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  • Articles  (9,828)
  • 2005-2009  (1,768)
  • 1980-1984  (7,445)
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  • Sociology  (9,828)
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  • Articles  (9,828)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ICT adoption by SMEs: implications for relationships and management (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: A conceptual model of the changes in small and medium enterprise interfaces and relationships consequent on their adoption of information and communication technologies is developed and explored in this paper. Emphasis is placed on the implications for management, employees and working practices. Empirical evidence from two organisations is provided to illustrate the model and corroborate this new perspective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00154.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Invisible work, invisible skills: interactive customer service as articulation work (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The concept of emotional labour provides an incomplete account of interactive service work, underplaying its invisible cognitive and non-routine elements. In interactive work, from customer service jobs in the fast food industry to ‘knowledge work’ and at those levels in between on which we focus here, many jobs involve ‘articulation work’—the often unacknowledged management of awkward intersections among the social worlds of people, technology and organisations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00151.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The character of telework and the characteristics of teleworkers (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    New technology, work and employment 20 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: A flexible definition of teleworking suggests that it is more widespread than is generally believed. However, is telework technologically driven? This is tested with data from six countries. As the categories of the definition have distinctive social characteristics, telework seems to reflect traditional occupational practices rather than a major technological shift.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00142.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social informatics and the political economy of communications (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 21-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - There is a need to understand both theoretically and empirically the dominant guiding principles that are becoming embedded in people's technologically mediated interactions and what the alternatives may be. Aims to provide an evaluation of the work of Rob Kling in helping to find guidance on these issues. Design/methodology/approach - The paper combines narrative with argument and analysis. Findings - How people communicate in different organisational contexts is informed by the way meanings are created (in this study, contractual understandings to supply material goods) and how various processes can be made to work in both offline and online environments. The results of this study illustrate one of Rob Kling's dictums: the social context of information and communication technologies (ICT) development matters. Originality/value - Provides a contribution to the literature on Kling's work on social informatics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510584603
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiview as social informatics in action: past, present and future (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 26-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - This paper is intended to pay tribute to the inspiration provided by Rob Kling by showing how his ideas about social informatics in general and the use of web models in particular, have helped us to formulate and develop our own work in the field of information systems development methods. Design/methodology/approach - A conceptual discussion and approach are taken. Findings - Illustrates how Kling's advocacy of the need for a more holistic form of explanation of the behaviour of what he (and Walt Scacchi) termed "computer resources" gave shape to ideas emerging from others' action research studies at that time, and how his attempts to set the agenda for the emerging field of Social Informatics have informed subsequent developments in work in the area of methodological inquiry. Originality/value - Provides an evaluation of Kling's pioneering and inspirational work on information and communication technologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510585918
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interpreting e-government and development: Efficiency, transparency or governance at a distance? (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 260-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - The paper aims to show, through the case of Jordan, how e-government is difficult to implement, given the characteristics of the local administration, the socio-economic context and the dynamics of the technological infrastructure. It also aims to ascertain more generally whether the marketisation of the state, embedded in e-government, makes sense as the paramount approach to improve democracy and foster development. Design/methodology/approach - Describes how the Kingdom of Jordan, as a case study of an innovative and extensive application of e-government ideas and models, provides a paradigmatic example of how ICTs are being introduced in economically less developed countries and identifies the risks of failure in implementation. Based on the empirical evidence provided by the case, examines the more general implications of e-government and new public management in the transformation of the relationship between the state and citizen. Findings - The transformation of citizens into customers is problematic, and the correlation between good governance and minimal state with development can hardly be demonstrated historically. Originality/value - The paper puts forward a new interpretation centred on the newly established link between aid and security. In this light, e-government appears to be one of the new tools for the rich metropolitan states to govern "at a distance" (through sophisticated methodologies and technologies) the potentially dangerous, weak, borderland states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510615879
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early determinants of women in the IT workforce: a model of girls' career choices (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 230-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To develop a testable model for girls' career choices in technology fields based on past research and hypotheses about the future of the information technology (IT) workforce. Design/methodology/approach - Review and assimilation of literature from education, psychology, sociology, computer science, IT, and business in a model that identifies factors that can potentially influence a girl's choice towards or against IT careers. The factors are categorized into social factors (family, peers, and media), structural factors (computer use, teacher/counselor influence, same sex versus coeducational schools), and individual differences. The impact of culture on these various factors is also explored. Findings - The model indicates that parents, particularly fathers, are the key influencers of girls' choice of IT careers. Teachers and counselors provide little or no career direction. Hypotheses propose that early access to computers may reduce intimidation with technology and that same-sex education may serve to reduce career bias against IT. Research limitations/implications - While the model is multidisciplinary, much of research from which it draws is five to eight years old. Patterns of career choices, availability of technology, increased independence of women and girls, offshore/nearshore outsourcings of IT jobs are just some of the factors that may be insufficiently addressed in this study. Practical implications - A "Recommendations" section provides some practical steps to increase the involvement of girls in IT-related careers and activities at an early age. The article identifies cultural research as a limitation and ways to address this. Originality/value - The paper is an assimilation of literature from diverse fields and provides a testable model for research on gender and IT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510615860
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the adaptation of Grounded Theory procedures: insights from the evolution of the 2G (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 196-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To articulate the interpretations and adaptations of Grounded Theory made within the 2G method, and the motivations behind them. Design/methodology/approach - Literature review and conceptual approach reflecting on the authors' experience of having developed the 2G method. Findings - Identifies six adaptations of Grounded Theory as being of particular interest. Five relate to method procedures, namely: developing a core category; coding interview data; exposing evolving theories to stakeholders; developing multiple concept frameworks; and inter-linking concepts. The sixth relates to expectations on method users, and the tension between expertise relating to the phenomenon being analysed, and openness in interpreting the data. Research limitations/implications - Shows how Grounded Theory procedures have been adapted and used in IS methods. Specifically, the paper illustrates and makes explicit how a specific method (the 2G method) has evolved. Practical implications - Provides insights for users of Grounded Theory (GT) and developers of IS methods on how GT procedures have been interpreted and adapted in previous and the authors' own research. Originality/value - Provides insights into how Grounded Theory (GT) procedures have been adapted for use in other IS methods, with insights from the authors' own experience of having developed the 2G method. Reflects on the use of GT procedures in a number of case studies related to tool evaluation. Identifies six areas in which specific interpretations or adaptations of GT were considered necessary in the contexts in which the studies were undertaken, and justifies these six departures from standard interpretations of GT procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510615842
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From government to e-government: a transition model (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 280-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To develop a model that can explain the "government to e-government" transition process. Design/methodology/approach - Reviews the literature on and practice of e-government, as well as the related literature of strategic alignment and maturity models for technology adoption. Offers evidence for the model's validity through case-type material from the web sites of e-governments worldwide. Findings - Six transition paths can be identified, four of which are more likely to result in effective e-government transition. Research limitations/implications - Further work is needed to test the validity of the model. This could involve historical and longitudinal studies of the government to e-government transition process in different governments around the world. Practical implications - The transition model should be of value to e-government strategic planners who are seeking possible transition paths towards the effective development of e-government. Originality/value - The paper tackles the little investigated topic of the transition process through which governments must go as they shift from traditional government to e-government.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510615888
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Making sense of e-commerce as social action (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 311-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To provide a social-theoretic framework which explains how e-commerce affects social conditions, such as availability of information and equality of access to information, influences actors' behavior, shapes e-commerce business models, and in turn impacts industry structure. Design/methodology/approach - Empirical investigation based on one-hour interviews with owners/managers of nine vehicle dealerships and six vehicle buyers in a large US metropolitan region. The hermeneutic method of understanding was used, involving a circular process from research design and attentiveness to data, to data collection and interpretation. This circular process exemplified the dialectic relationship between the theoretical framework (derived from Habermas's Theory of Communicative Action) and empirical data, through which interpretation and theoretical explanations grounded in the data emerged. Findings - Demonstrates that e-commerce gives rise to increasing competition among the dealers, decreasing prices and migration of competition to price, decreasing profitability of the average dealer, and erosion of traditional sources of competitive advantage. Moreover, e-commerce emancipates and empowers vehicle purchasers while reducing the power of automobile dealers. Research limitations/implications - The research findings focus on the effects of e-commerce on the automobile distribution industry. However, one could argue that a number of the findings extend to other retailing-based industries. Practical implications - The paper illustrates a research methodology that may be useful to study other e-commerce applications. Originality/value - This paper illustrates the application of Habermas's Theory of Communicative Action to studying the effect of e-commerce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510633301
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gender issues in policing: do they matter? (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 133-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This study aims to examine gender issues in a sample of male and female police officers in Norway. Design/methodology/approach - Three gender issues were considered: perceptions of equal opportunity, possible reasons for differences in male and female career opportunities, and experiences of sexual harassment. Data were collected from 766 police officers in Norway using anonymous questionnaires, a 62 percent response rate. Findings - Female officers indicated significantly lower levels of equal opportunity perceptions, more reasons for career opportunity differences (particularly discrimination), and more sexual harassment than did male officers. Female officers reporting lower levels of equal opportunity perceptions were less job-satisfied, more cynical, rated their quality of leadership lower and indicated more health complaints. Female officers experiencing more sexual harassment also indicated less job satisfaction. Finally, female officers offering more reasons for career differences (particularly discrimination) reported less job satisfaction, and lower professional efficacy. Research limitations/implications - Future research needs to examine gender issues in policing in greater depth using qualitative methodology. Data collected used self-reports ,raising the possibility of response set tendencies. Results may not generalize to other countries or other professions. Practical implications - Suggestions for addressing gender issues in organizations are offered. Originality/value - Provides current information on consequences of gender issues in policing in a cross-cultural context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510584463
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Female managers in Japan: early indications of career progression (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 191-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Aims to determine the self-perceptions of Japanese female white-collar employees regarding defined aspects of their work environment. Design/methodology/approach - The sample consisted of Japanese workers employed in Japanese and foreign (US and European) financial services companies. The self-perceptions were tested and compared: directly with the self-perceptions of male counterparts, and within an exclusively female sample divided into two subsets of Japanese and foreign companies operating in Japan. Findings - Results show that despite recent employment system changes, clearly segregated gender roles persist in the Japanese workplace with female employees reporting significantly lower self-evaluations of their training-received, future prospects and understanding of operations than their male counterparts. However, when female results are subdivided by national origin of their company, Japanese women employed in foreign companies show significantly higher self-evaluations of training-received, future prospects than their female counterparts employed in Japanese companies. Research limitations/implications - To eliminate cross-industry interference and erroneous differences the research focuses exclusively on the financial securities industry. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized to other companies operating in other industries in Japan. Practical implications - The results suggest that foreign companies are providing a higher degree of gender empowerment and offer important early insights into the hiring, training and creation of a new cadre of female white-collar workers in Japan. Originality/value - The study extends research into understanding issues surrounding female white-collar workers in a period of great change in Japanese companies and society itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510591861
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Work/life balance: senior management champions or laggards? (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 262-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper seeks to examine the experience of, and attitudes towards, work/life balance (WLB) by female and male senior managers in a major Irish organisation for which WLB is now a strategic corporate objective. Design/methodology/approach - Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using an electronic questionnaire survey designed to obtain the views of female and male managers on strategies that would contribute to a better gender balance, promote diversity and raise leadership capacity in the organisation. Work/life balance emerged as a major issue in impeding the career progression of female managers. All female managers and a sample of male managers were surveyed. This paper concentrates on the responses of the two senior management grades below Executive Director on the issue and strategies to promote work/life balance. Additional qualitative data were drawn from interviews (with eight women and five men) and three focus group sessions with all male, all female and mixed gender groups. Findings - The greatest obstacle to achieving WLB is seen as the "long hours" culture in which availing oneself of flexible options (e.g. working from home/reduced hours/flexitime) is incompatible with holding a senior management post. Many of the senior men have followed the "breadwinner" model by being able to delegate family and caring activities to their wives. This option has not been possible for the majority of women in senior posts. Hence, men seek WLB to resolve commuting/working time issues. Women want to avail themselves of more flexible arrangements for family/quality of life reasons. Both men and women in senior management recognise that their own careers would be seriously jeopardised by taking up WLB arrangements. Originality/value - In the absence of role models willing to display any contrary behaviour there is a pragmatic need to align corporate policy and practice with prevailing and future family structures and demonstrate, by senior management example, how WLB can work and provide assistance for managers/staff who seek to avail themselves of it. WLB policies are not enough in themselves to ensure take-up and acceptance. It will require trust, courage and a range of interventions to champion WLB, not just at management level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510599089
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gendered management in Hungary: perceptions and explanations (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 345-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To display both the statistical data and the subjective evaluation on the situation of women in management in Hungary. Design/methodology/approach - In the last ten years research activity on gender and work countries have concentrated on the investigation of the sociological issue of the extent to which equal opportunity programmes at the company level have been accomplished in Hungary. The investigations consist of two interrelated parts: questionnaires on women's situation in top management completed by HR departments, and in-depth interviews with employees. This paper brings together these studies and reports on women's management position at senior levels in Hungarian organisations. Findings - The results show that, although women's share in the elite pool of economic life increased, women are badly represented in higher managerial positions. Neither employers nor employees find this situation problematic, and continuously emphasised the liberal meaning of equality. There were various ideas about the explanation for the poor representation of women in the company boards, but none of them stressed the organisation as the hindrance of women's advancement. Research limitations/implications - It is not based on a representative sample. Originality/value - There have been minimal investigations on gender issues at companies in Hungary. These results display not only companies' official opinion but also the employees' perceptions on gender inequality. The paper contributes to the neglected area of gender and management research with the Hungarian and Eastern European context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510609186
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The woman question? Gender and management in the Russian Federation (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 429-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The aim of this paper will be to examine the social and economic changes that have shaped women's work identity in the USSR and Russian Federation. Based on interview research with 30 female professionals in St Petersburg, Russia, we unravel the complexities of the "woman question" in soviet discourse and explore the individual subjectivities of managing gender and managing transition. Design/methodology/approach - The paper adopts a life-history qualitative research approach. We examine how transition from a Marxist system to a free market economy has impacted employment experiences of women. Findings - It is shown that women have traditionally progressed in managerial and professional fields in Soviet society but that this advancement is being reversed during transition stages. Emphasising the socio-political legacies of the Soviet gender order, we highlight how dominant gender roles are being reinforced along essentialist lines. The results highlight how women's work identity is being reconstructed along stereotypically feminine lines. This feminisation of work identity however, focuses on the aesthetic qualities of being a professional woman rather than on personal managerial qualities. We argue that the construction and reconstruction of a feminine professional self is an important aspect of managing gender and transition. The results also highlight an increase in discriminatory practices in HR systems and that women face both cultural and organisational barriers to their career advancement. Originality/value - The paper argues that socialist ideology did not solve the woman question, but rather produced different forms of gendered inequalities. It suggests that equal opportunities will only be achieved when organisations comply with employment legislation. The research provides important insights into the gendered management processes within transitional contexts, which have previously remained uncharted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510616818
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Women, work, and Islam in Arab societies (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 498-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper attempts to present varying discourses pertaining to women's work and how it is impacted by interpretations of Islam. Design/methodology/approach - Current discourses from various viewpoints are presented including Muslim scholars on the one hand and active feminists on the other. Personalities are presented as being representative of the debate that has been going on pertaining to women in Arab societies. Findings - Attempts that aim at categorizing Arab thought and activism into two camps, one is religious-based adverse to women's causes, and the other being secular and supportive of their causes does not present a candid depiction of the different forces. Research limitations/implications - Personalities chosen represent specific case studies that, although thought to be representative, cannot realistically reflect all the multitudes of views expressed pertaining to the issues discussed. Future studies may cover other relevant personalities in the region. Practical implications - Developing the status of women in Arab societies requires a major reassessment of Muslim history and traditions. The dialogue and debates going on among religious scholars and feminists should be continuously communicated, discussed and exposed. Readers and mangers would benefit from understanding the complexity of issues and diversity of views presented. Originality/value - This paper offers a window into the world of women's work and participation in Arab societies and how such participation is impacted by Islam, or its interpretations thereof. In addition to the English sources, this paper offers an opportunity for the reader to get a glimpse of the debate that has been going on in Arabic (especially when it comes to the little known religious discourse).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510624738
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Female entrepreneurs' personal characteristics and motivation: a review of the Greek situation (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 24-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The aim of this paper is to investigate the issue of women entrepreneurs in Greece by looking into personal characteristics and motivation of female Greek entrepreneurs in order to assist Greek policy makers in their future attempts to devise programs to support them in the start-up phase. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is a review of the entrepreneurial environment and female entrepreneurship in Greece, approached first through an analysis of the existing bibliography and then through the presentation and analysis of data exploring personal characteristics and motivation, drawn mainly from three similarly designed surveys (two of which were designed and carried out by the authors), covering the period 1990-2000. Findings - It is important that women entrepreneurs are not treated as a monolithic category: rather, policies and programs to support them should begin with a diagnosis of their personal characteristics and motives aimed at strengthening pull motives that comprise a base for more viable and innovative entrepreneurial activity. Originality/value - The paper's originality lies in its review of the Greek situation, adding more evidence of the characteristics of women entrepreneurs in a different setting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510579559
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What is wrong with current approaches to management development in relation to women in management roles? (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 107-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To challenge gender neutrality within management theories and to show how such theories influence the practice of management development to the detriment of women managers. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is based on a feminist questioning of changes in management theory over the past several decades and the impact this has on management development practice in relation to women. Findings - The notion of a feminine ethos being carried to practicing managers through characteristics culturally associated with females should be helpful to women. However, the basis for formal, mixed group situations as a means of enabling women to develop as managers is debatable. A continuing reliance on questionnaires that fail to quantify the extent to which the constructs reflect a gender sensitivity and the failure to recognise such situations as reflecting relations between women and men in the wider social context serve to reinforce women in a subordinate role to men, deferring to and privileging men's knowledge. Originality/value - The value lies in how the paper shows the barriers facing women as they develop as managers in contexts that are still masculine despite claims of a feminisation of management. It is also valuable in the way it suggests a different way of working with women on their development as managers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510584445
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perceptions of and about women as managers: investigating job involvement, self-esteem and attitudes (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 149-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To investigate specific barriers that might be hindering Maltese women from achieving a managerial position. Design/methodology/approach - This study is based on research by Cromie. Barriers are classified into two main categories; internal and external barriers. Job-involvement and work-based self-esteem are considered to be internal barriers, whereas attitudes towards women in management are considered to be external barriers. The total population was 200, consisting of male and female middle managers, female and male employees and B. Commerce students. Findings - Results indicate no differences between job involvement and work-based self-esteem of male and female managers. On the other hand, both male employees and students seem to hold more stereotypical attitudes towards women in management than their female counterparts. Research limitations/implications - One of the basic limitations of this study was the sample size since small samples make it difficult to generalize. Further research may focus on two main areas. First, it would be useful to have qualitative research on the work experiences of female managers to further investigate the various factors that have helped and hindered women thorough their career advancement. Secondly, research on corporate climate can be helpful in identifying organizational practices that might be blocking female career prospects. Finally, a study considering how attitudes can be reshaped through the educational system and through the use of the media can also help to reduce gender stereotypes. Practical implications - This study indicates that women often have to face several attitudinal barriers, which in turn may explain the lack of female participation in managerial occupations. A change in organizational policies can help women to overcome these barriers. Originality/value - This paper confirms that, as in several countries, Maltese women are facing several barriers, which are hindering their career prospects. It also highlights the important role of organizations in reducing workplace barriers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510591834
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    Introduction to the special issue: Genres of digital documents (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 76-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To introduce the special issue on "Genres of digital documents." While there are many definitions of genre, most include consideration of the intended communicative purpose, form and sometimes expected content of a document. Most also include the notion of social acceptance, that a document is of a particular genre to the extent that it is recognized as such within a given discourse community. Design/methodology/approach - The article reviews the notion of document genre and its applicability to studies of digital documents and introduces the four articles in the special issue. Findings - Genre can be studied based on intrinsic genre attributes or on the extrinsic function that genre fulfills in human activities. Studies on intrinsic attributes include classifications of genres as clusters of attributes, though these classifications can be problematic because documents can be used in flexible ways. Also, new information technologies have enabled the appearance of novel genres. Studies on extrinsic function include ways to use genre for education or information accesses, as well as the use of genre as a lens for understanding communications in organizations. The four articles in the special issue illustrate these approaches. Originality/value - The paper provides a framework that organizes the range of research about genres of digital documents that should be helpful to those reading this research or planning their own studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510601487
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    Temporal coordination through communication: using genres in a virtual start-up organization (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 89-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To explain how genres structure temporal coordination in virtual teams over time. Design/methodology/approach - The first year e-mail archive of a small distributed software development start-up was coded and analyzed and these primary data were complemented with interviews of the key participants and examination of notes from the weekly phone meetings. Findings - In this paper, it is found that members of a small start-up organization temporally coordinated their dispersed activities through everyday communicative practices, thus accomplishing both the distributed development of a software system and the creation of a robust virtual team. In particular, the LC members used three specific genres - status reports, bug/error notifications, and update notifications - and one genre system - phone meeting management - to coordinate their distributed software development over time. Research limitations/implications - The study confirms the various suggestions from prior virtual team research that structuring communication and work process is an important mechanism for the temporal coordination of dispersed activities. In particular, an attempt has been made to show that the notions of genre and genre system are particularly useful to make sense of and analyze how such structuring actually occurs over time. Originality/value - In this paper, the research focus is shifted from how a given set of temporal coordination mechanisms affect team performance to how coordination mechanisms emerge, are stabilized, and adapted over time. It is also shown how the notion of genre may be used to shed light on the practices through which temporal coordination is accomplished in geographically distributed teams.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510601496
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    Exploring sociotechnical interaction with Rob Kling: five "big" ideas (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 50-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To provide a view of Rob Kling's contribution to socio-technical studies of work. Design/methodology/approach - The five "big ideas" discussed are signature themes in Kling's own work in the informatics domain, and of his intellectual legacy. Findings - This paper conveys something of Kling's presence in social informatics (SI) thinking by focusing on a number of "big" ideas - "multiple points of view", "social choices", "the production lattice" (and its corollary, the problematization of the user), "socio-technical interaction networks", and "institutional truth regimes". Research limitations/implications - A growing research community has demonstrated the power of SI techniques. It is essential that this body of work is sustained and developed, demonstrating how to undertake investigation and observation, that is not driven by instrumentalism but is informed by and leads to "technological realism". Practical implications - The SI corpus, exposing the dangers of naïve instrumentalism as an approach to information systems design and management, can guide practitioners on how to unpack the history of what is in view. This may be a specific technology, a social formation, or a sociotechnical circumstance. Practitioners may draw on the concepts presented, not as a prescriptive toolkit, but rather as a sensitizing frame to assist those who wish to re-vision the workplace. Originality/value - Central to the successful utilisation of computers in work, we argue, is the continuing development of a portfolio of interpretive concepts (such as STINs, regimes of truth, production lattices) that can consolidate Rob Kling's "big" ideas that are the core of this paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510584621
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    Digital genres: a challenge to traditional genre theory (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 120-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to account for the genre characteristics of non-linear, multi-modal, web-mediated documents. It involves a two-dimensional view on genres that allows one to account for the fact that digital genres act not only as text but also as medium. Design/methodology/approach - The theoretical framework of the article is the Swalesian genre theory used in academic settings all over the world to investigate the relationship between discourse and social practice and to teach genre conventions to students of language and communication. Up till now most genre research has focused on the characteristics of "printed" texts, whereas less has been done to apply the genre theory to digital genres. Findings - The article discusses the characteristics of digital genres, notably the media constraints that have a significant effect on the production and reception of digital genres and suggests an extension of the Swalesian genre model that takes the digital characteristics into account. Research limitations/implications - The suggestion for a revised genre model is not based on an extensive empirical study of various types of web sites. The observation is restricted to a limited number of commercial web sites. Originality/value - The article proposes new insights into the concept of genre adapting traditional models of genre theory to web-mediated texts. A revised two-dimensional genre model incorporating media elements into the concept of genre thus takes account of the particular characteristics of the navigation and reading elements of web-mediated genres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510601504
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    Weblogs as a bridging genre (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 142-171 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - Aims to describe systematically the characteristics of weblogs (blogs) - frequently modified web pages in which dated entries are listed in reverse chronological sequence and which are the latest genre of internet communication to attain widespread popularity. Design/methodology/approach - This paper presents the results of a quantitative content analysis of 203 randomly selected blogs, comparing the empirically observable features of the corpus with popular claims about the nature of blogs, and finding them to differ in a number of respects. Findings - Notably, blog authors, journalists and scholars alike exaggerate the extent to which blogs are interlinked, interactive, and oriented towards external events, and underestimate the importance of blogs as individualistic, intimate forms of self-expression. Originality/value - Based on the profile generated by the empirical analysis, considers the likely antecedents of the blog genre, situates it with respect to the dominant forms of digital communication on the internet today, and suggests possible developments of the use of blogs over time in response to changes in user behavior, technology, and the broader ecology of internet genres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510601513
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    Online newspapers in Scandinavia: A longitudinal study of genre change and interdependency (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 172-192 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To examine the evolution of the online newspaper genre in Scandinavia. To provide an understanding of the institutional context in which online newspapers initially were produced and modified over time. Design/methodology/approach - A longitudinal study of three different types of newspapers in three Scandinavian countries. The study is based on interviews with newspaper representatives conducted during recurring visits in 1996, 1999 and 2002, and web page analysis of their online newspapers. Findings - The study illustrates how online newspapers have established a number of communicative practices significant for recognizing them as a distinct digital genre, and it outlines a set of institutional factors shaping the ongoing change of these newspapers. In addition, the study demonstrates the emergence of sequential interdependencies between online and printed news. Originality/value - The focus on Scandinavian newspapers in this paper complements studies conducted in other parts of the world regarding online newspaper genre evolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510601522
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    The social shaping of electronic metals exchanges: an institutional theory perspective (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 212-229 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this article is to examine the structures and business models of electronic metals exchanges between 1995 and 2003. Design/methodology/approach - A dialectical institutional analysis is applied to understand the exchanges' responses to competing pressures for efficiency and legitimacy. Findings - Although efficiency is enabled by internet technologies that provide greater information transparency and access, public metals exchanges exhibited less ability to survive than private exchanges. It is argued that private exchanges survived because traders regarded them as more legitimate. Private exchange models allowed existing traditional relationships involving trust and privacy to continue, whereas public exchanges did not. Originality/value - The institutional analysis complements economic analyses of the role and structure of intermediaries in B2B electronic commerce.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510615851
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    Emphasizing technology: socio-technical implications (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 343-358 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - This article aims to focus attention on users of information technology (IT), especially mobile telephony. It focuses on what people actually say about mobile technology but also aims to pay attention to what they do not talk about, what is found in the silence, especially with new technology when much can be taken for granted. This latter is, according to Foucault, even more important to understand. Design/methodology/approach - The research draws on empirical research through 11 semi-structured interviews and interviews with five focus groups, comprising between four and eight care assistants in each group. The interviews were with three women and three men between 25-70 years old, five female public sector middle managers and care assistants from five focus groups at social services departments in the north of Sweden. A Foucauldian approach is adopted to interpret the findings and explore how their locations within the circuits of socio-technical networks engender uncertainty with mobile technology. The present spread of IT reinforces a belief that people are integrated into the circuits of socio-technical networks. Findings - The findings suggest, on the one hand, that new technologies like mobile communication can be used to organise our everyday lives, whilst, on the other, there are risks with the new technologies, which can discipline discourses. Originality/value - These issues are discussed from a sociological and informatics perspective.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510633310
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    Improving software organizations: agility challenges and implications (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 359-382 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - The paper seeks to explore the impact of events in Software Process Improvement (SPI) environments based on a longitudinal study of a requirements management initiative at Ericsson. Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents the initiative from three perspectives - the improvement initiative, the targeted software practices, and the environment. Findings - SPI initiatives easily get interrupted, are side-tracked, and progress slowly due to changing environments. While most practitioners are painfully aware of this, the SPI literature has so far only touched on the issue. Agility principles would have helped Ericsson respond more effectively to events that impacted the initiative. Development of agile SPI practices requires coordination and alignment with other initiatives to develop agile software organizations. Originality/value - SPI has been adopted by many organizations to help them to deliver quality software. However, its success is a matter of debate and this paper deals with the issues involved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510633329
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    Backlash in the workplace (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 165-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This exploratory study examined backlash in the workplace. Backlash was operationalized by employee views on how much their employer had done to support the advancement of four designated groups (women, disabled, aboriginal people, racial/visible minorities): too much, about right, too little. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from 2,514 employees of a single financial services organization (1,962 women, 480 men) using anonymous questionnaires. Findings - The majority of the sample thought their employer had done about the right amount. Women thought the firm had done less for women than men did; men thought the firm had done less for aboriginals than women did. Males more strongly endorsing backlash had longer company tenure and tended to be at lower organizational levels. Women and men endorsing backlash were then compared on a variety of work and organizational outcomes. Men believing the firm had done too much, and women believing the firm had done too little generally indicated less satisfying work and organizational outcomes. Research limitations/implications - Study needs to be replicated in other organizations using a different measure of backlash. Practical implications - Suggestions for dealing with backlash are offered. Originality/value - Examines a relatively important but under-researched subject.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510591843
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    Caught between difference and similarity: the case of women academics (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 234-248 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper aims to examine how women perceive the assumption that they are receiving different and unequal treatment in appraisal in two British universities. The research literature has argued that men and women appear to have learned that women are different and not equal in organizations. The theorists have debated the issues of difference or sameness and equality at some length but as yet empirical investigation has not looked at what women themselves have learned and how they may, or may not, see themselves as different and not equal. Design/methodology/approach - In-depth interviews from two universities were used. Findings - The findings show that, while the women do not necessarily see themselves as being seen to be different, men see them as having different and inferior qualities. Women are seen as "other" when measured against the standards and norms set by men. Originality/value - Linkages are made to the work of de Beauvoir, Foucault and Irigaray.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510599061
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    Job satisfaction: empirical evidence of gender differences (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 279-288 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Human resources management directed at improving job satisfaction has become a subject of growing interest in both the professional world and the academic world, and is justified by the impact that satisfaction has on business performance. The main objective of this work is to determine empirically the factors that have an impact on the satisfaction of Spanish workers, as well as to compare the existence of differences in the key dimensions of satisfaction according to workers' gender. Design/methodology/approach - Of the study sample, only information pertaining to Spain was selected. Of 413 specific cases, 668 per cent were male and 33.2 per cent female. A factor analysis was conducted on those variables which could impact on an individual's job satisfaction. These aspects were considered through an 11-item questionnaire. Findings - The results obtained in this research show that the job satisfaction of Spanish workers is an element that is susceptible to improvement. Moreover, it is observed that the level of job satisfaction is determined by four factors: "economic aspects", "interpersonal relations", "working conditions", and "personal fulfilment". A subsequent analysis according to workers' gender shows that although men and women take into account the same dimensions, the degree to which each dimension has an impact is different for each sub-sample. Research limitations/implications - The sample used refers to a Spanish case. In the future it would be interesting to extend this and include other countries. Practical implications - The main results of this study are a knowledge of the variables that affect the level of employee satisfaction, which should be useful to the management of companies, and those that should be considered in order to take better advantage of the competitive opportunities that can provide a company with motivated to committed staff. Originality/value - This study analyzes factors that determine job satisfaction according to the worker's gender.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510599098
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    Gendered dilemmas of the work-life balance in Hungary (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 361-375 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The aim of this paper is to examine the gendered nature of work-life policies in and the work-life conflicts of managers in a multinational corporation in Hungary. Design/methodology/approach - The research is based on 30 qualitative interviews with male and female managers at junior, middle and senior management levels located in Unilevers Eastern European headquarters in Budapest. Findings - The results show that while legislative measures for family-leave related policies are being encouraged in the EU, this is not the case with employer organizations in transition states, yet this is an important aspect of gender and employment policy as accession states begin to redesign their programmes to fall in line with EU guidelines. The research reveals that attempts to introduce family-friendly policies still create gendered effects and gendered dilemmas for individual managers. The results reveal that men and women have different perceptions of work-life balance and adopt different coping strategies to manage work and family commitments. Overall it is found that work-life balance is constructed as an individual, rather than a corporate responsibility and this also creates gendered inequalities. Research limitations/implications - The study focuses on one organisation in a transition context and so results cannot be generalised. Originality/value - The paper aims to contribute to the limited knowledge that currently exists on work-life initiatives in a transition context and attempts to clarify how gender equality measures can be understood and further developed within the Hungarian context.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510609195
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    Constraints facing working women in Lebanon: an insider view (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 581-594 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The ascendancy of women to top management positions is a perennial problem plaguing organizations worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to present some insights relating to this pervasive phenomenon from a Middle Eastern context by exploring the constraints reported by Lebanese women managers throughout their careers. Design/methodology/approach - Literature review and qualitative research methodology consisting of interviews with 62 Lebanese women managers in different fields of occupation. Findings - The findings suggest that the constraints reported by Lebanese women managers are similar to those reported worldwide. The main differences revolve around the strongly felt salience of cultural values and expectations constraining women to traditional roles and a more accentuated sense of patriarchy. Originality/value - The value added of this research is to present an insider view and fresh perspective into career constraints facing women from a non-traditional context, namely Lebanon. In view of the Western-centric nature of academic publication on the topic, there is a real need and added value in empirical research stemming from an Arab-Middle Eastern context.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510635213
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    Gender differences and job satisfaction: a study of university teachers in the United States (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 177-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of gender on the job satisfaction of US academics. Design/methodology/approach - The population for this study consisted of full-time college and university teachers listed in the "Brain Track University Index Directories of the United States Colleges and Universities". A sampling technique was used to select the respondents surveyed for this study. A total of 1,100 questionnaires were administered to respondents chosen from 80 universities. A total of 560 usable questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 51 percent. Findings - The findings of this research show that there are gender differences apparent in the job satisfaction levels of university teachers surveyed for this study. Female faculty were more satisfied with their work and co-workers, whereas, their male colleagues were more satisfied with their pay, promotions, supervision, and overall job satisfaction. Results also indicated that ranks were significant in explaining gender differences and job satisfaction of the respondents. Research limitations/implications - This research is delimited to 4 year colleges and universities. Thus, the results of this study cannot be generalized to 2 year and community colleges. Practical implications - Findings of the study provides institutional leaders, university and college administrators, and human resources professionals with key information that would enable them to recruit, reward, promote, and retain women faculty. The finding would also enable the government address the issues concerning female academics. Originality/value - This paper offers practical recommendations to higher education administrators and human resources professionals on how to enhance job satisfaction of female faculty. It also offers suggestions to how to maintain more balanced gender equity in higher education.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510591852
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    Modifying best practices in women's advancement for the Latin American context (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 249-261 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To stimulate research on Latin American businesswomen's career development and help human resource practitioners design culturally-adapted advancement programs. Design/methodology/approach - A total of 27 interviews with human resources professional from US Fortune 500 companies with business in Latin America undertaken during 2001-2003 are the basis for reporting on women's advancement programs in Latin America. A survey of literature on culture in Latin American work organizations provides basis for suggestions about cultural adaptation of these programs. Latin American businesswomen's perceptions of their own career development, recorded in interviews with over 100 businesswomen in six Latin American countries in 2002 by participants in the Women Business Leaders in Latin America project, corroborate these suggestions. Findings - Women's initiatives imported from the USA to Latin America are likely to suffer several shortcomings unless modified to accommodate several common cultural attributes of Latin American work organizations. Practical implications - Provides a guideline for developing gender diversity practices specifically suited to the Latin American context. Originality/value - Major cross-national projects on women, culture and leadership in business to date tend to neglect the Latin American region. This research begins to highlight and remedy that lacuna.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510599070
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    East German women in management (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 329-344 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To address the research gap on East German women managers and to examine some of the experiences of post-socialist East German women who entered management positions during 1990s. The discussion focuses on the nature of women's commitment to career and organisation. Design/methodology/approach - The study presented adopts a methodology based on a qualitative approach, the grounded theory approach as developed by Glaser. One-to-one, semi-structured interviews were carried out in 2000 with 24 East German women managers and five human resource managers in eight companies located in Eastern Germany, headquartered in Western Germany. Findings - The case of post-socialist East German women managers shows that gender can in fact become secondary criterion in employing women managers. It was revealed that opportunities for advancement were greater for East German female managers than West German managers due to the existence of childcare and women's programmes. The support structures, however, are currently being dismantled and women's growth and development in management levels is uncertain. The data show that women managers have coped with transition very effectively and are highly committed to their organisation and their career. However, their high commitment needs to be understood in relative terms as it is strongly context-related. Research limitations/implications - Considering the qualitative nature of this study research results should not be generalised, rather they serve as a base for future research. Practical implications - Particularly, the identification of personnel strategies employed towards post-socialist women managers and an insight into East German women's commitment could benefit HR practitioners. Originality/value - This paper contributes to the limited literature on women in management Hungary as well as literature on women in post-socialism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510609177
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    The emerging identity of women managers in post-Soviet Belarus (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 412-428 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The paper critically reviews women managers' experiences of managing transition in post-Soviet Belarus. The main aim of the paper is to explore the emerging learning experiences and learning practices of women managers in Belarus who are working in small and medium-size business enterprises. Design/methodology/approach - The paper commences with an exploration of the country context. It then seeks to draw attention to ongoing economic, political and cultural transformations within Belarus with a view to highlighting ways in which these transformations have impacted on the professional identities of women in Belarus in the post-Soviet era. Interviews with 16 female managers were constructed to investigate specific issues such as how women managers in Belarus learn to be managers, how they perceive their own positions within organisations, the ways in which women managers use learning strategies as sense-making mechanisms, and the career-related obstacles faced by women managers in Belarus. Findings - The findings indicate that women managers have adopted a variety of learning strategies to adjust to the changing nature of Belarusian business culture. These strategies involve drawing on multiple notions of a feminine work identity, which both resists and reaffirms traditional gender roles. The findings highlight women have learn to cope with a fragmented learning organisational context that is devoid of established networking and mentoring systems that are accessible normally to women managers. As such, the interview data indicate that women are developing and adopting individualised learning strategies and mechanisms to enable them to survive and succeed within business organisations. Research limitations/implications - This research describes experiences of middle-aged, urban, educated women employed in small and medium business enterprises without taking into account generational, ethnic and other differences. Originality/value - Although this paper was written from the experiences of women in Belarus, it will be of interest to women experiencing career-related obstacles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510616809
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    "My father knows the minister": A comparative study of Arab women's attitudes towards leadership authority (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 478-497 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to fill a gap in the literature on Arab women's conceptions of leadership. By comparing women's leadership authority values in three Arab countries, the paper aims to refine existing gender-neutral research on leadership in the "Arab world". Design/methodology/approach - The study involved administering a survey, which had been developed based on Weber's work on authority (1978) and contemporary discussions of implicit leadership theories (ILT). The data (n=320) were drawn from female subjects who were enrolled in upper-division business major classes in three countries, Oman, Lebanon and the UAE The women thus constituted educated entrants to their respective labor markets. The data were subjected to an analysis of group means on each of the questions, using the Scheffe option available in ANOVA. Findings - The analysis found evidence of common leadership authority values in the Gulf countries (Oman and the UAE). Lebanon, meanwhile, was distinguished by relatively low levels of "traditional" authority, and very high levels of "charismatic" authority. The findings demonstrate important regional similarities and difference in leadership authority values in the "Arab world." Research limitations/implications - The study is limited by the number of countries studied. It is thus anticipated that future comparative research will be extended to include other countries (both Arab and non-Arab), and men. Practical implications - Leadership training in the Arab region must be sensitized and tailored to address regional and gender-specific conceptions of leadership. Originality/value - The paper challenges and refines widespread meta-notions and analyses of the "Arab world" and "Arab leadership."
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510624729
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    Diversity reporting: how European business is reporting on diversity and equal opportunities (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 72-77 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Reviews and reflects on how well European businesses are doing with regard to diversity, specifically with regard to reporting on diversity. Design/methodology/approach - Reviews diversity and diversity reporting in several large European companies. Findings - Diversity reporting is still in its infancy. The growing public pressure for diversity reporting seems likely to continue, though at present there are few mandatory requirements. Pressure from shareholders, fund managers or pressure groups may help. Another less expected pressure point may come from a younger generation of workers who have higher expectations than their predecessors. The biggest change will occur when companies seize the business case for diversity. Originality/value - Provides a snapshot of current diversity reporting in European companies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510579586
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    Professional women's mid-career satisfaction: an empirical exploration of female engineers (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 4-23 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The dynamics of professional women's mid-career satisfaction are important to understand, given the vast knowledge, experience and skills typically accrued by mid-career that are often difficult to replace. Design/methodology/approach - This study empirically examines Auster's multilevel framework of factors affecting the mid-career satisfaction of professional women using a sample of 125 professional women engineers. Findings - Results of logistic regressions reveal that individual, career, job, stress and organizational factors all impact the mid-career satisfaction of professional women, but that stress and job factors are the most powerful determinants for this sample of women. Research limitations/implications - While this study offers many insights and possible directions for future research on women at mid-career, there are a number of limitations. Future research could broaden the macro and micro factors explored, as well as compare these results with those of women in other fields and industries, women at other career stages, and women across other geographic regions. Practical implications - Organizations should strive to be more transparent about advancement options and opportunities, provide interesting and challenging work and more flexibility in work schedules (emphasize output, not face time), and offer support for key drivers of stress. Originality/value - This is the first fairly large-scale empirical study of macro and micro factors affecting women's mid-career satisfaction. This article should be of interest to managers concerned with retention of high-performing employees, HR practitioners, and academics specializing in careers, women's issues, and human resource management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510579540
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    Are female supervisors good for employee job experiences, health, and wellbeing? (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 86-95 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Aims to investigate managers' reports of their job experiences, wellbeing, and health outcomes as a function of whether they had either a male or a female supervisor. Design/methodology/approach - Self-report survey data were collected from male (n =328) and female (n =222) managers; these managers, in turn, had either a male or a female supervisor. Findings - Consistent with the hypothesis, two (gender of participant) by two (gender of supervisor) analyses of covariance revealed that all managers with female supervisors reported significantly higher levels of mastery and social support at work, and lower levels of work to family conflict and depression. Women with female supervisors also reported significantly higher levels of job autonomy and work absences than did women with male supervisors or men with either male or female supervisors. In an effort to explain these outcomes, the mediational role of work-based social support was explored as well as the gender ratio of the subordinate's work environment. Findings suggest that, for both men and women, there are some modest benefits associated with having a female supervisor and with working in a more female-dominated environment. Originality/value - The study is one of the few to focus on possible work-related outcomes associated with the gender of the supervisor and the first to examine if there are any associated health and well-being effects for their subordinates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510584427
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    Estonia in transition: exploring the impact of change on women managers (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 446-460 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The main aim of this paper is to explore the general impact of post-Soviet transition on the experiences of women managers in Estonia. Using survey data the paper reviews women's responses to organisation change in a transition context. The paper focuses specifically on economic and social changes that are occurring in Estonia following its reassertion of independence from the Soviet Union. Design/methodology/approach - A contextual background to transition is provided and the recent history of Estonia is charted in relation to the demise of the Soviet Union and events in the recent post-Soviet era. The paper discusses the issue of whether women have, in general terms, benefited from Estonia's move away from the Soviet Union and into the independent European State of Estonia. Estonia's membership of the European Union is highlighted as a key factor that is likely to influence the experiences of women managers in the future. The results of a comparative survey (n=682) into the attitudes of Estonian women managers towards various change management issues at the organisation level are presented. Findings - The results of the study suggest that many women face cultural barriers to advancement in the workplace, and that women are seeking out opportunities in response to economic and social change. Recent legislation changes suggest however, that Estonia's institutional framework will assist women's career development and position in the economic sphere. Research implications - There is a need for more focused gender-based management research relating to Estonia. Such research could, in part, be based on information gathered from the further development of formal gender-specific employment monitoring practices at both organisational and governmental levels in Estonia. Originality/value - Because there is a dearth of gender-focused research across Central and Eastern Europe, this paper provides valuable insights into the effects of independence on the experiences of women in Estonia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510616827
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    Exploring gender differences in leaders' occupational self-efficacy (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 513-523 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This study focuses on gender differences in the relationship between transformational leadership and leader's occupational self-efficacy. The aim is to explain how female and male leaders develop their self-efficacy. This knowledge is important for leaders as well as organizations (e.g. human resources departments). Design/methodology/approach - A total of 58 leaders were asked to indicate their transformational leadership as well as their occupational self-efficacy, and 113 followers to indicate these leaders' transformational leadership. Hypotheses were examined using regression analyses. Findings - We found no significant relationship between self-rated transformational leadership and occupational self-efficacy for women, although we did find a positive relationship for men. No interaction effect with respect to leaders' occupational self-efficacy could be found between leaders' gender and follower-rated transformational leadership. Research limitations/implications - Whereas the relationship between transformational leadership and occupational self-efficacy was examined for men and women, we could not examine the processes that lead to the differences. Practical implications - Knowing that female and male leaders differ in the relationship between transformational leadership and occupational self-efficacy can help organizations to seek ways to build up their occupational self-efficacy. This is especially important when considering that occupational self-efficacy is related to performance in organizations. Originality/value - The paper employs both leader and follower evaluations on leaders' transformational leadership to explore the relationship between transformational leadership and occupational self-efficacy. The paper sheds light on the different processes involved in establishing occupational self-efficacy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510624747
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    Social innovators or lagging behind: factors that influence managers' time use (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 544-561 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The broad aim of this paper is to investigate whether managers in Australia allocate their time differently than other occupational groups, and the impact gender and life situation (using marital status and presence or absence of dependent children as a proxy) has on time allocation. Design/methodology/approach - To address these broad aims, data are drawn from the 1997 Australian Time Use Survey. This is a nationally representative survey that examines how people in different circumstances allocate time to different activities. Findings - The results of this study highlight three important issues. The first is that male and female managers display different patterns of time use. Male managers' time is dominated by paid employment activities, whereas female managers' time is spent predominantly on employment and domestic activities. The second is that life situation impacts on the time use of female managers, but not male managers. The third important find of this study is that managers' time use is different to other occupational groups. Practical implications - These findings have policy implications relating to work-life balance, career progression and changes in patterns of work. In terms of work-life issues, it reveals that male and female managers face a "time squeeze", with some evidence of a "second-shift" for female managers. In addition, the findings provide insight into the work-life issues faced by male and female managers. Originality/value - The results of this inquiry provide insight into how different individuals spend their time - insight into "lifestyles". However, in-depth qualitative studies are required to reveal why individuals allocate their time in this way and to understand the opportunities and constraints individuals face in time allocation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510635196
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    An alternative view through the glass ceiling: Using capabilities theory to reflect on the career journey of senior women (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 595-609 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To introduce the reader to a new way of understanding how the glass ceiling, the informal mechanisms and structures that slow or prevent women's advancement, may be configured, using capabilities theory. Design/methodology/approach - Capabilities theory is used as an analytical lens to evaluate the nature of interaction between the senior women's "internal capabilities" (their readiness to act), and the external "work environment" (work and non-work factors) that in combination with internal capabilities, constitute combined capabilities. In particular, we reflect on how the character of combined capabilities might effect senior women's perception of ambition and risk and the choices that are made during the "career journey". Findings - From a capabilities perspective, it can be argued that the remit of HRM policy makers regarding the careers of women attempting to break through the glass ceiling needs to be broadened, particularly by those organisations not only wishing to enhance their corporate social responsibility with regards to existing and potential employees but also those wishing to deepen their understanding of workplace inequality. Originality/value - This paper adds to our understanding of women's career journeys, and is likely to be of interest also to those researching the in areas of workplace equality and diversity and HRM policy and practice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510635222
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    Equal opportunity and affirmative action for South African women: a benefit or barrier? (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 56-71 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The paper aims to examine whether the South African government and its corporate organizations have been successful in employing women as professional equals by utilizing them fully in senior and top management positions after equal opportunity and affirmative action legislation was introduced by the democratic government. Design/methodology/approach - A descriptive and theoretical paper, and thus secondary data from previous studies are used as comparative analysis for discussions and examinations. Findings - Reaching top level positions is still uncommon for South Africa's women, as its corporate environment is not yet ready to accept women as professional equals, resulting in government legislation and policies working against women's growth and advancement instead of working in their favour. Suggestions are made for future studies to investigate what makes women worldwide flourish in government and public sector jobs, but fail in private and corporate sectors. Practical implications - Recommends implications for South Africa's corporate organizations to become more women-sensitive and friendly by empowering women as a group regardless of their race and colour for government policy and legislation to be successful. This area is unexplored, thus making it a new topic. Originality/value - This paper may be of value to those professional women who are oblivious to barriers affecting their advancement and to corporate organizations puzzled by the imperceptible upward mobility of women in top management positions despite the implementation of equal opportunity and affirmative action legislation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510579577
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    Gender and race differences in leader behaviour preferences in South Africa (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 562-580 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This research was undertaken to investigate the differences in preferred managerial leadership behaviour among genders and racial groups in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from part time MBA students in South Africa, and subjects' preferences for explicit leader behaviour was assessed by the Leader Behaviour Description Questionnaire XII, with samples of Asian[1], black, coloured[2], and White South Africans further categorized by gender. Findings - Coloured sample subjects were most dissimilar from the other samples as to preferred leader behaviours. The most similar grouping was black males with white males and females. Research limitations/implications - Different results were obtained than predicted by past studies comparing only black and white subjects. Studies comparing only those two racial groups could yield misleading interpretations of the actual managerial leader race and gender dynamics in South Africa. Owing to the small samples obtained for coloureds and Asian women, a follow-up study is underway to increase these sample sizes. Practical implications - Implications of this study for practice are that programmes of managerial leadership development and practice need to consider that the race and gender dynamics in South Africa extend beyond the majority blacks and whites, and need to be more inclusive of all groups. Originality/value - The results tend to contradict the interpretations of past studies of management and leadership that have indicated significant differences between the behaviours of blacks and whites in the business environment. These two groups were found to be most similar in preferences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510635204
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    Value conflicts in enterprise systems (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 33-49 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To identify, classify, and propose a preliminary theory of the value conflicts and social choices that arise in enterprise system use. Design/methodology/approach - Ethnographic case study of a medium-sized manufacturing firm, using a participant-observer approach. Findings - Three areas of value conflict are identified between functional areas: conflicts over work priorities, conflicts over dependency on the commitments of others, and conflicts over evaluation fairness. When participants perceived that the value conflicts were accommodated in a balanced and legitimate way, they chose to use information resources within the enterprise system. When the conflicts were perceived as too great, participants chose to ignore the enterprise system, or develop their own competing information resources. Research limitations/implications - This paper reports on theory building from one intensive case study. It implies, however, that previous attempts to account for the difficulty of enterprise resource planning (ERP) use have not focused enough on the social relationships between the functional areas that are tightly integrated through enterprise systems. Practical implications - The three value conflict questions (work priorities, dependency on commitments, and evaluation fairness) can be used to identify potential ERP problem areas, and to clarify the costs and benefits of different ERP choices for various functional areas. Originality/value - For information systems researchers and practitioners, this paper offers another means for identifying value conflicts and social choices in computerization, hopefully bringing us closer to Rob Kling's dream that computerization choices be made in a more socially benign way.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510584612
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    On extending social informatics from a rich legacy of networks and conceptual resources (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 9-20 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - To extend the work of Rob Kling, whose research interests, and advocacy were at the center of a movement in analytical inquiry and empirical research now known as "social informatics". Design/methodology/approach - Reviews the work of those who engage in social informatics research to strengthen and further the conceptual perspective, analytical approaches, and intellectual contributions of social informatics. Findings - The vibrant and growing international community of active social informatics scholars has assembled a social informatics resource kit that includes: perspective lenses through which research data can be viewed critically; techniques for building theory and developing models from socially rich empirical data; and a common body of knowledge regarding the uses and effects of ICTs. Originality/value - The paper identifies opportunities to engage new scholars in social informatics discussions, and suggests new venues for promoting and extending the work of scholars already enrolled in the social informatics movement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510584595
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    Diffusion - or delusion? Challenging an IS research tradition (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 18 (2005), S. 383-404 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Purpose - This paper seeks to critique the notion of diffusionism. Design/methodology/approach - The notion of diffusionism provides a general way of understanding innovation and human progress. It is pervasive within IS research and practice. Generically, diffusionism denotes an asymmetrical view of innovation as originating exclusively in "progressive" centres, from which it spreads through an essentially passive recipient community. This model is pernicious, as it privileges an élite few over the majority, with the innovator/imitator dichotomy presented as natural, moral and inevitable. This paper analyses the notion of diffusionism in information systems (IS). Findings - The failure to find any empirical support for diffusionism reveals both its mythical character and its ideological rationale in lending moral legitimacy to colonialistic projects. Empirical examples demonstrate both the ubiquity of the diffusionist mindset in IS research and practice, and its linkage to pseudo-colonial activities in the home domain. Originality/value - The paper concludes by arguing for a more critical approach within IS research on innovation, the use of richer, process-based theories, and greater partnership with practitioners in order to close the research/practice gap.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840510633851
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    Explanations for the provision-utilisation gap in work-life policy (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 37-55 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - Organisational work-life policies and programs allow employees to have greater control over how, when and where they work but these policies are often under-utilised, particularly by men and career-oriented employees. In what is largely an atheoretical area of literature, the paper aims to theoretically integrate the empirical literature related to the uptake of organisational work-life policies. Design/methodology/approach - The paper links three related areas of literature: the associations between work-life policies and individual/organisational outcomes; explanations for the low uptake of work-life policies in many organisations; and preliminary studies which have explored organisational culture and its relationship to work-life policies. These literatures are integrated to develop a five-dimensional construct, "organisational work-life culture", for testing in future research. Findings - It is suggested that the following five dimensions underlie this aspect of organisational life: lack of managerial support for work-life balance; perceptions of negative career consequences; organisational time expectations; the gendered nature of policy utilisation; and perceptions of unfairness by employees with limited non-work responsibilities. Practical implications - The development and validation of the organisational work-life culture construct requires further research and may result in specific organisational strategies and policies which address the barriers to work-life policy utilisation. Originality/value - Based on existing empirical evidence, the paper suggests an original theoretical proposition: that organisational work-life culture is underpinned by five dimensions and explains much of the provision-utilisation gap in work-life policy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510579568
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    YCC: a gendered carnival? Project work at Volvo Cars (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 96-106 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To discusss the first concept car development project in the automotive industry managed by female engineers and designers. Design/methodology/approach - An abiding concern in feminist discourses is to understand how and why women are excluded from certain positions and activities and how organizations become gendered. Drawing on the Russian literature theorist Mikhail Bakhtin, exceptional events such as concept car development projects in the automotive industry may be examined as a form of carnival wherein the predominant social order is overturned for a period of time and thereafter restored. Findings - Exploring the "all female" project at Volvo Cars as a carnival event captures the double nature of such "affirmative" activities; on the one hand, they are giving space to marginal groups, while, on the other hand, being events that differ from the everyday work life order, they therefore risk being marginal activities with limited sustaining impact. Originality/value - In theoretical terms, the paper has integrated feminist theory and Bakhtin's writing on the carnival as an institutionalized way to mediate conflict and discontent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510584436
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    High-flyer women academicians: factors contributing to success (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 117-132 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To investigate the career experiences of women professors in order to gain an in-depth understanding of factors contributing to their present status of profession. Design/methodology/approach - Data were generated from career history method on 31 women professors who have been identified as high-flyers. They were selected based on a criterion that they achieved professorship at the age of 48 years and below. Each respondent was interviewed on questions addressing topics across the entire life stages. Constant comparative analysis of data was conducted to generate themes. Findings - Reveals the factors associated with their fast performance in academia that were divided into two stages, i.e. career exploration, and career establishment and maintenance. Factors dictated at the career exploration stage are early exposure to learning, entrance to boarding schools, first degree experience and personal qualities, while factors that contribute during their establishment and maintenance stage are graduate study experience, career centrality, family support, uniqueness of academic role, health consciousness and sense of religiosity. Research limitations/implications - It involved women professors only in order to understand the complexities of women academicians and their careers. Practical implications - Provides evidence and information on the subjective interpretation of a career in academia, which should be taken into consideration in promotion and selection exercises, especially re women academicians. It also enhances women's understanding of their own careers and the interplay of other aspects of life as well as organizational environments in their careers. Originality/value - This paper offers practical information to inspired individuals, especially women academicians, in order to achieve professorship.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510584454
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    Gender differences in perceived leadership effectiveness in Hong Kong (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 216-233 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore empirically how female and male managers describe their perceived leadership qualities in an Asian context. Design/methodology/approach - A total of 171 middle managers in telecommunications and financial services in Hong Kong were surveyed. Three sets of survey data - leader attributes, societal culture, and organizational practices - were collected from independent samples of respondents. Findings - The results provide valuable insights into the function of leadership behavior in a Chinese community. Irrespective of the sex of the person making the direct report, perceived attributes in rating managers showed no substantial differences. Females projected a more favorable image of leaders than their male counterparts. Research limitations/implications - One limitation is that the gender of the leader respondent pairs is not known and no attempt was made to distinguish between the characteristics of male and female leaders, but only to reflect the perceptions of male and female direct reports. Practical implications - Despite the limitation of small sample size, the results from the present study will provide some significant implications for firms in recruiting managerial talent and achieving gender equality in employment. Originality/value - Regarding the responsibilities to enable women to be valued for leadership qualities, organizations could provide opportunities for women to contribute and excel in using their leadership potential in management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510599052
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    The Czech women in the labour market: a European comparison (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 312-328 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - The aim of the paper is to analyse the position of the Czech women in the labour market in a comparison to the EU-15 countries. The paper critically reviews three domains of female labour market participation: general characteristics of the female employment, work-life balance indicators, and disadvantages of the female labour force related to motherhood. Design/methodology/approach - The data draw on harmonized data from international/supranational institutions (EUROSTAT, OECD, ILO) in order to compile comparative statistics on gender and labour market characteristics. A cluster analysis is performed in order to group countries with similar gender and labour market characteristics together. Findings - The results identify three clusters with respect to the position of women in the labour market: southern model, Scandinavian model, and mixed model. The southern model includes Spain, Italy and Greece. These countries are characterised by women's low participation in the labour market, shorter working careers and a low incidence of part-time working. The Scandinavian model (Denmark, Sweden, Finland) represents countries, which have high levels of female labour market participation, and a work culture that fosters high numbers of part-time and flexible work systems. The mixed model (UK, France, Germany) falls in between these two extremes and includes the Czechoslovakia. The mixed model has relatively high female employment rates both full- and part-time but tends to have less support structures for combining work-life balance. Originality/value - The data provide an insight into the gendered labour market systems in the Czech Republic and highlight how state and private employer organisations can develop gender sensitive policies to assist women's career and professional development. It is suggested that the Czech Republic needs to develop policies that will foster part-time and flexible working arrangements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510609168
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    Gender, work, and equal opportunities in central and eastern Europe (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 397-411 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - This paper examines gender, work and equal opportunities in central and eastern Europe (CEE) countries. The worker-mother contract in socialist systems is discussed and reveals how transition from a communist economic system to a market economy has eroded women's equality within the workplace claimed with the Communist and economic social legacy. The aim is to explore the opportunities and constraints on women's professional career advancement in post-socialist societies. Design/methodology/approach - The paper consolidates research on gender and work within CEE countries and draws on international datasets including, the Gender Development Index and Gender Empowerment Index. Findings - The results show that women's high representation in management and professional occupations, once the hallmark of socialist employment structures, is now being threatened by the erosion of state childcare services and the increasing level of discriminatory practices in recruitment, selection and development. It is suggested that the formal state structures have acted to foster neo-traditionalism and a traditional gender identity. Economic and political transition is argued to be a process of remasculinisation, which reaffirms gendered hierarchies and gendered power relations in public and private realms. Originality/value - The paper contributes to the limited subject of equal opportunities and gender issues within an organisation context within CEE regions. The paper examines gender-mainstreaming methodologies and considers implications for the development of equal opportunity and diversity management policies at state and organization level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510616791
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    Does a decade make a difference? A second look at western women working in Japan (2005)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Women in management review 20 (2005), S. 464-477 
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    ISSN: 0964-9425
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Purpose - To assess changes over the past decade in the self-reported levels of adjustment, job performance, and professional acceptance of western women professionals working in Japan. Design/methodology/approach - Napier and Taylor's benchmark 1995 study of western women working in Japan is replicated ten years later on a similar sample group of women in Japan. Questionnaire responses to questions about cultural adjustment, job performance, and professional acceptance are compared for the original and new samples. Findings - Despite increased westernization of business practices in Japan and a greater representation of Japanese women in management positions, no statistically significant change is found in the scores for the three measures examined over the ten year period. The incidence of formal training, preparation, and support provided by employers was higher for the more recent sample. Research limitations/implications - The sample size is relatively small and represents only women in the Tokyo area, which may limit the study's generalizability to women in less metropolitan areas of Japan. Practical implications - Both for those women professionals who live and work in Japan and for HRM professionals responsible for expatriation and adjustment issues involving those women, provides evidence that adjustment challenges persist despite changes in Japan's sociocultural environment. Originality/value - By carefully replicating the original study and sample characteristics as closely as possible, this paper provides a useful longitudinal perspective on the situation of foreign women professionals in Japan.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649420510624710
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    The Role of the State in Economic Development (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses the recent literature on the role of the state in economic development. It concludes that government incentives to enact sound policies are key to economic success. It also discusses the evidence on what happens after episodes of economic and political liberalizations, asking whether political liberalizations strengthen government incentives to enact sound economic policies. The answer is mixed. Most episodes of economic liberalizations are indeed preceded by political liberalizations. But the countries that have done better are those that have managed to open up the economy first, and only later have liberalized their political system.
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    Cognitive Preference Reversal or Market Price Reversal? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Kyklos 58 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Preference Reversal Phenomenon (PRP) has been most often scrutinized as a puzzle of ‘preferences’, while the discovery of the ‘endowment effect’ explicitly questions the parity between preference and price. The author's experiment (N = 186) connects these two extraordinary findings and illustrates that PRP is only a reversal of price in a ‘market.’ PRP merely proves that subjects demand to be compensated based on loss under market access deprivation when a ‘maximum buying’/‘minimum selling’ price is elicited, and preference transitivity is restored once the misleading market manipulation is experimentally controlled.By defending preference transitivity, the author asserts that normal access to the bargaining process is indispensable for a competitive market where preference price parity is required.To make valid measurements of preference and price, the sealed envelope method is substituted for the judged-indifferent-point (JIP) method, and the binding statement method is substituted for the Becker-DeGroot-Marschack method. McNemar test scores are calculated to compare the effects of different methods.
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    Discontinuity and the Theory of International Migration (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 37 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: In this exploratory paper, the notion of (strong) discontinuity is introduced into the theory of international labour migration. It is suggested that inter-country wage differentials alone may fail to induce international migration at the level of the decision making entity. However, three factors - risk aversion, relative deprivation and asymmetric information - in conjunction with these wage differentials, may account for international migration.
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    The Economics of Optimism and Pessimism (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 37 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper suggests a way of incorporating the important concepts of optimism and pessimism into the accepted model of decision-making under uncertainty. We exploit the primitive notion that an optimist is someone who over-estimates (underestimates) the likelihood of favourable (unfavourable) outcomes. We show that this incorporation enables us to explain several commonly observed apparent violations of Subjective Expected Utility Theory. Several illustrations and economic applications are presented, and we show that attitude to ‘fate’ (as evidenced in optimism and pessimism) is a different dimension of personality than attitude to risk. We conclude by relating our extension of SEU theory to other recent extensions.
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    ‘Dynamic Equilibrium’ with Constant Wages: J. S. Mill's Malthusian Analysis of the Secular Wage Path (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 37 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: According to Malthusian growth theory the wage rate may be maintained constant on the path to the stationary state, at a level above ‘subsistence’ by appropriate reductions in the population growth rate. In this paper we document J. S. MILL'S version of the Malthusian model and various applications thereof.
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    Institutionelle Ursachen der geringen ökonomischen Forschungsaktivität im deutschsprachigen Raum (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 37 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Aufgrund verschiedener Anzeichen ist zu schliessen, dass bei der ökonomischen Forschung an den deutschsprachigen staatlichen Universitäten ein deutlicher Rückstand besteht gegenüber der internationalen, weitgehend durch amerikanische Wissenschafter geprägten Spitze. Eine Analyse der für die Hochschulprofessoren massgebenden institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen zeigt, dass dies auf eine ungünstige Anreizstruktur zurückzuführen ist. Diese Regelungen wirken sich nämlich im Endeffekt dahingehend aus, dass andere Tätigkeiten (sogenannte ≪Dienstleistungen≫) im Regelfall wesentlich mehr zum Nutzen eines Professors beitragen als die Forschungsarbeit. Dies trifft auch dann zu, wenn bei den nutzenstiftenden Faktoren nicht nur das Einkommen, sondern auch Anerkennung und Befriedigung an der Tätigkeit berücksichtigt werden. Wenn der Staat an seinen Universitäten mehr und bessere Forschung wollte, müsste er demzufolge dafür sorgen, dass wissenschaftliche Arbeit relativ zu anderen Tätigkeiten wieder attraktiver würde. Zur Erreichung dieses Ziels sind grundsätzlich verschiedene Massnahmen denkbar. Bei einer vergleichenden Beurteilung schält sich jedoch als einziger vom Staat tatsächlich steuerbarer und gleichzeitig auch wirkungsvoller Aktionsparameter die Besoldungsregelung heraus: die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen müssten demnach so umgestaltet werden, dass sich zusätzliche Forschungsarbeit in irgend einer Form auch in zusätzlichem Einkommen niederschlägt.
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    The Political Economy of Growth (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 37 (1984), S. 0 
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Erhaltene Bücher - Livres reçus - Books received (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 37 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    A Note on Lindahl's Theory of Distribution (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 36 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: It has become customary to dichotomize research results in functional income distribution in terms of neo-classical vs. neo-Keynesian theories with appropriate footnotes referring to fringe theories and distinguished predecessors. In this note the latter set is enlarged! Erik Lindahl's masterly contribution to this subject is presented in a generalized version of a Kaldor-Pasinetti model. In Penning Politikens Medel (1930) Lindahl poses the question of how savings will be adjusted to equilibrium with a higher level of investment which, in turn, has been caused by a lowering of the rate of interest. The equilibrium level is attained, in a characteristically Kaldor-Pasinetti way, by a redistribution of incomes.
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    KARL MARX, PROPERTY RIGHTS SCHOOL AND THE PROCESS OF SOCIAL CHANGE (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 35 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the process of social change as understood by Karl Marx and modern property rights theorists. Differences between Karl Marxand modern property rights theorists are quite substantial. Yet, Karl Marxand modern property rights theorists have one thing in common: the perception about the importance of property rights structures on the character of economic life. Same as modern property rights theorists, Marxrecognized that the solution of the social problems is not merely the task of reason but that the process of social change is caused by forces and movements that work from within the existing social system. Marx viewed economics as the study of property rights over scarce resources. As man learned to apply human work to the production and use of tools, it became essential to specify the relations among men with respect to the right to use those intermediate goods. And that meant the development and specification of property rights. Thus, Marxdeduced the historical necessity of property rights from the initial subordination of man to nature and his survival instincts. The most important difference between Marxand property rights scholars lies in the method of analysis. Modern property rights scholars are methodological individualists. They view the capitalist community as a voluntary association of utility seeking individuals. Instead of exogenously-imposed ‘common good’, emphasis in the capitalist community is on the right of ownership and contractual freedom which allow each individual the freedom of choice and the obligation to bear the costs of pursuing his own preferences, Marx viewed the process of social change as occurring in a series of historically predetermined discontinuous sequences. Thus, he viewed the development of property rights as both endogenous to the prevailing stage of economic development and pre-ordained by the laws of history.
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    An Analysis of the Growth and Profitability of the World's Largest Firms 1972 to 1977 (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 37 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The paper analyses the growth and profitability of the world's largest firms by reference to their size, degree of multinationality, main industry of operation, nationality of ownership and research intensity. The influence of size of firm on growth is stable but weak, its influence on profitability is negligible. Industry of operation has generally strongly influenced growth but the effect on profitability is not consistent amongst different time periods and samples. Division by research intensities of firms is significant in analysing growth, less in the analysis of profitability. Degree of multinationality does not contribute consistently to the explanatory power of the full equation for either dependent variable but nationality of ownership is a consistently powerful explanatory factor.
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    The Government's Money Monopoly: Externalities or Natural Monopoly? (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 37 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Does externality theory provide a basis for the government's monopoly in the production of base money? Money, as has been shown, is not a public good because it does not satisfy the non-rivalness criterion (nor the non-excludability criterion). Like any public decision, political agreement on a common money or unit of account (i. e., exchange rate fixity) passes the non-rivalness test. However, whether the imposition of a common money or monetary unit is a public good or a public bad depends on whether money is a natural-monopoly good or not. Hence, there is no independent public-good justification for the government's money monopoly. The public good argument is redundant. Whether money is a natural monopoly good cannot be determined a priori, but only on the basis of experience. If governments are natural money monopolists, they should have gained their monopoly position by prevailing in the market. Historically, this is not the case. The only valid test of the natural monopoly argument is to abolish all barriers to entry and to admit free currency competition from private issuers on equal terms. An international cross-section estimate of money demand functions reveals only weak evidence of social economies of scale in the use of money. By contrast, choice among currencies is shown to be strongly affected by restrictions of convertibility.
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    Freiwilligengruppen als Problem der ökonomischen Klubtheorie (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 37 (1984), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Bereitstellung von Gütern und Dienstleistungen durch ≪Freiwilligengruppen≫, die als ≪Klubs≫ im Sinne der Public Choice-Theorie aufgefasst werden. Es wird eine theoretische Erklärung vorgeschlagen, warum Individuen eine Freiwilligengruppe gründen und sich nicht für eine institutionelie Alternative, zum Beispiel ein gewinnorientiertes Unternehmen, entscheiden. Haupterklärungsgründe für diese Wahl sind der Nutzen, den Mitglieder von Freiwilligengruppen infolge ihrer Wahlentscheidung zusätzlich zu jenem aus dem Konsum des Klubguts ziehen, Transaktionskostengesichtspunkte, Vertrauensaspekte im Zusammenhang mit asymmetrischer Information und qualitative Unterschiede, die mit der institutionellen Form der Erbringung einer Leistung verbunden sind. Für manche Formen von Freiwilligengruppen werden altruistische Präferenzen in die Erkläng miteinbezogen.
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    ERHALTENE BÜCHER - LIVRES REUS BOOKS RECEIVED (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 35 (1982), S. 0 
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    CHANGING PATTERNS OF INEQUALITY IN A CHANGING GLOBAL ORDER (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 35 (1982), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This research empirically examines the extent to which progress toward meeting the new international economic order (NIEO) goal of reducing global and societal inequalities has been made in the period since 1972-74. Data on global income distribution from 1946-76 are presented and analyzed. Additionally, the developed West, East, the underdeveloped South, and OPEC nations are examined separately. Basic human needs distributions are also examined utilizing data from the third edition of the World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators. Distributional calculations in these analyses are based upon the well known GINI coefficient. The major finding which emerges is that the NIEO goal of reducing the amount of global and societal inequalities is not being met. In fact, on the whole, a global trend toward greater inequality seems evident. Increasing inequality also is particularly prominent in non-OPEC developing Third World nations. Reductions in aggregate inequality have been made, but this progress is limited by and large to developed Northern and OPEC nations.
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    CIVIL LIBERTY-AN ECONOMETRIC INVESTIGATION (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 35 (1982), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Many governments allocate resources to the repression of the political freedom of their citizens. The dominant economic theory of this activity, associated most prominently with the work of HAYEK, is that political repression is a bi-product of the erosion of economic freedom. This theory predicts that civil liberty will be positively correlated with the degree of economic freedom. An alternative view, derived from models of industrial behavior, is that monopolistic governments will use political repression to protect their property rights, so that concentrated party systems will tend to engage in more repression than competitive systems. Using a cross-sectional sample of 184 states in 1979, an empirical test of the two hypotheses is presented and the evidence is shown to be more consistent with the second hypothesis. In addition, the correlation between civil liberty and a variety of economic variables is examined: the degree of civil liberty is found to positively related to the level of real per capita income and to the ratio of wage and salary payments to total income. The Gastil index of civil liberty provides the empirical foundation for the study.
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    Besprechungen - Comptes rendus - Reviews (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 37 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abele, Hanns; Nowotny, Ewald; Schleicher, Stefan und Winckler, Georg (Hrsg.): Handbuch der österreichischen WirtschaftspolitikBalassa, Bela and Associates: Development strategies in semi-industrial economiesBaumol, William J.; Panzar, John C. and Willig, Robert D.: Contestable Markets and The Theory of Industry Structure.Begg, David K. H.: The Rational Expectations Revolution in Macroeconomics.Ben-Porath, Yoram (ed.): Income Distribution and the Family.Bennett, James T. and Di Lorenzo, Thomas J.: Underground Government: The Off-Budget Public SectorBrandt, A.; Horisberger, B. and Von Wartburg, W. P.(eds.): Cost-Sharing in Health Care. van Duijn, J. J.: The Long Wave in Economic LifeFrisch, Helmut (ed.): Schumpeterian EconomicsFujimori, Y.: Modern Analysis of Value TheoryIngram, James C.: International EconomicssJones, Leroy P. (ed.): Public enterprise in less-developed countriesKindleberger, Charles and Di Tella, G. (eds.): Economics in the Long View.Kirzner, Israel M. (ed.): Method, Process and Austrian Economics: Essays in Honor of Ludwig von MisesKornai, János: Growth, Shortage and Efficiency.Kozma, Ferenc: Economic Integration and Economic StrategyKrueger, Anne O.: Exchange-Rate DeterminationKülp, Bernhard: FreizeitökonomieMüller-Godeffroy, H. et al.: Der neue Protektionismus.Nezeys, Bertrand: Les relations économiques extérieures de la France.Ordeshook, Peter C. and Shepsle, Kenneth A. (eds.): Political EquilibriumPatinkin, Don: Anticipations of the General Theory?Rugman, Alan M. (ed.): New Theories of the Multinational EnterpriseRydén, Bengt and Bergström, Villy (eds.): Sweden: Choices for Economic and Social Policy in the 1980sSeurot, François: Inflation et emploi duns les pays socialistesSheffrin, Steven M.: Rational ExpectationsStegmuller, W.; Balzer, W. and Spohn, W. (eds.): Philosophy of Economics.Stewart, Frances and Sengupta, Arjun: International Financial Cooperation.Sundrum, R. M.: Development Economics.Tullock, Gordon: Economics of Income RedistributionU. S. Gold Commission: Report to the Congress of the Commission on the Role of Gold in the Domestic and International Monetary System
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    About the Author (1983)
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    Autoren - Auteurs - Authors (1984)
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    Editorial (1983)
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    NEPA: Major Federal Action Significantly Affecting the Quality of the Human Environment (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 36 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Legal Contributions to Decision-Making Theory (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 36 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Use of Computer Technology in Legal Analysis and Prediction (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 36 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    An Analysis of Publication Productivity of Members of the American Business Law Association (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 36 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    INVENTORIES IN THE KEYNESIAN MACRO MODEL (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Notes: An otherwise conventional Keynesian macro model is modified to include inventories of final goods by (1) drawing a distinction between production and final sales, and (2) allowing for a negative effect of the level of inventories on production. Two models are presented: one in which the labor market clears and one in which it does not. Both models are stable only if the negative effect of inventories on production is ‘large enough’. Both models also imply that real wages move procyclically - in direct contrast to the usual implication of Keynesian models. Detailed analysis of the market-clearing model shows that there should be negative correlation between the levels of inventories and output, and between changes in inventories and changes in output, over the business cycle. However, inventory change should be positively correlated with the level of output.
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    LIMITING THE ANTITRUST EXEMPTION FOR LABOR NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOMEN'S AND CHILDREN'S APPAREL SALESMEN, INC. v. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION. (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 36 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1983.tb02039.x
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    ÖFFENTLICHES FINANZSYSTEM UND REGIONALE EFFIZIENZ (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 34 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The paper argues that shortcomings with respect to regional allocation are often due to misconstructions of fiscal adjustment and therefore must not be looked upon as market failures. The main argument is based on Buchanan's principle of fiscal equity as a guide to fiscal adjustment, which usually is not applied in existing fiscal systems. It is argued, that the common interpretation of Buchanan's principle in terms of benefits is misleading. Thus an interpretation in terms of costs is presented the essence of which is to provide a ‘right to generate public costs’ which is equal for ‘equals’ in any of a state's regions. Finally it is shown that on certain conditions a system of fiscal decentralization will generate exactly those results to be desired with respect to efficient regional adjustment. It is concluded therefore, that there is no general trade off concerning regional efficiency and fiscal federalism respectively; rather the opposite seems to be the case.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1981.tb01185.x
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    BESPRECHUNGEN COMPTES RENDUS — REVIEWS (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 34 (1981), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Bizien, Yves: Population and Economic Development.Black, John and Hindley, Brian (Eds.): Current Issues in Commercial Policy and Diplomacy.Brams, S. J.; Scmotter, A. and SchwÖdiauer, G. (Eds.): Applied Game Theory.Bruder, Wolfgang: Sozialwissenschaften und Politikberatung — Zur Nutzung sozialwissenschafthcher Informationen in der Ministerialorganisation.Clarkson, Kenneth W. and Martin, Donald L. (Eds.): The Economics of Nonproprietary Organizations.Dixon, P. B.; Bowles, S. and Kendrick, D.: Notes and Problems in Microeconomic Theory.Dobias, Peter: Wirtschaftspolitik.El Mallakh, Ragaei and Dorothea H. (Eds.): New Policy Imperatives for Energy Producers.Frey, RenÉ L.: Wachstumspolitik.Gollnick, Heinz und Thiel, Norbert : Ökonometrie.Gordon, Wendell: Institutional Economics.Gram, Harvey and Walsh, Vivian : Classical and Neoclassical Theories of General Equilibrium.Hacche, Graham: The Theory of Economic Growth. An Introduction.Hesse, Helmut (Hrsg.): Arbeitsbuch Angewandte Mikroökonomik.Hirsch, Werner Z.: Law And Economics: An Introductory Analysis.Kanemoto, Yoshitsugu: Theories of Urban Externalities.Klein, Lawrence R. and Young, Richard M.: An Introduction to Econometric Forecasting and Forecasting Models.Lavigne, Marie : Stratégies des pays socialistes dans l'echange international.Lindbeck, Assar (Ed.): Inflation and Employment in Open Economies.Lippman, S. A. and McCall, J. J. (Eds.): Studies in the Economics of Search.Lowe, Julian and Lewis, David : The Economics of Environmental Management.Peacock, Alan: The Economic Analysis of Government.Rao, C. H. Hanumantha and Joshi, P. C. (Eds.): Reflections on Economic Development and Social Change.Rossier, Edouard:.Economie structurale.Siebert, Horst and Antal, Ariane Berthoin : The Political Economy of Environmental Protection.Smith, Vernon L. (Ed.): Research in Experimental Economics. A Research Annual. Vol. 1.Uhlir, Helmut: Überprüfung der Random-Walk-Hypothese auf dem österreichischen Aktienmarkt.United Nations Industrial Development Organization: Industrial Priorities in Developing Countries.
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    Erhaltene Bücher - Livers reçus - Books received (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 36 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Apps, Patricia: A theory of inequality and taxation, CambridgeDE Boer, Paul, M. C.: Price Effects in Input-Output RelationsCairncross, Frances (ed.): Changing Perceptions of Economic Policy.Caldwell, Bruce: Beyond Positivism.Copeland, Morris A.: Essays in Socioeconomic EvolutionEckstein, Otto: Core Inflation, Englewood Cliffs, N. J.Eliasson, Gunnar; Holmlund, Bertil and Stafford, Frank P. (eds.)Folkerts-Landau, David Fokke Ihno: Intertemporal planning, exchange, and macro-economicsHallwirth, Volker: Die Beschäftigung in Abhängigkeit von Preisen und Löhnen.Hartley, Keith and Tisdell, Clem: Micro-Economic PolicyHerman, Edward S.: Corporate Control, Corporate PowerVON Hippel, Eike: Der Schutz des SchwächerenKiluck, Tony (ed.): Adjustment and Financing in the Developing World.Kindleberger, Charles P. and Laffargue, Jean-Pierre (eds.): Financial crises.Kramer, Helmut und Butschek, Felix (Hrsg.): Entindustrialisierung?Lucas, Robert E.: Studies in Business-Cycle TheoryMcGuire, Chester C.: International Housing Policies.Menges, G.; Schelbert, H. und Zweifel, P. (Hrsg.): Stochastische Unschärfe in den WirtschaftswissenschaftenMettelsiefen, Bernd: Technischer Wandel und Beschäftigung.Munting, Roger: The Economic Development of the USSROlson, Robert K.: U. S. Foreign Policy and the New International Economic OrderPearce, D. W. and Nash, C. A.: The Social Appraisal of Projects.Rothschild, Kurt W.: Einführung in die UngleichgewichtstheorieSingh, Paramanand: Financing of University EducationTisdell, C. A.: Microeconomics of MarketsYuill, Douglas; Allen, Kevin und Hull, Christopher (Hrsg.): Regionale Wirtschaftsfürderung in der EG
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    ERHALTENE BÜCHER - LIVRES REÇUS BOOKS RECEIVED (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Tackling Hard Questions by Means of Soft Methods: The Use of Individual Welfare Functions in Socio-Economic Policy (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 36 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1983.tb02023.x
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    Risk Bearing and Self Management (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 36 (1983), S. 0 
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    BESPRECHUNGEN COMPTES RENDUS - REVIEWS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Allen T. Harrell: New Methods in Social Science Research.Bawa Vijay S., Brown Stephen J., and Klein Roger W.: Estimation Risk and Optimal Portfolio Choice.Bigksler James L. (Ed.): Handbook of Financial Economics.BlÜmle Gerold: Wirtschaftskreislauf, Beschäftigung und Inflation.Buomberger Peter : Theorie und Strategic der Geldpolitik in einer kleinen offenen Volkswirtschaft.Cipolla C. M. und Borchardt K. (Hrsg.): Sechzehntes und Siebzehnles Jahrhundert.CsikÓs-Nagy B.: Towards a New Price Revolution.Fine Ben and Harris Laurence: Rereading Marx.Hey John D.: Uncertainty in Microeconomics.Hunt E. K.: History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective.Lavigne Marie: Les relations économiquesMÜller JÜrgen und Vogelsang Ingo: Staatliche Regulierung.Mulvey Charles : The Economic Analysis of Trade Unions.Negishi Takashi : Microeconornic Foundations of Keynesian Macroeconomics.Paul Ellen Frankelm:Mo ral Revolution and Economic Science.Sargent Thomas J.: Macroeconomic Theory.SchÖnbÄck Wilfried : Subjektive Unsicherheit als Gegenstand staatlicher Intervention.Schrenk Martin, Ardalan Cyrus, and EL Tataway NawaL A.: Yugoslavia—Self-Management Socialism and the Challenge of Development.Siebert Horst: Ökonomische Theorie der Umwelt.Spatz Heinrich: Die Allgemeine Gleichgewichtstheorie.Whynes David K.: The Economics of Third World Military Expenditure.Wolfson Dirk J.: Public Finance and Development Strategy.
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    AUTOREN-AUTEURS-AUTHORS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    BALANCE OF PAYMENTS DISTURBANCES AND THE DEBT OF THE NON-OIL LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The paper identifies the disturbances in the balance of payments of the non-oil less developed countries responsible for the rapid growth in their external debt between 1972 and 1977. It also examines prospects for the future. It finds that the sharp growth in the current account deficits in the years 1974 and 1975 was due primarily to adverse movements in the terms of trade. But trade terms were reversed in 1976 and 1977 and the deficit was reduced. Still overall inflation, slow export growth, and large interest payments kept the deficit substantially above the 1972 and earlier levels. In part II the paper examines how the debt to GNP ratio of the LDC's could be affected by four factors: export growth, changes in real interest rates, terms of trade, and credit rationing. A model is developed which shows that certain combinations of the four factors could lead to rapid accumulation of debt relative to GNP.
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    DISEQUILIBRIUM THEORIES AND THEIR POLICY IMPLICATIONS: TOWARDS A SYNTHETIC DISEQUILIBRIUM APPROACH (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the Friedman-Phelps‘expectational (dis)equilibrium’ and the Clower-Leijonhufvud‘non-market-clearing’ paradigms as alternative disequilibrium theories, and draws their respective policy implications. Then, these paradigms are taken as complementary to each other, as containing necessary ingredients for a synthetic disequilibrium theory, whose policy implications can only tentatively be explored. A general disequilibrium theory is founded on the notion of ‘disequilibrium consciousness’ and on a detailed characterization of ‘conjectural’ price and/or quantity responses to non-market-clearing, whose quasi-equilibrium outcome is conditioned by both expectations and the intra-market spillover effect.
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    ERHALTENE BÜCHER - LIVRES REÇUS BOOKS RECEIVED (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1980.tb02648.x
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    Autoren – Auteurs – Authors (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 36 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1983.tb02669.x
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    Terms of Trade and Welfare: Estimates (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 37 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: In this paper we evaluate the welfare effects of changes in a country's terms of trade and in its import tariff. Imports are treated as intermediate goods, and the welfare measures which we use are based on production theory and on duality theory with special attention devoted to the setting of international trade theory. Empirical estimates are reported for the United States, Canada, Australia, and Switzerland.
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    RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PERFORMED ABROAD BY U. S. MANUFACTURING MULTINATIONALS (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 33 (1980), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This study develops and empirically tests a ‘scenario’ describing the evolution of a typical American multinational manufacturing corporation's (AMMC's) foreign research and development (R & D) activity. It finds that international differences in R & D factor costs probably have very little effect on R & D location decisions. The critical variables appear instead to be less traditional things like the time elapsed since the AMMC first engaged in foreign production. That such variables were discovered and emphasized in the study is a result of the ‘satisficing’ approach adopted in its ‘scenario’. In vindicating that approach, the paper's findings also show the need for economic theorizing to take explicit account of the fact that information costs something to obtain and to use.
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    A Simultaneous Equations Model of Trade and Development with Dynamic Policy Simulations (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 36 (1983), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article seeks to help resolve the serious theoretical controversy about the contribution of international trade to economic development by constructing a simultaneous-equations model that captures the most important quantitative aspects of the relationship between trade and development, and testing it by pooling data for 52 nations (representing all of the developing nations for which the required data are available) from 1961 to the present. The model is estimated by Full Information Maximum Likelihood, validated by dynamic simulation and utilized for policy and other counterfactual simulations. By the use of dummy variables and Chow tests, shifts of the structural relationships and slope coefficients over time are also tested for. The study finds strong empirical support for trade being very important for development, but to be more in the nature of a handmaiden than of an engine of growth.
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    Reply to Professor Gravelle's Comments (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 36 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1983.tb02666.x
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    THE IMPACT OF RISING OIL PRICES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE SEVENTIES (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 35 (1982), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1982.tb00176.x
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