ALBERT

Beschreibung: The Changning MS6.0 earthquake and its moderate to strong aftershocks, which occurred in the axial area of Changning anticline, exhibit different features with the moderate to strong earthquakes that occurred in the southern syncline area nearby, although these two areas are only a dozen kilometers away. Whether this difference is only caused by different fault structures, or caused by local change is still a matter of debate. In order to answer this question, basing on the correction of small earthquake location and seismic velocity structure through double-difference tomography inversion, this paper determined the fine structure of the crustal stress field by using comprehensive focal mechanism solutions, and analyzed its mechanical consistency with the focal mechanism solutions of moderate to strong earthquakes. It is found that for the different subareas of Changning area, the maximum principal stress remains horizontal, and its azimuth remains almost East-West oriented although it has a small clockwise rotation from north to south; meanwhile, the stress regime exhibit a significant local change, which is thrust stress regime for the axial area of Changning anticline, against strike-slip stress regime for the southern syncline area. The stress fields in these two subareas highly accord with the focal mechanism solutions of moderate to strong earthquakes in the corresponding area, but poorly accord with, or even contradict that in the non-corresponding area, which indicates that the local stress change of stress field is the necessary mechanical basis for the complex seismicity behavior in Changning area. Additional rock mechanics analysis points out that lateral difference of Poisson's ratio of rock is probably the main cause of this local change of stress field. This paper also discusses the seismogenic fault structure of Changning MS6.0 earthquake sequence, and suggests the activation of the basement fault(s) in the depth range of 6 to 9 km in the axial area of Changning anticline driven by regional stress field is the potential cause of the occurrence of Changning MS6.0 earthquake sequence.

Beschreibung: For a long time， with the continuous expansion of the oil and gas genesis theory and the increasing global demand for clean energy， hydrogen， as an important link connecting the theory of inorganic and organic hydrocarbon generation， as well as a promising clean energy， has gradually attracted widespread academic attention. The genesis of hydrogen in natural gas is relatively complex and diverse. According to its reaction mechanism， it can be divided into two categories： inorganic and organic. Inorganic genesis is mainly earth degassing， water rock reaction and water radiation decomposition， while organic genesis is dominated by biological action and organic matter pyrolysis. At present， hydrogen isotope and geochemical characteristics of associated gases are mainly used to identify the origin of hydrogen. However， due to the complex and diverse sources of hydrogen and its active chemical properties， it is still unable to identify the origin of hydrogen systematically and accurately. Due to the extensive genesis of hydrogen， natural gas with different hydrogen concentrations has been found in different geological conditions around the world， and the hydrogen content varies greatly （0.1%-99%）. Hydrogen can participate in hydrocarbon generation in Fischer Tropsch synthesis as a reducing agent， and also can be used as a hydrogen source to improve the hydrocarbon yield during the thermal evolution of organic matter. Therefore， the existence of hydrogen may extend the lower limit of deep gas exploration and development. Based on the systematic summary of the genetic mechanism and distribution of hydrogen， this paper discusses the energy significance of hydrogen in natural gas， and provides a reference for the future research on hydrogen rich natural gas resources.

Beschreibung: The energy transition is inducing new investments in the electricity production and infrastructure sectors worldwide. Turkey, with its increasing energy demand met mostly by fossil fuel resources, faces significant risk of a higher dependency degree on energy imports in the future. In order to address this issue, Turkey’s public policy framework includes not only strategies to increase the share of renewable energy resources in its energy mix but also aims to develop a local manufacturing industry and to enable technology transfer. This study examines the co-benefits to industrial development and trade of increased deployment of renewable energy in Turkey. The research is carried out in the context of the COBENEFITS project, which assesses a range of additional co-benefits of renewable energy in developing countries, besides reducing energy sector greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, when compared to conventional energy systems. The study also provides initial insights on the regional trade opportunities available to Turkey, should technological gaps in the solar and wind sectors be narrowed. The study methodology focused firstly on defining value chains for the solar and wind energy sectors in Turkey. This was done using licence and pre-licence information from the Energy Market Regulatory Authority and a unique administrative micro dataset (EIS) that includes all registered firms in Turkey and their domestic and export transactions. Secondly, coefficients for the value of production and trade were calculated. Finally, projections on industrial development and import–export values were estimated according to four scenarios for increased renewable energy (RE) capacity. As this study takes a static look at the scenarios, the current trade deficit resulting from low local value of production and technological gaps in the manufacturing of renewable energy equipment are also observed as core issues that should be addressed by renewable energy policies.

Beschreibung: The report is confidential and only available for the Chinese government.

Beschreibung: Türkiye, hangi patikanın seçildiğine bağlı olarak önemli sosyal ve ekonomik sonuçları olacak bir enerji dönüşümü içindedir: Enerji ithalatına bağımlılığı azaltmak, ekonomik refah ve insan sağlığının yanı sıra iş ve istihdam olanakları. Türkiye’nin seçeceği enerji patikası gelecekteki gelişmesinin temelini oluşturacaktır. Türkiye’nin enerji geleceği konusundaki siyasi kararlar, enerjinin dışında, çevre, sanayi, ekonomi, dışişleri ve sağlık ile ilgili birçok bakanlığın da misyon ve görevleri ile ilişkilidir. Türkiye coğrafyası ve iklim koşulları yenilenebilir enerji üretimine özellikle elverişlidir ve güçlü hidroelektrik, rüzgâr, güneş ve jeotermal enerji potansiyeline sahiptir. Ancak, yenilenebilir enerjinin enerji kaynaklarındaki payı, su havzalarındaki su seviyesinin değişmesine paralel olarak son on yılda değişkenlik göstermiştir. Enerji talebindeki artışın büyük kısmı fosil enerji kaynaklarıyla karşılanmıştır. Türkiye’nin önümüzdeki on yıl için yaptığı enerji sektörüyle ilgili planlarda, 2028 yılına kadar güneş enerjisi üretim kapasitesini 15 GW’a ve rüzgâr üretim kapasitesini ise 17 GW’a çıkarmak gibi yenilenebilir enerji hedefleri bulunmaktadır. Elinizdeki rapor, Türkiye elektrik sektörünü karbonsuzlaştırmanın yan faydalarını değerlendiren dört çalışmanın bulgularını ve politika mesajlarını özetlemektedir (bkz. Bölüm 3). COBENEFITS Türkiye Değerlendirmeleri çalışmalarına www.cobenefits.info adresinden erişilebilir. Bu rapor, ortaya çıkan fırsatları temel alarak, yeni yenilenebilir enerji dünyasının Türkiye halkına sağlayacağı sosyal ve ekonomik yan faydaların ortaya çıkarılmasına elverişli bir siyasi ortamın şekillendirilmesi için devlet kurumlarına bir dizi politika önerisi sunmaktadır. Bu politika tercihleri, 2018-2020 yılları arasında kamu kurumları, sanayi birlikleri, uzman kuruluşlar ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarıyla yuvarlak masa toplantıları ve istişareler yapılarak oluşturulmuştur. Rapor bulguları, mevcut krizin ışığında, COVID-19 pandemisinin yarattığı ekonomik şokların ardından toparlanmanın ve gelecekte iklim krizinin tetikleyeceği şiddetli şoklardan kaçınmanın bir çıkar çatışması oluşturmadığını, aksine karşılıklı olarak birbirini güçlendiren bir başa çıkma stratejisi oluşturduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Paris Anlaşması ve 2030 Gündemi, kısa vadede ekonomik iyileşmenin sağlanması ve uzun vadede dirençli ekonomiler ve sağlık sistemler inşa edilmesi için önemli ve uluslararası düzeyde kabul gören çerçeveler sunmaktadır.