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  • Articles  (6,782)
  • Chemistry  (6,410)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (372)
  • 1980-1984  (6,782)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1980  (6,782)
Collection
  • Articles  (6,782)
Years
  • 1980-1984  (6,782)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 1980-01-04
    Description: In concentrates of water produced in a laboratory simulation of a drinking water treatment process, direct-acting, nonvolatile mutagens were readily detected by means of the Ames Salmonella test. The mutagens were shown to be produced by the chlorination process. Treatment of the water with chloramine resulted in less mutagenic activity than treatment with free chlorine. Dechlorination of drinking water with sulfite sharply reduced the mutagenic activity. Treatment with sulfur dioxide is proposed as an effective, inexpensive method of reducing the direct-acting mutagenic activity of drinking water and of aqueous industrial effluents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheh, A M -- Skochdopole, J -- Koski, P -- Cole, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Jan 4;207(4426):90-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6985746" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chloramines ; Chlorine ; Mutagens/*analysis ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics ; Sulfites ; Water Pollutants/*analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/*analysis ; Water Supply/*analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1980-10-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bumb, R R -- Crummett, W B -- Cutie, S S -- Gledhill, J R -- Hummel, R H -- Kagel, R O -- Lamparski, L L -- Luoma, E V -- Miller, D L -- Nestrick, T J -- Shadoff, L A -- Stehl, R H -- Woods, J S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1980 Oct;210(4468):385-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6159682" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/analysis ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; *Dioxins/analysis ; *Fires ; Power Plants ; Smoke/analysis ; Soil Pollutants/analysis ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/analysis ; Vehicle Emissions/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 15 (1980), S. 79-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecules ; Interstellar ; Chemistry ; Isotopes ; Solar system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The study of interstellar molecules broadly includes two areas of interest. One area uses the unique ability of molecules to act as probes of the physical conditions in the cold, dense, visually opaque component of the interstellar medium. The physical properties of this and other components of the interstellar medium are summarized. The other area deals with the chemistry of interstellar molecules, recent aspects of which are emphasized in this review. Gas-phase chemistry, shock chemistry, and grain surface chemistry are discussed in the context of recent observations. No present observations suggest that surface reactions are relevant, but neither can they be ruled out. Ion-molecule reactions are clearly operative, at least for the simpler species. Chemical isotope fractionation is reviewed, andd it is concluded that the complexities of the chemistry allow no cosmological conclusions to be drawn from observations of deuterium in interstellar molecules, while the presence of13C in interstellar molecules permits an estimate of the12C/13C ratio which is consistent with the current concepts of the nucleosynthesis history of the Galaxy. Possible connections between interstellar molecules and the early molecular history of the solar system are discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 128-151 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Galactic cosmic rays ; Solar proton events ; Particle precipitation ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An assessment is made of the relative contribution of certain classes of energetic particle precipitation to the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere with emphasis placed on the production of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen species and their subsequent role in the catalytic removal of ozone. Galactic cosmic radiation is an important source of odd nitrogen in the lower stratosphere but since the peak energy deposition occurs below the region where catalytic removal of O3 is most effective, it is questionable whether this mechanism is important in the overall terrestrial ozone budget. The precipitation of energetic solar protons can periodically produce dramatic enhancement in upper stratospheric NO. The long residence time of NO in this region of the atmosphere, where catalytic interaction with O3 is also most effective, mandates that this mechanism be included in future modelling of the global distribution of O3. Throughout the mesosphere the precipitation of energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (60°≲Λ≲70°) can sporadically act as a major local source of odd hydrogen and odd nitrogen leading to observable O3 depletion. Future satellite studies should be directed at simultaneously measuring the precipitation flux and the concomitant atmosphere modification, and these results should be employed to develop more sophisticated models of this important coupling.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Ca-ion ; Labyrinthula ; contraction ; glycerination ; Ca-reservoir ; cell movement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Colonies of Labyrinthula, a colonial marine protist, expand by protrusive movements of the specialized slimeways. The movements recorded in time-lapse films are of two types - filopodial and lamellipodial - and occur at rates equivalent to those of cell translocation.Evidence is presented that Ca2+ regulates the contraction of the actomyosin system of filaments present in the slimeways of Labyrinthula. In glycerinated models or in colonies exposed to ionophore A23187 contraction is evidenced by the occurrence of periodic contractions of the slimeways, giving them the appearance of strings of beads. Glycerinated slimeways contract on the addition of Ca2+ and ATP while slimeways provided with ionophore A23187 contract on addition of Ca2+ alone. The concentration required is 1.1 × 10-7 M Ca2+ while concentrations of 6.2 × 10-8 or lower were ineffective. Rates of contraction were measured in time-lapse films which provide evidence that contractions and beading occur everywhere in the slimeway system. When beading occurs, the 6-nm filaments transform from an array of parallel single filaments into an interwoven meshwork.We have identified by pyroantimonate-OsO4 fixation, as possible Ca2+ reservoirs, deposits of Ca2+ in bothrosomes - structures through which cell secretions pass into the slimeways. The electron-dense deposits are located at the base of the bothrosome and disappear after incubation with EGTA. We propose that the translocation of cells as well as the movements of slimeways may be regulated by the cells through the local measured liberation of Ca2+ from the bothrosome where it is sequestered.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centrosomes ; kinetochores ; microtubule initiation ; nuclease enzymes ; electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A lysed cell system was used to study the organelle structure and nucleation of exogenous tubulin at kinetochores and centrosomes in mitotic PtK2 cells. We have used this lysed cell system in conjunction with nuclease digestion experiments to determine which specific nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) are involved in either the structure and/or microtubule-initiating capacity of kinetochores and centrosomes. The results indicate that DNase I specifically decondenses the kinetochore plate structure, with the eventual loss in the ability of the chromosomes to nucleate microtubule assembly. DNase I had no effect on either the structure or nucleating capacity of centrosomes. Both RNase T1 and RNase A specifically attacked the amorphous pericentriolar material of the centrosomes, with a concomitant loss in the ability of this material to nucleate microtubule formation. Neither RNase appeared to affect the structure or nucleating capacity of the kinetochore. Therefore, the two types of nucleases appear to exert preferential effects on the different types of microtubule initiation sites in mitotic mammalian cells. The results suggest that DNA is a major component of the kinetochore, while RNA is a major component of the amorphous pericentriolar material. These findings support the concept that microtubule initiation sites in mitotic cells contain nucleic acids which are essential for the structural and functional integrity of the sites.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 31-40 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; fascin ; actin cross-linking proteins ; fertilization ; microvilli ; sea urchin eggs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Following fertilization, the sea urchin egg cortex undergoes a structural change involving the assembly and organization of actin filaments into microvilli. Antifascin localizes this actin cross-linking protein in the microvilli of the fertilized egg cortex but no organized staining is present in the unfertilized cortex. Determination of the actin content of eggs using the DNAase I inhibition assay indicates that actin is about 1.4% of the total protein. Approximately 90% of this actin is soluble in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs while only 60-65% can be recovered in identical extracts of fertilized eggs. Similar measurements for fascin using a radioimmunoassay indicate this molecule represents about 0.3% of the total egg protein, essentially all of which is recovered in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs. After fertilization only 65-70% of this actin cross-linking protein is in the soluble phase. These results demonstrate a markedly different solubility for actin and fascin after fertilization, when the indirect immunofluorescence staining localizes fascin in the microvilli, and are consistent with the idea that fascin organizes newly polymerized actin filaments into the microvillar cores. A consideration of the amounts of actin and fascin incorporated into the cortex after fertilization and the number of microvilli on the egg surface indicates that the measured values are sufficient to account for the observed microvillar elongation.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Physarum polycephalum ; myosin light chains ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; calcium ; cytoplasmic streaming ; actomyosin ATPase regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Myosin from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum contains three sizes of polypeptides: a heavy chain and two light chains, LC-1 and LC-2. Using a simple qualitative test for calcium binding by comparing electrophoretic migration of the polypeptides in sodium dodecy1 sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gels in the presence and absence of calcium, we have found that Physarum myosin light chain LC-2 migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 16,900 daltons in the presence of the metal ion chelator ethylene glycol bis (B-aminoethyl ether) N,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). However, if calcium chloride is added to the sample prior to electrophoresis, the apparent molecular weight decreases to 16,100. Lanthanide and cadmium ions, but not magnesium, can substitute for calcium. Because the ionic radii of Ca2+, La3+, and Cd2+ are almost identical, we conclude that Physarum myosin LC-2 possesses a very size-specific binding site for calcium. Physarum myosin LC-1 and the heavy chain give no evidence for binding calcium by this test. Since cytoplasmic streaming in the plasmodium of Physarum requires calcium, our evidence indicates that the calcium-binding property of Physarum myosin LC-2 may be important in regulating the production of force by actomyosin in the ectoplasm. Unexpectedly, the myosin light chain in Physarum capable of binding calcium, LC-2, is the essential light chain, while LC-1 is a member of the regulatory class of myosin light chains [V. T. Nachmias, personal communication]. Until now, essential myosin light chains have not been shown to have high affinity divalent cation binding sites. This means a new version of the myosin-based model for actomyosin regulation by calcium may be required to explain cytoplasmic movement in Physarum, and perhaps in other motile systems involving cytoplasmic myosins as well.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 99-112 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cell motility ; extracellular matrix ; collagen ; glycosaminogly cans ; collagenase ; hyaluronidase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The effect of specific components of the extracellular matrix on the motility of tissue cells was studied using organ-cultured aggregates of embryonic fibroblasts. Spherical aggregates of chick embryo heart and skin fibroblasts were fused with [3H]-thymidine-labeled aggregates of the identical cell type. The movement of labeled cells into the unlabeled partner aggregate served as an estimate of cell motility in the cultured tissue-like aggregates. Collagenase treatment decreased the collagen content of heart fibroblast aggregates and increased cell motility; ascorbic acid treatment increased the collagen content of skin fibroblast aggregates and decreased cell motility. Reduction of the glycosaminoglycan content with testicular hyaluronidase had no measurable effect on cell motility in heart fibroblast aggregates.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 113-129 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: tubulin ; Drosophila ; β-ecdysterne ; differentiating ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Drosophila Kc cells exposed to physiological doses of the moulting hormone, β-ecdysone, elongate, become motile, and subsequently aggregate. This pattern of morphogenesis was found to require the assembly of a microtubular cytoskeleton. Tubulin content was significantly increased in hormone-treated cells when compared to controls, as measured by a 3H-colchicine-binding assay. However, determinations of rates of tubulin synthesis and breakdown revealed no difference between control and hormone-treated cells for either parameter. When tubulin content was assayed by methods that do not depend on colchicine-binding activity, no difference between hormone-treated and control cells was observed. These results are discussed in terms of a model in which β-ecdysone affects the distribution of tubulin in “assembly-active” and “assembly-inactive” pools.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 73-97 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: nematodes ; muscle structure ; mutants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A search for new mutants with altered body-wall muscle cell structure has been undertaken in the nematode C elegans. One-hundred seventeen mutants were isolated after mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate or ultraviolet light, enrichment by a motility-requiring test, and screening by polarized light microscopy; 102 of these mutants were in ten previously established genes, whereas 15 mutants permitted the identification of seven new complementation groups in C elegans. Two of the new genes map on linkage group I (unc-94 and unc-95) and four genes are sex linked (unc-96, unc-97, unc-98, and unc-99). One complementation group (unc-100) could not be mapped because of the special characteristics of its cohort mutants. Representative mutants of the mapped genes were examined by polarized light and electron microscopy. All of the mutants exhibit disruptions of the normal A and I band organization of thick and thin filaments. Several of the mutants produce collections of thin filament-like structures. In one of these cases, HE177 demonstrated collections of somewhat wider, intermediate-sized filaments as well, and the HE195 mutant produces paracrystalline aggregates of thin filaments amidst looser arrangements of similar structures. The mutants in newly identified genes, as well as the new mutants in previously established genetic loci, have promise as tools in the study of myofibrillar assembly and function. Among the 22 complementation groups associated with body-wall structure in C elegans, it is likely that some genes code for regulatory and morphogenetic functions in addition to the well-studied structural, contractile, and calcium-associated proteins in muscle.
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 41-61 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; mitotic spindle ; kinetochore ; microtubule ; micronucleus ; Tetrahymena ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mitotic micronuclei were isolated from Tetrahymena thermophila and data on spindle ultrastructure were obtained from serial, transverse sections. Comparison of data from nuclei at meta- and early anaphase with data from nuclei at late anaphase showed that during anaphase, sister kinetochores move from the equator to the spindle poles, but kinetochore translocation occurs without any apparent change in either the number or length of kinetochore microtubules. This unprecedented result is ascribed significance with regard to the mechanism of kinetochore transport since there are only a limited number of ways that result could be achieved. The organization of the peripheral sheath changes during anaphase as evidenced by gaps in the sheath at late anaphase. Numerous kinetochore and non-kinetochore microtubules are located in polar regions of the spindle at late anaphase, whereas those regions contained only peripherally arranged microtubules at earlier stages. Tracking of individual kinetochore microtubules in late anaphase nuclei showed that some of them appeared to become incorporated into the peripheral sheath near the pole. At early and late anaphase, crossbridges connect adjacent microtubules throughout the spindle poleward to the kinetochores, as well as in the interzone.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 141-157 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: axon guidance ; chemotaxis ; haptotaxis substrate pathways ; development ; pattern biology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In multicellular organisms, guidance cues are either diffusible molecules or cellular or extracellular surfaces that are found in reproducible locations and that orient migrating cells and cell processes. The pattern of the guidance cues usually determines the complex in vivo migration routes of motile cells and cell processes. Within organisms, guidance cues are found to be organized in two general patterns: (a) broad gradients - such as diffuse chemotactic gradients; (b) discrete routes (substrate pathways) - such as chemotactic gradients confined to long channels, and such as the axon surface which represents a long specific highway for migrating Schwann cells.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 163-163 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 131-140 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: sea urchin coelomocytes ; motility ; filopodial formation and elongation ; ciné film analysis ; scanning electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Sea urchin coelomocytes were examined during their morphological transformation from petaloid to filopodial forms by scanning electron microscopy and ciné film analysis. Petaloid coelomocytes have a variable morphology but, in general, consist of numerous thin sheets of cytoplasm, the petals, arranged in three dimensions around a central nuclear region. The transition to the filopodial form can occur in either substrate-attached or suspended cells and begins with the formation of several microspikes at the edge of each petal. These become more apparent as the cytoplasm between each microspike/filopodium is retracted centripetally. Concomitantly, the diameter of the flattened cell is increased by as much as twofold as the filopodia actively lengthen at a uniform, average rate of 0.5 μm/minute. The transformation process requires ca 15 minutes and is complete when the cell diameter no longer increases. These filopodia are functionally distinct from the passively produced retraction fibers observed in cultured mammalian cells. The formation of filopodia is biphasic and includes both a cytoplasmic retraction phase and an active extension phase.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 167-167 
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Material Stressing under Rolling Contact - Influence of Friction and Residual StressesMaterial stressing of parts in rolling contact is in the main made up by the normal load to be transmitted, by surface friction due to slippage of the body in rolling contact and by residual stresses. The effects of varying slippage rates are described as well as the additional influence of residual stresses on magnitude, position and direction of load.By the aid of mere mechanical reflections the formation of flat and steep White Bands can be interpreted which are observed in long-lived ball bearings subjected to high stresses. The report shows that residual stresses and friction must not be neglected when describing the material stressing by rolling contact. This especially applies to residual stresses originating from rolling contact.
    Notes: Die Werkstoffanstrengung bei Wälzkontakt ist im wesentlichen gegeben durch die zu übertragenden Normalkräfte, die Reibung an der Oberfläche (durch das Gleiten der beiden Wälzpartner) und durch die Eigenspannungen. Die Wirkung unterschiedlich großer Gleitanteile wird dargestellt und der zusätzliche Einfluß von Eigenspannungen auf die Höhe, Lage und Richtung der Beanspruchung ausgewiesen.Anhand rein mechanischer Betrachtungen läßt sich die Entstehung von flachen und steilen Weißen Bändern deuten, die in langlebigen, hochbeanspruchten Kugellagern beobachtet werden. Der Bericht zeigt, daß Eigenspannungen und Reibung keinesfalls bei der Beschreibung der Werkstoffanstrengung durch Wälzbeanspruchung vernachlässigt werden dürfen. Dies gilt insbesondere auch für die Eigenspannungen, die durch die Wälzbeanspruchung entstehen.
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  • 20
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 21
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 21-30 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of Crack Initiation and Crack Propagation in Plain Carbon Steels by Means of Acoustic-EmissionCrack initiation and propagation has been studied during fatigue tests with ferritic, ferritic-pearlitic and pearlitic specimens by means of acoustic emission (A.E.) instrumentation. The ferrite and the ferrite-pearlite showed acoustic emission only in connection with fast yielding of large volumes. Early steps of crack initiation showed no detectable acoustic emission because of very small yielded volumes and small amounts of crack surface friction. Gapping of the cracks inhibited A.E. due to friction during the early steps of crack propagation. Pearlitic specimens showed strong A.E. prior to microscopic detection of cracks, ascribed to fast fracture modes.Cracks in ferritic and ferritic-pearlitic CT-specimens are only detectable by crack surface friction. The increase of yielded volume with the propagating crack is too small to be distinguished from friction noise. Pearlitic specimens showed strong burst-signal activity ascribed to cleavage fracture and fast fracture modes.Great differences in A.E. of specimens with the same microstructure are in most cases the result of differing crack surface topography and therefore very differing friction areas. Friction noise depends clearly upon loading conditions and crack surface geometry.
    Notes: An drei unlegierten Kohlenstoffstählen mit ferritischer, ferritischperlitischer und rein perlitischer Gefügestruktur wurden Untersuchungen über den Rißbeginn und den Rißfortschritt bei schwingender Beanspruchung mit Hilfe von Schallemissionsmessungen durchgeführt.Bei den Untersuchungen des Rißbeginnes konnten in den ferritischen und den ferritisch-perlitischen Werkstoffen nur rasch ablaufende Verformungsvorgänge mit ausreichendem Verformungsvolumen über die Schallemission registriert werden. Durch die örtlich begrenzten plastischen Verformungen und die geringen Flächenanteile der Rißuferreibung waren die Rißkeimbildungen nicht erfaßbar. Die ersten Stadien der Rißausbreitung ergaben ebenfalls, aufgrund des Klaffens der gebildeten Risse, keine registrierbare Schallemission durch Reibung. Bei perlitischen Werkstoffen kam es vor Erkennung eines mikroskopischen Risses zu starker Schallemission, die offensichtlich mit energiereichen Ereignissen, wie rasch ablaufenden Bruchmoden, im Zusammenhang stehen.Ein Riß ist bei Schwingungsbeanspruchung in ferritischen und ferritisch-perlitischen CT-Proben bei ausreichender Größe der Rißflächen nur über Reibung feststellbar. Der eigentliche Rißfortschritt konnte durch die geringe Volumenzunahme der plastischen Zone pro Lastwechsel nicht registriert werden. Bei perlitischen Proben trat vor allem bei grob lamellarer Ausbildung des Zementits eine starke Schallemission meist in Form von Burstsignalen auf, die vorwiegend auf die Bildung von Bruchmoden hoher Energie, wie z. B. Spaltbruch, zurückzuführen sein dürften.Die vielfach sehr starken Unterschiede der Schallemission beim Rißfortschritt in Proben gleicher Gefügeausbildung sind überwiegend der verschieden großen Rißflächenreibung durch die oft sehr unterschiedliche Topographie der Rißbruchflächen zuzuschreiben. Bei Änderung der Mittellast oder der Lastamplitude ist eine deutliche Abhängigkeit des Reibungsgeräusches aus den Rißflächen von den Rißöffnungsverhältnissen hinter der Rißfront festzustellen. Nach einzelnen Überlasten während des Rißfortschrittes kann die Schallemission in gleicher Weise mit Veränderungen der Reibungsverhältnisse hinter der Rißspitze interpretiert werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 60-67 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Applicability of the Potential Drop Technique for Crack Growth InvestigationsA potential drop method, based on the compensation concept is described; technical parameters and capability are discussed.Selected examples with metallic alloys for high temperature and heat resistant application demonstrate the applicability of the method for fatigue and creep crack growth investigations in the temperature range up to 1173 K and 1223 K, respectively. At room temperature and at 1173 K the results of the potential drop method are verified by optical means.
    Notes: Es wird eine Potentialsondenmethode nach dem Kompensationsprinzip vorgestellt; ihre technischen Merkmale sowie ihr Leistungsvermögen werden diskutiert.Anhand ausgesuchter Beispiele an metallischen Legierungen für den warmfesten und hitzebeständigen Anwendungsbereich wird ihr Einsatz in Versuchen zum Ermüdungs- bzw. 1223 K demonstriert. Bei Raumtemperatur sowie 1173 K wurden die Meßergebnisse durch Vergleichsmessungen mit optischen Mitteln verifiziert.
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  • 23
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hardening Behaviour of Steels by Cold WorkingContrary to common opinion work hardening increases with higher initial hardness (strength) of steel. This is proved by analysing stressstrain curves of tensile tests at overeleastic load carried out with normalized, hardened and tempered steel. Test results taken from literature are supported by own experiments. Practical application of this fact is discussed very shortly.
    Notes: Bei Stählen steigt im Gegensatz zur herrschenden Meinung die Kaltverfestigung (Aufhärtung) mit steigender Ausgangshärte oder -festigkeit an. Dies wird nachgewiesen an Ergebnissen aus Zugversuchen mit normalisierten und vergüteten Stählen. Ergebnisse der Literatur werden durch eigene Versuche ergänzt. Die praktische Nutzanwendung dieses Tatbestandes wird knapp andiskutiert.
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  • 24
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 101-110 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Polymeric Composite Materials. Part II: Experimental resultsThe technique of acoustic emission monitoring of polymeric composite materials is described. It is a high sensitive, quasi-nondestructive testing method that indicates the origin and the behaviour of flaws in such materials, when submitted to different load histories. In the usage of sophisticated signal-analysis-methods it is possible to distinguish between different types of failure mechanisms, such as fiber fracture, delamination or fiber pull-out. Imperfections can be detected while monitoring complex composite structures by acoustic emission measurements.
    Notes: Das quasi-zerstörungsfreie Werkstoffprüfverfahren der Schallemissionsmessung und dessen Anwendung bei polymeren Verbundwerkstoffen wird beschrieben. Dieses Verfahren ermöglicht es, das Entstehen und das Verhalten von Werkstoffdefekten bei unterschiedlichen Lasteinwirkungen anzuzeigen. Mittels signalbewertender Analysenmethoden können die in Verbundwerkstoffen ablaufenden, unterschiedlichen Versagensmechanismen differenziert werden.Bei Bauteiluntersuchungen erweist sich das Schallemissionsmeßverfahren als außerordentlich sensitiv, um bauteilgefährdende Defekte und Werkstoffehler anzuzeigen.
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 205-208 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contribution to the Problem of Pressure-less Measurements of the Electric Conductivity of Powder MaterialsTwo authors (1, 2) proposed to use the electric conductivity of a loosely packed powder bed as the electric characteristics of the power material. The authors got reproducible and intercomparable results applying their method on various oxide powders, e.g. reduced MnO2 and mixed oxides. This is in contradiction to the common experience that in the range of small pressure, reliable results hardly can be obtained. Obviously, some special conditions have made the good results possible. Here below, the pressure-less method has been applied to four different powders: a species of MnO2, copper, Cd(OH)2 and PbO2.As the principal result, it has to be stated that the pressure-less method delivers reliable results only in the case of such powders, whose grain core resistance doesn't have to be neglected against the contact resistance between the grains. This condition is fulfilled here only in the case of manganese dioxide. Probably, the oxide powders under study in (1, 2) also have been in the correct range. In spite of this, the pressure-less method may not be applied on metal powders or on the metal-likek PbO2 powder. Also in the case of Cd(OH)2 masses, severe objections exist.
    Notes: Von zwei Autoren (1, 2) ist vorgeschlagen worden, die Leitfähigkeit einer Pulverschüttung als elektrische Kenngröße für den betreffenden Werkstoff zu verwenden. Das Verfahren ist in den beiden Arbeiten auf pulverförmige Oxide, z. B. reduziertes MnO2 und Mischoxide, angewendet worden und hat reproduzierbare und untereinander vergleichbare Meßwerte ergeben. Das widerspricht der bisherigen Erfahrung, wonach im Gebiet kleinster Drücke verläßliche Werte für die Leitfähigkeit nicht ermittelt werden können. Offenbar haben besondere Verhältnisse vorgelegen. In dieser Arbeit wird das drucklose Verfahren auf vier verschiedene Pulver angewendet: je ein Braunstein-, Kupfer-, PbO2- und Cd(OH)2-Pulver.Als wesentliches Ergebnis kann festgehalten werden, daß nur solche Pulverproben bei der drucklosen Messung verläßliche Werte ergeben, bei denen der Widerstandsanteil des Korninneren neben dem Kontaktwiderstand nicht vernachlässigbar klein ist. Das ist hier nur bei dem Braunstein-Pulver der Fall, ebenso wahrscheinlich bei den von (1, 2) untersuchten Oxidpulvern. Auf Metallpulver oder auf das annähernd metallisch leitende PbO2-Pulver dagegen darf die drucklose Meßmethode nicht angewendet werden. Auch bei dem Cd(OH)2-Pulver bestehen Bedenken.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurement of Residual Stress Reduction by Analysis of the Barkhausen-EffectResidual stresses and their variations under fatigue conditions have been measured by analysis of the Barkhausen-Effect.The stresses are proportional to the magnetic parameter M in a definite area.The investigations have been made on a high-strength fine-grained steel. under fatigue condition the relief of residual stresses is finished after a few stress cycles.By superposition of residual and load stresses the longitudinal stresses accept in consequence of the lateral contraction, whereas the transverse stresses are growing up in reason of their orientation to the direction of load stress.A change of the residual stress distribution could not be established.
    Notes: Eigenspannungen und ihre Veränderungen unter Ermüdungsbeanspruchung wurden durch Analyse des Barkhausen-Rauschens ermittelt. Die Spannungen sind in einem begrenzten Bereich dem magnetischen Parameter M proportional.Die Untersuchungen wurden an einem hochfesten Feinkornbaustahl durchgeführt. Bei Ermüdungsbeanspruchung ist der Eigenspannungsabbau nach wenigen Lastspielen beendet.Durch die Überlagerung von Eigen- und Lastspannungen nehmen die Längsspannungen infolge der Querkontraktion weiter ab, während die Querspannungen, da sie in Richtung der Belastung liegen, erhöht werden.Eine Veränderung der Eigenspannungsverteilung konnte nicht festgestellt werden.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Materials Performance and Materials Selection under the Aspect of Cooling Water Corrosion of Heat ExchangersFor the chemical process industry cooling water corrosion problems are of special importance. Of the known corrosion phenomena nearly all can be observed with heat exchangers depending on water quality and material used. By appropriate water treatment, favourable design measures and optimum materials selection the corrosion problem on the cooling water side of heat exchangers can be solved. Water treatment and design measures are only casually delt with in this paper which emphasizes the aspects of materials selection. Using the proper material is of special importance for once-through cooling systems. For this reason the performance of various materials is described, e. g. unalloyed steel, unalloyed steel protected by organic coatings, austenitic 18 Cr-9 Ni-steels, ferritic Cr-steels, ferritic-austenitic steels, copper and copper alloys, titanium. For a variety of operating conditions the materials selection criteria are described. Finally, some aspects of corrosion economics in selecting materials are discussed.
    Notes: Für die chemische Industrie haben die Probleme der Korrosion in Kühlwässern besondere Bedeutung. Eine Vielzahl der bekannten Korrosionserscheinungen kann je nach Wasserqualität und eingestztem Werkstoff an Wärmetauschern beobachtet werden. Durch geeignete Wasserbehandlung, durch konstruktive Maßnahmen und nicht zuletzt durch eine optimale Werkstoffauswahl wird versucht, das Problem der Kühlwasserkorrosion zu lösen. Die beiden erstgenannten Punkte können allerdings hier nur am Rande behandelt werden. Die Werkstoffauswahl ist für die Konstruktion eines Wärmetauschers, insbesondere in Durchlaufsystemen, von besonderer Wichtigkeit. Das Verhalten der verschiedensten Werkstoffe (z. B. unlegierter Stahl, unlegierter Stahl + organische Beschichtungen, austenitische 18/8-CrNi-Stähle, ferritische Cr-Stähle, ferritisch-austenitische Stähle, Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen, Titan) in Kühlwässern wird beschrieben; entsprechende Auswahlkriterien werden angegeben. Abschließend werden einige wirtschaftliche Überlegungen zur Werkstoffauswahl dargestellt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. A60 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 275-281 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbon Fibres - Production, Properties and ApplicationsCarbon fibres are primarily regarded as a reinforcing material for resins, but can also be used in metal or carbon matrices. It is anticipated that over the next few years the present inception phase will develop into one of rapid business growth. The expected turnover and price developments, as well as the main fields of application are discussed.A great variety of carbon fibre types are available, whose properties are dictated by differences in the basic structure, yielding an exceptional range of properties from the isotropic low modulus to the high strength, high modulus, highly anisotropic HT and HM carbon fibres. The method of manufacture and the precursor materials are described, in particular the individual processing steps and changes accompanying the pyrolysis of PAN fibres. Future improvements in processing technology and precursor quality, promise a significant increase in the already very high properties level.
    Notes: Kohlenstoffasern sind vor allem als hochwertige Verstärkungskomponente in Verbundwerkstoffen mit Kunstharzen aber auch mit Metallen und Kohlenstoff als Matrix zu betrachten. Es ist vorauszusehen, daß die Phase der Markteinführung in den nächsten Jahren von einer starken Wachstumsphase abgelöst wird. Die zu erwartende Mengen- und Preisentwicklung sowie die sich abzeichnenden Hauptanwendungsgebiete werden diskutiert.Zum Verständnis der Eigenschaften der verschiedenen auf den Markt eingeführten Kohlenstoffasertypen werden deren Struktur und die Beziehungen zu den wichtigsten Fasereigenschaften behandelt. Daraus lassen sich auch die ungewöhnlichen Variationsmöglichkeiten ableiten  -  von den hochanisotropen HF- und HM-Fasern bis zu den isotropen Fasern.Die Faserherstellung und die verwendeten Rohstoffe werden beschrieben. Hierbei wird auf die Verfahrensschritte und auf die beim thermischen Abbau ablaufenden Vorgänge am Beispiel der PAN- Faser näher eingegangen. Die Weiterentwicklung der Herstellungs-technologie als auch der Rohfaserqualität läßt für die Zukunft noch eine fühlbare Steigerung des bereits heute hohen Eigenschaftsniveaus erwarten.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 287-293 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fatigue Crack Propagation of High Strength AlloysInvestigations of the crack propagation behaviour under variable amplitude loading conditions show a strong influence of sequence effects. The fatigue crack propagation as a consequence of changes in the loading conditions is not linear. New continuum mechanical analyses enable an interpretation of the influence of sequence effects on fatigue crack propagation by considering the plastic deformations and displacements around the crack tip and their correlation to the crack closure behaviour. In order to enable a direct investigation of the crack propagation and crack closure behaviour in the scanning electron microscope a special loading equipment was designed. The investigations led to the following results: there existed only a weak correlation between the crack propagation rates and mechanisms at the side surfaces and on the fracture surfaces of the specimens,the crack propagation behaviour was significantly influenced by the microstructural constitution of the alloy,the continuum mechanical analyses could be corroborated in the tests.For the tests the high strength aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and X-7075 were applied.
    Notes: Bei der Betriebsbelastung schwingbeanspruchter Bauteile treten deutliche Last-Reihenfolgeneinflüsse auf. Die Rißausbreitung folgt diesen Änderungen in den Beanspruchungsbedingungen nicht linear. Neuere Erkenntnisse der Kontinuumsmechanik ermöglichen die Beurteilung von Reihenfolgeneinflüssen auf das Rißausbreitungsverhalten, bei denen insbesondere der Einfluß plastischer Verformungen und Verschiebungen auf das Rißschließverhalten berücksichtigt werden. Mit Hilfe einer speziellen Belastungsvorrichtung konnten die Rißausbreitung und die Rißschließung direkt im Rasterelektronenmikroskop untersucht werden. Es konnte festgestellt werden, daß an der Probenoberfläche und im Probeninnern Rißfortschritt und Rißausbreitungsmechanismus nicht vollständig korrelieren,der Mikromechanismus der Rißausbreitung deutlich durch die Mikrostruktur beeinflußt wird,die kontinuumsmechanischen Vorhersagen über den Rißschließvorgang weitgehend zutreffen.Die Versuche wurden mit den hochfesten Aluminiumlegierungen Al 2024-T3 und X-7075 durchgeführt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. A68 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 361-367 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanische Eigenschaften von SiliciumnitridDie mechanischen Raumtemperatureigenschaften von reaktionsgebundenem und heißgepreßtem Siliciumnitrid werden unter Berücksichtigung des Gefüges dieser Werkstoffe besprochen.Materialbedingte Gefügeeigenschaften zeigen einen ausgeprägten Einfluß auf die Festigkeit. Bei reaktionsgebundenem Siliciumnitrid sind dies der Volumenanteil der Porosität und die Porengrößenverteilung im Werkstoff. Im Falle des heißgepreßten Siliciumnitrids beeinflussen der Volumenanteil der während der α/β-Phasenumwandlung gebildeten stäbchenförmigen β-Körner und deren Korngrößenverteilung die Festigkeit.
    Notes: The room temperature mechanical properties of reaction bonded and hot-pressed silicon nitride are reviewed with respect to the microstructure of the material. It is shown that the strength of these compounds is predominantly controlled by microstructural features. These are the volume fraction of porosity and the pore size distribution for reaction bonded Si3N4, and the volume fraction of elongated transformed β grains and their grain size for hot-pressed Si3N4.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. A79 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. A86 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 411-414 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 423-434 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Kriechrißwachstum in austenitischen Stählen - Anwendbarkeit bruchmechanischer ParameterDie Ergebnisse über Kriechrißwachstum in den austenitischen Stählen AISI 304 und AISI 316 werden zusammengestellt. Der Vergleich der verschiedenen bruchmechanischen Parameter, die mit der Geschwindigkeit von Kriechrissen korreliert werden können, zeigt, daß momentan eine abschließende Bewertung nicht möglich ist. Bei der Übertragung von Kleinproben-Meßwerten auf Bauteile erscheinen für zukünftige Arbeiten das J-Integral bzw. modifizierte Versionen wie z. B. C* am aussichtsreichsten. Gewisse Attraktivität besitzt auch das Nettospannungskriterium. Der Spannungsintensitätsfaktor scheint wenig geeignet. Seine Anwendung führt zu einer konservativen Interpretation des bruchmechanischen Verhaltens.Im Zusammenhang mit den verschiedenen Parametern werden die Einflüsse von Temperatur, Geometrie und Umgebungsmedium auf das Kriechrißwachstum diskutiert.
    Notes: The comparison of fracture mechanics parameters, which have been applied to creep crack growth in case of the austenitic stainless steels AISI 304 and AISI 316, is possible only to a limited extent thus showing evidence that a reliable judgement cannot be given at this moment. With respect to the mechanical characterization of a cracked component by using small specimen data the J-integral resp. modified versions like C* have to be favoured for future work. The net-section stress seems to show promise under certain conditions as well. The application of the stress intensity factor will not characterize properly creep cracking by giving a conservative interpretation of the mechanical behaviour.With regard to fracture mechanics parameters the effects of temperature, geometry and environment on creep crack growth have also been discussed.
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 44
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 89-90 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Histamine TMS derivatives, complete separation, 2 minutes ; NPD used for quantitation down to 20 pg ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complete separation of the TMS derivatives of histamine, 1-methyl histamine and 3-methyl histamine was achieved in two minutes in a 7 m × 0.25 mm column coated with SP 2250. Using NPD, histamine was detectable at levels as low as 20 pg. This offers a rapid, sensitive procedure with potential for clinical diagnosis and food analysis.
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  • 45
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 301-302 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Polychlorinated biphenyls ; Liquid crystal phase ; Choice of stationary phases for analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 46
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 305-306 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, micro HPLC ; Temperature effect ; Cooled column ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 47
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 313-314 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography ; Broadening effect ; Connecting tube ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 48
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 49
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 337-344 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Surface deactivation ; High temperature silylation ; Applications ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper describes the results of a study on the deactivation of the surface of glass capillary columns by high temperature silylation (HTS). The different steps, leaching, washing, dehydration and HTS were optimized. A practical procedure yielding a high percentage of very good columns is given. The influence of leaching and HTS on the temperature stability and coating efficiency of capillary columns coated with OV-1 was studied. The inertness of the glass surface after HTS is demonstrated by several examples.
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  • 50
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 351-352 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Injector ; Concentrator ; Electrically heated inlet ; Capillary columns ; Vapor sampler ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 355-356 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) ; Open tubular glass capillary columns ; Blended stationary phases ; Liquid crystals ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 362-370 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 53
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 371-371 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 54
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 381-394 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas-liquid chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Steroids, prostaglandins, drugs ; Metabolites ; Derivatization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This article describes the development of the application of capillary column GLC methods to steroids, prostaglandins and especially drugs and their metabolites in samples of biological origin. The wide variety - in terms of structures and pharmacological properties - of drugs now analyzed by capillary column GLC is made evident. Reasons for use of capillary rather than packed columns are given. The frequent use of and need for derivatization procedures prior to chromatography is emphasized. A bibliography of 83 references is included in the manuscript.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 33-34 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC bonded phases ; Picramidopropyl silica ; Charge transfer HPLC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 62-68 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Adsorption on glass surface, no peak shade deformation ; Radioactivity, test to show systematic loss by sorption ; Phenytoin ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The labelled drug [14C] phenytoin was injected into an all-glass chromatographic system to determine adsorption on various system parts. It appeared that 10 to 20% of the amount injected did not elute. Severity of adsorption as measured from lasting radioactivity was not anticipated from peak shape or calibration curves.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 86-86 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Recycle chromatography ; Multiple-pass chromatography ; Thermal focussing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 146-146 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Cold trap heating ; Thermal focussing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 152-152 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC instrument conversion ; All-glass GC-2 system ; Phenols ; Hydrocarbons ; Terpenoids ; Linear response ; Reproducibility ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two regular GC instruments were modified with injection port liners, split-mode injection systems, pressure regulators, effluent traps and needle valves to produce an all-glass GC-2 system. This simple and inexpensive system allows the quantitative analyses of phenols, hydrocarbons, acids, sterols, terpenoids, and alkaloids with excellent reproducibility and linear response. Even more impressive was its ability to analyze a C45-terpenoid alcohol, solanesol, as its TMS-derivative (M.W. 702).
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 28-28 
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    Keywords: Chemical reaction chromatographic analysis ; Two six-port valves for reaction analysis ; Two six-port valves connection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 25-27 
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    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Instrumental modification to multidimensional separation ; Application with packed columns on complex sample composition ; Indene to pyrene range in coal tar ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 199-204 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 206-207 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 79-84 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography, TLC ; Mobile phase parameters and RM-value ; Influence of surface of adsorbed molecules ; Non-active binary mobile phases ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The purpose of the studies being carried out is to find some regularities of a general character which determine the relationship between the structures of the chromatographed substances and the composition of the mobile phase, i.e., between the log of the partition coefficient of the sample (Az), the K1-values which characterize the adsorption equilibrium of component “1” in a given chromatographic system, the structures of the mobile phase components and the structures of the substances being chromatographed. This paper deals with the relationship between the Az and K1 parameters and the structure of naphthalene and a number of its derivatives. It has been shown that there is a close relationship between the kind, size, frequency and site of the substituent on the one hand and the Az and K1 values on the other. In order to eliminate the possibility of unwanted side effects, the investigations were carried exclusively using non-active binary mobile phases of the type N + N or N + /B/. From these investigations, a comparison between the parameter Az and the surface of adsorbed molecules (As) was also possible.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 91-91 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Static coating technique details ; End-sealing without failure, under ethanol ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 101-101 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC, UV and EC ; Detector response ratios ; Impurities in Phenol ; Identification using HPLC ; Hydroquinone ; Catechol ; Inactivation of RNA ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several impurities which were suspected to be present in commercial reagent-grade phenol were separated using high performance liquid chromatography following sample concentration by steam distillation. A reverse-phase, microparticulate column and 5 solvent systems containing 5% to 25% methanol in 0.05 M phosphoric acid were used. A variable wavelength ultraviolet detector and an electrochemical detector were connected in series, in that order, to the column. Capacity factors (ḱ) for pyrogallol, hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, orcinol and phenol were determined in the 5 solvent systems and compared to ḱ-values of impurities present in the residue remaining from the steam distillation of phenol. Co-chromatography of standards suspected as contaminants and possessing ḱ-values similar to those of impurities were carried out in 3 solvent systems to confirm identical retention characteristics. Detector response ratios of contaminants and suspected standards, using various wavelengths and voltage potential settings, were utilized as major identification parameters. Two of the several contaminants separated were identified as hydroquinone and catechol.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 149-150 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPTLC ; Rel. quantitative alkaloid determination ; 5% standard deviation in adsorption mode ; 3% standard deviation in fluorescence mode ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A direct densitometric method for the quantitative measurement of reserpine and ajmaline in whole roots and bark of roots of Rauwolfia Vomitoria, after extraction and separation by thin-layer chromatography, is described. The emission and excitation spectra of the reserpine and the absorption spectrum of the ajmaline were scanned. The linear range between peak area and concentration is given.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 189-190 
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    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography ; Circular mode ; Partially alkylated reversed-phases plates ; Water concentration in mobile phase of great influence ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 195-195 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Columns, packed ; High resolution ; Packing apparatus ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 266-266 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 273-276 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Packed columns ; Coupling of long, microbore, packed columns ; Separation efficiencies, wide choice with same HPLC system ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Coupling several 25 cm × 2 mm ID analytical columns together is a simple and easy way to achieve high resolution HPLC (20,000-50,000 plates). How to do this with commercially available instruments, injectors and detectors is described in the paper.An attractive feature of the long narrow column approach is that the same HPLC set-up can be used for both fast-low and slow-high efficiency separations.High efficiency is essential for really complex natural mixtures, e.g. the hop and beer bitter acids. Some examples are shown.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 298-298 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Closing technique for static coating ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 302-302 
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    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary ; Fitting silica capillary columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 360-361 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Standard purging device for soil volatiles ; Sample preparation procedure ; Deuterated internal standard control ; Computerized GC/MS identification ; Analysis within one hour, low ppb sensitivity ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 291-296 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography, TLC ; Adsorption chromatography ; Saturation TLC chromatographic chambers ; TLC parameters ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence of chamber saturation in thin-layer chromatography on theoretical and experimental parameters of mixture separations were examined. Five different types of chambers for development of chromatograms were taken into consideration. The relation found experimentally differed widely from that calculated using Ościk's equation for different method of carrying out of the chromatographic process. The investigations presented here show the possibility of choosing chromatographic chambers which are optimum for theoretical studies on the process of thin-layer chromatography.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 303-305 
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    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Surface modification ; Sulfur dioxide treatment ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 415-416 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ; Volatile sulfur compounds from waste water ; Adsorption of air samples on tenax GC ; Mechanism of corrosion of concrete ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 423-424 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: High performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) ; Butyrophenones ; Fluorescence ; Flushing gases ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 473-474 
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    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Complex wax ester mixtures ; Resolution of components by total carbon number and by degree of unsaturation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A glass capillary GC method providing high resolution analysis of complex wax ester mixtures is described. The two key parameters needed for evaluating a wax ester mixture for industrial utility - the total carbon chain length and the number of carbon-carbon double bonds present in each component - are simply and rapidly obtained by this method.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 372-375 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 405-410 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Determination of adsorption ; Irreversible adsorption on glass columns made visible ; Fluorescent compound PMBF2 ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: PMBF2, a pyrromethene pigment, can be used in gas chromatography. Because of its fluorescence, adsorption sites on glass columns and connections can be traced in situ. The compound can be employed to check the inertness of glass surfaces after deactivation procedures. Some applications are described.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 486-486 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 497-502 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; Diethylbenzenes analysis, C10 aromatics analysis ; Retention indices ; Carbowax-1540 ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A capillary gas chromatographic method for the quantitative analysis of diethylbenzene fractions is described. Estimation of ortho-, meta- and para-isomers and other C9 and C10 aromatic impurities is covered. The conditions developed involve the use of a capillary column of Carbowax-1540 (300 feet × 0.01 inch) under isothermal operation. The retention index data for a number of aromatics are presented at four temperatures (90, 100, 110 and 120°C). The method offers a good choice for any level of concentration both for isomers and impurities commonly encountered within a reasonable analysis time.
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  • 89
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 525-526 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Static coating ; Filling the column by pressure, not by vacuum ; Device for filling by pressure ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 90
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 485-485 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 91
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 487-490 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 92
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 503-506 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, HPLC ; Group-type analysis ; Gasoline range materials ; Reactivated column ; Low temperature column ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrocarbon group-type analysis of gasoline-range materials is a very important method for evaluating feedstocks and products in the petroleum industry. In this paper the method of group-type analysis of gasoline-range materials by high performance liquid chromatography is investigated.The results demonstrte that the separation of saturates and olefins can be accomplished with reactivated and cooled columns. The low-temperature columns and the use of n-hexane as an eluent play a particularly important role in the improvement of the separation.
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  • 93
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 507-515 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Constant volume Varigrad ; Hydrostatic Varigrad ; Incremental method of gradient elution ; Modified incremental method, advantages of Poisson distribution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Different methods for producing a pre-assigned gradient in liquid chromatography are presented. A systematic approach to the calculations involved is given. The derived equations are mostly Poisson and Poisson summation distributions which are tabulated in the literature. The incremental method of gradient elution developed by Scott has been modified. In the modified apparatus two mixing chambers are used instead of one. This leads to an appreciable decrease in the number of reservoirs needed for the same precision in fitting a desired gradient. The application of the derived equations, together with other Varigrad modifications, will be given in Part 2 of this paper (to be published shortly in this Journal).
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  • 94
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 521-522 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Computerized gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ; Capillary, OV-73 fused silica ; On-column injection ; Alkyl porphyrins ; Bis(trimethylsiloxy)silicon(IV) derivatives ; Fused silica as a GC/MS interface ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 534-534 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 96
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Electron capture detection ; Analysis of carboxylic acids and phenols in water ; Extractive alkylation ; Pentafluorobenzyl derivatives ; Steam condensate and domestic sewage effluent ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method is presented for the simultaneous determination of a wide range of carboxylic acids and phenols in water. Extractive alkylation is used with the tetrabutylammonium ion as counter ion and pentafluorobenzylbromide as alkylating agent. Extracts are analyzed by glass capillary gas chromatography and electron capture detection. Using one ml of water sample, the detection limit lies in the range of 1-10 μg/l. Application has been made to the analysis of steam condensate and domestic sewage effluent.
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  • 98
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 586-587 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multicomponent tablets ; Precipitation of proteases ; Sephadex G 15 ; Gel electrophoresis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 591-592 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 100
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 627-633 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Vaporizing injectors ; Dicrimination of high-boiling components ; Elution out of the syringe needle ; “Hot needle”, “solvent flush” techniques ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Unequal elution of sample components of different volatility out of the syringe needle is one of the major causes for discrimination occuring during the injection, i.e. the phenomena which results in peak areas for the high boiling compounds which are too small compared with the volatiles. This problem, associated with all vaporizing injectors that are used with syringes, can be minimized by careful choice of the needle handling technique. Various methods are compared experimentally. The “solvent flush” method is discussed in detail and demonstrated to be ineffective for reducing losses in the syringe needle. The “hot needle” technique, where the empty needle is preheated in the injector before pushing the plunger, was found to be superior or equal to an improved “solvent flush” method (which included preheating the needle and omitting the air plug between sample and flushing solvent. Generally it was found that the discrimination due to the syringe needle was reduced for larger sample volumes, although no further changes were noticed when these exceeded 2.5 to 3μl.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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