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  • 1
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    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 143 (1948), S. 332-346 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 2
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1948), S. 167-181 
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  • 3
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1947), S. 126-166 
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  • 4
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1949), S. 365-395 
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  • 5
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1949), S. 488-514 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Untersuchung in 9 Versuchen mit unterschiedlicher Verfütterung von Thymus, Leber und Normalkost und Kombination dieser Kostformen an wachsende und erwachsene Ratten hatte folgende Ergebnisse: Durch Thymuskost und Wechselkost mit Thymus wird das Wachstum junger Ratten nach dem Körpergewicht sowohl wie nach der Entwicklung der Skelettma\e und Skelettproportionen eingehemmt, wÄhrend Leberfütterung keinen wesentlich anderen Befund zeitigt als Fütterung mit Normalkost. Zugabe von Thymus als Beikost hat bei wachsenden Tieren ebenfalls keine Wirkung, Bei erwachsenen Tieren führt Thymusfütterung zu einer starken Gewichtsabnahme, aber keinen wesentlichen VerÄnderungen am Skelett. Das Ergebnis ist entsprechend den Ausführungen schon von Romeis (1926) wahrscheinlich dahin zu deuten, da\ in der Thymus ein Stoff fehlt, der für die normale ErnÄhrung unentbehrlich ist und dessen Fehlen sich im Rahmen des noch wachsenden Gesamtorganismus auch auf das Skelett auswirkt. Um welchen Stoff es sich dabei im einzelnen handelt, ist hier nicht zu ermitteln. Ferner gibt die vorgelegte Untersuchung in den beigefügten Tabellen Vergleichszahlen für die Skelettma\e von Ratten verschiedener Altersstufen, wie sie für spÄtere Ähnliche Untersuchungen als Unterlage dienen können.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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  • 7
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1949), S. 25-30 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen experimenteller Schilddrüsenuntersuchungen an Amphibienlarven wurde der Einfluß des Lichtes, insbesondere der ultravioletten Strahlen auf die Metamorphose untersucht. UV-Bestrahlung bewirkt eine deutliche Beschleunigung der Metamorphose. Bei Lichtmangel tritt eine wesentliche Hemmung derselben sein. Diese äußeren Veränderungen finden ihr morphologisches Korrelat im Schnittbild der Amphibienschilddrüse. Die Einwirkung erfolgt über die Haut und nicht auf optischem Wege. Auf die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse für die Besonnung und Höhensonnenbestrahlung in ihren Rückwirkungen auf die Schildrüse wird hingewiesen.
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  • 8
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1949), S. 31-70 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Der Determinationszustand und die Regulationsfähigkeit der larvalen männlichen Genital-Imaginalscheibe vonLrosophila melanogaster wird analysiert. 2. Verschiedene Teilstücke der Imaginalscheibe (sagittale Längshälften, Mittelstücke, Außenstücke, Vorder- und Hinterstücke) wurden in das Abdomen von Wirts-Larven implantiert. 3. Nach erfolgter Metamorphose des Wirtes wurden die qualitativen und quantitativen Leistungen der Implantate bestimmt und dabei folgende Elemente berücksichtigt: Paragonien und Vasa deferentia, Ductus ejaculatorius und Samenpumpe, Tragplatte des Penis, Analplatten und Medialplatten („Claspers“). 4. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die larvale Genitalscheibe mosaikartig in Felder aufgeteilt ist, wobei jedes Feld ein einzelnes Element des Genitalapparates liefert. 5. Die Teilstücke einzelner Felder jedoch sind vollkommen regulationsfähig und differenzieren unter Ausnützung der vom Wirte stammenden Aufbaustoffe normal geformte Elemente von artspezifischer Größe. 6. Die Feldorganisation der Genitalscheibe wird eingehend diskutiert.
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  • 9
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1949), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwei verschiedene Arten der Veränderung müssen bei der Wirbelsäule der Knochenfische auseinandergehalten werden: 1. Wirbelsäulenverkrümmung. Sie ist einenicht erbliche Erscheinung, die aus verschiedensten Ursachen (z. B. Beschädigung, Krankheit, Vitaminmangel, Hormonmangel) auftreten kann und auch leicht im Experiment zu erzielen ist. Sie kann in der Jugend oder im Alter auftreten. 2. Wirbelsäulenverkürzung. Sie ist eineerbliche Störung in der Ausbildung der Wirbelsäule, die schon frühembryonal auftritt. Sie kommt auch ungleichmäßig auf beiden Seiten vor. Beim Aischgründer Karpfen, der am gedrungensten gebauten Karpfenrasse, tritt sie auf: a) Alsgleichmäβige Wirbelsäulenverkürzung. Alle Wirbel sind verkürzt und erhöht. Die Beweglichkeit ist etwas vermindert. Sie tritt als Rassemerkmal auf. b) Alsungleichmäβige Wirbelsäulenverkürzung. Sie kann stellenweise übergehen in Wirbelverschmelzung. Die Beweglichkeit ist teilweise stark herabgesetzt oder es ist Versteifung eingetreten. Sie muß als krankhafte erbliche Entartung angesehen und möglichst ausgeschaltet werden. Solche Fische sind bei der Nahrungssuche und beim Ausweichen vor Feinden stark behindert. An Hand von Abbildungen werden die Einzelheiten besprochen. Bei der ungleichmäßigen Wirbelsäulenverkürzung scheint das Differenzierungsgefälle innerhalb der Wirbelsäule gestört zu sein. Ein kurzer Überblick über die Wirbelsäulenverkürzung als physiologische Erscheinung in der vergleichenden Anatomie und über Wirbelsäulenverkürzung als erbliches rassebildendes und pathologisches Merkmal bei den Haustieren und beim Menschen wird gegeben. Auch erste Beobachtungen über experimentell erzielte Wirbelsäulenverkürzung beim Karpfen werden mitgeteilt.
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  • 10
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1949), S. 99-131 
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  • 11
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1949), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verfasser berichtet über die abnormale Entwicklung der Linse eines Hühnerembryos, bei dem im Stadium von 10 Urwirbeln Mittelhirn und Rautenhirnanlagen entfernt wurden. Infolge eines ausgedehnten Blutergusses wurde die Morphogenese des Augenbechers und des anliegenden lentogenen Ektoderms gestört. Die Einstülpung des präsumptiven lentogenen Ektoderms fiel aus und an Stelle der Linse bildete sich eine scheibenförmige Verdickung des präsumptiven lentogenen Ektoderms. In der Mitte bestand diese aus sehr hohen prismatischen Zellen, die sich unter allmählicher Abnahme der Zellhöhe in die niedrigen Zellen des Hautektoderms fortsetzten. Verfasser erblickt darin ein Beispiel von Aufhebung des Zusammenhanges zwischen Morphogenese der Linse und Differenzierung der sie bildenden Zellen. Infolge der besonderen örtlichen mechanischen Bedingungen verblieben die Zellelemente, die zur Umwandlung in Linsenzellen bestimmt waren, an der Oberfläche im Zusammenhang mit dem Deckepithel, die gleichen Bedingungen schufen einen allmählichen Formübergang zwischen den Zellen, die den Linsenfasern ähnliche Merkmale zeigten, und jenen, welche das vordere Linsenepithel bilden sollten.
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  • 12
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1949), S. 88-89 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch frühzeitige Zerstörung der ganzen primären Augenblase, bzw. des oberflächlichen Abschnittes der Augenanlage mit dem anliegenden Ektoderm, wurde beim Hühnerembryo die Entwicklung des ektodermalen Bestandteiles derHarderschen Drüse verhindert. Trotzdem legte sich der mesenchymale Bestandteil der Drüse an normaler Stelle an und entwickelte sich normal bis zum Ausschlüpfen; nur war die ausschließlich aus Mesenchym zusammengesetzte Anlage etwas kleiner als die normale Drüse. Vom 10. Tage der Bebrütung ab erscheint bei den operierten Embryonen der bindegewebige Bestandteil der Drüse als eine scharf konturierte, von den anliegenden Geweben gesonderte Masse von länglicher Form. Vom 16. Tage der Bebrütung ab dringen in die bindegewebige Masse kleine runde, stark granulierte Wanderzellen (vielleicht Makrophagen) ein; dasselbe wurde in der normalen Drüse beobachtet. Dadurch wird das Bestehen einer relativen Unabhängigkeit zwischen den beiden Bestandteilen derHarderschen Drüse, dem epithelialen und dem mesenchymalen Anteil, bewiesen; die Vermutung liegt also nahe, daß eine gewisse Unabhängigkeit in der Determination der beiden bestehe.
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  • 13
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1949), S. 71-80 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verfasser untersuchte bei Hühnerembryonen von 6–12 Urwirbeln das Verhalten des präsumptiven lentogenen Gebietes nach mehr oder weniger ausgedehnter Zerstörung des primären Augenbläschens sowie die Bedingungen, die für eineRegeneration der Linse aus den Bestandteilen des Augenbechers erforderlich sind, falls die normale Entwicklung der Linse aus dem Ektoderm unterbleibt. — Einige räumliche und zeitliche Zusammenhänge zwischen dem lentogenen Ektoderm und den Geweben, die sich aus dem teilweise entfernten Augenbläschen entwickeln, sind für die normale Entwicklung der Linse unerläßlich. DieRegeneration der Linse aus Tapetum oder Netzhaut, die sich aus dem in situ zurückgelassenen Teil des Augenbläschens bilden, ist nur möglich, wenn mindestens das proximale Drittel des Augenbläschens erhalten bleibt und wenn die Proliferation der Bestandteile des Augenbechers hinreichend ausgedehnt ist. — Verfasser unterstreicht die Bedeutung, die den mechanischen Faktoren für die Entwicklung des Regenerationsvorganges der Linse zukommt, die nach der Verletzung des Augenbläschens auf Retina und Tapetum während des Umbildungsprozesses des Augenkeimes einwirken.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. ha studiato il destine del territorio lentogeno presuntivo dopo demolizioni piu o meno estese della vescicola ottica primaria di embrioni di polio di 6–12 somiti, e le condizioni necessarie per la rigenerazione del cristallino a spese dei componenti del calice ottico, quando il cristallino non si forma, come di norma, daU'ectoderma. Alcune relazioni di spazio e di tempo fra l'ectoderma lentogeno ed i tessuti che si sviluppano dalla vescicola ottica parzialmente amputata sono indispensabili perché il cristallino si formi secondo le normali modalitá. La rigenerazione del cristallino a spese del tapetum o della retina, che si formano dalla porzione della vescicola ottica rimasta in sito, ha luogo soltanto quando viene conservato almeno il terzo prossimale della vescicola ottica e quando la proliferazione dei componenti del calice ottico e sufficentemente estesa. L'A. sottolinea 1'importanza dei fattori meccanici, i quali agiscono sulla retina e sul tapetum in accrescimento, durante il processo di rimaneggiamento dell'abbozzo delFocchio consecutivo alia lesione della vescicola ottica, rispetto alia realizzazione del processo di rigenerazione del cristallino.
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  • 14
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    Development genes and evolution 144 (1949), S. 132-154 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. In Fortsetzung der letztenSpemannschen Versuche (1942) wurde bei erwachsenen Molchen vonTriton taeniatus undpalmatus rechts ventral über der Leber aus der Bauchdecke unter Schonung der Somatopleura ein etwa 2×3 mm großes Fenster geschnitten, welches Epidermis, Cutis, Muskulatur und Füllbindegewebe umfaßte. Das Fenster wurde caudalwärts durch einen paramedianen Schlitz verlängert, unter dem auch die Somatopleura zu einer mäßig weiten Öffnung aufgeschnitten wurde (Abb. 1–3). 2. Die durch 4 Wochen schrittweise verfolgte Regeneration war eine typische „Gewebsregeneration“. Gleiches wurde von Gleichem gebildet. a) Erste Wundbedeckung durch die Epidermis mittels Zellwanderung und anschließender Zellvermehrung (Abb. 4), Verschluß der Öffnung in der Somatopleura: während der ersten Woche nach der Operation. b) Ausfüllen der Lücke der mesodermalen Elemente durch mitotisch regeneriertes Bindegewebe (Abb. 5), gleichmäßiges Einwachsen der Gefäße von allen Wundrändern aus: beginnend in der zweiten Woche nach der Operation. c) Neubildung der Muskeln durch protoplasmatisches Aussprossen der alten Fasern in das regenerierte Bindegewebe, Neubildung der Hautdrüsen jeweils durch mitotische Teilung einer jungen Epidermiszelle (Abb. 8), Einsetzen der Pigmentierung: dritte Woche nach der Operation. d) Regenerationsvorgang qualitativ beendet: vierte Woche nach der Operation. 3. Störungen und Fehlbindungen des Heilungsprozesses traten in Form von Wucherungen aus Somatopleurazellen, Verwachsungen der Bauchwand mit der Leber und bindegewebigen Stielen aus Regenerationsgewebe zwischen Bauchwand und Leber auf (Abb. 6, 7, 9). Die Versuche dienten zur Kontrolle für entsprechende Experimente, bei welchen das Verhalten von embryonalem Gewebe zwischen Leber und Somatopleura geprüft wird, und die in Kürze veröffentlicht werden sollen.
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1947), S. 19-125 
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1948), S. 182-274 
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1947), S. 1-18 
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1948), S. 275-303 
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1948), S. 304-331 
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1949), S. 347-364 
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1949), S. 515-572 
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1949), S. 396-407 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hand von Photogrammen wird der Bau regenerierter Schuppen beim Goldfisch, der Karausche und beim Karpfen nach Versuchen in Aquarien und Versuchsteichen besprochen. Die jüngsten Regenerate (3 Wochen) haben hauptsÄchlich wabenartigen Bau und nur wenige Zuwachslinien. Die RadiÄrfurchen sind vermehrt und sind nur soweit ausgebildet, als Ringlinien verlaufen. Mit zunehmendem Alter des Regenerates vermehren sich die Ringlinien. Es bleibt aber immer in der Schuppenmitte beim Regenerat ein vergrö\ertes Wachstumszentrum von wabenoder netzartigem Bau (Karausche, Goldfisch) oder von körneligem, amorphem Bau (Karpfen). Auch nach vielen Jahren sind an dem vergrö\erten Wachstumszentrum noch regenerierte Schuppen von normalen zu unterscheiden. Auch lÄ\t sich durch Vergleich mit normalen Schuppen noch nachtrÄglich bestimmen, wann das Regenerat gebildet wurde. Nicht nur bei vollkommenem Verlust, sondern auch bei Verletzung und BeschÄdigung einer alten, noch im Fischkörper verbleibenden Schuppe wird darunter ein Regenerat gebildet. Regenerierte Schuppen fanden sich auf dem Körper eines Flu\fisches (Brachse Abramis brama) in II%, bei zwei zweisömmrigen Spiegelkarpfen in 31 und 27% vor. Regenerierte Schuppen sind hauptsÄchlich am Schwanzende, an den Seiten und im vorderen Körperviertel zu finden. Dies sind die Stellen, an denen der Fischkörper am leichtesten scheuert und beschÄdigt wird.
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1949), S. 573-592 
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1949), S. 615-641 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 28-28 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electrovenogram of the isolated vein of the wing membrane (Chiroptera) exhibits two main irregularities in its diphasic action current—a fast initial wave before the beginning of the systole and a very protracted after-wave. Following this the rise and fall of potential run parallel with the contraction and dilatation of the vessels.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 421-424 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Notes: Summary In answer to objections put forward byBrandenberger andSchintz against their theory concerning the chemical nature of bone salts, the authors afford supplementary evidence about the real crystalline and chemical entity of hydrated tricalcium phosphate. According to the conditions, the precipitate contains either dicalcium phosphate or lime and this affects the nature of the product obtained by calcination. The mineral bone substance is not a hydroxylapatite because it turns either to carbonato-apatite or oxyapatite according to carbon dioxide being kept or not in the crystal lattice. The X-ray patterns of those two apatites are undoubtedly different.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 427-428 
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    Notes: Summary By condensing 2:4:5-triamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine with dihydroxyacetone (diacetate), diaminoacetone or acetone-1,3-di (p-formylaminobenzoic acid) not the expected 8- or 9-oxymethyl resp. -aminomethyl-pteridines but 8-or 9-methyl-pteridines were obtained. With p-tolyl-d-isoglucosamine not a tetrahydroxybutyl-pteridine but a trihydroxybutyl-pteridine was formed. For an explanation of these results it is supposed that from the dihydro-pteridines formed at first by intramolecular splitting off of H2O or R·NH2 aromatization takes place.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 431-432 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Notes: Summary (1) By precipitation with ammonium sulfate, streptomycin, or calcium salts, we obtained from the pulp of tomatoes a substance containing carotinoids. The behaviour of this substance was analogous to that of chloroplst-substance and to that of animal cytoplasmatic nucleoproteins. Like these it contains proteins, lipids, and very probably nucleic acids. We regard this substance as achromoplastine. (2) Experiments with slices of green tomatoes show that the changing over of the chlorophyll content into the carotinoid content is inhibited by the presence of streptomycin. (3) Streptomycin inhibits the formation of chlorophyll in etiolated separated cabbage leafs, just as this drug inhibits the formation of chlorophyll in growing seeds. (4) The development of anthocyanides is not influenced by streptomycin.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 434-436 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Techniques are described for the isolation of nuclei from animals cells and for the determination of the desoxyribonucleic acid content for each nucleus. These techniques have already been used in order to study a few mammalian species. From the first results (especially in calf, ox and bull), it seems to appear that the nucleus of the somatic cells contains constantly the same amount of desoxyribonucleic acid, whatever tissue and animal we studied within the same species; and this amount is just the double of that of the haploid cells (spermatozoa) in the same animal. This result constitutes a strong argument, from the analytical point of view, for the theory according to which the desoxyribonucleic acid is considered to be the substrate of the hereditary characters of the species.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 452-452 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 465-472 
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    Notes: Summary Der Autor tritt erneut der Ansicht der Neodarwinisten entgegen, daß geographische, erbliche Varianten Vorstufen neuer Arten seien. Für deren Entstehung sowie für Merkmale höherer Einheiten kommen nur plötzlich große und nicht einzelne summierende Mutationsschritte in Betracht. Mikromutationen liefern lediglich das Material für die Entstehung von Rassen und Unterarten. Nicht nur größere systematische Unterschiede, sondern auch Anpassungsmerkmale kommen durch Großmutationen zustande. Als Beispiele werden unter anderem zwei Mutationen beiDrosphila melanogaster angeführt. Bei der einen sind die Flügel in Halteren, oder umgekehrt, diese in Flügel, umgebildet. Bei der anderen, vom Autor aufgefundenen, sind aus den Flügeln beinartige Organe geworden. Diese Mutante ist außerdem deswegen von Bedeutung, weil sich nach Kreuzung mit anderen Mutationen Merkmale entwickeln, die an den letzteren nicht erscheinen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 480-481 
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    Notes: Riassunto È possibile ottenere actomiosina, sensibile all'ATP, combinando miosine e actine di diverse specie di Vertebrati. La miosina di aragosta, per lo meno quale fin qui estratta; non si combina con le actine dei Vertebrati. Le miosine di coniglio, colombo e teleosteo si combinano con l'actina di aragosta formando un'actomiosina sensibile all'ATP.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 483-484 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 408-409 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 411-411 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 418-420 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Mechanismus der Serini-Reaktion wird kurz erörtert und ein 17, 20-Oxyd als Zwischenprodukt vorgeschlagen. Das stereochemische Ergebnis der Reaktion soll von zwei Faktoren abhängig sein, und zwar: 1. von der Geometrie des « transition state » und 2. von der Konfiguration des Oxydrings. Ausgehend von diesen Überlegungen, kann vorausgesagt werden, daßReichsteins Substanz 0-Diacetat durch die Serini-Reaktion in ein 17-Iso-20-keton und nicht in ein 17-Normal-20-keton umgewandelt werden soll. Tatsächlich ist das 17-Isoallopregnanol-(3β)-on-20 als einziges Produkt experimentell aufgefunden worden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 425-426 
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    Notes: Résumé La structure du réseau spatial de l'azulène cristallisé a été déterminée à l'aide des rayons X. Les valeurs des constantes du réseau sont en général les mêmes que celles trouvées parMisch etvan der Wyk. Au contraire, la statistique des interférences observées montre des différences importantes et conduit au groupe spatial P 21/a, à la place de P 21 et P 21/m indiqué par les auteurs cités.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 432-433 
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    Notes: Résumé Nombreux sont les travaux qui traitent de la séparation et de la purification de l'arginase. Le présent travail décrit une méthode de purification qui permet d'obtenir une arginase active contenant des traces d'impuretés (80% d'arginase active).
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 447-448 
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    Notes: Summary Experiments on tadpoles showed that during menstruation the toxicity of the urine is increased. The authors regard this as a proof for the existence of a “menotoxin”.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 451-452 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 452-452 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 453-465 
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    Notes: Summary In three chapters the most important topics of paramagnetism are reviewed. In the first chapter a short introduction to normal paramagnetism is given and then the phenomena of paramagnetic relaxation are described and discussed. The second chapter deals with the resonance phenomena occurring when an oscillating magnetic field is applied perpendicular to a large constant field. In normal paramagnetic substances these phenomena are studied with the aid of centimetre waves while the corresponding resonance for atomic nuclei is observable at common radio wavelengths. It is stressed that the observation of nuclear magnetic resonance has opened a number of new domains of research. Special attention is given to the unravelling of nuclear magnetic relaxation. In the last chapter the attainment of extremely low temperatures by adiabatic demagnetization is described. It is indicated how thermodynamic temperatures have been determined down to 3 millidegrees absolute. Finally it is mentioned that attempts are being carried out to align atomic nuclei at the low temperatures reached.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 474-475 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die farblosen, lebhaft fluoreszierenden Polyene, Phytofluen und Phytofluenol, wurden in Pflanzenextrakten aufgefunden. Sie werden spektroskopisch sowie chromatographisch gekennzeichnet und ihre Beziehung zu carotinoiden Farbstoffen wird besprochen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 481-483 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eier des SeeigelsParacentrotus lividus wurden in unbefruchtetem Zustand und in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien gefroren, vakuumgetrocknet, fein zerrieben und mit 0,9%iger Kochsalzlösung extrahiert. Diese Produkte wurden als Suspensionen Kaninchen injiziert und damit Immunsera erhalten, in denen spezifische Antikörper mit Hilfe der Präcipitinreaktion nachzuweisen waren. Als Antigenlösungen dienten klare, dialysierte Zentrifugate der Extrakte. Mit spezifischer Adsorption konnte folgendes festgestellt werden: In den Extrakten von 48 Stunden alten Larven (Plutei) ist eine Antigenfraktion vorhanden, die in früheren Stadien noch fehlt. Sie wird offenbar von der Seeigelzelle erst nach vollendetem Blastulastadium und nach begonnener Gastrulation in größerer Menge gebildet. Extrakte von 48 Stunden alten Larven, die durch Lithiumbehandlung stark vegetativiert waren, unterschieden sich in ihrer serologischen Konstitution anscheinend nicht von denen normaler Plutei.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 31-31 
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    Notes: Summary Following intravenous injection of pyruvic acid (PA) in the form of the sodium salt in the normal rabbit the level of PA in the blood rises, falling again to the initial level after 60 minutes. In the case of the alloxandiabetic animal the elimination of PA administered in equal doses is markedly retarded. If animals are used that suffer from a progredient alloxan diabetes leading to death in coma, an increased endogenous hyperpyruviæmia can be demonstrated. Insulin plays no part in the regulation of PA metabolism; through the application of aneurin, however, one succeeds in enabling the organism to make use of PA. A separate report will deal with the complex relations holding in endogenous hyperpyruviæmia in coma.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 36-37 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 34-35 
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    Notes: Summary N-dimethylamino-2-propyl-1-phenothiazine (3277 R.P.) has been shown to possess an antihistamine and anti-anaphylactic activity that is unequaled up to now. Hypodermic preventive injections regularly protect the rabbit against acute pulmonary œdema provoked by epinephrine. An intravenous injection of this substance made 3 to 4 minutes after an intravenous injection of epinephrine, that is at the time an acute pulmonary œdema seems to begin, is able to prevent fatal consequences. The hypertensive action of adrenaline, and the resulting dilatation of the heart is not prevented by the phenothiazine derivative. The antihistamine substance seems to exercise an effect on capillary permeability when preventing acute pulmonary œdema.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 37-38 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 147-149 
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    Notes: Summary (1) A specific response of pea roots in sterile culture to gammexane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) has been observed; theα-isomer is inactive. Slow concentrations (10γ/ml) of gammexane inhibit the growth-rate of pea roots in a fairly high degree. 1γ/ml does not influence the growth. (2) i-inositol—even in high concentration (60γ i-inositol to 6γ gammexane) does not show any antigammexane activity. Corresponding to the results obtained bySchopfer, Posternak and Miss Boss we could not find any direct correspondence between gammexane and i-inositol as it has been postulated bySlade. Any conclusions about spacial configuration of gammexane based upon biological investigations would be premature.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 153-154 
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    Notes: Summary In the rat splenectomy has no influence on the level of hæmoglobin and of cytochrome c. The participation of the spleen in the metabolism of hæm pigments is either negligible or can be compensated for by extra-splenic activities.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 156-158 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verfasser studieren an Quetschpräparaten die Kernstruktur in Benzopyrensarkomen der Ratte. Mit der Feulgenreaktion werden die Entwicklungsvorgänge der Geschwulstzellen analysiert und die Hauptphasen beschrieben, die durch die Ruhekernanalyse erkannt werden können. Die Kernphänomene in Benzopyrensarkomen entsprechen weitgehend denjenigen, die in spontanen Karzinomen des Menschen beobachtet werden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 162-164 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 164-164 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 72-73 
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    Notes: Summary Some anthocyanins and flavonols have been found to have no bacteriostatic effect on pathogenic micro-organisms.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 75-75 
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    Notes: Summary Blood deprived of the plasma and blood cells cholinesterases by DFP was transfused into a normal dog after total bleeding. The experiments showed that although the blood cholinesterases were at a very low level in the transfused animals, no so-called “cholinergic reactions” could be observed. However, the blood cholinesterases regenerate very fast from the tissue cholinesterases.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 394-395 
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    Notes: Summary All sensory endings of the trigeminal nerve in the dura mater of the rat are formed by a small swelling, from which continues themetaterminal apparatus, fine filaments at the limit of visibility. Periodically the fine granules at the extremity of the filaments swell, whereas the fibrils themselves disappear, leaving a small, round, argentophil mass. Later the filaments reappear, then redeposit their debris, which persists for a time. Thus the metaterminal apparatus manifests cyclic variations, which recall the transitory existence of collaterals observed duringin vivo orin vitro development of nerve fibres.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 398-399 
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    Notes: Résumé Une nouvelle enzyme a été découverte dans le foie, le rein et les érythrocytes. Cette enzyme catalyse l'hydrolyse du cyanate en NH3 et CO2. Le substrat de cette enzyme est le plus simple des composés azotés organiques connus aujourd'hui qui soit hydrolysé par une enzyme thermolabile.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 400-402 
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    Notes: Summary Intravenous or subcutaneous administration of pyribenzamine and other antihistaminics is able to decrease, and to delay the appearance of chemosis produced by mustard oils in the eye of the rabbit. Simultaneously occurring vascular reactions, on the other hand, are but slightly affected by antihistaminics. Intravenous or subcutaneous administration of rutin has no clear-cut effect on chemosis; it is however able to inhibit the vascular reaction.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 198-199 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zu einer kürzlich erschienenen Arbeit vonFöldi und Mitarbeitern wird folgendes festgestellt: Ihre «aglykosurische Blutzuckerkonzentration» (Ag=die höchste Blutzuckerkonzentration, bei der eben noch kein Zucker im Harn erscheint), ist bei ein und derselben Person eine vom momentanen Blutzuckerwert unabhängige Größe, obwohl in der Formel fürAg die Blutzuckerkonzentration (Pg) vorkommt. Die Formel fürAg ist nur fürPg〉Ag definiert. Wenn manAg bei verschiedenen Personen bestimmt und die Ergebnisse in ein Koordinatensystem (AbszissePg, OrdinateAg) einträgt, dann fallen die Punkte, die einer normalen Nierentätigkeit entsprechen, in einen mit der Abszisse parallelen Streifen. Dieser liegt im Bereiche der physiologischen Werte der Nierenzuckerschwelle. Punkte unterhalb dieses Streifens deuten auf eine vergrößerte, Punkte oberhalb des Streifens auf eine verminderte «Zuckerdurchlässigkeit» der Nieren hin. Mit den vorliegenden kritischen Bemerkungen soll nicht bestritten werden, daß es — wie dasFöldi und Mitarbeiter betont haben — klinisch bedeutsam ist, die durch Nierenfaktoren komplizierten Diabetesfälle zu erkennen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 204-204 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 219-220 
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    Notes: Summary Hydrolysis of carbon tetrachloride in aqueous solutions by X-rays is changed quantitatively and qualitatively when alcohol is added to the solutions. This change is conform with a new theory of the actions of radiations published recently by one of the authors.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 213-218 
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    Notes: Résumé Les muscles lisses des Vertébrés appartiennent à deux catégories: ceux des viscères, lesquels ont une fonction automatique, et ceux qui comme les muscles des vaisseaux sanguins sont innervés par les nerfs moteurs. Les propriétés physiologiques des muscles lisses viscéraux sont très semblables à celles du muscle cardiaque ainsi que l'a montré l'étude de la conduction, du potentiel d'action et des effets du courant électrique. Les particularités des muscles lisses viscéraux tiennent en grande partie à la lenteur de leur réaction et aux fluctuations que présente leur excitabilité. Cette dernière est influencée par des facteurs tels que des hormones, des excitations transmises par les nerfs extrinsèques et, dans le cas de l'intestin, par le système nerveux intrinsèque. Les contractions spontanées débutent par une activité locale qui augmente lentement et se manifeste par un changement du potentiel et un accroissement du «tonus». Le tonus se produit dans les muscles lisses par diverses modifications de l'état physiologique. Rien ne prouve qu'il soit provoqué par un mécanisme essentiellement différent de celui des contractions rapides.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 154-155 
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    Notes: Summary In dogs anæsthetized with morphine-chloralosane, the cerebral ventricles are perfused with artificial solutions. After having been warmed up to body temperature, these solutions are allowed to flow into a lateral ventricle by a needle inserted laterally through the skull, the outflow taking place through a second needle placed suboccipitally in the cisterna. An excess of potassium in the cerebral ventricles increases the vasomotor tonus and the vasomotor responses produced by faradization of the central end of the vagus in the neck and by changing the pressure in the isolated carotid sinuses. An excess of calcium depresses the tonus of the vasomotor center and its reflex responses. An excess of calcium may be neutralized by an excess of potassium. Perfusion with a solution containing no calcium increases the tonus and the responses of the vasomotor center, while the absence of potassium does not seem to have any influence on the vasomotor system. A solution without potassium and calcium produces an increase of the tonus and the responses of the vasomotor center, these effects being due to the absence of calcium.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 155-156 
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    Notes: Summary (1) In the isolated mammalian heart (rabbit, cat, dog) electrically induced ventricular fibrillation is stopped in practically 100% of the cases by adenosin-triphosphoric acid (ATP) in doses of 0.25–20 mg, and the normal rhythm of the heart is permanently restored (as far as the experiment extends). (2) This effect of ATP follows from a primary blocking, which leads to a complete cessation of the activity of the ventricles with diastolic dilatation of the heart. (3) In as much as adenyl acid from yeast and adenosin (in large doses) also stop ventricular fibrillation, the energetic effect of ATP seems to be of no importance in stopping it; it is a specific effect of the adenyl compounds on the bundle ofHis.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 161-161 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 164-164 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 192-193 
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    Notes: Summary It has been found by polarographic analysis in neutral or acid solution that chalcones show two reduction potentials, while flavanones show only one. It was possible to determine 2'-hydroxy-chalcone beside flavanone with a polarograph. The formation rate of a chalcone from an aldehyde and a ketone could be followed polarographically.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 449-449 
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    Notes: Summary A method for obtaining true replica at ordinary temperatures and without pressure is described, using laminated celluloid wetted by acetone. This process, followed by a silica film deposition, can also be used for electron microscopy.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 476-477 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Zugkraft nasser Flachsfasern nach Behandlung mit verschiedenen Chemikalien geprüft. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Mittellamelle der Flachsfaser verschiedene miteinander verbundene Systeme enthält, nämlich Pektin, Lignin und eine im Oxalat unlös iche alkaliempfindliche Komponente.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 278-279 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Nierenrindenischämie (hervorgerufen nachTrueta und Mitarbeitern durch Faradisation des Nierenhilus) wurde die Nierenfunktion geprüft. Die Glomerulusfiltration, die effektive Blutdurchströmung und die maximale PAH-Ausscheidung, sanken bedeutend ab. Auch die maximale Zuckerresorption wurde erheblich reduziert, aber erheblich weniger als die „Clearance“ die Zuckerresorption im juxtamedullären Tubulus scheint demnach zu steigen. Die PAH-Konzentration des Blutes in der Vena renalis stieg nach der Faradisation sehr stark an; die Extraktion war also herabgesetzt.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 283-283 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 295-303 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 304-305 
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    Notes: Summary For a convex body in three dimensions letV be the volume,F the surface area, andM the total mean curvature. TheBrunn-Minkowski theory gives the following well-known result: Among all the convex bodies withV andF fixed the spherical cap-body gives the maximum ofM.—The question regarding the minimum ofM has not yet been solved for the general case.—The authors prove that the minimum ofM is given by the symmetrical spherical zone, if we restrict our investigation to bodies of revolution.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 229-231 
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    Notes: Summary Starving and thirsting rabbits were injected subcutaneously every three hours with two units of commercial posterior lobe extract (Glanduitrin Richter). The concentration of the urines, as measured by nitrogen and freezing-point determinations, declined sharply after an initial rise of three or four days duration. This hyposthenuria was accompanied by an azotaemia of 300–500 mg%. Such values are observed otherwise only in the last stages of kidney insufficiency. The concentrating power of the kidneys of control animals deprived of food and water was not impaired, the rise of N.P.N. unimportant. The origin of this “posterior lobe uraemia” is discussed. Hyposthenuria and not oliguria was found to be the important feature of the condition.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 317-318 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 315-317 
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    Notes: Summary The distribution of alkaline phosphatases has been studied in male and female gonads of some isopod crustaceans by means of Gomori's reaction. Monophosphatases are found on all Feulgen-positive nuclear structures, in the nucleolus and in the cytoplasm of young oocytes. They disappear from the cytoplasm in auxocytosis, during yolk formation, although they persist in the germinal vesicle. The authors think that the cytoplasmic localization is coincident with ribonucleic acid distribution. From the experiments related in the following note, nucleolar phosphatases appear to be in some way different from the nuclear (sensu stricto) and cytoplasmic phosphatases. Diphosphatases do not follow so closely the nucleic acid localization. They are absent from cytoplasm; in the nucleolus they are not distributed uniformly but show characteristic structure; in the nucleus they are not localized in the chromosomes but homogeneously diffused.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 325-348 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 351-351 
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    Notes: Summary A procedure for rapid investigations of water is described. After measurement of thep H and determination of the alcalinity the cations are exchanged for H-ions in a bed of a synthetic resin exchanger. These are determined by titration with NaOH. Further data may be calculated approximately.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 353-355 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kortikalschicht der Seeigeloozyten ist isotrop. Eine kortikale positive Doppelbrechung wird erst während der Reifung sichtbar. Am Anfang ist sie ganz schwach; der normale Zustand ist nach der zweiten Reifungsteilung erreicht. Die kortikale Doppelbrechung erscheint aber auch in den Oozyten durch Plasmolyse.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 356-357 
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    Notes: Summary Description of a new method for extraction and measurement of radio-bromine in biological material. This method was especially adapted for the study of triphenylethylene bromine, synthetic estrogen. It seems to be utilizable in many other problems.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 367-368 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 109-110 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verfasser beweisen, daß Röntgenstrahlen eine wässerige, nicht aber eine alkoholische Methylenblaulösung reduzieren. Das spricht für die Theorie der indirekten Wirkung der ionisierenden Strahlung. Als ionische Ausbeute dieser Versuche wurde etwa 0,2 gefunden. Verschiedene Substanzen (und zwar gesättigte und ungesättigte Verbindungen) schützen in verschiedenem Ausmaß das Methylenblau vor der Wirkung des aktivierten Wassers.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 112-113 
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    Notes: Riassunto Le soluzioni di euglobulina b, estratte da uova non fecondate di axolotl, e quelle di una frazione, che si può estrarre con identico procedimento dal tuorlo dell'uovo di pollo, non contengono quantità apprezzabili di impurità di origine nucleare. Esse presentano aumento di viscosità ad opera di Li, diminuzione ad opera di SCN', se questi ioni vengono impiegati nelle concentrazioni attive nel produrre modificazioni dello sviluppo embrionale. Viene pertanto confermata la nostra interpretazione sul ruolo dell'euglobulina b nello sviluppo embrionale.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 152-153 
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    Notes: Summary A.T.P. has no influence upon the solubility of the myosins, but it hastens the dissociation of the myosin complexes inside of the myofibrils. The decrease in solubility of the myosins in stimulated muscles cannot be explained by a lack of A.T.P., for the addition of A.T.P. (0.3%) to the extract does not change the amount of myosin which goes into solution.
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    Notes: Summary New experimental results concerning the toxicity of hexachlorocyclohexane show that theγ-isomer injected intravenously into dogs produces severe convulsions, but that theα-,β-, andδ-isomer do not have the same effect. The action of theγ-isomer seems to involve the activity of cholinesterase. Similar results were obtained with dibenzylmethylamine, which also provokes hypermotor activity. Dibenzylmethylamine is a powerful inhibitor of pseudocholinesterase activityin vitro, which is not the case with theγ-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 358-358 
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    Notes: Summary Traces of nor-adrenaline restore the vascular action of adrenaline altered in epinephrectomized dogs to the reaction of the normal animal. Therefore it is claimed that the adrenals discharge one or several substances into the blood stream, which are necessary for the usual peripheral vascular action of adrenaline. Further investigations are in progress.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 158-159 
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    Notes: Summary Tests with experimental tuberculosis in mice infected with the pathogenic human strain H37 Rv gave the following results: (1) The confirmation of a noticeable therapeutical effect of PAS (para-aminosalicylic acid), which does not equal, however, that of streptomycin. (2) PAS when applied simultaneously with streptomycin clearly strengthens the therapeutical effect. (3) For the first time a new parenterally applied sulfon derivate,sulfon-N-acetate, showed a certain therapeutical effect, whereas up till now there was no effect to be seen either in experiments with animals or clinically through the parenteral application of promin-sugarderivates. (4) The combination of the streptomycin treatment with this new sulfon derivate produced no stronger inhibition of tuberculosis than with streptomycin alone, but for the further clarification of this problem the results of more experiments, being performed at this moment, have to be awaited.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 165-169 
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    Notes: Summary Since the first world war the reliability of weather forecasts based on synoptic maps has been greatly enhanced, owing on the one hand to the extraordinarily increased number of wireless weather reports, on the other hand to new scientific insight into weather developments gained up to now. Of especial importance were the data from high levels of the free atmosphere obtained by radio sounding, by which the construction of weather maps with contours was made possible. Scientific research after the first world war was based on the polar front theory ofBjerknes and his followers and was greatly furthered in the course of time especially by the understanding of the great importance of the occurrences in the stratosphere for weather development.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 176-191 
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    Notes: Summary The author reviews a series of biological aspects of the study of oxygenable hematinoproteids, particularly with respect to evolution and adaptation. After a statement of some fundamental concepts of comparative biochemistry and of possible evolutionary relations between oxidation catalysts and oxygen carriers, the natural distribution of hemoglobins is reviewed and their specific characters are enumerated. A review is made of the data relating to the shape of the oxygen-dissociation curves and to the affinity of hæmoglobin for oxygen. It appears, generally speaking, that hyperbolic or almost hyperbolic curves and high affinity for oxygen are characteristic of primitive or embryonic hæmoglobins. A study of the function of hæmoglobin in the respiratory cycle of several animal species shows the vital importance of the oxygen carrier as well as the adaptation of the shape and position of the dissociation curve to the character of the respiratory function in the animal considered. The function of hæmoglobin in invertebrates, as oxygen carrier as well as providing a store of oxygen, is emphasized by a review of experimental data. The function of oxygen in the transport of carbon dioxide is reviewed from the standpoint of comparative biochemistry, and the lack of our knowledge is deplored. The characteristics of chlorocruorin show it to be a chemical mutation of an Annelid hæmoglobin. Our lack of knowledge in the field of the comparative biochemistry of hæmoglobin and chlorocruorin metabolism is pointed out.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 196-197 
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    Notes: Summary Significant evidence has been given that morphine increases the expiratory vagal reflexes by blocking the respiratory system in the pons, which normally inhibits these reflexes.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 240-240 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 251-255 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird versucht, die Krebssterblichkeit in verschiedenen Orten und Ländern mit der dort vorhandenen Intensität der kosmischen Strahlen in Verbindung zu bringen. Gewisse klinische Faktoren beeinflussen allem Anschein nach die offensichtliche Abhängigkeit der Krebssterblichkeit von der geographischen Breite und damit von der Stärke der kosmischen Strahlen. Im Hinblick auf neuere experimentelle Ergebnisse (Erzeugung von kosmischen Strahlenschauern unter Blei und Krebserkrankungen) wird auf den Zusammenhang zwischen Krebssterblichkeit und «percent urbanity» hingewiesen. Die Häufigkeit bestimmter Krebsarten ist indessen, das muß betont werden, von der geographischen Breite vollkommen unabhängig. Bei der Auswertung des angeführten Materials ist einige Vorsicht notwendig; definitive Schlußfolgerungen sind noch nicht möglich. Es werden Vorschläge zum Ausbau dieser Forschungen gemacht.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 270-271 
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    Notes: Résumé En appliquant du caoutchouc (ou bien un autre polymère) sur le papier filtre, la méthode chromatographique à partition peut être considérablement amplifiée dę manière à rendre possible la séparation des substances non solubles dans l'eau. Le caoutchouc représente donc la phase stationnaire, le dissolvant organique, la phase mobile. Il est fait mention de quelques applications de cette méthode pour séparer les différents esters éthyliques des acides gras.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 283-284 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 307-308 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für das Adrenochrom wird, gestützt auf die physikalischen Eigenschaften und das Verhalten bei der Reduktion, eine Zwitterionenstruktur vorgeschlagen. Zwei Reduktionsprodukte, und zwar 5,6-dihydroxy-N-methylindol und 2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-N-methyldihydroindol, konnten isoliert und charakterisiert werden. Die erwartete Reduktionsstufe,Leuko-Adrenochrom, konntenicht erhalten werden. Es wird ein Reduktionsmechanismus in Vorschlag gebracht, bei dem als Zwischenstufe ein Semichinon beteiligt ist. Dieser Zwischenkörper dürfte bei biologischen Oxydationen, die das Adrenochrom betreffen, eine Rolle spielen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 309-311 
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    Notes: Summary Grafting has been performed on very young gastrulæ ofTriton alpestris to test the potencies of areas of the dorsal marginal zone. A special device has been used to obtain accurate data concerning the presumptive fate of the implant. The results fall into the following categories: (1) depression of the potential with various modalities of assimilation; (2) unchanged potential with the classical results of an “organizer” implantation; (3) elevation of the morphogenetic potential; in certain cases, the higher level of organization attained by the grafted material is caused by an influence of the primary host's system, while in others it is definitely bound to an intrinsic process; chordo-somatic material from the marginal zone is capable of inducing a brain from the ventral ectoblast of the host; this result, contradicting the “head organizer theory”, is explained in terms of dominance and physiological competition; (4) direct transformation of marginal material into neural structures; this peculiar fate results from the lack of any activity on the part of the implant. The significance of the last result is especially emphasized.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 314-315 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of an aqueous solution (6 · 10−3 M) of mustard oil on phosphatases was tested in cymotoid oocytes by treatment either of fixed and sectioned ovaries or of fresh gonads. Nuclear and cytoplasmic mono- and diphosphatases are destroyed; nucleolar phosphatases on the contrary are unaltered or only slightly damaged. The authors put forward the hypothesis that nucleolar phosphatases have a different kind of enzymatic active groups which might have a low competition factor in regard to mustard oil. Possibly the caryoclasic action of this substance is due, at least in part, to the destruction of alkaline phosphatases which are necessary to mitotic processes.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 321-323 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 319-321 
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    Notes: Summary The röntgenokymographical measurement of the speed of flow of the blood is based on the observation that, with the Stumpf kymograph, progressive movements taking place longitudinally can be recorded with the same ease as periodically recurrent, sinusoid movements. From the time during which the kymograph operates, which can be read off the time relay, and a few measurable stretches of the kymogram defined in detail in the text, the speed of propagation of a directed process of movement can be calculated. If a drop of iodized oil traverses the vessel at the same speed as the blood, the speed of flow of the blood can be ascertained. In numerous tests on models not only was the practicability of the method as such proved, but more specialized conditions of flow in tubes of irregular lumen or having aneurysmal sacculations were examined. In this connection vortical formations are very clearly shown. The particular merit of this new röntgenokymographical method (flow kymography) is seen to reside in the fact that the cycle of speeds can be followed along a considerable length of vessel, and also that circumscribed alterations in speed within the part-sections examined can be anatomically localized. Experiments in the use of the method on human subjects are in preparation.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 359-360 
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