ALBERT

Description: Recent mobilisation of soil organic matter (SOM) in permafrost of the northern high latitudes is thought to have a significant impact on the carbon balance in the atmosphere. However, the environmental processes which influence SOM accumulation and remobilisation still need to be investigated more accurately. This study investigates the quantity and quality of SOM on Herschel Island in the western Canadian Arctic in relation to various landscape characteristics. To reach this goal, soil moisture, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents, stable carbon isotopes (∂¹³C) and TOC/TN ratios (C/N) were determined on 128 samples from twelve sediment cores reaching up to 250 cm depth. Drilling locations were chosen based on morphology, vegetation and soil properties and supported by satellite imagery and air photos. Seasonal thaw depths (active layer depths) correlate with ground disturbance and vegetation cover and lie between 20 and 100 cm. Well-preserved SOM is accumulated in the active layer and subjacent ice-rich permafrost of wet polygonal tundra. Uplands, hummocky tussock tundra and alluvial fans cover more than 50 % of the island and show heterogeneous SOM storage characteristics with considerable TOC contents being limited to the active layer. Disturbed areas with slope gradients greater than 6° show strong SOM degradation with low TOC contents throughout the active layer and permafrost strata. Linear regression and principal component analysis (PCA) shows that a decreasing SOM content is driven by increasing ground disturbance and reduced vegetation cover. Improved drainage decreases the preservation of SOM in the active layer. Future deepening of the active layer because of increasing temperatures and ground disturbance will remobilise SOM stored in ice-rich permafrost. This might increase carbon dioxide and methane emissions from permafrost landscapes.

Description: Changes in high latitude ocean gateways and atmospheric CO2 are thought to be main drivers of Cenozoic climate evolution during the last 65 million years. However as yet, especially the link between climate changes and the opening history of the North Polar Seas via the subsidence of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge is poorly understood. Here we use a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model for early Miocene boundary conditions to reveal a threshold behaviour for the ventilation of the North Polar Seas controlled by the Greenland-Scotland Ridge subsidence. Our model simulations show that a deepening of the ridge from 200 to 300 meters below sea-level induces major reorganizations in North Atlantic-Arctic Ocean circulation with an abrupt regime shift from restricted estuarine conditions to a bi-directional flow regime similar to today. Close to critical gateway depths, additional scenarios with different atmospheric CO2 concentrations indicate that realistic Oligocene-Miocene CO2 changes actively modulate the transition between the two circulation regimes via the impact of the atmospheric hydrological cycle. Taking uncertainties in timing into account this suggest that tectonic changes starting at ~33-30 Myrs controlled the circulation of the Nordic Seas. Thereafter superposed changes in CO2 delayed an abrupt transition to a modern prototype North Atlantic-Arctic exchange by millions of years until CO2-levels finally dropped to preindustrial levels at ~25-24 Myrs. This concept and the associated mechanism bridges tectonic processes with much shorter time-scales in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system that differ by three orders of magnitude, which provides an unanticipated new perspective on abrupt climate changes during the Cenozoic era.

Description: The widespread lack of awareness of seismic hazard and the inadequate preparedness to protect people and property explains the high cost of damage caused by earthquakes worldwide to date. Efficient communication is of paramount importance as part of effective risk mitigation strategies. Over the past twenty years, efforts have been pursued at the local, regional, national, and international level to disseminate information on seismic hazard to populations at risk.Focusing on Europe, we analyze the main features of seismic risk communication from 2000 to 2022, and present here an overview of the results obtained based on a scoping review of the scientific literature. Our review was conducted on publications selected from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases and the information was gathered on the basis of the 5 ‘Ws questions’ (Who, What, When, Where, and Why). Overall, the selected publications document the relatively limited engagement of the scientific community in this risk field compared to other natural disasters. Nevertheless, the growing trend over time of publications dealing with seismic risk communication highlights the effort to attract selected targeted audiences (particularly children), using new contents, methods of implementation, and channels such as social networks and the Internet.

Description: Published

Description: Berlino (Germania)

Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto

Description: A Vulcanian eruption is described as an eruptive style with strong explosive characteristics. The name derives from the island of Vulcano in Italy, the first place in which it was observed during the last eruptive activity between 1888 and 1890. In this paper we analyze the seismicity recorded at Vulcano during a seismic unrest starting in September 2021 and still present as of November 2022. The distinctive feature of this seismicity is the presence of a variety of signals, most of which have a very long period (\textasciitilde0.5 s) signature. Low frequency content is interpreted as due to fluid involvement. Therefore, the high occurrence rate of VLP seismicity is a potential indication of pressure buildup within the volcanic system, and may herald phreatomagmatic activity (usually the first stage of a Vulcanian eruption), with serious consequences for inhabitants and tourists.Our analyses exploit machine learning procedures, with particular reference to pattern classification, at the aim of identifying varying classes of seismic events and trace their evolution over time. This classification can be useful for surveillance purposes contributing, along with other early warning methods, to reduce the devastating consequences of eruptions for people and property.

Description: Published

Description: Berlino (Germania)

Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio

Description: In summer 2017, the ICDP SUSTAIN project (Surtsey Underwater volcanic System for Thermophiles, Alteration processes and INnovative concretes), drilled three cored boreholes (Table 1) through Surtsey at sites ≤10 m from a cored hole obtained in 1979. Drilling through the still hot volcano was carried out with an Atlas Copco CS1000 drill rig, whose components were transported by helicopter to Surtsey and re-assembled on site. The first vertical borehole, SE-02a, was cored in HQ diameter to 152 meters below surface (m b.s.) during August 7-16. It was terminated due to borehole collapse. A second vertical (SE-02b) cored borehole was then drilled in HQ diameter to 192 m during August 19-26. Wireline borehole logging in SE-02b was performed August 26. The anodized NQ-sized aluminum tubing of the Surtsey Subsurface Observatory was installed in SE-02b to 181 m depth on August 27. A third borehole, SE-03, angled 35° from vertical and directed 264°, was drilled from August 28 to September 4 and reached a measured depth of 354 m (~290 m vertical depth) under the eastern crater. The core is HQ diameter to a measured depth of 213 m and NQ diameter from 213-354 m measured depth. The core traverses the deep conduit and intrusions of the volcano to a total vertical depth of 290 m b.s. Seawater drilling fluid for boreholes SE-02a and SE-02b was filtered and doubly UV-sterilized at the drill site. No mud products were employed while coring SE-02a, while small amounts of attapulgite mud were used in SE-02b and SE-03. Core samples for geochemical analyses of pore water and microbiological investigations were collected on site from all three boreholes. About 650 m of core was transported by helicopter to Heimaey, 18 km northeast of Surtsey, to a processing laboratory where the core was scanned, documented, and described. Additional core processing has taken place at the Náttúrufraedistofnun Íslands, the Icelandic Institute of Natural History in Gardabaer, where both the 1979 and 2017 cores are stored.

Description: On a beautiful summer day Emma and Steven want to have fun at their favourite lake. However, a mysterious situation thwarts their plans. This leads the two friends on an unexpected quest ... Join Emma and Steven as they explore the vast, intriguing and efficient world of stable isotopes: What are isotopes? How do isotopes work? And last but not least, how can isotopes help Emma and Steven to finally answer the question: Who poisoned Family Mole?

Description: Length: 32 min What forms the landscapes of the Earth with its mountains, rivers, soils, the places we live in? Is Earth’s surface shaped when rocks are uplifted by geologic forces, and are then destroyed by rain, ice, and wind; or do plants with their roots, animals that dig into soil and the vast number of microorganisms shape the landscapes? Watch the scientists of the German-Chilean “EarthShape” project study these questions along a fascinating landscapes in Chile, and in their home laboratories. A science movie designed and produced by Friedhelm von Blanckenburg from GFZ Potsdam, Germany, Kirstin Übernickel from Universität Tübingen, and Wolfgang Dümcke from Filmbüro Potsdam, Germany, within the DFG-funded research network “EarthShape – Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” which is coordinated by Todd Ehlers (Universität Tübingen) und Friedhelm von Blanckenburg (GFZ Potsdam).

Description: The GIZ Transboundary Water Management in Central Asia programme supports Tajik-Kyrgyz cooperation on the shared Isfara river basin by means of sustainable basin planning and management through capacity building. In addition, the rehabilitation of small-scale infrastructure and automatised flow measurement systems ensure a safe and fair allocation of water resources. As a result, improved water management and infrastructure in the Isfara River contribute to better information and water availability for more than 200,000 agricultural water users across both countries. Alongside already established methods of transboundary cooperation in the basin, which has complicated boundary issues, the hereinafter described measures counteract latent tensions among Tajik and Kyrgyz communities over the limited resource of arable land, which is closely linked to water. The GIZ Transboundary Water Management in Central Asia programme is implemented on behalf of the German Federal Foreign Office and cofunded by the European Union.

Description: Deliverable D5.2 presents the experimental outcome of jetting experiments at simulated reservoir conditions. Different rock types are tested under various conditions with the use of three different types of test bench. At first jetting experiments are conducted under submerged conditions in order to derive a better understanding of the governing erosion mechanism. Therefore pitting tests are combined with PIV measurements in order to derive and explain the erosion pattern of the occurring cavitation erosion and why the rock is more like to be eroded by the stagnation pressure of the impinging jet. Second, jetting experiments under pressure controlled conditions are performed. Rate of penetrations (ROP) of up to 100 m/h can be achieved which proofs the successful application of RJD technology especially in sand stone reservoir rock types. Especially the rotating nozzle design bears the highest potential for jetting operations where the static nozzle designs tend to fail, especially when pore pressure increases. The third experimental series under application of a bi- axial stress field show that the current RJD technology, as being used by project partner WSG, is not able to penetrate harder sandstone rock types (e.g. Dortmund sandstone) when field operating conditions are applied. The induced stress in the specimen does not initiate or enhance ROP. A second experiment thereby shows that higher nozzle exit speeds can lead to massive breakouts. Fourth, experiments are performed under a tri-axial stress field in collaboration with TU DELFT. Rock cubes are tested under different and very severely stress regimes while jetting into them. Compared to tests at atmospheric conditions it can be stated that the application of a stress field does not enhance the erosion of rock. At last experiments are conducted with the project partner WSG in order to determine the jetability of the Icelandic Basalt rock type and Icelandic inter basalt sediment layer. The experiments show that already higher pump pressures result in higher jetting performance, hence making them jetable as previously not expected. Furthermore the experiments approved the feasibility of the planned field test in Iceland when the soft sediment layer is the target zone. All in all the experiments conducted with the RJD technology show different results at simulated reservoir conditions compared to those at atmospheric which are described in deliverable D5.1 (Hahn & Wittig, 2017). Therefor, further testing at conditions representing the reservoir conditions more closer are needed in order to better understand and analyze the jetting process downhole.

Description: In this deliverable, the objectives of the Imperial College team are to consider jetted boreholes in the context of conventional borehole wall-rock stability analysis and to utilise an in-house advanced combined finite-discrete element code to examine the wall-rock failure process for jetted holes. The geomechanical modelling of Lateral Stability in D7.2 presented here is in addition to the main focus on modelling the water-jetting breakdown of the rock itself, reported in D7.1.

Description: The aim of this research is to investigate the failure mechanism for different types of rock in the context of water jet drilling and to predict the jet-ability or assess the radial jet drilling (RJD) performance prior to drilling and at the well petrophysical analysis stage. The main approach is to numerically simulate the water jet drilling for different types of rock using ICL’s in-house fluid-solid coupling codes. The rock properties, CT-scan data and jetting results obtained from D4.1 (Bakker et al., 2018) and D5.1 (Hahn et al., 2017) provide a good foundation for the related numerical results.

Description: The GEOFON program consists of a global seismic network (GE Network), a seismological data centre (GEOFON DC) and a global earthquake monitoring system (GEOFON EQinfo). These three pillars are part of the MESI research infrastructure of the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences aiming at facilitating scientific research. GEOFON provides real-time seismic data, access to its own and third party data from the archive facilities as well as global and rapid earthquake information. The GEOFON Seismological Software can be considered a fourth cross-cutting module of the GEOFON Program. Data, services, products and software openly distributed by GEOFON are used by hundreds of scientists and data centres worldwide. Its earthquake information service is accessed directly by tens of thousands of visitors. The SeisComP software package is the flagship software provided to the community, which is geared for seismic observatory and data centre needs and used extensively to support our internal operations. Like all other MESI (Modular Earth Science Infrastructure) modules GEOFON has the majority of users outside the GFZ as well as an external advisory committee that provides advice to the GFZ Executive Board and to the GEOFON team. This report describes the main activities carried out within the three GEOFON pillars and the software development group.

Description: This report compiles observations made within a time frame of two months on 24 representative thin-section samples representing the periods before and after 4- and 9-years of injection of CO2 into the reservoir. Given this short period of time until completion of this report, some observations and conclusions drawn have to be judged preliminary. Further analytical work and in-depth interpretation of the results are underway. Information provided for the period 0–4 years after CO2 injection include observations made by S. Bock in the framework of her not yet finished Ph.D. thesis.

Description: The FOSA (FOgo Seismic Array) project has been carried out from October 2015 to December 2016 to investigate the seismicity of Fogo volcano after its eruption in 2014/2015. Fogo is the only volcano of the Cape Verde archipelago with reported historic eruptions. The eruptions occur frequently with an interval of about 20 years. However, the structure and extent of the related volcanic plumbing system are not well understood. The focus of the FOSA project was on the detection of ongoing magmatic activity and information about the plumbing system, using seismic array techniques. The array of the FOSA study was operated from October 2015 to December 2016, close to the village Achada Furna. From January 2016 we complemented the network with three additional broadband stations for an improved event detection and localization.

Description: A temporary seismic array was installed in combination with a meteorological station in the Dead Sea valley, Jordan. Within the scope of the HGF virtual institute DESERVE we operated 15 temporary seismic stations between February 2014 and February 2015 together with a nearby meteorological station close to the east coast of the Dead Sea. The main aim was to acquire data to study the influence of wind on seismic records and retrieve related meteorological parameters. The study area is scarcely populated and has ideal meteorological conditions to study periodically occurring winds.

Description: The KISS network was installed in the frame of the “Klyuchevskoy Investigation - Seismic Structure of an extraordinary volcanic system” project and recorded data between summer 2015 and summer 2016 in one of the world’s largest clusters of subduction volcanoes - the Klyuchevskoy volcanic group (KVG). It is located in eastern Russia at the northern end of the Kuril-Kamchatka subduction zone close to its intersection with the Aleutian arc and the north-western termination of Hawaii-Emperor seamount chain. Additional to the 4700m high Mount Klyuchevskoy the KVG contains 12 other volcanoes that have together erupted about 1 cubic meter rock per second averaged over the past 10,000 years. Among those Klyuchevskoy, Bezymianny and Tolbachik were the most active ones during the last decades with eruptions styles ranging from explosive to Hawaiian-type. The KISS experiment is designed to investigate the volcanic and seismic processes and its structural setting in the KVG. The network covers a circular region of about 80km diameter with some linear extensions. It includes data from 77 temporary seismic stations with broadband and short period sensors that were installed on concrete plates in about 60cm deep holes. Due to the local conditions the stations were battery powered and could not be serviced during the experiment. GPS reception of the digitizers was not continuous at all stations due to thick snow cover and vegetation. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code X9, and are embargoed until end of 2019.

Description: The German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) has been established after the devastating Tsunami in the Indian Ocean on December 26, 2004. It became an integral part of the Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTEWS) providing sensor networks and core computational components. GITEWS follows an “end-to-end” approach to cover the complete warning chain from rapid hazard detection over decision support to capacity development of communities at risk and the implementation of disaster reduction measures. PROTECTS (Project for Training, Education and Consulting for Tsunami Early Warning Systems) followed GITEWS with its main focus on system refinements, capacity building, and elaborated training measures that covered all aspects of the GITEWS Project. This paper discusses the specific challenges of Tsunami Early Warning in Indonesia, describes recent developments in instrumentation and data analysis and summarizes the system performance over the past 5 years.

Description: Preface 5Abstract 101. Introduction 102. Instrumentation 132.1 Seismic System 142.2 The GPS-System 182.3 Oceanographic Instruments 203. The Modelling-System 223.1 Source Modelling 233.2 TsunAWI Modelling System 243.3 Mesh Generation 263.4 Simulation System (SIM) 283.5 “On-the-fly”-System easyWave 324. Tsunami Early Warning Decision Support 334.1 The InaTEWS DSS 334.2 Experiences and Enhancements 374.3 Testing and Training Environment 385. System Performance 396. Tsunami Risk Assessment – Linking National Level Early Warning with Local Level Disaster Risk Reduction 436.1 The Approach: From Science to Practical Implementation 436.2 Multi-Scenario Tsunami Hazard Assessment 456.3 High Resolution Tsunami Inundation Modelling for Hazard Assessment 476.4 Exposure and Vulnerability Assessment 486.5 Tsunami Risk Assessment 486.6 Experiences and Enhancements 497. Tsunami Preparedness at Community Level - Experiences from 7 Years of Capacity Development in Indonesia 507.1 The Setting 517.2 Our Experiences 517.3 Project Documentation: TsunamiKit 588. Conclusions 58Acknowledgements 60References 61

Description: In July 2007 GFZ hosted ILP’s first Potsdam Conference, titled “Frontiers in Integrated Solid Earth Sciences”. The results of this meeting were presented in an over 400 pages large Springer book, the first volume of a new series on the International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE). In October 2010 ILP’s Second Potsdam Conference took place, entitled “Solid Earth – Basic Science for the Human Habitat”, again in Potsdam. More than 70 scientists from more than 20 states worldwide came together and shared their results, ideas and visions. This time, in September 2015, ILP’s 35th birthday was the motivation for “Celebrating Excellence in Solid Earth Sciences”. Together with more than 50 scientists, members of the ILP Task Forces and Coordinating Committees, the ILP bureau and ILP’s office came together for three days in September.

Description: In geosciences the discretization of complex 3D model volumes into finite elements can be a time-consuming task and often needs experience with a professional software. In particular, low angle outcropping or out-pinching geological units, i.e. geological layers that are represented in the model volume, pose serious challenges. Another example are changes in the geometry of a model, which can occur at one point of a project, when re-meshing is not an option anymore or would involve a significant amount of additional time to invest. In order to speed up and automate the process of discretization, Apple PY (Automatic Portioning Preventing Lengthy manual Element assignment for PYthon) separates the process of mesh-generation and unit assignment. It requires an existing mesh together with separate information on the depths of the interfaces between geological units (herein called horizons). These two pieces of information are combined and used to assign the individual elements to different units. The uniform mesh is created with a standard meshing software and has to be available as an Abaqus input file. The information on the horizons depths and lateral variations in the depths is provided in a text file. Apple PY compares the element location and depth with that of the horizons in order to assign each element to a corresponding geological unit below or above a certain horizon. The script files are provided for download at http://github.com/MorZieg/APPLE_PY. Table 0-1 gives an overview of the folder structure and input files with a short explanation.

Description: This report describes the KTB Borehole Measurements Data of the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm der Bundesrepublik Deutschland), operated by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. Extensive borehole measurements were performed during the active drilling phase of the KTB pilot and main hole (1989-1994). This report provides the full description of the logging data. Please read it thoroughly to avoid inappropriate or wrong use of the data. The terms borehole measurements, downhole logging, and logging are used synonymously here. The KTB logging data files contain the final processed versions of the geoscientific borehole logging data from logs in the two KTB boreholes: Boreholes Geographic Coordinates (WGS84) KTB-Oberpfalz VB (KTB Vorbohrung/Pilot Hole or KTB-VB) 49.8153 N, 12.118 E KTB-Oberpfalz HB (KTB Hauptbohrung/Main Hole or KTB-HB) 49.8152 N, 12.1205 E

Description: The 3D geomechanical-numerical modelling of the in-situ stress state aims at a continuous description of the stress state in a subsurface volume. It requires observed stress information within the model volume that are used as a reference. Once the modelled stress state is in agreement with the observed reference stress data the model is assumed to provide the continuous stress state in its entire volume. The modelled stress state is fitted to the reference stress data records by adaptation of the displacement boundary conditions. This process is herein referred to as calibration. Depending on the amount of available stress data records and the complexity of the model the manual calibration is a lengthy process of trial-and-error modelling and analysis until best-fit boundary conditions are found. The Fast Automatic Stress Tensor Calibration (FAST Calibration) is a Python function that facilitates and speeds up this calibration process. By using a linear regression it requires only three model scenarios with different boundary conditions. The stress states from the three model scenarios at the locations of the reference stress data records are extracted. The differences between the modelled and observed stress states are used for a linear regression that allows to compute the displacement boundary conditions required for the best-fit modelled stress state. If more than one reference stress state is provided, the influence of the individual observed stress data records on the best-fit boundary conditions can be weighted. The script files are provided for download at: http://github.com/MorZieg/PyFAST_Calibration

Description: The Earth’s upper atmosphere – a part of it, the ionosphere- is a dynamic partly ionized region with temporal and spatial variations under different phases of solar activity. The ionosphere being a dispersive medium causes signal strength fluctuation, propagation delay, signal attenuation, and signal degradation. These have constituted significant threats to both communication and navigation systems operating in microwave band which is due to the presence of high electron density and its irregularities. The key parameter of the ionosphere which is closely related to most of these delay effects on radio signals is the electron density and density gradients, in particular - its vertical integral, the Total Electron Content (TEC) which can be estimated from the Global Positioning System (GPS) data. The estimated TEC profiles, and TEC perturbation are studied to gain insights into the occurrence of irregular structures in the ionosphere and their distribution. One of the ionospheric irregularities located within the F region, and E region top side are Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). TIDs are propagating perturbations in the ionospheric electron density as a consequence of Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGWs) passage. The AGWs originate in the troposphere or stratosphere, and exhibit neutral wind perturbations propagating to the F region heights (i.e. ionospheric heights), where the neutral wind perturbations interact with the plasma via collisions, carrying it along the magnetic field lines (i.e. ion-neutral collision). This entire process in the ionosphere is manifested as oscillations of the ionospheric electron density, resulting in a TID. However, TIDs vary in scale sizes ranging within a few hundred kilometers (km) to over one thousand km, and based on this, they are categorized as either medium-scale TIDs (MSTIDs) or large scale TIDs (LSTIDs). In this thesis, we focus only on MSTIDs as one of the major and frequent ionospheric irregularity phenomena which may degrade positioning systems and could cause a delay in GPS signal transmission between a satellite and the GPS receiver. Multiple studies of ionospheric irregularities with the main focus on MSTIDs over different regions and continents around the world have been carried out, but studies of MSTIDs over the African region have neither been carried out nor reported probably due to lack of GPS data set, and the question of what drives its occurrence in the region which is not yet documented. The objective of this thesis is to study and describe for the first time the occurrence of MSTIDs and its characteristics over the African region under quiet geomagnetic condition (Kp ≤ 3) during the years 2008 – 2016. In addition, this thesis presents novel results of the time series of MSTIDs percentage occurrence rate (POR) during daytime and nighttime, and seasonal occurrence. Ionneutral coupling processes like the connection between AGW and MSTIDs are also discussed in the study. Observational TEC data used in this thesis are obtained from ground-based GPS networks within the African region and nearby stations. Additionally, temperature data from COSMIC radio occultation and SABER satellite observations for some case studies were used to validate AGWs passage as a driving source of MSTIDs, especially during the daytime. Consequently, regional MSTIDs distribution maps have been generated to capture the latitudinal, seasonal, and local time extent of the MSTID occurrence. Investigation of regional ionospheric irregularities over Africa (IRIA) gives a novel result of a climatological view of MSTIDs over Northern and Southern hemispheres in the African region.

Description: La traduction fait référence à la partie principale de la publication anglaise (Grünthal et al., 1998) décrivant l'Echelle Macrosismique Européenne (EMS-98). Ce texte est un extrait de la traduction française existante de la version anglaise complète (Grünthal et Levret, 2001). La partie princi-pale est constituée des pages 14 à 20 de l'original anglais et de la traduction de la version complète. Cette numérotation des pages est conservée ici.

Description: The translation refers to the core part of the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) of the English original (Grünthal et al., 1998), respectively the core part reproduced here is an excerpt from the existing French translation of the English full version (Grünthal and Levret, 2001). The core part consists of pages 14 to 20 of both the English original and the translation of the full French version. This page numbering is retained here. The European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) is a tool for intensity assignment. The macroseismic intensity represents a classification of the severity of ground-motion shaking during an earthquake on the basis of observed effects at a given place. The EMS-98 is the most recent scale in general use. It fully considers the varying strength of buildings in the form of six vulnerability classes, five damage grades for both masonry and reinforced concrete structures, and differentiates structural and non-structural damage as well. Another diagnostic element concerns the relative frequency of observed effects with quantitative definitions of the qualitative terms “few, many, most.” EMS-98 is the only intensity scale complemented by comprehensive guidelines and background materials. They provide the basis that the EMS-98 can easily be adapted for use to the building stock anywhere in the world. The European Seismological Commission launched the development of a new scale in 1988 which should consider modern earthquake-resistant building types and engineering requirements. So the test version EMS-92 and then EMS-98 were evolved. The latter should be the basis for intensity evaluation in European countries and is also applied in many countries outside Europe. The English original of the EMS-98 was translated as full scale into French, Italian, Spanish and Chinese. Moreover, the core part or the short form is available in a total of altogether 30 languages. Such multilingual availability is important since persons, not always fluent in English, act as observers and sensors in macroseismology.

Description: This document describes the type of data collected in the REFLECT project, the standards used and how the data is curated. It also elaborates on the relations to IPR requirements and exploitation strategies. All data from the project shall be deposited in research data repositories according to the FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship such that it is possible for third parties to access, mine, exploit, reproduce and disseminate — free of charge for any user.

Description: Length: 1 min

Description: Length: 32 min What forms the landscapes of the Earth with its mountains, rivers, soils, and the places we live in? One view holds that Earth’s surface is shaped when rocks are uplifted by geologic forces, and are then destroyed by rain, ice, and wind that carve landscapes by erosion and weathering. Another view suggests that the green layer of life between rocks below and climate above is the key player. Do plants with their roots, animals that dig into soil and the vast number of microorganisms shape the landscapes? Or do minerals, soil, and water provide the environment for them to live? Or are they both interdependent? Can they together resist the massive climate change imposed by humans today? Watch the scientists of the German-Chilean “EarthShape” project study these questions along a climate gradient in Chile, in the National Parks Pan de Azúcar, La Campana, and Nahuelbuta. Take a tour through fascinating landscapes and see the young scientists study the interactions between geology and biology, from the dry Atacama Desert to dense forests, and in their sophisticated home laboratories. See how feedbacks control Earth’s climate. A science movie designed and produced by Friedhelm von Blanckenburg from GFZ Potsdam, Germany, Kirstin Übernickel from Universität Tübingen, and Wolfgang Dümcke from Filmbüro Potsdam, Germany, within the German National Science Foundation (DFG) funded research network “EarthShape – Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” which is coordinated by Todd Ehlers (Universität Tübingen) und Friedhelm von Blanckenburg (GFZ Potsdam).

Description: There has been growing recognition of the importance of the accurate seismic locations in quantitative seismological studies, such as seismic hazard analyses, fault zone characterization, and Earth's deformation. Accurate estimation of seismic locations is critical since a wrong estimate of the seismic source location will result in wrong interpretations in the subsequent analyses. We present SCOTER, an open-source Python program package that is designed to relocate multiple seismic events by using P- and S-wave station correction terms. The package implements static and shrinking-box source-specific station terms techniques extended to regional and teleseimic distances and adopted for probabilistic, non-linear, global-search location for large-scale multiple-event location. This program provides robust relocation results for seismic event sequences over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales by applying empirical corrections for the biasing effects of 3-D velocity structure. Written in the Python programming language, SCOTER is run as a stand-alone command-line tool (requiring no knowledge of Python) and also provides a set of sub-commands to develop inputs (dataset, configuration etc) and export results (hypocenter parameters, travel-time residuals etc) { routine but non-trivial tasks that can consume much user time. This package can be used for relocation in local, regional, and teleseimic scales. We describe SCOTER's functionality, design and technical implementation, accompanied by an overview of its use cases. As an illustration, we demonstrate the applicability of this tool through two examples based on (1) a catalogue of several hundred events in the Arctic plate boundary region using regional and teleseismic arrival times and (2) a small dataset of low-magnitude seismic events recorded by dense, local stations at the western Iberia, central Portugal. The relocated datasets highlight the future potential for applying the SCOTER relocation tool to greatly improve the relative location accuracy among nearby events.

Description: The German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ operates a satellite-receiving station at Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen since 2001. Valuable support for several satellite missions was provided by the station on a best effort basis, while technical and software related issues, as well as uncertainties regarding important system properties, hindered any project participations with more binding commitments. The upcoming US-German GRACE-Follow On satellite mission with on-board GNSS-RO and gravity measurements and subsequent “near real-time” respectively low latency processing chains raised the demand to integrate the Ny-Ålesund station as the primary data receiving station of the mission’s ground segment. This required the demonstration of improved station performance and reliability with a perspective of sustainability as well as the determination of important antenna system parameters, such as the ratio of antenna gain to system noise (G/T). Analysis of receiving problems at the station in the past and considerations on methods to determine the station antennas characteristics suggested that improved antenna operation software was the most important and straightforward element on the planned way. Disappointing experiences with antenna operation programs of third parties, e.g., from shortcomings of functions, flexibility and support, indicated that the effort for an in-house development would pay off. Consequently new software for the semi-automatic operation of the antennas at the satellite receiving station at Ny-Ålesund was developed within this work. Main development objectives were the elimination of antenna operation problems which occurred in the past, to improve the station reliability, and to introduce program features for the support of required antenna measurements, e.g., such that use the sun as a natural radio signal source. Other focal points during the development were the program-internal timing routines, a compact, informative and operation-safe graphical user interface (GUI) and advanced operation logging features. Lessons learned by the operation of software from other parties in the years since 2001 were respected and even some hardware related issues with the antenna systems at Ny-Ålesund were solved by means of the new software. The new software “NYA-Sattrack” provides all required and desired functions, including some unconventional features. One example is the option to use two different external satellite orbit prediction programs and two sets of prediction elements (twoline elements). An operator can switch between the corresponding pass predictions at any time, even during a satellite contact with already moving antenna. This might be useful, e.g., in a Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP), when different predictions from different sources and with uncertain quality have to be used. Another example is the generation of graphical logs for each satellite contact. An operator can check these logs very fast and simultaneously with normal, text-based logs through a built-in log-viewer function. An eventually desired adaptation to other antenna system types with different technical properties is explicitly supported by the software design as all antenna-specific program code is allocated to individual software interface modules (Dynamic Link Libraries). The new program “NYA-GPS-SYNC” maintains the accuracy of the antenna operation computer clock to support precise operation timing. The two different antenna positioning systems (Elevation over Azimuth and X over Y) of the satellite-receiving station at Ny-Ålesund are operated routinely with NYA-Sattrack since July 2014 and each of the antennas tracks more than 25 satellite passes per day. The number of outages related to antenna operation issues and the manual effort for the operation of the antennas has decreased significantly since introduction of NYA-Sattrack. The new program features of NYA-Sattrack, e.g., such as the sun-tracking mode combined with scan modes, strongly supported the determination of important antenna system characteristics and the detection of a source of radio interference. All achievements of this work have a benefit for supported missions, e.g., due to a better knowledge about technical boundary conditions for contact planning and less data losses during data reception. NYA-Sattrack significantly improved the reliability, efficiency and sustainability to support current and future satellite missions and the Ny-Ålesund ground station is ready to work as the primary downlink station for the GRACE-FO mission, due for launch in February 2018.

Description: Das Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ betreibt seit 2001 eine Satelliten-Empfangsstation bei Ny-Ålesund auf Spitzbergen. Die Station hat, so gut es ging, wertvolle Dienste für etliche Satellitenmissionen geleistet. Verbindliche Verpflichtungen in Projekten konnten aber, wegen hard- und softwaretechnischer Probleme und den nur unsicher bekannten Leistungsparametern der Station, nicht eingegangen werden. Die aufkommende US-amerikanisch-deutsche GRACE-Follow On Satellitenmission für GNSS-RO- und Schwerefeldmessungen und die sich daran anschließenden nahe-Echtzeit Datenverarbeitungsketten führten zu dem Wunsch, die Ny-Ålesund Station als primäre Empfangsstation im Bodensegment der Mission zu integrieren. Dies erforderte den Nachweis von verbesserten Betriebseigenschaften, sowie verbesserter Betriebszuverlässigkeit und Zukunftssicherheit, und die Bestimmung wichtiger Antennenparameter, wie dem Verhältnis von Antennengewinn zu Systemrauschen (G/T). Analysen zu Empfangsproblemen an der Station in der Vergangenheit und Überlegungen zur Bestimmung der Antennencharakteristika legten nahe, dass der wichtigste und direkteste Schritt auf diesem Weg eine verbesserte Software für den Betrieb der Antennen sein würde. Wegen in verschiedener Hinsicht enttäuschenden Erfahrungen mit Antennenbetriebssoftware von Dritten, z.B. wegen unzureichenden Funktionen und mangelnder Flexibilität und Unterstützung, wurde angenommen, dass sich der Aufwand für eine eigene Programmentwicklung auszahlen würde. Infolgedessen wurde mit dieser Arbeit eine neue Software für den halb-automatischen Betrieb der Antennen an der Satelliten-Empfangsstation Ny-Ålesund entwickelt. Die wichtigsten Punkte dabei waren die Lösung der in der Vergangenheit beobachteten Betriebsprobleme mit den Antennen, bzw. die Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit der Station, und Funktionen für Messungen an und mit den Antennen, z.B. mit Nutzung der Sonne als natürliche Quelle für Radiosignale. Andere Schwerpunkte der Entwicklung waren die zeitlichen Abläufe im Programm, eine kompakte, informative und betriebssichere graphische Nutzerschnittstelle (GUI) und erweiterte Möglichkeiten zum Protokollieren (Loggen) des Betriebs. Dabei wurden die seit 2001 mit dem Betrieb von extern beschaffter Software gemachten Erfahrungen berücksichtigt und sogar durch Hardware verursachte Probleme beim Betrieb der Antennen in Ny-Ålesund durch die neue Software gelöst. Das neue Programm „NYA-Sattrack“ stellt alle benötigten und gewünschten Funktionen bereit, inklusive einiger ungewöhnlicher Funktionen. Ein Beispiel ist die Möglichkeit zur Nutzung von zwei unterschiedlichen externen Programmen zur Bahnvorhersage mit unterschiedlichen Bahnelementen (twoline elements). Ein Operator kann so jederzeit zwischen den beiden entsprechenden Bahnvorhersagen wechseln, sogar während eines Satellitenkontakts mit sich bereits bewegenden Antennen. Dies könnte z.B. in der ersten Zeit nach einem Satellitenstart nützlich sein, wenn unterschiedliche Bahnberechnungen mit unsicherer Genauigkeit von unterschiedlichen Quellen verwendet werden müssen. Ein anderes Beispiel ist die Erzeugung graphischer Logs für die einzelnen Satellitenkontakte. Diese Logs lassen sich von einem Operator sehr schnell überprüfen, durch eine integrierte Anzeigefunktion sogar zusammen mit den textbasierten Logdateien. Eine möglicherweise gewünschte Anpassung des Programms für andere Antennen mit unterschiedlichen Betriebseigenschaften wird dadurch unterstützt, dass antennenspezifischer Programmcode in Programmerweiterungen (Dynamic Link Libraries) platziert wurde. Das neue Programm “NYA-GPS-SYNC” kontrolliert die Uhr des Computers für die Antennensteuerung und sorgt so für einen zeitlich präzisen Betrieb. Die beiden unterschiedlichen Antennenpositionierungssysteme an der Satelliten- Empfangsstation Ny-Ålesund (Elevation über Azimut und X über Y) werden seit Juli 2014 routinemäßig mit NYA-Sattrack betrieben. Jede der beiden Antennen bedient mehr als 25 Satellitenkontakte pro Tag. Seit der Einführung von NYA-Sattrack haben betriebsbedingte Ausfälle stark abgenommen, ebenso der manuelle Aufwand zum Betrieb der Antennen. Die neuen Funktionen von NYA-Sattrack, wie z.B. das Verfolgen der Sonne mit einer Antenne in Kombination mit speziellen Bewegungsmustern, haben die Bestimmung wichtiger Antennenparameter und das Erkennen einer funktechnischen Störquelle ermöglicht. Alle erzielten Ergebnisse nützen indirekt auch den unterstützten Missionen, z.B. durch bessere Kenntnis der technischen Randbedingungen für die Planung von Kontakten und geringere Datenverluste beim Datenempfang. NYA-Sattrack hat die Zuverlässigkeit, Effektivität und Nachhaltigkeitsperspektive der Station für die Unterstützung aktueller und zukünftiger Satellitenmissionen stark verbessert, so dass diese nun für den geplanten Einsatz als primäre Empfangsstation für GRACE-FO bereit ist (geplanter Start im Februar 2018).

Description: This brochure is designed for scientists and engineers of upcoming drilling projects and explains the key steps and important challenges in planning and executing continental scientific drilling.

Description: The European Macroseismic Scale (EMS), published by the European Seismological Community is the basis for evaluation of seismic intensity in European countries and is also used in a number of countries outside Europe. Issued in 1998 as an update of the test version from 1992 (ESM-92), the scale is referred to as EMS-98. The European Macroseismic Scale is the first intensity scale designed to encourage co-operation between engineers and seismologists, rather than being for use by seismologists alone. It comes with a detailed manual, which includes guidelines, illustrations, and application examples. More details on background information on establishing the EMS-98 can be found in the Introduction to the full versions of the scale. The EMS-98 exists as different versions (full, core, short) and was translated in different languages. The original (English) document of the EMS-98 was published as Volume 15 of the Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie du Conseil de l’Europe (full document). The core part includes pages 14-20 of the full documents. The short form of the European Macroseismic Scale, abstracted from the Core Part, is intended to give a very simplified and generalized view of the EM Scale. It can, e. g., be used for educational purposes. The short form is not suitable for intensity assignments.

Description: The International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) performed a dual-phase scientific drilling project to investigate mountain-building processes called Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC). The borehole COSC-1 was drilled through the Lower Seve Nappe, as the first of two 2.5 km deep drill holes close to Åre, central Sweden. The recovered rocks comprise a 1650 m thick suite of high grade gneisses and amphibolites with clear Seve Nappe affinities, while the lower 850 m com-prise rather homogenous mylonitic gneisses with interfingered K-rich phyllonite bands of cm to several m size and some intercalated amphibolites. The different lithologies all crosscut the core in a subhorizontal direction with foliation of gneisses and phyllonites in the same direction. Albite and garnet porphyroblasts with pressure shadows show syn-deformational growth and the same sub-horizontal alignment. The focus was to detect chemical and mineralogical differences in mylonitic and host rocks and to relate these differences to either metasomatism and deformation or inher-ited source rock variance. Another goal of this work is to compare chemical core scanning instruments. For this purpose, two different μ-Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (μ-EDXRF), Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and hyperspectral imaging tech-niques served to measure seven samples from the lower 850 m of the COSC-1 core. This report will explain the data sets gained during this study. The metadata will be pre-sented in an additional file including XRF data from the AVAATECH XRF core scanner in a text file as well as data sets of the other used devices in original file formats.

Description: Already today, Central Asia faces water stress with competing water uses and prevailing low water use efficiencies. For the future, climate, hydrologic and socio- economic changes are going to exacerbate the situation. Research undertaken in the frame of the CAWa project revealed that based on the climate model scenarios climate change will result in a further increase of mean annual, winter and summer air temperature, and a substantial further reduction of glacier-covered area in the Tien Shan, e.g. the Naryn basin by 20 – 60 % up to 2050 compared to the present state. The river runoff regime is expected to shift from a glacio-nival to a pluvio-nival runoff regime with increasing discharge in springtime and decreasing discharge in the summer months for more pessimistic climate scenarios. By 2050, the increasing temperature triggers an increase in crop water requirements by 5–15 % for most of the traditional crops in the Fergana valley. A detailed scenario analysis for the Fergana valley showed that the economies can cope with the future conditions if (1) water use efficiencies in irrigated agriculture are increased by applying new irrigation technologies and improving irrigation infrastructure, and (2) the land use is adjusted in favour of new cash-crops like vegetables, fruits, and grapes. These are “no-regret” adaptation measures which the Central Asian economies should undertake to cope with the socio-economic changes alone, even if there was no climate change.

Description: Length: 32 min ¿Qué forma los paisajes de la Tierra, con sus montañas, ríos, suelos, los lugares en los que vivimos? ¿Se forma la superficie de la Tierra cuando las rocas son levantadas por fuerzas geológicas, y luego destruidas por la lluvia, el hielo y el viento; o las plantas con sus raíces, los animales que excavan en el suelo y el gran número de microorganismos dan forma a los paisajes? Observe a los científicos del proyecto alemán-chileno "EarthShape" estudiar estas preguntas a lo largo de fascinantes paisajes de Chile, y en sus laboratorios. Una película científica diseñada y producida por Friedhelm von Blanckenburg de GFZ Potsdam, Alemania, Kirstin Übernickel de la Universidad de Tübingen, y Wolfgang Dümcke de Filmbüro Potsdam, Alemania, dentro del consorcio de investigación "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota", financiado por la DFG y coordinado por Todd Ehlers (Universität Tübingen) y Friedhelm von Blanckenburg (GFZ Potsdam).

Description: Length: 3 min Watch the fascinating cycle through which plants obtain the mineral nutrients that they need to grow. Plants “eat” mineral nutrients like phosphorous or potassium from the soil and rock that their roots grow in. But this natural resource is limited. To prevent running out of nutrients, hyphae (long thread-like cells of fungi that are attached to roots) recycle phosphorus from falling leaves, and return it to the trees. In dry landscapes plants take up their phosphorus directly from rock. See the fundamental difference of ecosystems in different climates. An animated science movie designed and produced by Friedhelm von Blanckenburg from GFZ Potsdam, Germany, Michaela Dippold from Universität Göttingen, Germany, and Andreas Schulz from Filmbüro Potsdam, Germany within the DFG Project ““EarthShape – Earth Surface Shaping by Biota”.

Description: Movie 7: "The abandonment of a CO2 storage site – pilot project Ketzin" (Length 10:39) Produktionsjahr: 2015

Description: Length: 32 min Was formt die Oberfläche der Erde, auf der wir leben? Ihre Berge, ihre Flüsse, die Täler, die Böden? Ein wissenschaftliches Paradigma besagt, dass Landschaften geformt werden, wenn Gesteine durch geologische Kräfte gehoben werden. Dann werden sie mit Regen, Eis und Wind durch Erosion und Verwitterung wieder zerstört. Doch welche Rolle spielt die grüne Schicht des Lebens, die sich zwischen den nackten Felsen und dem Klima darüber ausbreitet? Gestalten etwa Pflanzen mit ihren Wurzeln und Tiere, die den Boden durchwühlen und die Vielzahl der Mikroorganismen die Landschaft? Oder bestimmen umgekehrt Minerale, Boden und Wasser die Formen des Lebens? Oder sind sie beide voneinander abhängig? Können Biosphäre und Geosphäre gemeinsam dem massiven Klimawandel widerstehen, den der Mensch heute verursacht? Erleben Sie, wie die Wissenschaftler des deutsch-chilenischen Projekts "EarthShape" diese Fragen entlang eines Klimagradienten in Chile, in den Nationalparks Pan de Azúcar, La Campana und Nahuelbuta untersuchen. Wir erleben eine Tour durch faszinierende Landschaften und erleben, wie die jungen Wissenschaftlerinnen die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Geologie und Biologie untersuchen: von der trockenen Atacama-Wüste bis hin zu dichten Regenwäldern; und in hoch-technischen Laboratorien. Sehen Sie, wie Rückkopplungen das Klima der Erde beeinflussen. Dieser Wissenschaftsfilm wurde von Friedhelm von Blanckenburg vom GFZ Potsdam, Kirstin Übernickel von der Universität Tübingen und Wolfgang Dümcke vom Filmbüro Potsdam im Rahmen des von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) geförderten Forschungsnetzwerks "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota" konzipiert und produziert. Das Forschungsnetzwerk wird von Todd Ehlers (Universität Tübingen) und Friedhelm von Blanckenburg (GFZ Potsdam) koordiniert.

Description: Length: 10 min Was formt die Oberfläche der Erde, auf der wir leben: ihre Berge, ihre Flüsse, die Täler, die Böden? Wird die Erdoberfläche geformt, wenn Gesteine durch geologische Kräfte hochgehoben und dann durch Regen, Eis und Wind zerstört werden oder prägen Pflanzen mit ihren Wurzeln, Tiere, die in den Boden graben, und die große Anzahl von Mikroorganismen die Landschaft? Erleben Sie, wie die Wissenschaftler des deutsch-chilenischen Projekts "EarthShape" diese Fragen entlang einer faszinierenden Landschaft in Chile und in ihren Laboratorien zu Hause untersuchen. Ein Wissenschaftsfilm, der von Friedhelm von Blanckenburg vom GFZ Potsdam, Kirstin Übernickel von der Universität Tübingen und Wolfgang Dümcke vom Filmbüro Potsdam im Rahmen des DFG-geförderten Forschungsnetzwerks "EarthShape - Earth Surface Shaping by Biota" konzipiert und produziert wird. Das Netzwerk wird von Todd Ehlers (Universität Tübingen) und Friedhelm von Blanckenburg (GFZ Potsdam) koordiniert wurde.

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Description: This E-book collates expert articles published on the Shale Gas Information Platform SHIP website (http://www.shale-gas-information-platform.org). The Shale Gas Information Platform is a network of international experts who share their expertise on different aspects of shale gas. With News, Basic Information and Expert Articles, SHIP features the scientific perspective within the current debate, adding factual argument to the pros and cons discussed publicly. The network is brought together by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. Most articles presented in this book are available in German and/or Polish on the SHIP website.

Description: Length: 32 min ¿Qué es lo que forma los paisajes de la Tierra con sus montañas, ríos, suelos, los lugares en los que vivimos? La superficie de la Tierra se forma cuando las rocas son levantadas por fuerzas geológicas, y luego son destruidas por la lluvia, el hielo y el viento que tallan los paisajes por la erosión y la meteorización. Pero hay una capa verde de vida entre las rocas de abajo y el clima de arriba. ¿Las plantas con sus raíces, los animales que excavan en el suelo y el gran número de microorganismos dan forma a los paisajes? ¿O es que los minerales, el suelo y el agua proveen el ambiente para la vida? ¿O ambos son interdependientes? ¿Pueden resistir juntos el cambio climático masivo impuesto por el ser humano hoy en día? Observe a los científicos del proyecto aleman-chileno "EarthShape" estudiando estas preguntas a lo largo de un gradiente climático en Chile, en los Parques Nacionales Pan de Azúcar, La Campana y Nahuelbuta. Recorra por paisajes fascinantes y vea a los jóvenes científicos estudiando las interacciones entre la geología y la biología, desde el desierto seco de Atacama hasta los densos bosques, y en sus sofisticados laboratorios de sus instituciones. Vea cómo las retroalimentaciones controlan el clima de la Tierra.

Description: Glacial contribution to eustatic sea level rise is currently dominated by loss of the smaller glaciers and ice caps, about 40% of which are tidewater glaciers that lose mass through calving ice bergs. The most recent predictions of glacier contribution to sea level rise over the next century are strongly dependent upon models that are able to project individual glacier mass changes globally and through time. A relatively new promising technique for monitoring glacier calving is through the use of passive seismology. CalvingSEIS aims to produce high temporal resolution, continuous calving records for the glaciers in Kongsfjord, Svalbard, and in particular for the Kronebreen glacier laboratory through innovative, multi-disciplinary monitoring techniques combining fields of seismology and bioacoustics to detect and locate individual calving events autonomously and further to develop methods for the quantification of calving ice volumes directly from the seismic and acoustic signals.

Description: This document provides information on the site effects studies carried out in Kyrgyzstan. These studies are carried out within the Global Change Observatory Central Asia of the GFZ and the Earthquake Model Central Asia (EMCA). Furthermore, the site effects estimated using different approaches are incorporated into the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) for Bishkek.

Description: Raw-, SEG-Y and other supplementary data of the landside deployment from the amphibious wide-angle seismic experiment ALPHA are presented. The aim of this project was to reveal the crustal and lithospheric structure of the subducting Adriatic plate and the external accretionary wedge in the southern Dinarides. Airgun shots from the RV Meteor were recorded along two profiles across Montenegro and northern Albania.

Description: This publication compiles the operational data (flow rate, cumulative mass, density, injection temperature, electrical conductivity and in-well pressure data) recorded during a field experiment on brine injection at the Ketzin pilot site during October 2015 to January 2015. Anyone should feel free to make use of the published data for any ethical purpose (civil use) – for example for process modelling and engineering.

Description: В настоящем отчете представлены некоторые результаты исследований сайт-эффектов, проведенных в Кыргызской Республике Центром им.Гельмгольца, Потсдам, Германский центр исследования Земли, Потсдам, Германия (GFZ) совместно с Центрально-Азиатским институтом прикладных исследований Земли, Бишкек, Кыргызская Республика (ЦАИИЗ). Настоящая работа была выполнена в рамках ряда таких проектов, как Компонент (Модель землетрясения в Центральной Азии, EMCA1) в Центральной Азии, разработанный по инициативе региональной программы Глобальной модели землетрясений (GEM2) . Некоторые статьи по данной тематике включены в Приложение.

Description: Without speaker, Length: 32 min What forms the landscapes of the Earth with its mountains, rivers, soils, the places we live in? Is Earth’s surface shaped when rocks are uplifted by geologic forces, and are then destroyed by rain, ice, and wind; or do plants with their roots, animals that dig into soil and the vast number of microorganisms shape the landscapes? Watch the scientists of the German-Chilean “EarthShape” project study these questions along a fascinating landscapes in Chile, and in their home laboratories. A science movie designed and produced by Friedhelm von Blanckenburg from GFZ Potsdam, Germany, Kirstin Übernickel from Universität Tübingen, and Wolfgang Dümcke from Filmbüro Potsdam, Germany, within the DFG-funded research network “EarthShape – Earth Surface Shaping by Biota” which is coordinated by Todd Ehlers (Universität Tübingen) und Friedhelm von Blanckenburg (GFZ Potsdam).

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Description: The movie features the workshop for primary school children "Geochemical Treasure Hunt". Length: 6:37 min

Description: The implementation of Integrated Water and Land Resources Management (IWLRM) in Central Asia is facing substantial challenges today. The most basic challenge among them, to which many other challenges can be traced back, is the building and development of capacities at the individual and organizational levels. This Policy Brief reviews the capacity building approaches taken by the German Water Initiative for Central Asia (“Berlin Process”), in particular: (1) short-term vocational trainings for water professionals offered by the CAWa research project, (2) regional master programme “Integrated Water Management” implemented at the German-Kazakh University in Almaty, (3) training module on river basin planning developed within the GIZ program “Transboundary Water Management in Central Asia”. These approaches address mainly the individual level of capacity building, but with the establishment of river basin commissions, the GIZ programme targeted also the institutional level. Key factors of success were the regional and trans-sectoral approach taken by all three programmes, the linking of science and practice, and the tailoring of the training contents to the practical needs of the participants.

Description: In our meeting Dynamic Earth – from Alfred Wegener to today and beyond we will review how Wegener‘s findings evolved into to modern Earth system science including its impact on climate and the Earth surface, and how this system affects our daily life: where humans live, what risks we are exposed to, where we find our resources. In the meeting we will hold sessions that cover the entire geoscience spectrum (from mineral physics over solid earth geodynamics to the climate sciences) and that explore the consequences of Wegeners findings on how humans use our planet today (from energy and mineral resources over georisks to utilisation of the subsurface and materials for modern society). We have invited keynote speakers that are eminent international scientists in these fields. In events open to the general public we will get an account of Wegeners final trip to Greenland on the history of science of his hypothesis.

Description: GeoMod is a biennial conference dedicated to latest results of analogue and numerical modelling of lithospheric and mantle deformation. GeoMod2014 focussed on rheology and deformation at a wide range of temporal and spatial scales: from earthquakes to long-term deformation, from micro-structures to orogens and subduction systems, as well as volcanotectonics and the interaction between tectonics and surface processes. GeoMod2014 took place at the Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences from 31 August to 3 September 2014. The conference was followed by two two-days short courses on different modelling techniques.The scientific programme of GeoMod2014 conference was organized in seven topical sessions over 3 days. The proceedings are composed of extended abstracts from all oral and poster contribution that were presented during the conferenvce. In addition to the full version of the Proceedings, and to provide smaller sized files for download, we also provide sub-volumes for each session. Each sub-volume contains the full table of content and authors index. The names of the sessions are also given in the filenames.

Description: The Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC) scientific drilling project focuses on mountain building processes in a major mid‐Paleozoic orogen in western Scandinavia and its comparison with modern analogues. The project investigates a subduction‐generated complex (Seve Nappes) and how these in part under ultra‐high pressure conditions metamorphosed outer continental margin and continent‐ocean transition zones (COT) assemblages were emplaced onto the Baltoscandian platform and there influenced the underlying allochthons and the basement in a section provided by two fully cored 2.5 km deep drill holes. This operational report concerns the first drill hole, COSC‐1 (ICDP 5054‐1‐A), drilled from early May to late August 2014. It sampled a thick section of the lower part of the Seve Complex and was planned to penetrate its basal thrust zone into the underlying lower grade metamorphosed allochthon. The drill hole reached a depth of 2495.8 m and nearly 100 % core recovery was achieved. Although planning was based on existing geological mapping and new high‐resolution seismic surveys, the drilling resulted in some surprises: the Lower Seve Nappe proved to be composed of rather homogenous gneisses, with only subordinate mafic bodies and its basal thrust zone was unexpectedly thick (〉 800 m). The drill hole did not penetrate the bottom of the thrust zone. However, lower grade metasedimentary rocks were encountered in the lowermost part of the drill hole together with garnetiferous mylonites tens of metres thick. The tectonostratigraphic position is still unclear and geological and geophysical interpretations are under revision. The compact gneisses host only 8 fluid conducting zones of limited transmissivity between 300 m and total depth. Downhole measurements suggest an uncorrected average geothermal gradient of ~20°C/km. The drill core was documented on‐site and XRF scanned off site. During various stages of the drilling, the borehole was documented by comprehensive downhole logging. This operational report provides an overview over the COSC‐1 operations from drilling preparations to the sampling party and describes the available datasets and sample material.

Description: A temporary seismic array of short-period seismometers was installed in the 8-story AHEPA hospital, located in the city of Thessaloniki, N. Greece. The scope of the survey was to assess the dynamic characteristics of the RC-building by processing ambient vibration recordings of more than 40 seismic stations installed at different positions in the building. Part of the instruments was used in a soil experiment, outside of the hospital, to study possible Soil Structure Interaction phenomena. In addition to above experiments, a site-specific survey was performed in the Volvi basin, 30km ENE of the city of Thessaloniki. The scope of this experiment was to investigate the soil properties and the geometry of the subsurface geology.

Description: LITHOS-CAPP is the German contribution to the international ScanArray experiment. ScanArray is an array of broadband seismometers with which we aim to study the lithosphere and upper mantle beneath the Scandinavian Mountains and the Baltic Shield. LITHOS-CAPP contributed 20 broadband recording stations from September 2014 to October 2016, 10 in Sweden and 10 in Finland, continuously recordings at 100 samples per second. The stations were deployed by the KIT Geophysical Institute and GFZ section 2.4 (seismology). They form part of the temporary network ScanArrayCore (FDSN network code 1G 2012-2017)

Description: The Scientific Technical Report describes supplementary material to the publication by Grünthal et al. (2018) on the earthquake model for the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) of Germany, version 2016. In particular, it contains detailed information, additional figures, tables and electronic data concerning seismicity, seismic source zone models, maximum magnitudes, seismicity rates of the seismic source zones, model data related to distributions of focal depth and tectonic regime parameters. It also supplies seismic hazard maps for Germany with a broad range of parametrizations.

Description: This brochure is designed for scientists and engineers of upcoming drilling projects and explains the key steps and important challenges in planning and executing continental scientific drilling.

Description: In this interim report, the studies on geothermal fluids carried out in Turkey, France and Iceland geothermal fields are explained.

Description: The ionosphere is a complex and highly variable physical system with the F-layer, which occupies at the highest altitude, contains the greatest concentration of free electrons. Under the extreme circumstance of the ionosphere such as in the periods of high solar activity or magnetic storms or simply in the equinoctial months each year, this layer is very often disturbed. During the disturbances, the small-scale irregularities develop and disperse microwave radio signals, and thus generate rapid fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of satellite signals. This phenomenon causes the ionosphere to be scintillated and is called ionospheric scintillation. The impacts of scintillation cannot be mitigated by the multi-frequency technique that is very effective when dealing with ionospheric delay. Consequently, ionospheric scintillation is one of the most significant threats for space geodetic techniques, especially for stations operating in the polar regions or areas near the equator. To study ionospheric scintillation, alternative methods have been proposed including the method of using high-rate receivers to directly output S4 index over Vietnam region and the method of using standard GNSS dual-frequency to calculate ROTI index on a global scale. Main results of this thesis are the temporal variations of total number electron (TEC) in Southeast Asia for eleven consecutive years and the appearance characteristics of scintillation over this area as well as globally during solar cycle 24 (SC24). For space geodesy, electromagnetic waves are most vulnerable in the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) as this region has many potential risks of errors for satellite signals. The research area (Southeast Asia) is also located entirely within the EIA. In this thesis, the temporal - latitudinal VTEC maps have been established to study the modifications of EIA’s structure. Thereby, the featured occurrence of EIA crests in Southeast Asia is revealed. Also, the global morphology of anomaly crests averaged over 11-year period shows the worldwide distribution of EIA crests during SC24. Throughout the thesis, the high consistency between the state of the ionosphere and the activity status of the Sun is evidenced by high correlations between VTEC and solar indices. In which, the radio flux index (F10.7 cm) is proved to be more agreeable to the VTEC development than the sunspot number (SSN). The behaviour of the ionosphere during intense magnetic storms is also investigated. The results show that the structure of EIA is often highly volatile during these severe ionospheric conditions.

Description: Die Ionosphäre ist ein komplexes und hochvariables physikalisches System, wobei die am höchsten gelegene F-Schicht die höchste Konzentration an freien Elektronen enthält. Unter den extremen Bedingungen der Ionosphäre, wie beispielsweise in den Perioden hoher Sonnenaktivität oder magnetischer Stürme oder einfach in den Äquinoktialmonaten eines jeden Jahres, ist diese Schicht der Ionosphäre häufig gestört. Während der Störungen propagieren und zerstreuen die kleinräumigen Unregelmäßigkeiten Mikrowellen-Radiosignale und erzeugen so schnelle Schwankungen in der Amplitude und in der Phase der Satellitensignale. Dieses Phänomen führt zu einer Szintillation der Ionosphäre und wird oft als ionosphärische Szintillation bezeichnet. Im Prinzip können die Auswirkungen der Szintillation nicht durch die Mehrfrequenztechnik verringert werden, die bei der Behandlung der ionosphärischen Verzögerung sehr effektiv ist. Aus diesen Gründen ist die ionosphärische Szintillation eine der größten Herausforderungen für geodätische Weltraumtechniken, insbesondere für Messstationen, die in den Polarregionen oder in äquatornahen Gebieten einschließlich Südostasiens arbeiten. Zur Untersuchung der ionosphärischen Szintillation wurden alternative Methoden vorgeschlagen, darunter die Methode der Verwendung von Hochfrequenz-Empfängern zur direkten Ausgabe des S4-Index über der Region Vietnam und die Methode der Verwendung der standardmäßigen GNSS Zweifrequenzmessungen zur Berechnung des ROTI-Index zur Untersuchung ionosphärischer Unregelmäßigkeiten im globalen Maßstab. Die Hauptergebnisse der Arbeit beinhalten die zeitlichen Variationen des Gesamtelektroneninhalts (total electron content, TEC) in Südostasien für elf aufeinander folgende Jahre und die Erscheinungsmerkmale der Szintillation während des 24. Sonnenzyklus (SC24) sowohl über diesem Gebiet als auch auf globaler Ebene. Für die Weltraumgeodäsie sind elektromagnetische Wellen in der äquatorialen Anomalie der Ionosphäre (equatorial ionization anomaly, EIA) am anfälligsten, da diese Region viele potenzielle Fehlerrisiken für Satellitensignale aufweist, welche bei der Übertragung aus dem Weltraum die Ionosphäre durchqueren. Das Forschungsgebiet (Südostasien) befindet sich ebenfalls vollständig innerhalb der EIA. In dieser Arbeit wurden die zeit und breitenabhängigen Karten des VTEC erstellt, um die Veränderungen der Struktur der EIA zu untersuchen. Dabei wird das charakteristische Vorkommen von Kämmen der EIA-Anomalie in Südostasien offen gelegt. Außerdem zeigt die globale Morphologie der Anomalie-Kämme, gemittelt über einen Zeitraum von elf Jahren, die weltweite Verteilung der EIA-Kämme während des SC24. Der starke Zusammenhang zwischen dem Zustand der Ionosphäre und dem Aktivitätszustand der Sonne wird durch hohe Korrelationen zwischen dem VTEC und den Sonnenindizes einschließlich der Sonnenfleckenzahl (sunspot number, SSN) und dem Radioflussindex F10,7 cm belegt. Auch das Verhalten der Ionosphäre während intensiver magnetischer Stürme wird untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Struktur der EIA unter diesen extremen ionosphärischen Bedingungen häufig sehr volatil ist.

Description: Proficiency testing (PT) is one of the few ways for an analytical laboratory to assess data quality under routine operating conditions. Here we report the results of Round 1 of the G-Chron PT programme, which is sponsored by the International Association of Geoanalysts. G-Chron is the first PT scheme devoted to the U-Th-Pb dating of mineral phases, primarily zircon, in geological materials. In this first round of G-Chron a total of 72 geochronology laboratories received the test material “Rak-17”, which previously had been characterized by seven well-established isotope dilution TIMS laboratories. A total of 63 of the PT participating laboratories reported data by the 15 December 2019 deadline. Here we both report and assess the measurement results submitted to this round. Our analysis provides a means for participating laboratories to assess their individual performance in relation to the isotope ages assigned, the experimental fitness-for-purpose criteria proposed by the scheme’s organisers and the results of similar laboratories participating in this round.

Description: The Earth is rotating around its rotation axis in an irregular manner. The Earth rotation axis and its orientation in space vary with respect to the reference system (both the terrestrial and the celestial) due to the wide range of processes that contribute to the rotation excitation. Therefore, the study of the Earth rotation can provide essential information concerning the Earth system. Spaceborne geodetic sensors can determine Earth orientation parameters (EOP), which fully describe Earth’s behaviour in space. The EOP are needed for several fields and applications such as fundamental astronomical and geodetic reference systems, precise satellite orbit determination, space navigation, and disaster prevention.\\ Over the past three decades, climate change has caused undesirable alterations in living organisms, human activities, and socio-economic aspects. Climate change is fluctuating and alters weather patterns such as precipitation patterns and sea and ocean levels. It also threatens the biodiversity of ecosystems, food security, and human health, and exacerbates natural disasters. The intensity and frequency of natural hazards are increasing with erratic distribution due to changes in the climate. Also, the level of vulnerability and zonation of risk are changed. Analysis of natural hazards, such as atmospheric and hydrological events, can help improve crisis management. Therefore, satellite observation data and simulated data derived from different atmospheric models are needed in order to model different types of hazards and risks, which can help early warning and prediction systems. Even though continuous sensor measurements and archive data (historical data/climate) are used for weather forecasting in developed countries, deadly flooding happened close to Stuttgart in southern Germany in May 2016, which might be avoided by a precise weather warning system. Therefore, real-time space geodetic technique data estimation is necessary to use as input data in weather prediction models. For the analysis of space geodetic techniques in (near) real-time, predictions of the EOP are required. EOP are made available by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Rapid Service Prediction Centre at USNO, Washington D.C., with a delay of hours to days. Accordingly, in the past, several methods were developed and applied for the EOP prediction. However, the accuracy of EOP prediction is still unsatisfactory, even for prediction of just a few days in the future.\\ To improve the EOP prediction accuracy, this study investigates the consistency between Earth rotation’s theories and observations. Moreover, the potentials of different geophysical phenomena are examined to better understand the interaction of different processes that affect the Earth rotation excitation with the time. Most of the Earth’s rotation theories and solutions are based on the location of the Earth’s principal axes of inertia (PAI). That location is defined by the second-degree Stokes coefficients of the geopotential, which are accurately observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and satellite laser ranging (SLR). In this study, the evolution of the Earth’s axes of inertia is analyzed for the first time. The presented results are remarkable, as the inertia axes do not move around a mean position fixed to a given terrestrial reference frame in the study period, but drift away from their initial location in a non-negligible manner.\\ Moreover, this study proposes a novel hybrid approach to predict EOP. There is a well-introduced stochastic method called copula-based analysis, and I combined it with singular spectrum analysis (SSA) for EOP prediction. I analyzed the potential of copula-based methods for predicting Earth rotation parameters that are derived from the combination of different satellite geodetic sensors and from other geophysical parameters like effective angular momentums. The copula is a statistical method that exploits linear and non-linear relationships between two or more variables by fitting a theoretical copula function into an empirical bivariate or multivariate distribution function. I introduced a hybrid prediction method that can be applied to other geophysical parameters is introduced in this thesis.\\ In this study, the interconnection between the celestial pole motion (CPM) and geomagnetic field (GMF) is investigated to improve the current CPM prediction methods. During the last decade, several investigations have been conducted in order to discuss a possible interconnection of polar motion and geomagnetic jerks, which are rapid changes in GMF secular variations. However, less attention has been paid to the impact of the GMF changes on the CPM, e.g., the interrelation of the geomagnetic jerks, geomagnetic dipole moment, geomagnetic field elements, and CPM variations. In this study, I use the CPM time series obtained from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations and the latest GMF data to explore the correlation between CPM and the GMF. Our preliminary results revealed some impressive common features in the CPM and GMF variations, which show the potential to improve our understanding of the GMF’s contribution to the Earth’s rotation. All in all, the results mathematically illustrate the coherency between the GMF parameters and CPM, which helps improve EOP products.

Description: Die Erde dreht sich um ihre Rotationsachse auf unregelmäßige Art und Weise. Die Erdrotationsachse und ihre Orientierung im Raum variieren in Bezug auf das Referenzsystem (sowohl im terrestrischen wie auch im zälestischen System) aufgrund des breiten Spektrums von Prozessen, die zur Rotationsanregung beitragen. Daher kann die Untersuchung der Erdrotation wesentliche Informationen über das Erdsystem liefern. Weltraumgestützte geodätische Sensoren liefern Informationen über erdgebundene Orientierungsparameter (EOP), die das Verhalten der Erde im Weltraum vollständig beschreiben. EOP werden für verschiedene Bereiche und Anwendungen, wie beispielsweise für grundlegende astronomische und geodätische Referenzsysteme, benötigt. Des Weiteren sind sie auch für die präzise Bestimmung von Satellitenorbits und die weltraumgestützten Navigation, bis hin zu Anwendungen im Katastrophenschutz von Bedeutung.\\ In den letzten drei Jahrzehnten zeigen sich bereits die negativen Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Biosphäre, menschliche Aktivitäten und sozioökonomische Aspekte. Der Klimawandel unterliegt Fluktuationen und verändert die Wettermuster, wie z.B. die Niederschlagsverteilung, sowie Meeres- und Ozeanspiegel. Er bedroht aber auch die biologische Vielfalt der Ökosysteme, die Ernährungssicherheit, die menschliche Gesundheit und verschlimmert Naturkatastrophen. Die Intensität und Häufigkeit von Naturgefahren werden zunehmen, hierbei ist ihre Verteilung aufgrund von Klimaveränderungen allerdings unregelmäßig; auch der Grad von Schadensanfälligkeiten und die Einteilung von Risikozonen werden sich zukünftig ändern.\\ Die Analyse von Naturgefahren, wie atmosphärische und hydrologische Ereignisse, kann zur Verbesserung des Krisenmanagements beitragen. Daher werden Satellitenbeobachtungen und simulierte Daten, die von verschiedenen atmosphärischen Modellen abgeleitet werden, für die Gefahr- und Risikomodellierung benötigt; dies kann Frühwarn- und Vorhersagesysteme unterstützen. Obwohl kontinuierliche Sensormessungen und Archivdaten (historische Daten/Klimadaten) für die Wettervorhersage in entwickelten Ländern zur Verfügung stehen, kamen es im Mai 2016 in der Nähe von Stuttgart in Süddeutschland bei einer katastrophalen Überschwemmung zu Verlusten von Menschenleben, die möglicherweise durch ein präzises Wetterwarnsystem vermeidbar gewesen wären. \\ Eine Echtzeitschätzung der geodätischen Weltraumtechnik wäre notwendig, um sie als Eingangsdaten in Wettervorhersagemodellen zu verwenden. Für die Analyse von raumgeodätischen Techniken in (nahezu) Echtzeit sind Vorhersagen der EOP unerlässlich. EOP werden durch das Rapid Service Prediction Centre des International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) am USNO, Washington D.C., mit einer Verzögerung von Stunden bis Tagen zur Verfügung gestellt. Demzufolge wurden in der Vergangenheit mehrere Methoden für die EOP-Vorhersage entwickelt und angewendet. Die Genauigkeit dieser EOP-Vorhersagen ist jedoch nach wie vor - selbst für einen Vorhersagezeitraum von nur wenigen Tagen - unbefriedigend.\\ Um die Genauigkeit der EOP-Vorhersage zu verbessern, beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Studie mit der Untersuchung von der Vereinbarkeit von Erdrotationstheorien mit Beobachtungen. Darüber hinaus wird das Potenzial verschiedener geophysikalischer Phänomene analysiert, um die Wechselwirkungen verschiedener Prozesse, die die zeitabhängige Anregung der Erdrotation beeinflussen, besser zu verstehen.\\ Die meisten Theorien und Lösungen zur Erdrotation basieren auf der Lage der Hauptträgheitsachsen der Erde (PAI). Diese Position wird durch die Stokes-Koeffizienten zweiten Grades des Geopotentials, das mit Hilfe der Satellitenmission Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) und der Satelliten-Laser-Entfernungsmessung (SLR) genau beobachtet wird, definiert. In dieser Studie wird zum ersten Mal die Entwicklung der Trägheitsachsen der Erde analysiert. Bemerkenswert an den vorgestellten Ergebnissen ist, daß sich die Trägheitsachsen während der Untersuchungsperiode nicht um eine mittlere Position, die in einem bestimmten terrestrischen Bezugsrahmen festgelegt ist, bewegen, sondern sich in nicht zu vernachlässigender Weise von ihrem ursprünglichen Position entfernen.\\ Darüber hinaus schlägt diese Studie einen neuartigen hybriden Ansatz zur EOP-Vorhersage vor. Es gibt eine gut eingeführte stochastische Methode, die “kopula-basierte Analyse”, die wir mit der “Singulär-Spektrum-Analyse” (SSA) für die EOP-Vorhersage kombiniert haben . Wir analysierten das Potenzial kopula-basierter Methoden zur Vorhersage von Erdrotationsparametern, die aus der Kombination verschiedener geodätischer Satellitensensoren und aus anderen geophysikalischen Parametern, wie z.B effektiven Drehimpulsen, abgeleitet werden. Die Kopula ist eine statistische Methode, die lineare und nicht-lineare Beziehungen zwischen zwei oder mehreren Variablen nutzt, indem eine theoretische Kopula-Funktion an eine empirische, bivariate oder multivariate Verteilungsfunktion angepasst wird. Wir haben eine hybride Vorhersagemethode entwickelt, die auch auf andere geophysikalische Parameter angewendet werden kann.\\ In dieser Studie wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der Bewegung des Himmelspols (CPM) und dem geomagnetischen Feld (GMF) untersucht, um die derzeitigen CPM-Vorhersagemethoden zu verbessern. Während des letzten Jahrzehnts wurden mehrere Untersuchungen durchgeführt, um eine mögliche Verbindung zwischen polaren Bewegungen und geomagnetischen Ausbrüten - hierbei handelt es sich um rasche Veränderungen der säkularen Variationen des GMF - zu erörtern. Weniger Aufmerksamkeit wurde jedoch den Auswirkungen der GMF-Änderungen auf die CPM, z.B. der Wechselbeziehung der geomagnetischen Ausbrüte, des geomagnetischen Dipolmoments, der geomagnetischen Feldelemente und der CPM-Variationen, gewidmet. In dieser Studie verwenden wir CPM-Zeitreihen, die aus Beobachtungen der Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) gewonnen wurden und aktuelle GMF-Daten, um die Korrelation zwischen CPM und GMF zu untersuchen. Unsere vorläufigen Ergebnisse zeigen einige auffallente Gemeinsamkeiten in den CPM- und GMF-Variationen, die das Potenzial besitzen, unser Verständnis des GMF-Beitrags zur Erdrotation zu verbessern. Alles in allem veranschaulichen die Ergebnisse mathematisch die Kohärenz zwischen den GMF-Parametern und der CPM und weisen damit perspektivisch den Weg für eine Verbesserung der EOP-Produkte.

Description: This study presents an enhancement to the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) by integrating low Earth orbiters (LEOs) to a joint precise orbit determination (POD) processing. The Global Position System (GPS) operated by the United States is studied as a representative of all GNSS. The LEOs equipped with GNSS receivers supplement the receivers of the ground stations, especially for regions with a limited number of employed stations, which can be caused by various reasons. Due to the altitude and high velocity of LEOs, they not only contribute with additional observations, but also with a rapidly-changing observation geometry. Moreover, space-based observations have additional advantages over ground-based observations, e.g., signals are received without the impact of the troposphere. LEOs not only act as kinematic stations for GNSS satellites, but also bring additional orbit dynamics to the integrated system. The constraints caused by these orbit dynamics have an important impact on the determination of the orbits of the GNSS satellites and other parameters beyond that. In this thesis, the following topics are presented: 1) Background information and the basic principles related to the POD of GNSS satellites and LEOs, 2) the separated POD of GNSS satellites and LEOs, 3) the integrated POD, 4) the determination of the antenna phase center offsets (PCOs) of the GPS satellites and other geodetic parameters in the integrated POD. The orbit modeling and processing configuration used in this study for GNSS satellites and LEOs are verified to be compatible with state-of-the-art studies by the separated POD. The orbits of the GNSS satellites and LEOs reach an accuracy of a few centimeters and are comparable with the state-of-art studies. A more efficient outlier detection method has been developed to improve the position determined by using pseudo-range observations. In the study about the enhancement of the GPS orbits by integrating LEOs, a 26-station ground network in a global and sparse distribution is supplemented by different subsets of seven LEOs including GRACE-A/B, OSTM/Jason-2, Jason-3 and, Swarm-A/B/C. A 34% improvement of the GPS orbit in 1D-mean RMS (from 37.5 mm to 23.9 mm) is achieved by including the seven LEOs. Both the number of space-based observations and the LEOs' orbital geometry affect the GPS orbits where the orbital geometry is shown to be more important. The estimated GPS PCOs are also improved by including LEOs. For the x- and y-components of the GPS PCOs, the formal error is reduced significantly due to the additional observations and expanded nadir angle coverage brought by the LEOs during the periods of large solar-elevation angle. The z-component of the GPS PCOs (z-PCO) are strongly correlated with the scale of the terrestrial reference frame. By introducing the orbit dynamics of the seven LEOs to the processing without applying a no-net-scale constraint, the correlation coefficients between the GPS z-PCOs and the scale are reduced from 0.85 to 0.30. Consequently, the GPS z-PCOs can be estimated independently from the a-priori scale and a purely GNSS-based scale can be determined as well. A system-specific -25.5 cm offset of the GPS z-PCOs relative to the values offered by the International GNSS Service (IGS) is computed based on the seven-LEO-integrated solution. Another approach based on Galileo also solves this problem. The GPS satellites, multi-GNSS stations, and Galileo satellites with ground calibrated PCOs are processed jointly to calibrate the GPS z-PCOs and simultaneously determine a Galileo-based scale simultaneously. Based on the comparison and cross-check, a good agreement is shown between the LEO-based and Galileo-based methods. There is a slight improvement in the geocenter when including three Swarm satellites to the processing with about 80 ground stations over a half year. Based on the analysis in theory and the results derived from real data, an obvious enhancement to various aspects of GNSS by the integrated processing with LEOs is shown. More LEOs equipped with GNSS receivers and carefully calibrated PCOs are expected for further missions or even the next generation of GNSS.

Description: In dieser Arbeit wird eine Verbesserung der globalen Satellitennavigationssysteme (GNSS) durch die Einbindung von Satelliten in niedrigen Erdumlaufbahnen (LEOs) in eine gemeinsame präzise Bahnbestimmung (POD) vorgestellt. Das von den Vereinigten Staaten betriebene Global Positioning System (GPS) wird stellvertretend für alle GNSS untersucht. Die mit GNSS-Empfängern ausgestatteten LEOs ergänzen die Empfänger der Bodenstationen, vor allem in Regionen, in denen aus verschiedenen Gründen nur wenige Stationen verfügbar sind. Aufgrund der Orbithöhe und schnellen Bewegung der LEOs tragen diese nicht nur mit zusätzlichen Beobachtungen bei, sondern auch mit einer sich schnell verändernden Beobachtungsgeometrie. Darüber hinaus haben weltraumgestützte Beobachtungen zusätzliche Vorteile gegenüber bodengestützten Beobachtungen, z. B. werden Signale ohne den Einfluss der Troposphäre empfangen. LEOs stellen nicht nur kinematische Stationen für die GNSS-Satelliten dar, sondern bringen auch eine zusätzliche Bahndynamik in das integrierte System ein. Die durch diese Bahndynamik gegebenen Beschränkungen sind sowohl für die Bahnbestimmung der GNSS Satelliten als auch für weitere Parameter äußerst relevant. In dieser Arbeit werden die folgenden Themen behandelt: 1) Hintergrundinformationen und Grundprinzipien der POD von GNSS-Satelliten und LEOs, 2) eine separate POD von GNSS-Satelliten und LEOs, 3) eine integrierte POD, 4) die Schätzung der Antennen-Phasenzentrumsversätze (PCOs) der GPS-Satelliten und anderer geodätischer Parameter in der integrierten POD. Die separaten PODs bestätigen, dass die in dieser Studie verwendete Bahnmodellierungs- und Prozessierungskonfiguration der GNSS-Satelliten und LEOs mit dem aktuellen Stand der Forschung kompatibel ist. Die Bahnen der GNSS-Satelliten und LEOs erreichen eine Genauigkeit von wenigen Zentimetern. Es wurde eine effizientere Methode zur Erkennung von Ausreißern entwickelt, um die mit Hilfe von Pseudo-Range-Beobachtungen ermittelte Position zu verbessern. Ein Bodennetz mit 26 global dünn verteilten Stationen wird verwendet, um die Verbesserung der GPS-Bahnen durch die Integration von verschiedenen Teilgruppen der sieben LEOs GRACE-A/B, OSTM/Jason-2, Jason-3 und Swarm-A/B/C zu untersuchen. Bei der Einbeziehung aller sieben LEOs ergibt sich eine Verbesserung des 1D RMS Mittelwertes der GPS-Orbits von 34 % (von 37,5 mm auf 23,9 mm). Sowohl die Anzahl der weltraumgestützten Beobachtungen als auch die Geometrie der Bahnen der LEOs beeinflussen die GPS-Bahnen, wobei die Orbitgeometrie sich als der wichtigere Faktor erweist. Die geschätzten GPS PCOs werden durch die Einbeziehung von LEOs ebenfalls verbessert. Der formale Fehler der x- und y-Komponenten der GPS PCOs wird durch die zusätzlichen Beobachtungen und die größere Abdeckung des Nadirwinkels, den die LEOs während Perioden eines großen Sonnenstandswinkels mit sich bringen, erheblich reduziert. Die z-Komponente der GPS PCOs (z-PCO) ist mit dem Maßstabsfaktor des terrestrischen Referenzrahmens stark korreliert. Durch die Berücksichtigung der Bahndynamik der sieben LEOs in der Prozessierung werden ohne Fixierung des Maßstabes (d.h. ohne eine No-Net-Scale Bedingung) die Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen den GPS z-PCOs und dem Maßstabsfaktor von 0,85 auf 0,30 reduziert. Folglich können zum einen die GPS z-PCOs unabhängig von einem externen Maßstab geschätzt werden und zum anderen kann ein rein GNSS-basierter Maßstabsfaktor bestimmt werden. Mit der integrierten Lösung mit sieben LEOs ergibt sich ein systemspezifischer Versatz der GPS z-PCOs von -25,5 cm relativ zu den vom International GNSS Service (IGS) veröffentlichten Werten. Ein anderer Ansatz basierend auf Galileo löst dieses Problem ebenfalls. Die GPS Satelliten, Multi-GNSS Bodenstationen und Galileo Satelliten mit bodenkalibrierten PCOs werden gemeinsam prozessiert, um die GPS z-PCOs zu kalibrieren und gleichzeitig einen Galileo-basierten Maßstabsfaktor zu bestimmen. Ein Vergleich zur Überprüfung zeigt eine hohe Übereinstimmung der LEO- und Galileo-basierten Methoden. Die Einbeziehung von drei Swarm Satelliten in eine Prozessierung mit etwa 80 Bodenstationen über ein halbes Jahr hinweg zeigt eine leichte Verbesserung des Geozentrums. Auf der Grundlage der theoretischen Analyse und der aus realen Daten abgeleiteten Ergebnisse zeigt sich eine deutliche Verbesserung verschiedener Aspekte der GNSS durch die Integration von LEOs. Es ist zu erwarten, dass mehr LEOs, ausgestattet mit GNSS-Empfängern und sorgfältig kalibrierten PCOs, für künftige Missionen oder sogar die nächste GNSS Generation eingesetzt werden.

Description: MAARE is an interdisciplinary research initiative to enhance our understanding of magma ascent, accumulation and reservoir evolution in intra-continental settings. Examples of core questions addressed by the MAARE research initiative comprise: · What are past and current conditions in transcrustal magmatic reservoirs at different depths? · How do magmatic fluids migrate through the crust and how do they trigger reservoir unrest? · What are the spatio-temporal controls on volcanism in low-flux systems? · What are realistic eruption scenarios and forecast uncertainties in low probability, high impact volcanic regions? · How can distributed volcanic fields be monitored in a comprehensive manner and how can small precursory signals reliably be interpreted? · What are pitfalls in communicating volcanic hazard research and risk? The aim of the lecture series is to develop a common understanding of the key questions, to develop new ideas and to initiate joint research projects.

Description: Deliverable D2.4 reports on the activities performed within Task 2.4 “Thermophysical properties of geothermal fluids” until the end of month 36 of the REFLECT project. The task breaks down into three subtasks of different scope: Task 2.4.1 - In situ measurements of fluid thermophysical properties, Task 2.4.2 - Thermoelectrical properties, and Task 2.4.3 - Modelling of density and heat capacity. Overall, a better understanding of the thermophysical properties of highly saline geothermal fluids was obtained by a combination of analytical data evaluation, improvement of measurement devices, laboratory measurements and numerical modelling.

Description: This report summarises the webinars organised in the REFLECT project between 2021 and 2022, in the framework of the WP6 Dissemination and exploitation, Task 6.2 – Ensure transferability and exploitation of project results. The Task 6.2 planned to inform the stakeholders identified in the matrix developed under Task 6.1 about the project activities and main outcomes. For this purpose, periodic webinars have been organised between 2021 and 2022 presenting these results and information.

Description: This report presents the stakeholder workshops organised in the REFLECT project, in the framework of the WP6 Dissemination and exploitation, Task 6.2 – Ensure transferability and exploitation of project results. The Task 6.2 planned to inform the stakeholders identified in the matrix developed under Task 6.1 about the project activities and main outcomes. For this purpose, two physical stakeholder workshops were organised during the project. The first workshop, at the start of the project, was dedicated to a first communication of the project’s objectives and expected outcomes. It also had the aim to receive feedback from geothermal operators on their most significant operational problems related to geothermal fluid properties. This first workshop was, therefore, limited to the Advisory Board members in order to build on their specific experience. The second stakeholder workshop presented the project’s results most relevant to geothermal operators or service companies/consultants. The objective of the second stakeholder workshop was to share projects results with a broad group of stakeholders. Therefore, it was widely promoted and the registration was open to all and free of charge. Both workshops received positive feedback from stakeholders and project partners.

Description: This deliverable summarises the methodology and results of the data collection for the European Fluid Atlas by the REFLECT project partners.

Description: The main objective of the work package 2 of the REFLECT project is to characterise relevant fluid properties and their reactions for saline fluids (type C). One of the specific goals was to collect fluid samples from several saline fluids from geothermal sites across Europe, determine their properties, and thus contribute to the Fluid Atlas (WP3). Additionally, the REFLECT team will compare those field data with data from lab experiments performed at near natural conditions. Samples of type C fluids were taken from several sites in Germany, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands. The samples were analysed for major and minor ions, dissolved gases and isotopes.

Description: Global growth of industry and population leads to increasing demand of industrial and consumer goods. This necessitates an increase in mining activities and resource extraction. Resulting mine waste, and tailings serve as a repository for unused overburden and for the accumulation of processed waste-products. It is typical for so-called secondary iron minerals (SIMs) to be formed during the weathering of these materials under different pH-value conditions. Acid mine drainage (AMD) can result from rainwater infiltration and chemical processes within the deposited mass. Therefore, mine tailings must be spatially separated from their surroundings and monitored. The emergence of remote sensing methods provides new opportunities to survey large areas. In this work a remote sensing approach was used to discriminate SIMs from surrounding material and minerals and subsequently classify different SIMs on the surface. This allows to reconstruct (/comprehend the former) the acidic environments that prevailed during the formation of these minerals and gives indication of the occurrence of AMD. Various SIMs have pH-values ranging from strongly acidic (〈1.5, i.e., Schwertmannite and Copiapite) to neutral (〉7, i.e., Hematite). Classifying these SIMs, leads to the identification of contaminated areas. This method was developed based on a laboratory dataset with different minerals and vegetation samples. The datasets were originally acquired with hyperspectral HySpex cameras in the laboratory and were resampled to WorldView-3 (WV3) and Sentinel-2 (S2) band characteristics for analysis. A combination of different filter methods made pixel-based separation of SIMs possible. The results were subsequently classified using a RF-model to distinguish between different SIMs. In this training dataset, the RF model achieved an overall accuracy of 94.44% for the WV3 and S2 datasets (the area-adjusted overall accuracy was 93.45% and 93.62%, respectively). Subsequently, a second laboratory dataset with field samples was analysed using the same technique and the classification results were compared with XRD analyses of the samples. Satellite images from WV3 and S2 sensors were then analysed using this methodology. The results for the study area of volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits in the Republic of Cyprus, namely Skouriotissa and Apliki, were then compared. The results for the Skouriotissa mine region showed a potential area of 17.22 to 45.58 ha of strongly acidic environment (by classification of Jarosite, pH~2.4) and 8.86 to 26 ha of moderately acidic environment/ contamination (by classification of Goethite/Limonite, pH~5) based on the WV3 satellite image. 27.32 to 87.04 ha and 6.12 to 38.24 ha for the S2 image, respectively.

Description: Das Wachstum von Industrie und Bevölkerungszahl weltweit sowie technologische Fortschritte und Entwicklungen führen zu einer steigenden Nachfrage von Industrie- und Konsumgütern. Als Folge entstehen eine erhöhte Rohstoffnachfrage und ein Ausbau der Ressourcengewinnung sowie des Bergbaus. Abfallprodukte des Bergbaus und nicht genutztes Material (Abraum) werden meist in oder um den Abbaustandort aufgeschüttet. Diese sind natürlichen Degradationsprozessen ausgesetzt, bei denen saure Abwässer entstehen können. Dies geschieht durch die Verwitterung des Pyrit Minerals infolge der Infiltration von Regenwasser durch das Material. In unterschiedlichen pH-Wertumgebungen bilden sich unterschiedliche Minerale aus. Typisch sind die sogenannten sekundären Eisenminerale (SIMs – secondary iron minerals). Ein Auftreten dieser kann daher zu einer pH-Wert Abschätzung genutzt werden und mögliche saure Grubenwässer aufzeigen. Fernerkundungsmethoden bieten die Möglichkeit große Areale oberflächlich zu erfassen und abzubilden, was zu einer weitreichenden Überwachung genutzt werden kann. In dieser Arbeit wurde eine Methode auf Grundlage von multispektralen Fernerkundungsdaten (Satellitenbilder von WorldView-3 und Sentinel-2) entwickelt, welche sekundäre Eisenminerale identifiziert und klassifiziert. Die Identifikation wurde durch den Einsatz von Masken erreicht. So fand eine Unterscheidung zwischen Pixeln statt, die und die keine typische spektrale Signale von SIMs aufweisen. Die Klassifikation wurde mit Hilfe eines RF-Modells durchgeführt. Dieses wurde anhand synthetischer Labordatensätze entwickelt und validiert. Im Trainingsdatensatz erreichte das RF-Modell eine Gesamtgenauigkeit von 94,44 % für die WorldView-3 und Sentinel-2 Datensätze. Es wurden drei Klassen mit verschiedenen pH-Wert-Identifikationen unterschieden: Hämatit (pH〉7), Goethit/ Limonit (pH~5) und Jarosit (pH~2.4). Die Methodik wurde anschließend auf Satellitenbilder aus der Republik Zypern angewendet. Dabei standen die Minengebiete Skouriotissa und Apliki im Fokus, welche zu den vulkanogenen Massivsulfid-Lagerstätten (VMS-type) zählen. Die Ergebnisse für das Skouriotissa-Minengebiet ergaben auf der Grundlage des WV3-Satellitenbildes eine potenzielle Fläche von 17,22 bis 45,58 ha in stark saurem Milieu (Jarosit) und 8,86 bis 26 ha in mäßig saurem Milieu (Goethit/ Limonit) bzw. 27,32 bis 87,04 ha und 6,12 bis 38,24 ha für das Sentinel-2 Satellitenbild.

Description: The evaluation of the effect of organic compounds and microorganisms in formation and precipitation of colloids using artificial brines was performed by TNO using selected organic compounds based on the analysis of sampled fluids corresponding to the information gathered on the sites by GFZ. The same was done with biofilms prepared with microorganisms (Thermaerobacter sp., Penicilium citrinum) isolated from geothermal stations by UNINE. All carboxylic acids tested had an inhibiting effect on the precipitation of calcium carbonate. The biofilm components seem to develop intense interaction with the ions, nuclei and/or crystals formed during the executed experiments. In the presence of biofilms, the transformation of the intrinsically formed vaterite morphology to equilibrium calcite morphologies is delayed or hindered and scaling was inhibited.

Description: The new GFZ/GRGS gravity field models GRIM5-S1 and Cl, current initial models for the CHAMP mission, have been compared with other recent models (JGM 3, EGM 96) for radial accuracy (by means of latitude lumped coefficients) in computations on altimetry satellite orbits. The basis for accuracy judgements are extensive (multi-year) averages of crossover sea height differences from Geosat and ERS 1/2 missions. These data are fully independent of the data used to develop these gravity models. We tested how well these observed differences in all the world's oceans agree with projections of the same errors from the scaled covariance matrix of their harmonic geopotential coefficients. It was found that the tentative (model) scale factor of 5 for the formal standard deviations of the harmonic coefficients of the new GRIM fields is justified, i.e. the accuracy estimates, provided together with the geopotential coefficients, are realistic.

Description: The processing of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) data and the estimation of displacement is a nonlinear and user-driven procedure that can introduce large errors for noisy backscatter points. Results may differ significantly depending on chosen thresholds, filter settings, constraints and final interpretation. Thus the identification of valid PS with rather low errors in the SAR data is a crucial step in the PSI workflow. PSI-Explorer is a scientific prototype of our visual-analytics (VA) approach supporting this important task. The prototype is written in Java and operates on Matlab files.

Description: The consequences of climate change are highly important in the polar regions as ice-sheets and glaciers respond strongly to change in average temperature. The analysis of seismic signals (icequakes) emitted by glaciers (i.e., cryo-seismology) is thus gaining importance as a tool for monitoring glacier activity. To understand the scaling relation between regional glacier-related seismicity and actual small-scale local glacier dynamics and to calibrate the identified classes of icequakes to locally observed waveforms, a temporary passive seismic monitoring experiment was conducted in the vicinity of the calving front of Kronebreen, one of the fastest tidewater glaciers on Svalbard (Fig. 1). By combining the local observations with recordings of the nearby GEOFON station GE.KBS, the local experiment provides an ideal link between local observations at the glacier to regional scale monitoring of NW Spitsbergen. During the 4-month operation period from May to September 2013, eight broadband seismometers and three 4-point short-period arrays were operating around the glacier front of Kronebreen.

Description: In the context of Integrated Water Resources Management(IWRM), informed decision making requires accurate,timely, spatially extensive, consistent and wellunderstood data sets on climate, water and land resources.Earth observation technologies provide suchdata sets as well as methods and tools for the generationof high-quality data products to support planningand decision-making. This Policy Brief advocates theuse of Earth observation technologies and their integrationinto operational monitoring and decision-supportsystems in Central Asia based on examples fromthe CAWa project.