problems specifying these metrics are reviewed along with their associated Euler-Lagrange equations. The Euler equations of motion derived by Arnold for the geodesics in the group of divergence-free volume-preserving diffeomorphisms of incompressible fluids are generalized for the larger group of diffeomorphisms used in CA with nonconstant Jacobians. Metrics that accommodate photometric variation are described extending the anatomical model to incorporate the construction of neoplasm. Metrics on landmarked shapes are reviewed as well as Joshi's diffeomorphism metrics, Bookstein's thin-plate spline approximate-metrics, and Kendall's affine invariant metrics. We conclude by showing recent experimental results from the Toga & Thompson group in growth, the Van Essen group in macaque and human cortex mapping, and the Csernansky group in hippocampus mapping for neuropsychiatric studies in aging and schizophrenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.4.092101.125733
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICRODEVICES IN MEDICINE1 (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 551-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The application of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to medicine is described. Three types of biomedical devices are considered, including diagnostic microsystems, surgical microsystems, and therapeutic microsystems. The opportunities of MEMS miniaturization in these emerging disciplines are considered, with emphasis placed on the importance of the technology in providing a better outcome for the patient and a lower overall health care cost. Several case examples in each of these areas are described. Key aspects of MEMS technology as it is applied to these three areas are described, along with some of the fabrication challenges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.551
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOENGINEERING MODELS OF CELL SIGNALING (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 31-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Strategies for rationally manipulating cell behavior in cell-based technologies and molecular therapeutics and understanding effects of environmental agents on physiological systems may be derived from a mechanistic understanding of underlying signaling mechanisms that regulate cell functions. Three crucial attributes of signal transduction necessitate modeling approaches for analyzing these systems: an ever-expanding plethora of signaling molecules and interactions, a highly interconnected biochemical scheme, and concurrent biophysical regulation. Because signal flow is tightly regulated with positive and negative feedbacks and is bidirectional with commands traveling both from outside-in and inside-out, dynamic models that couple biophysical and biochemical elements are required to consider information processing both during transient and steady-state conditions. Unique mathematical frameworks will be needed to obtain an integrated perspective on these complex systems, which operate over wide length and time scales. These may involve a two-level hierarchical approach wherein the overall signaling network is modeled in terms of effective "circuit" or "algorithm" modules, and then each module is correspondingly modeled with more detailed incorporation of its actual underlying biochemical/biophysical molecular interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.31
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FUNDAMENTALS OF IMPACT BIOMECHANICS: Part I - Biomechanics of the Head, Neck, and Thorax (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 55-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This is the first of two chapters dealing with some 60 years of accumulated knowledge in the field of impact biomechanics. The regions covered in this first chapter are the head, neck, and thorax. The next chapter will discuss the abdomen, pelvis, and the lower extremities. Although the principal thrust of the research has been toward the mitigation of injuries sustained by automotive crash victims, the results of this research have applications in aircraft safety, contact sports, and protection of military personnel and civilians from intentional injury, such as in the use of nonlethal weapons. The reader should be keenly aware of the wide variation in human response and tolerance data in the cited results. This is due primarily to the large biological variation among humans and to the effects of aging. Average values are useful in design but cannot be applied to individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.55
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WAVELETS IN TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL PROCESSING OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGES (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 2 (2000), S. 511-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We review some of the most recent advances in the area of wavelet applications in medical imaging. We first review key concepts in the processing of medical images with wavelet transforms and multiscale analysis, including time-frequency tiling, overcomplete representations, higher dimensional bases, symmetry, boundary effects, translational invariance, orientation selectivity, and best-basis selection. We next describe some applications in magnetic resonance imaging, including activation detection and denoising of functional magnetic resonance imaging and encoding schemes. We then present an overview in the area of ultrasound, including computational anatomy with three-dimensional cardiac ultrasound. Next, wavelets in tomography are reviewed, including their relationship to the radon transform and applications in position emission tomography imaging. Finally, wavelet applications in digital mammography are reviewed, including computer-assisted diagnostic systems that support the detection and classification of small masses and methods of contrast enhancement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.2.1.511
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...