ALBERT

Beschreibung: The sedimentation regime off Northwest Africa is shaped by: (1) structur~al factors. which result in generallv low relief on land. shelf widths between 40 and more than 120 km. and av-erage sfope inclinations between 10 30' and 30; (2) land climates. which contral the delivery of terrigenous particles to the margin: (3) water movements including boundary currents and upwelling; and (4) the post- Pleistocene sea level rise. This chapter combines published and new results arising from research into the sedimentation processes off Northwest Africa. and emphasizes particularly the activities of the Kiel marine geological group during the past few years. Reviews of cruise activities and results were given in Closs et al. (1969) (Meteor cruise 8. 1967. off Morocco) . Seibold (1972) (Meteor cmise 25 . 1971. off Sahara to Central Senegal). Seibold and Hinz (1976) (Meteor cmise 39,1975 . and Valdivia cruise 10. 1975, from Morocco to South Senegal), and Waiden et al. (1974) (Meteor cmise 30, 1973, off Sierra Leone). Some of these cmises were used for pre- or post-site surveys for the Deep-Sea Drilling Project, or to add undisturbed Quaternary cores to the Glomar Challenger cores (leg 41, ] 975; Lancelot, et al .• 1978); leg 47 A, Arthur er al .• 1979; Lutze et al., 1979). We have concentrated our geological investigations on a number of standard profiles from the shelf to the upper continental rise as given in Figure 1. The manuscript was finished May 1979.

Beschreibung: Nineteen species of Stereocaulon are treated from the northern Andes, mainly from Colombia. Descriptions and keys are given, with notes on the north-Andean distribution and ecology. Seven species are new for the Colombian flora, viz. St. atlanticum, St. claviceps, St. corticatulum (chem. strain with atranorin and perlatolic acid), St. delisei, St. microcarpum, St. pachycephalum and St. pomiferum. St. crambidiocephalum is reported for the first time from Costa Rica, as is St. didymicum from Venezuela, and St. delisei is reported for the first time from the New World (Colombia and Costa Rica). St. cornutum Müll. Arg. is reduced to synonymy under St. pityrizans Nyl.

Beschreibung: Gradstein et al. (1982) propose to conserve four generic names of Lejeuneaceae: Lopholejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Acrolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Trachylejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. and Taxilejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., each of which was introduced as a subgeneric name in Lejeunea by Spruce (1884), and subsequently raised to generic rank by Schiffner in his treatment of the Hepaticae in Engler-Prantl (preprint 1893) [see proposals to conserve 675-678 see p. 746]. Although Spruce (l.c.) used for his Lejeunea species a binary nomenclature by combining subgeneric names with specific epithets, it is clear (e.g. text, index) that the binomina are meant as Lejeunea combinations and they are considered as such by most authors (see Gradstein et al. for further details). Before 1893, however, the Sprucean subgeneric names were used in various papers by F. Stephani in a “seeming” generic rank; indeed Stephani now and then referred to them as “genus.” A chronological survey of a number of relevant papers by Stephani, mainly those published in Hedwigia, was given by Bonner et al. (1961), in conjunction with a brief discussion of the subject of this paper. These authors were the first to realize that on the basis of Art. 42 ICBN some generic names in Lejeuneaceae, e.g. Taxilejeunea and Trachylejeunea, can be considered as validly published by Stephani in Hedwigia 28, 1889. Later on Grolle (1979) demonstrated valid publication of monotypic new Lejeuneaceae genera by Stephani in the Bot. Gaz. 15, 1890, e.g. Lopho-Lejeunea and Acro-Lejeunea. For an evaluation of the status of Lopho- Lejeunea Steph., Acro-Lejeunea Steph., Trachylejeunea Steph. and Taxilejeunea Steph., one might consider these names against the background of the entire context of Stephani’s work on Lejeuneaceae until 1893. As the survey of Stephani’s papers in Bonner et al. is rather incomplete, and as there are several points of divergence in opinion, a new analysis of Stephani’s relevant papers (before Sep 1893) is presented below.

Beschreibung: During 1981 the Botanical Survey of India had again collections made. We list them in the same manner as on pages 3559-3560. In Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Great Nicobar, 300 specimens. In Andhra Pradesh: Anantagiri, Endrika Hills, Ganganaju-medugula, Paderu, 1590. In Arunachal Pradesh: Ganganagar, Hapoli, Naharlagan, Namdapha Biosphere Reserve of Tirap Distr., Tamer Road, Tiruli of Subansiri Distr., Ziro, 1054. In West Bengal: areas of Jalpaiguri, Bankura and Midnapur Districts, places of Bangaon, Tantulia and Basirhat of 24-Parganas Districts, Jaldapara Reserve, Totopara, &c., 2240. In Gujrat: Lalpur and vicinity, 1090. In Karnataka: vicinity of S. Karnataka River-Mulla Periyar and catchment areas, 500. In Kerala: Alleppey, Anathode, Cannanore, Devicolam, Kakki, Kasargod, Kokharjam, Munnar Peermade, Muzhiyar, Pachakanam, Pamba Dam areas, Peruvanzuzhi, Ponnambala Medu, Sabarigiri, 4150. In Madhya Pradesh; areas of Panna Distr., 800. In Maharashtra: Bhimsankar, Janar, Purandar, 985. In Meghalaya: Cherrapunjee, Nongapoh, Sunnapahar of Khasi Hills, Jowai, Jorain of Saintea Hills, Tura of Garo Hills Distr., 3500. In Nagaland: areas of Mekokchung, Tuensang, Wokha, Zunbebato Districts, 500. In Rajasthan: Jaisalmer and areas of Barmer Distr., 1000. In Sikkim: Burtuk Busty, Chakung, Changu, Chuten, Enchy Monastery, below Honuman Top, Jorethang, Lower Bustak, Ranipal, Reumtek, Sang Ratepani, Sinchey, Singtham East, Soren, Suntale forests, Tadong, 4800. In Tamil-Nadu: Kannayakumari, Sethur Hills, Srivilliputhur R.F., 2090. In Uttar Pradesh: Agra-Khal, Ballaieri, Chamoli Chakrata, Dudhwa Nat. Park, Govana, Khan-Khaliadha, Mussoorie, Pam Vali-Kantha, Panwali, Parbagi, Rajkhark, Saharshradhara, 2500.

Beschreibung: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk. The SEM-observation of plant material normally requires dehydrated, dry specimens coated with carbon or metal. Unfortunately, the standard drying methods (including the critical-point-drying-technique) often cause shrinking and deformation of the specimen surface; therefore, SEMstudies on plant ontogeny are rather difficult, material- and time-consuming. Experiments using deep-frozen specimens have been carried out in England and in the USA, but have proved not satisfying.

Beschreibung: Apocynaceae wanted — pickled. Mary E. Fallen, Systematische Botanik, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland, who has done considerable morphological work on development of the reproductive organs in Apocynaceae, has been frustrated in her many efforts to obtain suitable material of Lepinia and Lepiniopsis. Ample information on both can be found in Pacific Plant Areas 3, Blumea Suppl. 5 (1966) 112-113, with map and description. The very oddly shaped fruit of Lepinia (W. Pacific) has been depicted in Blumea 11 (1962) 302, Van Steenis’s paper on the Land Bridge Theory. The one of Lepiniopsis (E. Malesia) seems to be buoyant. Also material of Anechites (Central America) is needed; it may be closely related to Condylocarpon. Any stages of flowers can be used, from tiny green buds at initiation up through anthesis, as well as fruiting stages. They should be pickled in FAA. Expenses of handling and postage will gladly be refunded. Vials with the liquid can be provided. Thanks on her behalf!

Beschreibung: Twelve species are recognized of which five (P. womersleyi, P. brassii, P. hooglandii, P. schoddei. and P. clemensae) are described as new. Nine species are reduced to synonymy (P. warburgii, P. puberula, P. myriantha, P. paniculata, P. parvifolia, P. acuminata, P. habbamensis, P. pulchra and P. dallmannensis). All twelve species occur in New Guinea, only one (P. arfakiana) extending westwards into Sulawesi. P. incana, P. gracilis and P. hypargyrea may also occur in Queensland in addition to the three species already described from Australia.

Beschreibung: Two gynoecial primordia are initiated as discrete units but soon get interconnected by the occurrence of interprimordial growth between them. A rim of meristematic tissue thus produced gives rise to the ovary wall by zonal growth. The residual floral apex grows parallel to the gynoecial primordia in the form of a septum. The two placental ridges arise from the inner lateral walls of the ovary, grow into the ovarian cavity, and ultimately fuse with the axial septum. The anterio- posterior region of the ovary wall also grows into the ovarian cavity to form a false septum which divides each locule into two. The Labiatae show a placentation which is neither true axile nor true parietal but an intermediate condition between the two, as the septum grows like in a typical axile placentation and the placentae like in typical parietal placentation. The gynobase in Labiatae is considered to be carpellary in nature.

Beschreibung: Two new genera and nineteen new species of Dicotyledons from Papua New Guinea collected and described by A. Gilli (1980) have been examined by specialists. These families are Begoniaceae, Cruciferae, Elaeocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Hypericaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Saxifragaceae, and Sterculiaceae. Both new genera are reduced: Melachone to Amaracarpus (Rub.), Disaster to Commersonia (Sterc.). Supposed new generic records to Malesia proved erroneous: a new Thelygonum belongs to Nertera (Rub.), and a Trochiscus to Nasturtium (Cruc.); the Viburnum from Papua is a Psychotria (Rub.). All species are reduced to those already known. It is advocated as undesirable to describe novelties from odd tropical plant collections.

Beschreibung: The genus Badusa is transferred from the Cinchoneae to the Condamineae subtribe Portlandiinae: it is closely related to Morierina. A new species B. palawanensis is described from Palawan, and a new subspecies from Biak, B. corymbifera ssp. biakensis.

Beschreibung: Sericolea is a genus endemic to New Guinea. The relevant literature is surveyed. Descriptions are given of all species and keys provided to the 15 species and all infraspecific taxa accepted. Two species are described as new: S. coodei and S. microphylla. A new subspecies of S. brassii A. C. Sm. is recognized: ssp. carrii. S. arfakensis Gibbs, S. gracilis (Laut.) Schltr., and S. novoguineensis Gibbs reduced by Coode in a recent paper are reinstated and S. glabra Schltr.. also reduced by Coode, is recognized as a variety of S. micans Schltr. Three new varieties are distinguished in S. gaultheria (F. v. M.) Schltr. and one in S. novoguineensis Gibbs.

Beschreibung: A species with the habit of Aristida divaricata H. et B., but welldistinguished by the wanting column and the curious tuberculate lemmas. Closely allied to Aristida gentilis HENR., which differs however in the other position of the glumes and in the smooth lemma. The species resembles in some characters the Aristida Parishii HITCHC., the latter has however a totally different shape of the panicle and the lemma is not tuberculate-hispid, but scabrous only on the upper half. Among duplicates from the U. S. Nat. Herbarium, kindly received from Mrs. A. CHASE, I found a second plant belonging to the species, a plant also collected in Arizona, north slope of Santa Rita Mountains, leg. D. GRIFFITHS no. 7269.

Beschreibung: Being engaged during several years with a revision of the grasses preserved in the Rijks-Herbarium at the University of Leyden, my attention was called to the group of the Stipeae, and especially to the very difficult genus of Aristida. After an exhaustive study of the literature, I thought it desirable to have a monograph of this genus, containing extensive keys for the determination of all the species hitherto known, and I resolved to prepare such a work. It has been my good fortune that I had at my disposal not only the valuable collections of the Rijks-Herbarium, but that by the courtesy of the directors of the great herbaria in Europe and in America, I could study many thousands of specimens, among them authentic specimens and types. So several years elapsed before the revision was finished. Before I am going to publish my work, it seemed desirable to prepare a preliminary paper on the subject, dealing with the literature studied and the results of the critical examination of the types, moreover the new species found in herbaria are included in this paper. To find easily the original description and the type specimen, I give in alphabetical order all the species and varieties hitherto described, no matter if they are accepted in my monograph as valid or not.

Beschreibung: The present study deals with the taxonomy of a family of the brown algal order Sphacelariales in Europe. The taxonomy of this order is much influenced by the works of Sauvageau as published between 1900 and 1914. A short survey of the work on Spacelariales by him and his phycological predecessors is given in the introduction. The order Sphacelariales is described and its nomenclatural history is given. Other paragraphs deal with distribution, morphology and the used descriptive terminology, ecology, variability and culture studies, reproduction and life-history, systematic position and classification. In the notes on morphology the history of the descriptive terminology is incorporated, as well as discussions on the correct use of this terminology. Most technical terms are also included in the glossary, located near the end of this book. In the sections on ‘Form range and cultures’ and on ‘Reproduction and life-history’ the methods used for unialgal cultures and methods for chromosome counts are discussed. Also a review of life-histories in Sphacelariales is incorporated, as well as a discussion on the criteria used for the distinction of taxa and the delimination of the order. A key to the families concludes the treatment of the order. The family Sphacelariaceae, which is the largest and most cosmopolitan family of the order, is treated in a similar way. The two genera in this family, the monotypic genus Sphacella and the complex genus Sphacelaria, which contains four subgenera, seven sections and 16 species in Europe, are also treated in comparable paragraphs. Keys to the taxa and to ecological growth-forms (ecads) are given. In the paragraph on relationship of genera, subgenera, sections and species, several approaches for the construction of a classification are mentioned. The phyletic-cladistic approach, based upon methods developed by Hennig (1950), is discussed in detail. One conclusion is that the genus Choristocarpus cannot be considered to belong to a monophyletic group together with the Sphacelariaceae. Further it can be concluded that the Sphacelariaceae all belong to one group with a monophyletic origin. The monotypic genera Battersia, Disphacella and Chaetopteris have to be included into the genus Sphacelaria. Sphacella, however, is maintained as a monotypic genus. For nomenclatural reasons Sphacelaria reticulata (formerly Disphacella reticulata) must be chosen as type-species of the genus Sphacelaria. The descriptions of family, genera and sections are usually short, but the descriptions of the species are comprehensive and contain a formal description and a list of dimensions. The paragraphs on distribution start with summaries of coastal regions where the species occur. Each summary is followed by an extract of the list of collections and relevant references. Distribution maps are added. Full lists of collections and references for all species are published separately. Important taxonomic conclusions occur in Sphacelaria reticulata (was Disphacella reticulata (Lyngb.) Sauv.), in S. radicans (ecad libera found in the Baltic), in S. nana (= S. britannica Sauv.) which include S. saxatilis and which is different from S. rigidula (= S. furcigera Kütz.), in S. plumigera (unattached growthform = ecad pinnata, found in the Baltic), in S. mirabilis (was Battersia mirabilis Reinke ex Batt.), in S. fusca (different from S. rigidula), in S. cirrosa (includes S. bipinnata (Kütz.) Sauv. and S. hystrix Suhr ex Reinke which are incorporated amongst the five different ecads of the species) and in S. sympodiocarpa (which cannot be incorporated into one of the described subgenera). Most details of morphology are depicted.

Beschreibung: In der obersenonen Mastrichter Tuffkreide finden sich kleine Zähne, die durch ihre glatten Kauflächen und die Furchen an den Seiten des oberen Teiles an Kauplatten von Myliobatis erinneren, einen Rochentypus, der ein an durophage Lebensweise angepasstes Gebiss hat. Niemals findet man aber die für diese Familie so typische langgestreckte Form der Zahnplatten; die Zahnoberfläche hat immer rhombische Form. Dames hat eine ausführliche Beschreibung von diesen Zähnen gegeben, die er für Reste eines Cestracion-artigen Namen Rhombodus Binkhorsti Haies hielt, dem er den gab. Ich möchte hier nur noch einige kurze Bemerkungen hinzufügen. Die Abbildungen (fig. 1) zeigen den typischen rhombenförmigen Umriss der Kaufläche (d). Die durch eine in der Richtung der kurzen Diagonale verlaufende, tiefe Rinne in zwei Hälften geteilte Wurzel hat ebenfalls die Gestalt eines Rhombus (fig. 1, b, e). An der Grenze von Krone und Wurzel findet sich an der einen Seite eine Rinne, an der anderen Seite eine vorspringende Leiste (fig. 1 c). Zusammen mit den verticalen Furchen, mit denen die Seiten versehen sind, hat diese Leiste zur Verbindung der Zähne untereinander zu einem Mahlpflaster gedient. Neben dieser regelmässigen Form, die besonders den grösseren Zähnen eigen ist, fanden sich aber Exemplare, die eine Abweichung zeigen, indem nämlich entweder zwei Seiten eines spitzen Winkels des Rhomboïds länger sind wie die beiden anderen, oder das Rhomboïd unsymmetrisch zusammengepresst ist. Es scheint mir, dass dies nicht eine zufällige Variation ist, sondern dass wir gerade durch diese Eigentümlichkeit etwas mehr über die ganze Zusammenstellung des Gebisses erfahren können. Wie ich unten noch näher auseinandersetzen werden, muss man nämlich Rhombodus zu den durophagen Stachelrochen stellen. Bei diesen findet man sehr oft gerade die grössten Zähne in der Mitte des Kiefers. Wenn man nun die Zahl der Zahnreihen, wie es gewöhnlich bei den grosszähnigen Rochen der Fall ist Rhombodus-Unterkiefers zu 7 bis 9 annimmt, so könnte man das Gebiss eines auf eine Weise rekonstruieren, wie es fig. 3 A zeigt, (wobei die verschiedenen obengenannten Formen vorkommen). Es wäre wohl ein grosser Zufall wenn man noch einige Zähne im ursprünglichen Verband finden würde. Wenn einmal die knorpeligen Kiefer aufgelöst sind, bieten die Seitenfurchen nicht genug Festigkeit und fallen die einzelnen Zähne auseinander.

Beschreibung: Da die Originale der von Göppert aus dem Tertiär von Java beschriebenen Arten Piperites Hasskarlianus und Junghuhnites javanicus nicht mehr vorhanden sind, die vorliegenden Beschreibungen für eine Bestimmung aber nicht ausreichen, so sind sie aus der fossilen Flora Javas zu streichen. Das gilt auch von Miquelites elegans, dessen schlechte Erhaltung eine sichere Bestimmung unmöglich macht. Bredaea moroides dagegen ist ebenso wie Naucleoxylon spectabile Crié sowie ein bisher unbeschriebenes Kieselholz von Java eine Dipterocarpacee. Die Stücke werden beschrieben als Dipterocarpoxylon moroides, D. spectabile und D. Göpperti n. sp. Die Frage, ob es möglich ist, diese wie andere fossile Dipterocarpoxyla bestimmten rezenten Dipterocarpaceengattungen zuzuweisen, soll später erörtert werden. Frankfurt a/M. Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut der Universität.

Beschreibung: Laboratory-reared larvae of the spider crab, H. araneus L., were studied with regard to their fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), and energy content (J; estimated from C). FW remains fairly constant in each larval stage, regardless of feeding or starving conditions. This is due to regular changes in water content as opposed to those in organic constituents. There is a considerable gain (by a factor of 2 to 3) within each of these two instars. In the magalopa also a high amount of C, N, H, and energy is accumulated, but most of this gain is lost again during the last third of its stage duration. In all larval stages, weight-specific energy (J/mg DW) follows rather a cyclic pattern with decreases before and after molts, and increases during intermolt periods. It shows a decreasing trend during larval development. During starvation, biomass declines in an exponential pattern. Larvae of all stages die, when ca. 40 to 60% of their living substance and energy is lost.

Beschreibung: Filtration rate (F) and ingestion rate (I) were measured in the rotifer B. plicatilis feeding on the flagellate Dunaliella spec. and on yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ). 60-min experiments in rotating bottles servedas a standard for testing methodological effects on levels of F and I. A lack of rotation reduced F values by 40%, and a rise in temperature from 18 degree to 23.5 degree C increased them by 42%. Ingestion rates increased significantly up to a particle (yeast) concentration of ca. 600-800 cells/µl; then they remained constant, whereas filtration rates decreased beyond this threshold. Elemental analyses ofrotifers and their food suggest that B. plicatilis can ingest up to 0.6 mJ or ca. 14% of its own body carbon within 15 min. The long term average was estimated as 3.4 m/ind or ca. 75% of body carbon/d.

Beschreibung: The well-known and widespread lichen species Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. is usually very constant in its chemistry: fumarprotocetraric acid is its main secondary metabolite, sometimes accompanied by atranorin. Recently a new chemical strain, characterised by the presence of psoromic acid instead of fumarprotocetraric acid or atranorin, was found in Portugal by the first two authors during phytosociological investigations of heath vegetations. The plants are preserved in the herbarium of the Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Utrecht (U), leg. Barendregt & v.d. Dries nr. 1-2 (U). Morphologically the plants with psoromic acid represent the slender form of C. furcata. which is the predominant form in lowland western Europe (fig. 1). The podetia are c. 3 cm long and up to 0.8 mm wide, branching regularly but not very densily dichotomously, and olivaceous green to brownish in colour. Their habit varies from creeping and loosely tufted to erect and densily tufted. Squamules are present only occasionally, on the lower parts of the podetia, and are roundish with a crenulated margin, up to c. 1.2 mm wide.

Beschreibung: This book is designed as a practical guide for the identification of fossil and extant woods with the aid of a marginally perforated card key, based on the ones devised by Clarke and perfected in the well-known Hardwood and Softwood keys published by the Princes Risborough Laboratory in 1961 and 1948 (1966) respectively. Using the cards originally prepared for Metcalfe and Chalk’s Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, the Princes Risborough cards, and numerous additions to these sets, the authors have gained considerable experience with this time-honoured identification method. A microfiche of these cards can be purchased separately from the Botanical Museum of Harvard University. Besides general chapters and appendices on for instance wood structure and variability, and how to prepare wood for microscopic examination and how to use the key cards, the main body of the book consists of a richly illustrated catalogue of diagnostic characters to be used in wood identification. It is in this section that the book shows most of its weaknesses. This is because of numerous mistakes in the choice of illustrations or misleading legends to the latter. For instance: fig. 3c (p. 24) is said to show abrupt latewood in Larix laricina, but the earlywood-latewood transition zone is not included in the photomicrograph; on p. 68 the vessels of Nyssa are said to be predominantly in multiples of four or more but the photograph illustrates vessel pairs alternating with fibres (i.e., vessel multiples in a distinct radial pattern; the latter feature is illustrated on p. 69 with examples showing no sign of such a pattern at all!); the tangential vessel arrangement of fig. 4b, p. 70 is in fact oblique; Myrica is incorrectly credited with ephedroid perforations on p. 73; Sphenostemon pictured with the most beautiful example of scalariform intervessel pits is said to show spiral thickenings instead (p. 74); long and slender pit canals are mistaken for plasmodesmata on p. 83; essentially similar fibre-tracheids in Eucryphia are classified as belonging to two fibre types (p. 87); fibres of Sleumerodendron are mistaken for vascular tracheids and crystals in the Dicotyledons are illustrated with an example from Gnetum (p. 124). The quality of many of the photomicrographs leaves much to be desired.

Beschreibung: Acanthaceae. At C, Dr. Bertel Hansen took an interest in the family, and began by going through the many papers by C.E.B. Bremekamp. Annonaceae. Mr. Paul Kessler, Botanik, Universität, Box 3049, Kaiserslautern, W. Germany, has undertaken work on Orophea.

Beschreibung: Caudex erect, short-creeping or long-creeping, rarely scandent; vascular structure in all cases a radially symmetrical dictyostele; scales usually thin, not peltate, in almost all cases bearing both marginal and superficial Unicellular hairs which are either acicular or glandular. Vascular strands at base of stipe 2, linear in section (rarely with an additional pair of small ones), uniting upwards to a U-shape; a linear aerophore with stomata continuous along each side of stipe and rachis. Fronds usually pinnate with crenate or lobed pinnae, in a few cases simple or bipinnate, never with basiscopically enlarged basal pinnae; apical lamina usually triangular and lobed, grading into upper pinnae, in some cases pinna-like; lower pinnae in many cases gradually much reduced or with abrupt transition to a series of small rudiments; a small aerophore, sometimes swollen or elongate, present at the base of each pinna; a translucent membrane present in the base of each sinus between adjacent pinna-lobes; venation in each pinna consisting a costa bearing costules, each costule bearing pinnately-arranged veins in a pinna-lobe; veins free in deeply lobed pinnae, or basal veins in adjacent lobes anastomosing to form an excurrent vein, which may be joined by other veins, terminating at the base of a sinus-membrane, successive veins Passing to the sides of the sinus-membrane where this is elongate. Indument: scales always present at base of stipe, gradually smaller upwards, uunute (often consisting of a single row of cells) on the distal parts of fronds, often nearly all caducous; adaxial surface of rachis and costae a'ways bearing antrorsely curved acicular unicellular hairs, in a few cases a'so septate acicular hairs; abaxial surface of rachis and costae usually bearing a different indument consisting of more slender unicellular acicular and/or glandular hairs or sessile glands of various forms (forked hairs in Ampelopteris only); surface of lamina between veins either quite glabrous or more often with a distinctive complement of hairs and glands different adaxially and abaxially. Sori borne on abaxial surface of veins, orbicular or sometimes elongate, indusiate or not; indusia reniform, glabrous or bearing hairs and/or glands, in some cases very small, athyrioid in some species of Coryphopteris; sporangia sometimes bearing glands or short acicular hairs (setae) near annulus, often with a hair of distinctive form on the sporangium-stalk; spores in almost all cases monolete, with perispore of varied form, in Trigonospora trilete. Gametophyte in all cases symmetrical-cordate, with unicellular chlorophyllous hairs on all parts, these hairs with ± swollen rounded tips which become wax-encrusted; in most cases, usually as a late development, unicellular acicular hairs, comparable with those on the sporophyte, may occur; other types of hair may be distinctive of some genera. Distribution. Throughout the tropics, especially in wetter areas; species few in temperate regions (5 in Europe), almost 1000 in all. The majority are terrestrial ferns of forest, but a few (especially in Christella few and Macrothelypteris) occur in open places only, and a (Cyclosorus, Thelypteris) in open swamps; some are adapted to grow on rocks by streams; very few are scandent; a few are casually epiphytic.

Beschreibung: An introduction is given to the taxonomy of Entoloma subgenus Leptonia, followed by a revision of its section Leptonia. Eleven species are recognized, fully described and illustrated, of which three are new, viz.: Entoloma carbonicola, E. tjallingiorum and E. allochroum.

Beschreibung: The genera Microlaena R. Br., Petriella Zotov, and Tetrarrhena R. Br. are included in Ehrharta Thunb. (Gramineae-Ehrharteae), which necessitates four new combinations in the latter. In Malesia Ehrharta is represented by two taxa originally included in Microlaena: E. diplax F. v. Muel. var. giulianettii (Stapf) L. P. M. Willemse (M. giulianettii Stapf) and E. stipoides Labill. var. stipoides [M. stipoides (Labill.) R. Br. var. stipoides]. Descriptions of and notes on these taxa are given.

Beschreibung: In Malesia and Taiwan there are 6 species of Agrostis Linné (Gramineae). Agrostis rigidula Steud. has 8 varieties, 5 in Malesia and 4 (incl. one Malesian) in Taiwan. Agrostis clavata Trin. is native in Taiwan and once found in New Guinea. Agrostis gigantea Roth must be called A. stolonifera Linné var. ramosa (S. F. Gray) Veldk. and is partly native, partly introduced in Malesia. Agrostis hirta Veldk. is a new species from New Guinea. New combinations for varieties are proposed in A. rigidula and the Indian A. pilosula Trin.

Beschreibung: Zwischen der Sierra de San Luis und der Sierra de Cordoba ragt im Süden der Senke des Rio Conlara eine Scholle des alten kristallinen Untergrundes aus den Aufschüttungen der Pampa hervor. Ganz in der gleichen Weise wie die beiden grossen benachbarten Gebirge trägt sie auf ihrer Höhe eine alte Einebnungsfläche über die sich plötzlich ein kleiner Gebirgsstock erhebt, die Sierra del Morro. Schon durch Ave Lallemant und Brackebusch war bekannt, dass sich junge Eruptivgesteine am Aufbau dieses Gebirges beteiligen, das sich bis zu einer Höhe von 1600 m erhebt, während die Abtragungsfläche an seinem Fusse durchschnittlich eine Höhe von 1000 m besitzt. Brackebusch hat auch bereits auf die kraterförmige Gestalt dieses Gebirges aufmerksam gemacht und erkannt, dass der Rand des Kraters grösstenteils aus kristallinen Gesteinen besteht und ebenso wie sein Boden nur an einigen Stellen von Effusivgesteinen durchbrochen wird. Im Jahre 1911 besuchte ich zusammen mit Herrn Pastore in Buenos Aires die Sierra del Morro und letzterer hat das interessante Gebirge, dessen Probleme wir bei unserem dreitägigem Besuch nicht restlos lösen konnten, später noch einem eingehenderen Studium unterworfen und eine geologische Detailkarte im Masstabe 1:25000 aufgenommen. Bei meinen Ausführungen stütze ich mich neben meinen eigenen Aufzeichnungen vor allem auf die Ausführungen und Aufnahmen des Herrn Pastore, von dessen Karte ich hier eine vereinfachte Skizze gebe.

Beschreibung: Bei den zahlreichen Rekonstruktionen der klimatologischen Verhältnisse, die man für das Ende des Palaeozoikums gemacht hat, ist man fast immer von der Kohlenbildung, der Florenverbreitung und den Vereisungserscheinungen ausgegangen. Der marinen Tierwelt hat man bei der Behandlung dieser Fragen meist nur wenig Beachtung geschenkt, zum Teil fand dies seine Erklärung darin, dass uns die marine Fauna am Ende des Palaeozoikums bis vor kurzem noch recht unvollkommen bekannt war. Die Entdeckung reicher permischer Marinfaunen in den letzten Jahrzehnten hat aber unsere Kenntnis von der permischen, marinen Evertebratenfauna nicht nur ganz erheblich erweitert, sondern vor allem gezeigt, dass in den meisten Tiergruppen die Entwicklung ununterbrochen weitergeht und keine Einschnürung oder gar Unterbrechung erleidet, wie man früher so oft geneigt war anzunehmen. Ja selbst eine in ihren Lebensbedingungen so anspruchsvolle Tiergruppe wie die Korallen hat durch die permische Vereisung offenbar ebensowenig wie durch die quartäre eine erhebliche Unterbrechung in ihrer Entwicklung erfahren, nur ihre Verbreitung wurde auf eine etwas schmalere Zone zu beiden Seiten des Aequators eingeschränkt. Die meisten Forscher, die sich mit klimatologischen Fragen am Ende des Palaeozoikums beschäftigt haben, und eine Erklärung für die scheinbar unipolare Vereisung des Perm zu geben versuchten, kommen schliesslich zu der Annahme, dass die Pole zu dieser Zeit eine andere Lage gehabt haben müssen als heute. Man suchte den Südpol gewöhnlich im Centrum des Gebietes aus dem die glazialen Erscheinungen bekannt geworden waren. So nahm Koken 1) den Pol inmitten des indischen Oceans an, zu einer Zeit als die Vereisungserscheinungen aus Südamerika noch nicht bekannt waren und man auch noch nicht mit der Möglichkeit von Kontinentalverschiebungen rechnete. Wegener 2), der die Kontinente der Südhalbkugel zu einer einheitlichen Kontinentalmasse zusammenschiebt, lässt den Pol von der Ostküste Afrikas im Carbon über den Nordrand des antarktischen Kontinentes nach der Südküste Australiens im Perm wandern. Weder die eine noch die andere Annahme lässt sich nun mit dem Vorkommen einer reichen permischen Warmwasserfauna auf Timor, im malayischen Archipel, vereinbaren. Diese Fauna, die durch niederländische und deutsche Expeditionen auf dieser Insel vor dem Weltkriege gesammelt wurde, ist die reichhaltigste permische Marinfauna, die wir überhaupt kennen. Sie müsste bei der Pollage, die Köppen und Wegener für das Perm annehmen, in einer Breite von etwa 45° gelebt haben. Das Vorkommen einer ausgesprochenen Warmwasserfauna in solcher Nähe eines von einer mächtigen Eiskappe bedeckten Pols scheint mir ausgeschlossen. Wir wissen, dass die intensive Kalkabscheidung, wie sie für Riffkorallen, die grossen Foraminiferen mit kompliziertem Skelett und Kalklagen so charakteristisch ist, nur bei beträchtlich hoher Wassertemperatur stattfinden kann. Für die lebenden Riffkorallen beträgt die Minimumtemperatur etwa 20°, aber für die Nummuliten des Alttertiärs ist sie jedenfalls noch höher gewesen, und das Gleiche dürfen wir auch für die Fusulinen des Carbon und Perm annehmen. Zweck der folgenden Zeilen soll nun sein, zu zeigen, dass es sich bei der Permfauna von Timor wirklich um eine Warmwasserfauna handelt und zweitens, dass diese sicher gleichzeitig mit der permischen Vereisung dort gelebt hat. Als Beweis für die erste Behauptung will ich hier eine Tiergruppe herausgreifen, die als besonders feinfühliger Indikator für die Wassertemperatur zu gelten hat, nämlich die Korallen. Die Anthozoenfauna von Timor ist die reichste, die wir bis jetzt aus dem Perm kennen; sie besteht aus Vertretern der Familien der Zaphrentidae, Axophyllidae und der sogenannten Tabulata und ist mindestens ebenso mannigfaltig, wie die karbonische Korallenfauna 1). Wohl sind unter den eigentlichen Korallen koloniebildende Formen ziemlich selten und nur durch de Gattungen Lonsdaleia und Lonsdaleiastraea vertreten, die noch dazu nicht an denselben Fundstellen gefunden wurden wie die übrige Korallenfauna, die nur aus Tabulaten und Einzelkorallen besteht. Aber auch diese war zweifellos eine typische Warmwasserfauna, eine Art Riffauna, wenn es auch im Perm nicht zur Entwicklung mächtiger Korallenriffe sondern nur ausgebreiteter Korallenrasen kam. Auch auf den älteren palaeozoischen Korallenriffen des Devon und Silur spielen die Einzelkorallen eine viel grössere Rolle als auf den lebenden Riffen. Gegenwärtig sind solitäre Korallen, vor allem in der tieferen See, unterhalb der Riffzone, zu Hause, und nur bestimmte Arten kommen als Riffbewohner auch auf den Riffen selbst vor. Im Palaeozoikum und in geringerem Masse auch im Mesozoikum bildeten Einzelkorallen einen wesentlichen Anteil der Riffauna. Wenn auf Timor gewisse Arten von Timorphyllum, Clisiophyllum und Dibunophyllum leicht mit tausenden von Exemplaren gesammelt werden können, so müssen diese Korallen da doch in grossen Mengen gelebt haben, selbst wenn wir annehmen, dass sie an den Fundstellen noch zusammengeschwemmt sind. Vor allem spricht aber die grosse Mannigfaltigkeit der koloniebildenden Tabulaten dafür, dass wir hier mit einer typischen Riffauna zu tun haben. Diese heterogene Gruppe, die auch auf den älteren palaeozoischen Riffen eine so grosse Rolle spielt, ist am Ende des Palaeozoikums nicht im Erlöschen begriffen, wie man immer noch, auch in den neuesten Auflagen von Lehr- und Handbüchern, lesen kann, sondern mit einer Mannigfaltigkeit entwickelt, die der im älteren Palaeozoikum zum mindestens gleichkommt. Zum Teil schliessen sich die Formen eng an ältere Gattungen an wie die Favosites-, Pachyporaund Michelina-Arten, z. T. lassen sie noch Beziehungen zu älteren Gattungen, aber doch eine deutliche Weiterentwicklung in bestimmter Richtung erkennen, wie Pseudofavosites, Heterocoenites, Aulohelia; ein grosser Teil der Formen stellt jedoch ganz neuartige Typen dar, von denen es vorläufig überhaupt noch nicht möglich ist, sie an Bekanntes anzuschliessen, wie z. B. Trachypsammia, Dictyopora, Schizophorites usw. Viele der Arten, besonders der Pachyporen, sind ausgezeichnet durch eine starke Verdickung des Skelettes. So werden z. B. bei vielen dieser Formen die Polypenröhren in der Tiefe ganz mit Skieroplasmamasse aufgefüllt, sodass die Zweige der Stücke im Innern eine ganz dichte Struktur bekommen. Hierdurch wurde den verzweigten Kolonien eine grössere Festigkeit verliehen. Solche Skelettverdickungen sind typische Anpassungserscheinungen an das Leben in stark bewegtem Wasser in der Riffzone, wie sie übrigens nicht nur die Korallen sondern auch die permischen Crinoiden von Timor in vielen Fällen erkennen lassen. Dazu kommt noch, dass wir von der eigentlichen Korallenfauna von Timor bis jetzt nur eine Auslese kennen. Das Material besteht ja an den Hauptfundplätzen nur aus Bruchstücken von verzweigten Kolonien und den langen gewundenen Einzelkorallen, die zusammengeschwemmt und dabei nach der Grösse sortiert wurden. Das vereinzelte Vorkommen von Bruchstücken grosser Favositesund Lonsdaleia-Kolonien lässt uns aber annehmen, dass auf den permischen Korallenrasen, neben Einzelpolypen und verzweigten Stöcken, auch massige Kolonien vorkommen. Die Art der Zusammensetzung dieser jungpalaeozoischen Riffauna dürfte daher von den älteren Riffaunen dieses Zeitalters nur wenig verschieden gewesen sein. Aber nicht allein die Korallen des Perm von Timor deuten darauf hin, dass wir hier mit einer typischen Warmwasserfauna zu tun haben. Das Gleiche ist der Fall mit der so überaus reichen Crinoidenfauna, ein grosser Teil ihrer Arten dokumentiert sich durch die charakteristischen Anpassungen an das Leben in stark bewegtem Wasser als echte Riffbewohner 1). Unter den Brachiopoden gehören die Gattungen Lyttonia und Richthofenia zu den Indikatoren einer Warmwasserfauna, da ihre Verbreitung auf eine aequitoriale Zone beschränkt bleibt, und sie in den brachiopodenreichen Ablagerungen Australiens bereits fehlen. Endlich müssen wir auch, wie schon erwähnt, die Fusulinen zu den Warmwasserbewohnern rechnen. Jungpalaeozoische Fusulinenkalke kommen auf Timor vor, jedoch ist ihr Verband mit den fossilreichen Permschichten noch nicht aufgeklärt. Die Fauna dieser Kalke ist von dem Bearbeiter auf Grund des Vorkommens von Fusulina granum avenae für karbonisch gehalten worden 1), aber diese Art ist neuerdings in Japan gerade zusammen mit Arten der jüngeren permischen Fusulinenfauna gefunden worden, wie Doliolina lepida und Verbeekina Verbeeki; auch auf Sumatra besitzen die Fusulinenkalke aus denen die F. granum avenae zuerst beschrieben wurde, nach neuern Untersuchungen, permisches Alter. Dazu kommt noch, dass Doliolina lepida auf der Timor benachbarten Insel Letti vorkommt, sodass es wohl nur ein Zufall ist, dass diese und andere typische Permformen auf Timor selbst noch nicht nachgewiesen wurden 2).

Beschreibung: Von der „Bataafschen Petroleum Maatschappij” erhielt das Leidener Museum eine reichhaltige Sammlung von Fossilien, die durch die Herren Ganz, Gsell u. Freylink in der Umgebung von Payta gesammelt worden waren. Die Fauna ist dadurch besondere interessant, dass sie einen ganz neuartigen Charakter besitzt, der von dem der bis jetzt aus Südamerika bekannten oberen Kreide stark abweicht. Da sich die endgültige Bearbeitung des umfangreichen Materials noch etwas verzögern wird, möchte ich das Vorkommen und seine Fossilführung kurz schildern, vor allem aber die neue Pironaea-Art beschreiben, da das Auftreten dieser interessanten Gattung in Südamerika von besonderer Bedeutung ist, zumal es sich um den ersten Hippurit handelt, der aus diesem Kontinent bekannt wird. Die obere Kreide tritt in der Umgebung von Payta in zwei getrennten Gebieten auf. Das eine befindet sich am Westabhang der Sa. de Amotape. Die Kreide wurde dort zuerst von Bravo 1) aufgefunden und neuerdings von Iddings und Olsson 2) gegliedert. Bei Pan de Azucar und El Muerto liegen schollenförmige Erosionsreste diskordant auf jungpalaeozoischen Schichten, die die ersten Erhebungen der Sa. de Amotape aufbauen. Ein vollständigeres Profil ist im Oberlauf der Quebrada Parinas aufgeschlossen, wo die Kreideschichten in einer grabenförmigen Senke tiefer in das Gebirge eingreifen. Iddings und Olsson unterscheiden von oben nach unten:

Beschreibung: In their classical studies on the Alpine glaciation Penck and Brückner gave a small blockdiagram to illustrate the arrangement and shape of the deposits at the lower end of a former glacier: the fluvioglacial series. This diagram has been reproduced in so many text-books, that it may be worth-while pointing out a fault in its construction. The case represented by the authors is that of two terminal amphitheatres lying within eachother (fig. 1) 1). The manner in which the outer moraine with its fluvio-glacial fan of sediments is drawn in on top of the inner moraine proves it to be the younger of the two. In this case the glacier must have ridden over the inner circle, thereby destroying its ridge; but in the drawing this ridge is represented as having been left perfectly intact. On the glacier receding again the material of the older moraine would be found buried under the newer deposits, and only one frontal moraine would be left (fig. 2, A).

Beschreibung: A new species of glassfish (Ambassidae) belonging to the genus Parambassis is described from 20 specimens collected in the Idenburg (Mamberamo) River of north-western New Guinea (Irian Jaya). Parambassis altipinnis n.sp. is distinguished by a combination of features which include a relatively tall dorsal fin, a high lateral-line scale count, and a lack of dark pigmentation.

Beschreibung: 13 new species and two new subspecies of Lunatipula Edwards are described. The new taxa are: Tipula (Lunatipula) mallorca from Mallorca, T. (L.) bimacula minos from Crete, T. (L.) simova from Thasos, T. (L.) artemis asiaeminoris, T. (L.) christophi, T. (L.) franzressli, T. (L.) horsti, T. (L.) huberti, T. (L.) neutra, T. (L.) ornithogona, and T. (L.) renate, T. (L.) trapeza T. (L.) ulrike from Turkey, and T. (L.) kinzelbachi and T. (L.) leeuweni from Syria. Also presented are the females of T. (L.) sciurus Theischinger and T. (L.) sigma Theischinger. Information on the geographical variation of some species is supplied. New records of a few very little known species are given. All but 2 holotypes, and some paratypes are lodged at Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam (ZMA), 2 holotypes at Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), the other specimens in the collection of the author (GT).

Beschreibung: Dentectus barbarmatus, a new genus and species of mailed catfish of the subfamily Loricariinae, tribe Loricariini, is described from tributaries of the northern margin of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. Morphometric and meristic data of several specimens are presented and illustrations are given. The relationships of the new genus with other genera of the tribe are discussed. It is assigned to the subtribe Planiloricariina, together with Pseudohemiodon Bleeker, 1862, Rhadinoloricaria Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1974, Crossoloricaria Isbrücker, 1979, and Planiloricaria Isbrücker, 1971.

Beschreibung: As I have already pointed out in the Narrative of the Voyage (this journal Nr. 23) there is a marked difference between Caracasbay and Spanish Water, the former having clear blue ocean water, the latter being rather muddy. Spanish bay is quite the same as Caracasbay except that it is less sheltered against the tradewinds. Spanish Port is a narrow channel connecting Spanish Water with the bay and shows the transition in the different nature of the water. This difference has a great influence on the fauna as is shown especially by the coral population. For the rest the coralfauna of the West Indies is extensively described by POURTALÈS (III. Cat. Mus. Comp. Zool. No. IV. 1871), VERRILL (Trans. Conn. Ac. Vol. 11. 1901), and VAUGHAN (The stony corals of the Porto Rican waters. U. S. Fish. Comm. Bull. Vol. 2. 1901; Some fossil corals from the elevated reefs of Curaçao, Arube and Bonaire. Samml. des geol. Reichsmus. in Leiden, 1901; Fossil corals from Central America, Cuba, and Porto Rico, with an account of the American tertiary, pleistocene, and recent coral reefs. Smiths. Inst. Bull. 103. 1919; etc.).

Beschreibung: De las Islas Galápagos se conoce más de 200 especies de briófitas (el número total de los musgos y de las hepáticas es de mas o menos igual). Más que 2/3 partes de las especies occurren en la selva y matorrales perennifolias y húmedas limitadas a las zonas altas de algunas islas. Una proporción elevada (65-70%) de la brioflora trata de especies de una distribución amplia y neotropical o ampliamente tropical, que probablemente han llegado cón los vientos predominantes orientales del continente sudamericano. Generalmente las briófitas de las Islas Galápagos tienen una dispersión excelente, al contrario de otros grupos de organismos. Mas o menos 85% de las hepáticas produce esperes y/o gemmae y aproximadamente 40% de las especies son bisexuales. Además es interesante anotar que taxa sin diásporas están limitados hacia una sola isla, y que taxa con formación de diásporas tienen una distribución más ámplia según las condiciones ecológicas favorables. Una proporción bastante elevada (20%) de los musgos pertenece al elemento “oceánico-Caribe" probablemente llegado con los vientos alisios desde las costas de Centro-América o directamente de las Antillas via el Istmo de Panamá Este grupo de especies se encuentra en las Islas Galápagos en alturas más bajas, con preferencia cerca de la costa. Unas pocas especies templadas y disyuntas están presentes en las pampas frias y secas de Isabela arriba de 1200 m. Además taxa cosmopolitos y ciertos taxa endémicos son común en las pampas. La proporción de los taxa endémicos es más elevada entre las hepáticas (16%) que entre los musgos (6%). Taxa endémicos occurren con preferencia en las regiones abiertas y secas en las Islas Galápagos, probablemente debido a que este medio ambiente para selección natural y evolución existía ya hace más tiempo, como es corroborado por evidencia palaeobotánica. Se trata de caracterizar y comparar la brioflora de Galápagos, aunque las listas de recopilación para briofloras regionales del trópico hacen falta en una forma tremenda. En comparación con la brioflora del continente sudaméricano la de las Islas Galápagos es un poco pobre en especies; faltan marcadamente taxa de la selva húmeda tropical y de selva nublada. La proporción bastante elevada de hepáticas talosas del orden Marchantiales caracteriza la brioflora de las Islas Galápagos como mas o menos mesofítica y subtropical, a pesar de la presencia elevada de Lejeuneaceae.

Beschreibung: The 42 recognized species of Coussapoa are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Eleven new species are described: C. argentea Akkermans & Berg, C. arachnoidea. Akkermans & Berg, C. batavorum Akkermans & Berg, C. cupularis Akkermans & Berg, C. echinata Akkermans & Berg, C. floccosa Akkermans & Berg, C. longepedunculata Akkermans & Berg, C. macerrima Akkermans & Berg, C. napoënsis Akkermans & Berg, C. pachyphylla Akkermans & Berg, and C. scabra Akkermans & Berg. Some new combinations are made. Keys to the species of 8 regions are presented.

Beschreibung: The Lejeuneaceae are the largest family of the Hepaticae with over 1500 species in about 90 currently accepted genera (Gradstein, 1980). Much has already been written on the nomenclatural and taxonomic problems associated with the generic names in this family. A brief review of the problems is given, introductory to the proposals presented here. Current generic concepts in Lejeuneaceae are essentially based on Richard Spruce’s treatment of the group in his “Hepaticae of the Amazon and of the Andes of Peru and Ecuador” (Spruce, 1884). Spruce recognized, besides the monotypic Myriocolea Spruce, one single genus, Lejeunea, for several hundreds of species of Lejeuneaceae known at that time. This muchembracing genus was subdivided by Spruce into 37 subgenera. Each of the subgenera received a name in which the generic name “Lejeunea” was hyphenated with an appropriate, descriptive prefix: e.g. Acro-Lejeunea, Cerato-Lejeunea, Hygro-Lejeunea, Sticto-Lejeunea.

Beschreibung: Four new species of Dorstenia are described: D. panamensis C.C. Berg, D. boliviana C.C. Berg, D. peruviana C.C. Berg, and D. belizensis C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 21 Dorstenia species distinguished in north-western tropical America are presented, together with synonyms and distributions.

Beschreibung: Ms. Wanda Ave, a student of biology at Leiden with interest in ethnobotany, prepared 30 maps with text for Pacific Plant Areas, then studied rattan species of Malaya, where she went in March 1982 to work on smallscale utilization of rattan by indigenous tribes. Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy, duly elected in the democratic manner, took over as Head of the Tropical Department at L, from Dr. W. Vink who felt that he had served his time.

Beschreibung: Beccari, Odoardo (1843-1920) H.E. Moore Jr, Odoardo Beccari (1843-1920). Principes 25 (1981) 29-35, portr. His trips and bibliography on palms. Everist, S.L. (1913-1981) On 21 October, 1981, Dr. Selwyn L. Everist, past director of the Queensland Herbarium, died in hospital in Brisbane, after a period of intermittent ill health. He commenced work at the Herbarium in 1930 and graduated from Queensland University with a B.Sc. in 1936. Following the retirement of Mr. W.D. Francis in 1954, he became Government Botanist, a position which was later changed to Director, Botany Branch and the Queensland Herbarium, Department of Primary Industries. He retired in 1976 (see Flora Malesiana Bulletin 30, 2745-2746). He was awarded an honorary Ph.D. on the basis of written work. Dr. Everist will be best remembered for his work in the field of economic botany. He published numerous articles on weeds and poisonous plants and his book Poisonous Plants of Australia will remain the definitive text in its field for many decades. He received a copy of the second edition of his book just one day before he died. The considerable addition of material following the first edition is testimony to his activity in ’retirement’. He was a good herbarium administrator, though he most enjoyed working in the field. He was always willing to provide assistance to herbarium botanists throughout Australia and overseas and he was very supportive of the Flora Malesiana project.— R.W. Johnson.

Beschreibung: The SEM-observation of plant material normally requires dehydrated, dry specimens coated with carbon or metal. Unfortunately, the standard drying methods (including the critical-point-drying-technique) often cause shrinking and deformation of the specimen surface; therefore, SEMstudies on plant ontogeny are rather difficult, material- and time-consuming. Experiments using deep-frozen specimens have been carried out in England and in the USA, but have proved not satisfying. Recently, a new preparation technique working with shock-frozen specimens has been developed by ALDRIAN at the Technical University of Graz (Austria). This technique, originally devoted to checking the water content of concrete, was tested and applied to living plant material by the present communicators. As a test object the Malayan gesneriad Monophyllaea horsfieldii was chosen. Studying in special the inflorescence and calyx development, the results proved by far superior to those obtained by conventional SEM-preparation methods. As it appears this technique can be successfully employed in ontogenetical and morphological studies of any kind working with living material.

Beschreibung: In October 1981, the Sijthoff-Noordhoff firm which published the Flora Malesiana was taken over by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Box 566, The Hague, The Netherlands*. Publication is continued in the same form, but the transition caused some delay in the schedule. Flora Malesiana Series ii (Pteridophyta) Volume 1 Part 5 thus was issued on 1 March 1982. The posted price is Dfl. 170 abroad (in the Netherlands, Value Added Tax is to be paid). This price includes the binding of this volume, which is now completed. This Part 5, containing pages (1)—(20) and 331-599, gives the Dedication and the revision of the Thelypteridaceae, both by R.E. Holttum. The Dedication, p. (6)-(20), incl. portr., is to Carl Christensen. Rather than biographical — many such references give F.A. Stafleu & R.S. Cowan, Taxonomic Literature, 2nd ed. (1976) 501 — it is a history of pteridology in a nutshell, with notes on strengths and weaknesses of various authors, exemplified in Gleicheniaceae, Grammitidaceae, Lomariopsis/ Stenochlaena, and Pleocnemia. ”We now have reached the stage at which most Malesian species can be allocated to definite natural groups which may have generic rank; most genera can also be associated in groups which appear to be natural; but it is often not yet clear how groups of genera are inter-related.” The Thelypteridaceae itself was one of the most difficult groups the author could chose. It here contains 440 species in 22 genera, with many new taxa and transfers, particularly from Dryopteris, a key genus to which Christensen devoted a monumental study. All Old World genera are treated Haplodictyum is sunk into Pronephrium). The publication of this Part brings the score for Series ii to:

Beschreibung: A new systematic arrangement of the Basidiomycetes is presented. The first fifty pages are devoted to special characters found in Basidiomycetes, and to a discussion of previous classifications. The major part of the book (c. 300 pp.) gives descriptions of the recognized orders and families as well as illustrations of important characters (53 pp, both line drawings and SEM fotos). The division Basidiomycota is divided into two classes, the Heterobasidiomycetes and the Homobasidiomycetes. Within the Homobasidiomycetes a large number of orders and families has been recognized, while the taxonomic entities ‘Gastromycetes’ and ‘Aphyllophorales’ are no longer maintained. In a phylogenetic scheme the supposed relationships of the orders are indicated. The Auriculariales and Cantharellales represent, according to the author, the most primitive orders of the Hetero- and Homobasidiomycetes respectively.

Beschreibung: Bij milieu-inventarisaties zoals die door verschillende Provinciale Waterstaten worden uitgevoerd, worden verschillende methodieken toegepast. Eén aspect is het onderzoek naar de samenstelling van de makrofauna. Provinciale Waterstaat van Noord-Holland monstert hiervoor twee keer per jaar, één keer in het voor jaar (maart) en één keer in juli-augustus. Het tijdstip van de tweede monstername is voornamelijk bepaald door het tijdstip waarop de sloten geschoond worden. Hierbij wordt uitgegaan van de veronderstelling, dat door het schonen de samenstelling van de makrofauna-gemeenschap ernstig verstoord wordt. Bewijs voor deze veronderstelling is er echter niet. Incidenteel (dus niet hierop gericht) onderzoek door studenten en medewerkers van het ITZ heeft enige twijfel aan de juistheid van deze veronderstelling en het hierop gebaseerde tijdstip van monstername doen ontstaan. Enerzijds lijkt de verstoring tengevolge van het schonen nogal mee te vallen en anderzijds blijkt uit de thans bekende gegevens dat in de nazomer en in het begin van de herfst enkele groepen van organismen tot ontwikkeling komen, die in de zomer niet aanwezig zijn. Dit onderzoek wil nagaan of de veronderstelling, dat door het schonen de samenstelling van de makrofauna ernstig verstoord wordt, wel juist is. Wanner dit niet het geval blijkt, dan zou, om een zo volledig mogelijk beeld van de makrofaunasamenstelling te krijgen, de tweede monstername niet in de zomer (vóór de schoning) maar in het vroege na jaar plaats moeten vinden.

Beschreibung: In the spring of 1980, from the end of March till in July, I visited the eastern part of the Spanish province of Oviedo and the adjacent part of the province of Leon. The main subject of investigation during this period was the species Rana temporaria (Veenstra 1981). I tried to find out where this species could be found and while doing so I determined the occurrence of more species of amphibians. Totally twelve species of amphibians could be observed. Characteristics of their reproduction sites are listed and worked out below.

Beschreibung: A survey is presented of the Dutch sciomyzid flies. From data of diverse collections it can be concluded that at least fifty species occur in the Netherlands. Six of them are new for the Dutch sciomyzid fauna: Pelidnoptera fumipennis, Pherbellia czernyi, Pherbina intermedia, Psacadina zernyi, Dichetophora finlandica and Limnia paludicola. The main biological features, especially of the larvae, are summarized. Most common in Holland are the air-breathing, free-living overt predators of non-operculate snails, but also parasitoids of terrestrial snails can be found. Some remarks are made on further research, among others in relation to the possible value of the sciomyzid larvae as biological control agents of those snails, which transmit diseases. Met dank aan Pjotr Oosterbroek en Ben Brugge voor hun hulp bij dit onderzoek.

Beschreibung: The present work comprises the first revision of all species of Xanthophyllum; 93 species (22 new) have been distinguished with 5 subspecies (1 new) and 2 varieties (both new). Seven subgenera are proposed (4 new) of which one has been divided into 2 sections and 2 subsections. Keys to all taxa have been included. In the General Part the (sub)generic and (sub)sectional characters are discussed separately in order to find arguments regarding the direction of the evolution of those characters in the ‘Hennigian’ way of reasoning. From this it has been concluded that the Polygalaceae are derived from the Malpighiaceae- Vochysiaceae-Trigoniaceae-complex and secondly that Xanthophyllum belongs to a derived tribe of the Polygalaceae (and not to a separate family Xanthophyllaceae). The lack of information on the genomes of the species appeared to be a serious problem in the reconstruction of the evolution within Xanthophyllum: one subgenus with ‘gigas’-characters may represent an old allopolyploid hybrid; it is suggested that hybridization may have been important in the evolution of the genus. Although only two species, endemic to N. Queensland, do not occur in Malesia-Southeast Asia, it is shown that Australia must have been the centre of origin of the genus. The fact that Wallace’s Line is still respected by all species is regarded as an indication that West Malesia is a secondary centre of speciation.

Beschreibung: Bij het zoeken naar een terrein, waar zoowel stratigrafisch als petrografisch gewerkt zou kunnen worden, viel het oog op de omgeving van het Brembodal. Hiervan bewerkte ik een gedeelte tusschen Caprile en Lenna met als W. grens de waterscheiding over de Pizzo di Mezzodi en Chiappa naar de Disner en de Pizzo di Cusio. In het N. vormde een E.—W. lijn door Caprile sup. naar Sparavera de grens, in het S. het Valle di Lenna en de Brembo, terwijl aan den E. kant als grens werd genomen een lijn van Mojo di Calvi naar Piazzatorre. Ten N.W. hiervan werd gewerkt door den Heer Jong, wiens publicatie binnenkort zal verschijnen, terwijl de Heer Klompé bezig is met de karteering van het gedeelte ten N. van de lijn Caprile—Sparavera. Het veldwerk werd verricht in het voorjaar en in den zomer van de jaren 1926 en 1927. Het verzamelde materiaal, dat ik in het Geologisch Museum te Leiden onderzocht, zal aldaar worden opgeborgen.

Beschreibung: Until recently there was no good general map of the Tengger Mountains, so that in 1914 F. von Wolff (bibl. 1) in his work „Der Vulkanismus”, vol. I, p. 510—511, gives a reproduction of Pr. Junghuhn's map of 1844. For a volcanic district that has frequently been used as an example of a caldera and has been made familiar by the beautiful photographs from the firm of Kurkdjan in Soerabaya, this is an inadequate treatment, especially as Junghuhn's map is not accurate. After I had gained a superficial knowledge of the Tengger Mountains in two excursions in 1918 and 1919, I conceived the plan of making a new general map after the topographical map 1/20.000 of the Netherlands Indian Topographical Service. In 1922 I drew a wall-map 1/20.000 with contour distance of 100 meters, and coloured according to K. Peucker's method (Farbenplastik) (bibl. 2) the preparation of which occupied about a month. Plate 5 is a reduction of this map to 1/100.000, made by the firm of Smulders in the Hague, to whom a word of praise is due for the excellent way in which they have carried it out 1).

Beschreibung: This catalogue resulted from our attempts (since 1963) to accommodate and modernize the labelling of type-material of Recent fishes in the collections of the Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam (ZMA), now named Institute of Taxonomie Zoology, University of Amsterdam. We traced 6625 type-specimens of 714 nominal species or subspecies, 228 of which are primary type-specimens (holotype, lectotype, or neotype); moreover, the collection contains one or more syntypes of 222 nominal (sub-) species. A few syntypes are presently indicated as future lectotype in the collection, awaiting publication by various specialists. Such specimens are not distinguished in this catalogue. It is possible that lectotype designations for some species have been validly published, which have escaped our attention. Certain records in the literature of single syntypes as “the holotype” cannot be considered designation of the lectotype. For example, Menon’s (1977: 88-89) “holotype” of Cynoglossus heterolepis is still one of the syntypes (now in the British Museum (Natural History), London).

Beschreibung: Het is vooral door de onderzoekingen der Siboga-expeditie in Nederl. O.-Indië bekend geworden welk een groot aandeel kalkalgen hebben aan den opbouw van riffen (1). De Siboga trof meermalen uitgestrekte rifvormingen aan, die voornamelijk uit Lithothamniën opgebouwd zijn; een bank bij Salyer b.v., die als „koraalbank” op de kaarten vermeld stond, bleek geheel uit opeenhoopingen van Lithothamnium en Halimeda te bestaan; van Haingsisi (S.W. van Timor) wordt een bank vermeld, die nagenoeg uitsluitend uit één soort: Lithothamnium erulescens is samengesteld. In vele gevallen is gebleken, dat kalkalgen nog in grootere mate dan koralen tot de vorming van riffen bijdragen. Zoo is Gardiner door waarnemingen op Funafuti, Fiji, de Chago's en Malediven tot deze ervaring gekomen (2) en het is bekend, dat ook aan de samenstelling der „key’s” in Florida, de riffen der Bahama's, Bermuda's en aan de kust van Porto-Rico, kalkalgen (Melobesia's en Halimeda) een veel grooter opbouwend deel vormen dan rifkoralen (3). Uit oudere geologische formatie's zijn ons dergelijke feiten eveneens bekend. Het talrijke voorkomen van Lithothamniën in Tertiaire sedimenten van de Oost-Indische Archipel was door de onderzoekingen van K. Martin bekend reeds voordat daar de uitgestrekte recente Lithothamniumriffen ontdekt werden (4). Over de kalkalgen uit de Miocene Leitha-kalken van het Weensche Bekken heeft Unger uitvoerig gehandeld (5). Uit de Midden-Trias kennen we de Diplopora-kalksteenen, die over uitgestrekte gebieden in Beieren, Tirol en Zuid-Oost-Europa voorkomen. Een ander voorbeeld leveren de Baltische landen, waar kalksteenen uit Ordovicien en Siluur grootendeels uit kalkalgen opgebouwd zijn. Solenopora compacta Bill is in het Siluur van Gothland, Noorwegen, Engeland, Schotland en Noord-Amerika gevonden geworden in groote hoeveelheden.

Beschreibung: Black-footed Penguins, Spheniscus demersus, have been living in an open air enclosure in Artiszoo since 1961. Their numbers varied from 7 to 103 in the period under study extending from 1961 to 1982. The information used in this survey is derived from records made by the zoo keepers and from a study of the behaviour of the penguins that was performed in 1979-1980. The pair bond between breeding birds appears to be very strong, the only bird that ever disassociated itself returned to her first partner after one year. However, the penguins seem to find a new partner in a very short time if they happen to forfeit their first partner. The couples have a strong tendency to breed each season in the same burrow. The occasional shifting to other burrows seems not to be related to the fate of the first clutch. The partners stayed together in nearly all cases in which breeding birds changed burrows. A burrow seems to get new owners only when the previous couple vacates it. This has had the consequence that, in some years, young couples could not install themselves because there was a lack of nesting places. The clutch size is two and the number of clutches per season is one or two, three is less common. The birds are probably encouraged to lay a second or third clutch when the previous one fails visibly in an early stage. The frequency of laying second and third clutches might decrease if the penguins in Artiszoo were allowed to revert to their natural cycle of guarding their young for 80 days instead of the enforced period of only 42 days. The breeding season runs from August to May and has two peak periods of egg-laying, one in August/September and one, less extreme, in December. The timing of breeding varied from year to year, in some years the first egg-production peak appeared in July/August and in others it appeared only in October. The penguins in Artiszoo start breeding for the first time when they are two years or older, just like the penguins in South Africa. Since 1965 the population growth has been caused entirely by the reproductive qualities of 19 birds and their descendants. The hatching success of eggs decreased spectacularly in the years after 1971 when the number of available adults exceeded the figure 25, and since that time relatively more eggs disappeared or were found to be broken. This study shows that the decline of the hatching success is caused both by a lack of nesting places and the increase of the number of penguins living in the enclosure.

Beschreibung: Dendrocryphaea latifolia sp.nov. from the Páramo de Chisacá, Colombia is described and illustrated. It is allied to D. cuspidata from austral South America but differs from that species in the broader leaves, globose capsules and the basally smooth exostome teeth. A key to the four species of Dendrocryphaea and a conspectus of the genus are provided. D. ramosissima is reduced to synonymy under D. lechleri. Dendrocryphaea is a rheophytic genus with antipodal distribution. Its discovery in the high Andes of Colombia extends to 34 the number of genera of bryophytes with similar antipodal affinities known from the páramos of the northern sector of the Andean cordillera, The nature and origin of these distribution patterns is discussed. In the case of Dendrocryphaea wind and birds may have played a role in the transport of spores and the establishment of its present distribution.

Beschreibung: Commercially available tree altimeters are expensive and heavy, and my personal experience with these instruments is thus minimal. During my last expedition I only used it now and then in the base camp to correct my ’feeling for estimation’. I have little doubt that colleagues will recognize these feelings. After my return I regretted this attitude to some extent and tried to design a cheap and light alternative device. It is drawn on the next page, and easy to construct: Make a copy of the drawing. Photocopies are generally not exact enough, causing differences to 5 m in this scheme, due to barrel- and cushionshaped distortion by the lens. I advise to copy the drawing by hand on transparent paper. Glue this copy (preferably with epoxy-resin to make it waterproof) on hardboard (plexiglass, thin aluminium). Fix a water-level parallel to the horizontal line (which indicates c. 1.70 m eye-level!). Attach a transparent ruler with a thin but distinct straight line. This ruler is attached with a (nylon) bolt and nut (the latter fixed with cyano-acrylate, e.g. Loctite) in order to move the ruler to reach the necessary angle and to keep it in a fixed position easily. It needs some training to keep the righthand eye on the water-level (a small mirror may help here), the accuracy is sufficient when one sees the air-bubble moving or trembling. A much more severe factor causing inaccuracy is the impossibility to estimate in larger trees where the actual summit is hidden behind the crown. When impossible to locate, one can use the rule of thumb, that the actual summit is behind a point about halfway the base and the edge of the crown. An attached string of e.g. 20 metres facilitates to fix the horizontal distance. From the scale it is evident that one should not try to measure a 50 m tall tree from 20 m distance, 40 m is more accurate. The exactness of the device is mainly dependent on the length of the ruler, 25-30 cm is needed. Before fixing the water-level definitively, one should gauge its position by means of a tree or other vertical object (flagpole) of known height.

Beschreibung: Rattans as an example. — ’Minor’ are called all forest products other than timber. Rattan is one of the best-known. In Malaya, according to Dransfield in his book of 1979, there are 104 species; 54 of them are utilized for cane. In addition, 4 are sought for their edible fruits, 5 for their leaves (as thatch and for cigarette paper), 4 for their ’dragon blood’ (jernang, used for varnish, red dye, and medicine), 4 have still other uses. This means that over 2/3 of the Malayan rattans are useful to some extent. At present, we can say that ’great’ use is made of 12 species, that is more than 1 in 8. Of all species, the stock is in the primary rain forest. For Indonesia, M.H. Simatupang presented a paper The processing of rotan, a minor forest product from the tropical rain forest, to the 8th World Forestry Congress (1978) summarized on page 3222. The total yield was 59,600 tons a year, of which 7000 tons from plantations. The value of rattan in the world trade is enormous: Dransfield (in The biological aspects of rare plant conservation, edited by H. Synge, 1981) adopts an estimate of US$ 1.2 billion, end value, and adds: ”Rattan is in fact the most important forest product after timber in southeast Asia. From a social point of view it is the most attractive forest product, tending to benefit local villagers much more directly than timber operations. Traditionally the exhausting and unpleasant task of rattan pulling is carried out during slack agricultural periods (such as after harvest and before sowing the rice crop) and is also greatly influenced by the current price of rubber; when rubber prices have slumped, rattan pulling has become a more attractive source of income” (p. 180). Dransfield (ibidem, p. 181) credits Borneo with c. 151 species, Malaya with 104, Sumatra with 77, Thailand plus Indo-China with 62, the Philippines with 60, New Guinea with 52, Celebes with 28, Java with 26; his Short Guide to Rattans of 1974 gives 9 for the Moluccas and 2 for the Lesser Sunda Islands. If similar percentages as in Malaya are useful, one can form an impression.

Beschreibung: A new, short-stemmed genus with two species is described in the Stemonaceae. It has regular, 5- merous flowers, obviously the first among the Monocots. The four genera of the family are discussed and their characters contrasted. The fruit and seed of Stichoneuron are for the first time described. Attention is called for the peculiar aril in the four genera. It is concluded that the family is a natural one, in vegetative characters and seed structure, and should not be split up. A new family description is given and an artificial key to the genera. Some observations on anatomical features were checked or established, especially concerning the crystals, by Dr. P. Baas. A concise account of the palynology of the four genera is given by Dr. J. Muller. Besides the new type species, Pentastemona sumatrana. , there is one new combination for the second species, P. egregia (basionym Cryptocoryne egregia Schott).

Beschreibung: The leaf anatomy of the recently discovered Neotropical species Trigonobalanus excelsa is described and compared with that of the Old World species T. doichangensis and T. verticillata. Trigonobalanus excelsa appears to be very similar in its leaf anatomy to T. verticillata from Borneo and Sumatra.

Beschreibung: A new species of erechthitoid Senecio is described, Senecio brassii Belcher, and a key to the four species of erechthitoid Senecio recognised in the East Indies is given.

Beschreibung: Revision of the genus which centres in the Philippines; precursor to treatment in Flora Malesiana. There is a key to the species but no descriptions. Six species are accepted, 2 names are reduced for the first time, 1 name is excluded, 1 is imperfectly known. Difference with the allied genus Steganthera is discussed.

Beschreibung: A catalogue of French localities of the material of the families Pamphagidae, Pyrgomorphidae, Catantopidae and Acrididae preserved in the collections of the Museum nationale d’Histoire naturelle of Paris and the Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie at Amsterdam. Change of status: Chorthippus erythropus Faber – Ch. parallellus erythropus Faber. First records for France: see summary in French. Species to be excluded from the French list: see summary in French.

Beschreibung: Unter einem Material von annährerend 1000 Heterastridien aus der Trias von Timor fand sich ein einzelnes Stück mit einer von allen übrigen vollkommen abweichenden Oberflächenbeschaffenheit. Herr Prof. Molengraaff, in Delft überliess mir gütigst auch dieses interessante Exemplar zur Untersuchung, das eine wertvolle Ergänzung des früher durch mich von Timor beschriebenen Heterastridium-Materialss bildet 1). Dem genannten Forscher war seine abweichende Beschaffenheit wohl gleich aufgefallen, denn das Stück war von den übrigen Heterastridien getrennt gehalten worden und wurde mir erst nachträglich zugestellt. Es stammt aus dem Noil Boewan, eben unterhalb Fatoe Boewan, in der Landschaft Amanoeban. Die Blöcke des Noil Boewan stammen wahrscheinlich von Triaskalken aus der Umgebung von Nifoekoko, die eine Anzahl normaler Heterastridien geliefert haben, während die Hauptmenge dieser interessanten Hydrozoen allerdings aus der Umgebung von Baoeng, in der Landschaft Amarassi, kommt. Das vorliegende Stück ist von sphaeroidischer, ziemlich stark abgeplatteter Gestalt: seine Dm. betragen 4,7 cm und 3,6 cm. Die Oberfläche ist allenthalben mit Runzeln bedeckt, die an einigen Stellen aus ziemlich scharfen Kämmen von gebogenem oder winkligem Verlauf bestehen, die sich häufig verzweigen oder kurze Seitenäste entsenden. Diese Kämme können bis 1 cm lang werden, meistens sind sie aber viel unregelmässiger und kürzer; an einigen Stellen lösen sie sich schliesslich in einzelne Höcker oder stachelförmige Vorsprünge auf, wie sie für die gewöhnlichen Heterastridien charakteristisch sind. Bei Betrachtung mit einer stark vergrössernden Lupe sieht man, dass die feine, netzförmige Coenenchymstruktur auf die Flanken der Kämme heraufzieht und erst deren First eine mehr dichte Beschaffenheit annimmt. Am Fusse der Kämme oder Hügel, und in den Tälern zwischen ihnen, beobachtet man vereinzelte Oeffnungen von Zooidröhren, wie sie für alle Heterastridien charakteristisch sind. Auf Querschnitten sieht man, dass die Zooidröhren nicht durchlaufen sondern im Coenenchym blind enden, um dann an einer anderen Stelle wieder aufs neue zu beginnen. Auch sonst stimmt die innere Struktur vollkommen mit der der normalen Heterastridien überein. Wie bei diesen unter den Stachelwarzen, so stehen hier die radialen Skelettfasern unter den Kämmen dichter und in vom First divergierenden Reihen geordnet.

Beschreibung: Descriptions of the following species: Pseudolimnophila (P.) ebullata sp.n. from Sicily, Prionolabis astans sp.n. from Italy, Gonomyia (G.) theowaldi sp.n. from Corsica and Sardinia, Idiocera (I. ) antilopina sp.n. from Sicily, Idioaera (I.) hasta sp.n. from Bulgaria and Dicranomyia (D.) patricia sp.n. from Tunisia. The type material is deposited in the Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoölogie (Zoölogisch Museum), Amsterdam (the Netherlands), the Moravian Museum, Brno, and in coll. J. Starý, Olomouc (both Czechoslovakia).

Beschreibung: Three females belonging to this species were obtained from the branchial cavity of Microcosmus exasperatus at Spanish Water, Curaçao, April 3, 1920. They were not fully grown but measured about 4.50 mm in length, and the large incubatory pouch was filled with minute eggs. This is the species described by THORELL and referred by him to the genus Doropygus, but it differs so much from the other species of that genus that both GIESBRECHT and SARS recognized it as generically distinct. GIESBRECHT referred it to COSTA’S genus Notopterophorus, and SARS created for it the new genus named above, which seems to be correct.

Beschreibung: The purpose of this study was: To make an attempt at finding a stratification of the snowpack in order to help remove ambiguities in dating the snowlayers by standard methods. To verify the depth at which the transition between firn and ice occurs. Clearly the first goal was missed, the structural information in a temperate firn being strongly smoothed out in time. Interesting details like horizontal ice lenses and layers of "cold snow" however, were revealed. In spite of strong variations of density, gravimetric density PG and ice density PI, computed from point density, are identical for the firn pack between Z = 2.0 m and 6.0 m. p(ice) = 0.522±0.034· 103 kg m- 3. The ice density of 0.8 . 103 kg m-3, the assumed transition between firn and ice, was found to occur at a depth of Z= 19 m. Even at this level, rather important variations in density may be localized. Between Z= 19 m and 21 m, the ice density varies from 0.774.103 to 0.860 . 103 kg m- 3.

Beschreibung: From 1974 to 1982 repeated tracer tests using fluorescent dyes were carried out in the highly glaciated drainage basin of Vernagtbach. These tests enabled the quantitative determination of the runoff in the forefield of the Vernagtferner, the calculation of travel times of the stream water and estimations of the relative contributions to the entire runoff originating from individual streams. In addition, tracer tests were carried out in the firn area of the glacier resulting in data concerning the storage and travel time of meltwater inside the glacier.

Beschreibung: In 1979 a core drilling project was carried out on Vernagtferner in the Oetztal Alps (Austria). This report describes the field work of the drilling project, the recovered core material and the occurrence of water in the boreholes and compiles the succeding investigation program.

Beschreibung: Fission product (90Sr_ 90y, I37CS, total beta) and 2tOPb_210pO activities were measured in core samples from the temperate vernagtferner (3150 m altitude, Oetztal Alps, Austria). The results show that the investigated fission products are transported with water resulting from melting processes, and are sorbed on dust or dirt horizons. These products are, therefore, not suited for dating temperate glaciers. 210Pb is also transported with water and displaced from its original deposition. However, despite large fluctuations, the specific activity of 210Pb decreases with depth, and can be used to estimate accumulation rates and the age of the ice. The average annual accumulation rate amounts to about 80 cm water equivalent, and the deepest sample (81 m i. e. "" 65 m w. e.) was deposited in the beginning of this century. These results agree with data obtained from other observations on this glacier and show that the 210Pb_method is suitable to date temperate glaciers, if the ice cores cover a time interval of about 100 years (i. e. "" 4 half-lives of 210Pb). The surface activity of 210Pb was found to be 5 ± I dpm per kg of ice in agreement with other locations in the Alps and with measurements of fresh snow.

Beschreibung: Natural gamma logging was executed in borehole I on the Vernagtferner (Oetztal Alps, Austria) down to a depth of 60 m below surface. The radioactivity profile reflects the atmospheric injection history. Above a borehole depth of 28 m the log is enriched in bomb produced 137CS along with 4°K and elements of the uranium series. The highest gamma level, which originates from 1963 precipitation with high fallout load, is found in a depth of 18.5 m.