ALBERT

Description: Although a large number of Tortricoid species and several genera from the Indo-Malayan region have been described by earlier authors (Walker, Snellen, Walsingham, Meyrick, and a few others), no survey of the present group has ever been made. Edward Meyrick, the author of most of the new names, has never attempted a synopsis of the Olethreutinae. He made surveys of the Australian and New Zealand Tortricoidea (1911), but the results are too superficial for our modern standards. During a long sojourn, working and collecting in Java, I became greatly fascinated by that fauna. Having completed a number of preliminary studies of the subfamily Tortricinae (1939 et seq.), I turned next to the South Asiatic, especially Javanese, Olethreutinae. After a long delay due to World War II, their revision has been initiated by the study of the two then least known and most confused genera, Bactra Stephens and Lobesia Guenée (Diakonoff, 1950 et seq.).

Description: Cytologioal investigations within Galium boreale L. showed the occurrence of tetraploids (2n=44) as well as hexaploids (2n=66) in Europe. Comparative morphological studies failed to demonstrate any differences in characters between the two cytotypes. Crosses between the tetraploid and hexaploid were unsuccessful, due to the occurrence of a strong and effective barrier between the two levels of ploidy. From a taxonomical point of view the two cytotypes are considered as to belong to the same taxon.

Description: The chromosome numbers of 67 species of Dutch Angiosperms were determined. Notes on 11 species are added.

Description: With the appearance in 1889 of Engler’s treatment of the Urticales in “Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien” there came a pause in the interesting development of the classification of this group, which was defined, albeit somewhat vaguely, by A.L. de Jussieu in 1789 in his “Genera Plantarum” as the order Urticeae. Since the 1830’s, many, including Gaudichaud, Trécul, Miquel, Bureau, Eichler, Baillon, and Bentham, have contributed to the establishment of the Engler system which until recently has been generally accepted. An important moment in this history was the appearance of Trécul’s treatment of the then most problematical group, the “family” Artocarpeae. Trécul (1847) considered the “families” which at that time were distinguished within the “class” Urticineae, viz Moreae, Urticeae, Ulmeae, Celtideae, and Cannabineae, as being very closely related to the Artocarpeae. Along with the Conocephaleae, split off from the Artocarpeae, we find these “families” as tribes of the “class” Urticaceae in the “Genera Plantarum” of Bentham and Hooker (1880) and as subfamilies or families in Engler: the subfamilies Moroideae, Artocarpoideae, Conocephaloideae, and Cannaboideae in the family Moraceae, the subfamilies Ulmoideae and Celtoideae in the family Ulmaceae, and finally the family Urticaceae. Since the end of the last century and until recently no revisions of any large groups of Moraceae and Urticaceae had appeared. But with the development of monographic taxonomic research the system has come out of its static situation, as can be seen from the study by Corner (1962). He proposed a new delimitation of the Moraceae and Urticaceae and another subdivision of the Moraceae sensu stricto.

Description: Controversy over the taxonomic relationship of the Taxineae with the Coniferineae has created a new interest in the field of wood anatomy. This has been reflected by the flurry of investigations being conducted in families such as the Podocarpaceae. The systematic position of Amentotaxus is somewhat uncertain (see Keng, 1969). While many authors place Amentotaxus in the Taxaceae, this genus has also been referred to the Cephalotaxaceae or even considered to represent a separate family, the Amentotaxaceae. When Kudo and Yamamoto (1931) described this last family, it was considered to be represented by only a single species, Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilger. In his revision of Amentotaxus Li (1952) recognized four species. However, the description and publication of three new species of Amentotaxus based on leaf morphology would appear to have been overly optimistic and has not gone unchallenged. Hu (1964) recognized only three of the species, since she thought that Amentotaxus cathayensis Li could not be usefully upheld as distinct. Moreover, Chuang and Hu (1963) considered that Amentotaxus formosana Li was better referred to Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilger. The divergence of opinion has increased the need to investigate any anatomical features that may be of taxonomic importance. In connection with this work it was thought an examination of the wood anatomy would be worthwhile, even though taxonomic evaluation at the subgeneric level is not often successful in this field. A comparative study of the wood anatomy within the genus Amentotaxus is considerably limited by the lack of availability of suitable material; most locations of Amentotaxus are in China. The scanty and now somewhat rare wood specimens were collected before 1935, with the exception of some from Taiwan.

Description: A key is offered to the wood of 35 out of 38 Inga species known from Suriname and the other Guianas. The wood structure indicates that the sections Leptinga, Diadema, Bourgonia and Euinga sensu Bentham are taxonomically sound. Section Pseudinga is unnatural and should be subdivided. The author is in favour of keeping the sections Leptinga and Diadema apart.

Description: In this paper the new species Myxarium crystallinum is described and its relationships with Tremella grilletii and Sebacina sphaerospora discussed. The two latter species are transferred to the genus Myxarium Wallr. An account of a third British gathering of Tremiscus helvelloides is given, together with a detailed review of its world-wide distribution, since it is one of the species included in the European Mapping Scheme for fungi.

Description: Newly discovered mycorrhizal relationships of boletes (with Nothofagus, Shorea, Quercus humboldtii, Alnus jorullenses, Eucalyptus, and Leptospermum) are discussed. Type studies on Fistulinella, Boletus granulatus var. capricollensis, Boletogaster, and Gastroboletus are reported. The following new combinations are proposed: subsections Pictini and Spectabiles in sect. Solidipes of Suillus; Suillus ochraceoroseus; Chalciporus piperatus, C. rubinus, C. rubinellus, and the new section Eximia of Leccinum, with L. eximium (Peck) Sing. The interpretation of Porphyrellus pseudoscaber on the basis of topotypical material is indicated.

Description: The ascomycete Anixiopsis peruviana Cain is transferred to a new genus Xanthothecium v. Arx & Samson. The name Leucothecium emdenii v. Arx & Samson, gen. nov., spec. nov. is proposed for a soil-borne fungus with light coloured, smooth cleistothecia, catenulate asci, lenticular ascospores and an arthroconidial state. The relationships of both genera are discussed.

Description: The pollen morphology of all 7 species of the genus Crossonephelis was studied and found to be rather uniform, supporting Leenhouts’ circumscription of the genus. Minor inter- and intraspecific differences are present. Within Lepisantheae a close resemblance exists with the pollen of some species of Placodiscus, while the pollen of Lepisanthes is less similar and specialized in a different direction.

Description: In the Cyclopaedia of Malaysian Collectors and Collections, Mrs. M. J. van Steenis-Kruseman (Flora Malesiana I, I, 1950, 248a, 527b) stated that plants of Herb. Houttuyn, which Houttuyn had acquired from various collectors, were subsequently incorporated in other herbaria, that of Burman in particular. Merrill had questioned this in his work on Houttuyn (J. Arn. Arb. 19, 1938, 291—375, reviewed in Fl. Mal. Bull. no. 17, 1962, 906), as he could not locate a single sheet of Houttuyn’s collection. He only mentioned (l.c.p. 310) that in the Copenhagen Herbarium, in Herb. Vahl, there would be a fragmentary specimen of Myristica fragrans on the back of which was noted ‘ded. Houttuyn’. We could not find this photographed in the IDC microcards of Herb. Vahl.

Description: Taxonomic revision, precursory to the treatment of the Rosaceae in Flora Malesiana. Generic limits in tribus Sorbeae are discussed, Stranvaesia is included in Photinia (5 spp. in Malesia), Micromeles (1 sp. in Malesia) is treated as generically different from Sorbus. Apart from these, there are in Malesia representatives of Eriobotrya and Rhaphiolepis (both 1 sp.), and some more species are cultivated and occasionally naturalized. No new species are described. New combinations: Photinia serratifolia (basionym Crataegus serratifolia Desf., replacing illegitimate Photinia serrulata Lindl.), Photinia nussia (basionym Pyrus nussia D. Don, transferred from Stranvaesia), Rhaphiolepis philippinensis (basionym Eriobotrya philippinensis Vidal), Micromeles corymbifera (basionym Vaccinium? corymbiferum Miq., known as Sorbus granulosa (Bertol.) Rehd. or Pyrus granulosa Bertol.).

Description: The present bibliography on pelagic Tunicates has been compiled over a period of 4 years, mainly by the first author. It is meant, not as an official publication, but as a working aid for students of pelagic Tunicates. It comprises about 1300-1400 different titles of books and articles. For obvious reasons the mere listing of all those titles in alphabetical order would be impractical for specialized demands. Splitting this list in as many subheadings as possible in a way like the Zoological Record would be ideal. However, many articles and books are difficult to place under one heading; the same titles would have to be mentioned under a number of different headings. With as many headings as possible this would mean a multiplication of the 1300-1400 titles to an impractical amount. Moreover, at present only part (60%) of the titles mentioned below have been checked and abstracted by the authors; for specialized subheading all articles and books need to be studied. It was decided to meet both ends and an unspecialized subdivision was made into six headings: Copelata, Salpidae, Doliolidae, Pyrosomidae, General Zooplankton and General Tunicates. The important articles or books concerning more than one of the systematic groups have been listed under more than one heading. For instance: “Thompson, H. Pelagic Tunicates of Australia” can be found under Copelata as well as under Salpidae, Doliolidae or Pyrosomidae. General zooplankton papers or books, in which pelagic Tunicates are not a major subject, are not listed under several headings, but are compiled under “General Zooplankton”. General articles or books on various subjects of the Tunicata as a whole are listed under “General Tunicates”.

Description: 1. This paper deals with various aspects of the life-history, ecology, water management and osmoregulation of the West-Indian land hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus (Herbst) in Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. 2. Land hermit crabs belonging to the family Coenobitidae may be considered as one of the most terrestrial forms of decapods. They are characteristic for tropical coasts and islands. Though C. clypeatus may be found in a variety of habitats they show a preference for areas with a relatively dry climate. In this respect habitats as found on the Leeward Group of the Lesser Antilles are representative for the species’ occurrence. In addition to populations of animals living on the coast, the ‘coastal animals,’ there are also individuals living in the interior, the ‘inland animals.’ The latter generally are older specimens, living in well-fitting and undamaged Livona-shells, and able to settle and maintain themselves in habitats rich in food, where there is a supply of fresh or brackish water. Though these animals still maintain a close bond with the sea, they may be said to have reached a more advanced stage of terrestrial life. The greater part of the research was carried out with inland animals. 3. In July reproductive migration starts, adult and not yet fully grown animals migrating towards a restricted number of spawning places on the southern coast, probably following traditional pathways. These places are characterized by the presence of good shelter, suitable drinking water and a quiet and accessible coast. Usually animals of roughly the same size gather in separate groups. It is assumed that fertilization occurs here. Soon afterwards, usually around the time of full moon, the first ovigerous females may be observed. Under the circumstances prevailing on Curaçao, the fresh red-brown eggs develop in about three weeks. The eggs then contain a full-grown larva, in the first zoea stage, which is liberated as soon as the egg is brought into the sea. In a number of consecutive nights the females deposit clusters of ripe eggs at the low water line, from which clusters the larvae are carried away by the rising tide. Apart from females with fully developed eggs another, second, wave of animals with freshly laid eggs may be observed, to be followed in some cases by a third wave. In this way groups of larvae in consecutive cycles, are brought to the sea throughout the summer season. The reproductive period lasts from July to about November on the Leeward Group of the Lesser Antilles. A striking feature is the difference in sex ratio between younger and older animals, the relative number of females decreasing with increasing age. 4. Land hermit crabs are frequently exposed to strong evaporation, therefore a good water management is of primary importance. There are many factors contributing to this maintenance, such as adaptations in anatomy, way of life and behaviour, the powers of detection and uptake of water, the mainly nocturnal life, the possession of a shell which can be closed, the shell water, the urge to seek a suitable micro-habitat, etc. Under constant environmental conditions dehydration always proceeds along the same lines in the same animal. At a temperature of 28°C and a relative air humidity of about 75%, which for Curaçao are the normal conditions, average survival was 8 days, together with water losses of maximally 30% of the initial amount of body water. Dehydration always entails an increase in osmotic value of the body fluids; uptake of water makes the concentration decrease again. 5. In favourable conditions Coenobita clypeatus actively stores a great amount of water as shell water. By applying salt accumulation, washing, mixing or dilution, in relation to the salinity of the available drinking water, the animal effects a rough regulation, in which the shell water is kept more or less constantly at a salinity fluctuating around 32-33‰ S, which is slightly below the value of normal sea water (= 36‰ S). As a rule small animals maintain a slightly higher concentration of shell water than large animals. Air humidity also influences the concentration of shell water in such a way that in a period of drought shell water of a slightly lower concentration is stored. Generally speaking the time factor has a stabilizing influence on the concentration. When in an experiment drinking water of various concentrations is offered, there is a tendency to take up water of ever decreasing salinities, while the total amounts are decreasing too. 6. Osmoregulation fails in land hermit crabs that do not possess an external environment of water. Due to evaporation and consequently dehydration of the animal the osmoconcentration may reach very extreme, lethal heights, equivalent to over 60‰ S. Dehydrating hermit crabs may be compared to osmoconformers. If, however, such an external environment is actually present, Coenobita proves to be a fairly good regulator, trying to keep its body fluid as constant as possible, both in hypotonic and hypertonic media. Generally the role of the external environment is played by the shell water, which serves as an intermediate environment between the available water and the internal medium. As this shell water is already regulated, the osmoregulation proper must be considered as superimposed on that of the shell water. An optimal value for osmoconcentration of the body fluid approaches an equivalent of 34-35‰ S. Non-electrolytes contribute greatly — up to 30% – to the total concentration. Osmoregulation however is mainly brought about by regulation of the electrolytes.

Description: Certain Lower Devonian platform conodonts are described from the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Of the Polygnathus foveolatus group, defined here, P. foveolatus Philip & Jackson, P. lenzi Klapper, P. pireneae n. sp., P. cf. P. foveolatus Philip & Jackson and P. cf. P. lenzi Klapper are described. P. pireneae n. sp. is recorded from the Gedinnian. Furthermore, Spathognathodus carlsi n. sp. and a platform conodont not previously recorded are described.

Description: The Antillean island of Jamaica is inhabited by 17 native species of frogs and three introduced species. This anuran fauna has not been reviewed since 1940, and the present paper brings up to date the nomenclature of the Jamaican frogs, and in addition gives much new zoogeographic, altitudinal, ecological, and reproductive data on 16 native and two introduced species. New subspecies of Eleutherodactylus cundalli, E. gossei, and E. pantoni are described. The total native anuran fauna of Jamaica is discussed, both as far as its internal (within Jamaica) and external (other Antillean islands) relationships are concerned, and a zoogeographic picture of differentiation from two major evolutionary centers in Jamaica is presented in reference to the frogs of that island.

Description: The genus Sclerostyla is better known from fossil records than from recent material (WRIGLEY, 1951; MÜLLER, 1970). This is not surprising, since Sclerostyla ctenactis is difficult to find, the tube usually being imbedded in the substrate. Such material was studied only by MÖRCH (1863) in the Zoologiske Museum, København; by AUGENER (1922) in the zoological museums of Berlin and Hamburg; by TREADWELL (1929) in the American Museum of Natural History and by WRIGLEY (1951) in the Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles. The specimens have been reexamined. Additional specimens were collected by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK (1955, 1963—64) and by the author (1970). This material, as a rule, was preserved with formaldehyde and, after a short period, transferred to alcohol. These specimens are deposited mainly in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (Nrs. 04466— 04476) or in the author’s collection (tHU 119, and tHU 121—127). Single specimens have been presented to the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, D.D.R. (ZMB), to the Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg (ZMH), to the Zoologiske Museum, København (ZMK), to the British Museum Natural History, London (BMNH ZB. 1971. 228— 231), to the Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles (AHF), to the Station Marine d’Endoume, Marseille (SME), to the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH) and to the National Museum of Natural History, Washington (USNM).

Description: Precambrian clastic rocks, deposited under unstable conditions, were folded before in a relatively stable environment shallow marine sedimentation spread out over the whole area. Silico-clastic sediments were deposited from Cambrian to Devonian, except from the Lower-Middle Cambrian when carbonate deposition dominated. With a hiatus in sedimentation during the Llanvirn to Llandovery the influence of a rising block, NNE of the present area, started. During the Silurian this rise resulted in development of clastic sequences trending to thin towards the N. From the Devonian to Upper Carboniferous sedimentation circumstances became less stable. As a result an alternation of clastic and carbonate rocks developed. Towards the end of the Devonian epeirogenetic uplift and tilting of the northern part of the area resulted in strong erosion and consequently the uppermost transgressive Devonian sandstone rests on a variety of older deposits. The Sabero-Gordón line separates the uplifted area in the north from the area where continued subsidence and sedimentation took place during the Upper Devonian. During the Lower Carboniferous differences in sedimentation circumstances were strongly reduced resulting in the deposition of the Alba Formation all over the area. During the Namurian the Sabero-Gordón Une renewed its function as a facies boundary between a northern and a southern area. Together with the development of the progress of the maximal Carboniferous sedimentation towards the north the initial folding of the Hercynian orogenesis started south of it. After the orogenesis oblong coal basins developed during the Stephanian B along normal faults approximately parallel to the strike of the folding. After folding of these coal basins a long period of non-deposition followed which ended in the Upper Cretaceous when sedimentation took place along the southern border of the folded Palaeozoic. The Tertiary morphogenetic uplift of the Cantabrian Mountains is accompanied by continental deposits forming the border of the Duero basin. During the Hercynian orogenesis major deformation took place in the Leoides (Fig. 3). The Sabero-Gordón line separates the Leónides in a strongly folded area in the south and an area with thrust sheets north of it. The shape of folds and thrusts is mainly determined by the lithological properties of the Palaeozoic rocks. Table 2 shows the rocks units which are supposed to have their own tectonic-style. In the southern area (Alba synclinorium) minor folding is an important feature. Based on a symmetry-concept most of these folds are parasitic folds. In some places minor folds in the folded area as well as in the thrust area show that deformation took place by gravity-stress. The León line separating the Leonides from the Asturides seems to have no significance as a fundamental structural line in this area.

Description: Probably Lower Paleozoic quartzo-pelitic schists with bands of feldspathic schists, white and black quartzites, graphite schists and amphibolites have been folded twice. Hercynian regional metamorphism led to porphyroblastic growth of chlorite, albite, biotite, garnet, staurolite mainly between F1 and F2. Andalusite porphyroblasts are related to Hercynian granite intrusions of varying age with respect to F2. An isograd map of biotite, garnet, staurolite and andalusite is presented. Structures elucidating the relations between deformation phases and metamorphic mineral growth are discussed.

Description: The water-bearing strata in the area under study consist mainly of fluviatile Pleistocene. The base is formed by the marine Plio-Pleistocene, the top by the Holocene clay and peat deposits. The chemical composition of the ground-water in this aquifer depends on processes related to the geological history, not on the type of sediment. The most important of these processes is cation exchange, which occurs in two ways. When fresh water replaces salt water in the aquifer, an exchange takes place between the Ca2+ ions from the ground-water and the exchangeable Na+ ions from the sediments. The reverse process takes place when sea-water infiltrates a sediment with fresh ground-water: the Na+ ions from the sea-water are exchanged for Ca2+ ions from the sediments. A classification of ground-water according to 8 types was made. These types are indicated on a map and on sections. In the western part of the area, intrusion of salt water originating from the Eemian transgression can be recognized. During the Calais transgression salt water infiltrated the aquifer; this salt water has gradually been replaced by fresh water. In part of the area salt water also infiltrated during the Duinkerke transgression. In an east-west zone, where the ground-water flows from the high-lying areas in the north and the Pleistocene outcrops in the south converge, the fresh/salt water boundary rises. In this zone high Cl¯-concentrations occur at the surface locally, due to increased upward seepage through the Holocene clay and peat layers at places where the vertical resistance is low. In some bore-holes the concentration of the minor constituents I¯ and Br¯ and of the isotopes of oxygen and carbon was measured. The Cl¯: Br¯ concentration ratio proved to be indicative of polluted ground-water. High 13C concentrations are an indication for an upward flow of ground-water.

Description: Records of 10 species of shallow water Pycnogonida from Western Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, and New South Wales, including Achelia shepherdi n. sp., Parapallene avida Stock, 1973 (♀ new to science), and Anoplodactylus pulcher Carpenter, 1907 (new to Australia).

Description: The family of the Ranunculaceae, although a large one (ca. 1200 species) occurring almost throughout the world, is generally regarded as a very natural one. The only genera with a recently more or less disputed position are Circaeaster, Glaucidiutn, Hydrastis, Kingdonia, and Paeonia. The others may at present all be considered to be ‘true’ Ranunculaceae. Various botanists have studied the delimitation of these genera, their affinity and phylogenetic links. Their ideas are often widely divergent. There is no need to go into the subject here, but some opinions on the place in the system of Caltha may be reviewed.

Description: The present paper is intended to be the first of a series on the species of Pachylomidium from all over the world. It has been prepared under supervision of Dr. P. A. Florschütz (Instituut voor Systematische Plantkunde, Heidelberglaan 2, Utrecht). The species of Pachylomidium are characterised by leaves which are completely or nearly completely bordered, with a nerve which nearly or completely reaches the apex, smooth cells and a pluristratose border. The species of this section grow exclusively near running water and are inundated during part of the year. Unfortunately there are some species which are more or less transitional between this section and other ones. I will deal with these problems more extensively in a following paper.

Description: In June, 1969, the author studied a number of limestone grassland-vegetations in the French Jura Mountains, South of Champagnôle, on the methods of the French-Swiss School of phytosociology. These vegetations can be assigned to the alliance Mesobromion Br.-Bl. & Moor 1938, and belong to the: A. Pinguicula Vulgaris – Bromus ERECTUS-VEGETATION. B. Eu-Mesobromion Oberd. 1957. Mesobrometum collinum (Scherr. 1925) Oberd. 1957. 1. subass. typicum 2. hypericetosum subass. nov. a. Achillea millefolium-variant b. Teucrium chamaedrys-variant Special attention was paid to the cryptogams ocouring in these associations. More than 40 taxa of bryophytes and lichens were met with. There proved to be a distinct correlation between the phanerogamic communities and the distribution of the cryptogams.

Description: A morphological, chemical, and ecological analysis was performed on a large number of collections of Cladonia pyxidata and related taxa from the Netherlands. The following species are recognized: Cladonia fimbriata. Cl. conistea, Cl. conista. Cl. pyxidata. Cl. chlorophaea. Cl. cryplochlorophaea. Cl. merochhrophaea and Cl. grayi. A strain with novochlorophaeic acid is described as a new variety: Cl. merochlrophaea Asah. var. novochlorophaea (colour reactions: P -〉 orange-red or often negative; K -〉 negative; C -〉 negative or yellow; KC -〉 negative). In morphological and ecological respect a close relationship has been found between 1. Cladonia conistea and Cl. conista, and 2. Cladonia cryplochlorophaea and Cl. merochlorophaea. For comparison also some material from other European countries has been studied.

Description: Comparative morphological investigation of Galium boreale L. on herbarium specimen from different parts of the area confirmed the complexity of this species as stated by others. This is discussed. Based on fruit-indument characters it is concluded that four varieties can be distinguished.

Description: A stipitate Operculate Discomycete with asci that blue in iodine, Lepidotia hispida, has been rediscovered growing on Sphagnum-pots in North America. The species was first found nearly a century earlier by Quélet in France, and has not been reported since. It is the type species of the nearly forgotten generic name Lepidotia, which is not accepted here but placed in synonymy with Peziza. An unnamed imperfect state is formed, and apothecia are quickly and easily produced in pure culture. When treated as a species of Peziza, a new name is required, P. quelepidotia Korf & O’Donnell, nom. nov.

Description: Mise au point critique des connaissances actuelles acquises grâce à la microscopie photonique et à la microscopie électronique par transmission.

Description: The wood anatomy of 81 species of Ilex is described in detail. The wood anatomical range encountered is presented in a generic description (p. 196). Data on ontogenetic changes in vessel member length and number of bars per perforation are given for three species. The great amount of variation in mainly quantitative but also in some qualitative features is hardly or not related with subgeneric classification but with latitudinal and altitudinal distribution. In both the northern and southern hemisphere and in both the Old and New World, temperate and subtropical species are characterized by conspicuous growth rings, numerous narrow vessels, relatively short vessel members and few bars per perforation plate, conspicuous spiral thickenings on both vessel and fibre walls, and the fibretracheids are frequently provided with rather numerous conspicuously bordered tangential wall pits. In tropical lowland species growth rings are absent or less marked, the vessels are scanty and wide, the vessel members are long and the number of bars per perforation plate is high. Spirals are lacking or faint, or occur only in a minor part of the axial elements. The fibre-tracheids have usually few pits with more reduced borders on the tangential walls. Tropical montane species resemble the temperate ones to a great extent, but this does not apply to growth rings, spiral thickenings, and frequency and size of fibre-tracheid pits. The only wood sample of a climbing Ilex species from the tropics studied deviates from the general trend in having few bars per perforation plate. The two temperate species I. serrata and I. verticillata are exceptional in lacking spiral thickenings. In all wood characters they resemble the genus Nemopanthus (also Aquifoliaceae) very closely. Comparisons with data from literature and original observations on Prunus, Symplocos, Vaccinium. Viburnum, and to some extent also on Hydrangea, support the view that the gradual differences between temperate and tropical Ilex species conform to a general trend also present in other taxa. Therefore a major climatic influence on wood structure is indicated. This is discussed with reference to the major trends of phylogenetic wood specialization. The fact that within Ilex and Symplocos the tropical lowland species have perforations with the most numerous bars cannot be brought in agreement with the general phenomenon of a rare occurrence of scalariform perforations in tropical lowland floras. Other items such as the parallel between the absence of spiral thickenings and the presence of entire leaf margins, the lack of a clear taxonomic pattern in the wood anatomical variation in Ilex, and observations by former students of Ilex wood anatomy are also discussed.

Description: The dioecious species of the genus Blyxa can be divided into 2 groups, those with 6 stamens and those with 9 stamens in the male flowers. The first group is restricted to tropical Africa and needs further study. The second group occurs in Asia and Australia and up to now was considered to consist of 2 very distinct species, Blyxa octandra (Roxb.) Planch, ex Thw., characterized by a basal rosette of long, smooth, linear leaves, and B. novoguineensis den Hartog which is caulescent with short serrulate leaves. B. octandra is widely distributed in India, Burma, Indo-China, New Guinea, and the tropical part of Australia. B. novoguineensis is known with certainty only from New Guinea. Recently a third species, very similar in its habit to B. octandra, was found by Dr. C. F. van Beusekom and Mr. R. Geesink in Thailand. From a study of herbarium material it appeared that this species had already been collected several times but had not been recognized as a separate species, probably because of the absence of seeds in these plants.

Description: In this paper a revision is given of the Malesian species of the Crabgrasses, or Digitaria Haller ( Gramineae). The research was done at the Rijksherbarium, Leyden, while many other Herbaria were shortly visited; some field work was done in Indonesia, Australia, and Papua-New Guinea. The foundation for the study in this large and cosmopolitan genus must be Henrard’s monumental work ‘Monograph of the genus Digitaria’ (1950), which is therefore extensively cited and discussed. Henrard based his division in sections, 32 in the subgenus Digitaria, with an emphasis on the amount of spikelets per grouplet and the various types of hairs, but such a subdivision appears difficult to maintain. As only part of the species of Digitaria occurs in Malesia, not representing all sections, a new infra-generic system can not be given. As far as the sections present in Malesia are concerned, it appeared that the Biformes, Horizontales, and Parviglumae had to be united with the section Digitaria, the Remotae and Subeffusae had to be merged into one, the Remotae, while the Atrofuscae had to be included, at least partly, in the Clavipilae, here renamed Filiformes. The subgenus Solitaria is better regarded as a section of the subgenus Digitaria. The distinction between annual and perennial in the everwet tropics poses a problem; these conceptions have been maintained, but on a more clearly defined basis. In the region studied 27 species occur, 3 of which are new to science; 25 species are indigenous, 2 are introduced and established; in the key 4 more species have been taken up, which were introduced only once, but have probably vanished. One subspecies and one variety are distinguished, both under a new name. All taxa were also studied for their extra-Malcsian distribution; from the resulting synonymy it appeared that about 52 species recognized by Henrard could be reduced to 24. The genus is estimated to contain about 170 species instead of about 325. Finally, some species are discussed which were said either to occur in Malesia or to belong to Digitaria, but for which one or the other of these suggestions proved to be false. Of these taxa two species and one variety were given a new name, while one new variety could be described.

Description: Four specimens of an Araliaceous species collected in the Vogelkop Peninsula and a neighbouring area of SW. New Guinea are so distinctive as to require a new genus. The large, simple, oblanceolate leaves clustered at the ends of the branches recall the habit of Meryta, but the flowers do not share the highly distinctive features of that genus: in particular, they are hermaphrodite, the calyx is well-defined, and a distinct articulation occurs below the ovary. The technical floral and fruit characters are not unlike those of Polyscias (e.g. there is an articulation below the flower, the style arms are free, and the endosperm is smooth), but their general facies is unlike that genus, and this, together with the distinctive inflorescence and leaf, makes the plant quite different from any species of Polyscias.

Description: In February 1970 plankton sampling has been started as a section of the “Cooperative Investigations in the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions” (CICAR-project). Sampling was executed by ornithologists on board the M.S. “Luymes”. Open plankton nets with meshes of 0.056 mm diam. were used for sampling between 0 and 18 metres. Part of the samples made in 1970 has been examined. 1. The samples examined came from the area around the islands Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao (area 1, fig. 1), visited in summer and winter, and from the coast off the Guyana’s (area 2, fig. 2), visited in autumn. The second area is strongly influenced by the outflow of the Amazon, which in summer is nearly three times as much as in winter (fig. 3). 2. For area 1 only the temperature of surface layers was measured, in area 2 also the salinity, current velocity, and primary production. A temperature salinity diagram was made based on data from 42 stations (fig. 4). From this diagrim, and the position of these stations (fig. 5), it was concluded that three different watermasses are sampled in area 2. They are called “river-water” (mainly from the Amazon), “upwelling-water”, and “mixed-water” (a mixture of “river-water” with “upwelling-water”, and/or oceanic surface-water). With “upwelling-water” is meant, water coming in the coastal region from deeper layers, though this water may also originate from a divergence or turnover of a watermass. 3. A project was started concerning the distribution and relative abundance of the Crustacea Lucifer typus, an “oceanic” species, and Lucifer faxoni, a “neritic” species. The differences in their distribution were striking. In summer L. typus was in area 1 two and sometimes more than three times as abundant as L. faxoni, depending depth. However, in winter L. faxoni was about twenty times more abundant than L. typus (fig. 7). The great influence of the Amazon and the wet season in area 1 are expected to be responsible for the seasonal differences. In area 2 L. faxoni was nearly five hundred times as abundant as L. typus. The abundånce in the different watertypes was totally different (figs. 8, 9). In “mixed-water” we found about 12 specimens of L. faxoni in each sample, in “upwelling-water” 103 specimens, and in “river-water” 732 specimens. So, the “neritic” character of this area in autumn is not equally distributed. This confirms the generally accepted theory that water from the Amazon is penetrating the area in “bubbles”. 4. The following species and formae of the Euthecosomata were found: Limacina inflata, L. lesueuri, L. trochiformis, L. bulimoides, Creseis acicula forma acicula, cf. Cr. acicula forma clava, Cr. virgula forma conica, cf. Cr. virgula forma virgula, Styliola subula, Hyalocylis striata, Cuvierina columnella forma atlantica, Diacria trispinosa forma trispinosa, D. quadridentata quadridentata forma danae, Cavolinia longirostris forma longirostris, cf. Cav. longirostris forma strangulata, Cav. uncinata uncinata forma uncinata, and Cav. inflexa forma inflexa. All of these were present in area 1 during summer; L. inflata was by far the most abundant at that time (73,1%). In winter this species has also the greatest abundance (58,3%); L. trochiformis, Cr. acicula forma acicula, Cr. virgula s.l., St. subula, Cav. longirostris forma longirostris/strangulata, and Cav. uncinata forma uncinata were the only species also present in winter. In area 2 in autumn Cr. acicula forma acicula showed the greatest abundance (91,4%). The following species were also found: L. inflata, L. trochiformis, Cr. virgula s.l., H. striata, Cav. longirostris forma longirostris/strangulata, Cav. uncinata uncinata forma uncinata, and Cav. inflexa forma inflexa. 5. Cr. acicula forma acicula without shell and without intact columellar muscle turned out to be distinguishable from other Creseis without shell. Only this forma has the wing protusion separated from the wing gland (fig. 12). The distribution of juveniles of Cav. inflexa was obviously different from that of the adults of this species and rather in accordance with the distribution of adults of Cav. longirostris. However, the very small juveniles of this species were not described, and could resemble those of Cav. inflexa (Van der Spoel, pers. comm.). Investigation of the soft parts of the juveniles was started and series of animals with increasing length were selected. Most juveniles turned out to be young specimens of Cav. longirostris instead of Cav. inflexa (Troost & Van der Spoel, 1972). 6. The already known distribution of the Euthecosomata (Van der Spoel, 1967) could be corrected for L. inflata (1), L. lesueuri (2), L. trochiformis (3), L. bulimoides (4), Cr. acicula forma acicula (5), (probably also the forma clava (6)), Cr. virgula forma conica (7), and Cav. longirostris (8). Numbers 2, 4, 6 and 7 occur in area 1 (between 67° – 70° W and 12° – 13° N); numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8 occur in area 1, and also in area 2 (between – 47° – 63° W and 05° – 12° N). 7. The presence in different watermasses made it possible to enlarge the already known ranges for temperature and salinity of L. inflata, L. trochiformis, Cr. acicula forma acicula, Cr. virgula s.l., H. striata, and Cav. longirostris. These ranges are now 26.9°C to maximal 28.6°C and 33.2 ‰ S (average value) to more than 36 ‰ S, respectively. 8. After having comparised samples collected during day-time and night-time, a diurnal vertical migration became evident for several species, except for Cr. virgula s.l., and Cav. longirostris. The already known double diurnal migration in Cr. virgula could not be proved with the present samples. 9. Biometric differences in shell dimensions have been found for all formae of Creseis (fig. 18), some of which were difficult to identify, even with intact shells. For nearly all other species and formae biometric data were collected (figs. 15, 16, 20, 22, 25). 10. Some specimens of Cav. longirostris resemble the forma flexipes from the Red Sea as to the lateral spines and sometimes the dorsal shell lip; they differ, however, in size. A comparable selective pressure in both areas may result in similar phenotypic features. For a more complete description of this variation more investigations are required. 11. Ten species of Pseudothecosomata, Gymnosomata, and Nudibranchiata were found. Of the Prosobranchiata-larvae specimens of 31 different types were found; they have been illustrated (figs. 27-54). 12. To simplify handling and comparison of fish larvae a new method has been developed. It was obvious, that identification was difficult. Only eight species belonging to seven families have been distinguished, and numerous specimens belonging to another eight families. The larvae of the Anquilliformes have been divided into ten different groups (Pl. I) on ground of the arrangement of the chromatophores and the total number of myomeres. It was striking, that most of the larvae of the Anguilliformes from area 2 came from stations, situated near the continental slope.

Description: Monsieur le Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK m’a confié à plusieurs reprises de petites collections de trichoptères des Petites Antilles rassemblées lors de ses voyages. Les matériaux recueillis en 1936 à Margarita m’avaient permit de décrire (1959) une nouvelle espèce de Helicopsyche; quelques larves appartenant à d’autres familles restèrent non étudiées à cette occasion: ils le seront dans le présent travail. Tout récemment M. HUMMELINCK a eu l’amabilité de me confier quelques trichoptères recueillis à St. Thomas, Montserrat, Trinidad et Curaçao; avec ceux que nous venons de mentionner, ils formeront l’objet de ces notes.

Description: In den “Studies on the fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands”, Vol. XVI, 1963 habe ich die Beschreibung von 13 Uropodiden-Arten gegeben, von denen 6 neu waren. Auf Seite 2 dieser Arbeit befindet sich in der 3. und 4. Zeile des dritten Abschnitts ein Druckfehler, den niemand verstehen wird, wenn er nicht die Stellen in der Literatur studiert. In der dritten Zeile steht: “Im Jahre 1913 bestimmt er diese Art als die typische für seine neue Gattung Prodinychus.” In meinem Manuskript für diese Arbeit habe ich den Gattungsnahmen so geschrieben, wie es BERLESE 1913 tat, nämlich Prodynichus. Offensichtlich hat ein Korrektor aus der verschiedenen Schreibweise nichts zu machen gewüßt. Aber meine Auseinandersetzungen über den Gattungsnamen in der 4. und 5. Zeile des genannten Abschnitts haben keinen Sinn, wenn in der 4. Zeile der Name Prodinychus so stehen bleibt, wie er soeben geschrieben wurde. 1917 änderte BERLESE den Namen Prodynichus in Prodinychus, der Verwandtschaft mit der Gattung Dinychus Kramer folgend. Ich folge ihm, obwohl BERLESE eigentlich gegen die “Regeln zur wissenschaftlichen Bezeichnung der Tiere” verstößt, nach denen stets die erstgebrauchte Schreibweise vorgeschrieben ist.

Description: Scanning Electron Microscope photographs of Siphonodella cooperi and Siphonodella lobata suggest that basal pits decrease in size after having reached a maximum. Analysis of biométrie data and computed regression lines confirm this. The phenomenon is explained by postulating migration of the plane of separation between the conodont and the basal plate, downwards in the holoconodont.

Description: This study concerns the petrology of the Mellid area, the SE portion of the outer zone of the Ordenes Complex which is one of the upthrusted Precambrian complexes in the axial zone of the Hercynian orogen in Galicia, NW Spain. An eugeosynclinal rock sequence is found containing units with different metamorphic evolutions. All units were affected by Precambrian tectonization and retrogressive metamorphism. This orogeny may be subdivided into three metamorphic and four deformation phases which caused definite changes in the mineralogical composition and the texture of the rock. The sequence of metamorphic phases, established in a granulite facies unit is as follows: the first phase of Precambrian metamorphism is characterized by the (hornblende-)granulite facies, more precisely the (hornblende-)clinopyroxene-garnet-sodic plagioclase subfacies of the kyanite-bearing granulite facies. At that time, PH2O must have been very low locally. The second and third phases were marked by the hornblende-clinopyroxene-garnet-sodic plagioclase subfacies and the amphibolite facies, respectively. The other units bear witness to lower grade metamorphic activities. The granulite facies unit comprises metamorphosed basic lavas, metapelitic rocks, garnet-bearing metagabbros and garnet-bearing peridotites. The metapelitic rocks (kyanite-garnet-orthoclase-sodic plagioclase-biotite) and the metamorphosed basic lavas (clinopyroxenegarnet-sodic plagioclase-amphibole) are described in detail. The latter rocks contain Ca-rich inclusions, displaying scapolite-bearing mineral assemblages. The inclusions can be ascribed to deuteric alteration or incipient metamorphism in the basic lavas prior to the granulite facies metamorphism. The other units contain metasedimentary rocks and granitic and granodioritic orthogneisses. Metamorphic conditions during the Hercynian orogeny did not go further than the lower amphibolite facies. Therefore, retrogradation of the Precambrian units continued but a clear conversion of the rock texture cannot be discerned. The most important Hercynian event in the Mellid area was the emplacement of an ophiolitic rock suite.

Description: Sediments and volcanic rocks (ophiolites) all of early Palaeozoic age were metamorphosed, multiply deformed, and intruded by igneous rocks during the Caledonian orogeny. At least six deformation phases including late faults are recognized. There is no simple correlation between deformation phases and tectonic style. The second deformation phase (D2) is accompanied by Barrovian type metamorphism, ranging from biotite to sillimanite grade, and transposes earlier surfaces into a new foliation, which is itself folded on a regional scale. The transposition foliation varies from crenulation cleavage to schistosity. Basic intrusives are rimmed by contact metamorphic aureoles also of syn-D2 age. Acid intrusives are of syn- to post-D2 age. Structural and stratigraphic correlations with nearby areas are attempted. An Ordovician/Silurian age is suggested for the Gula Schist Group.

Description: Gammarus tigrinus was first recorded in the Netherlands in 1960 and has spread rapidly since. In 16 of 18 lakes sampled in the Frisian lake district, G. tigrinus was the dominant gammarid. G. pulex was found in 6 lakes, and G. duebeni in 1 lake. G. tigrinus has now largely replaced the former gammarid faunas of the Frisian lake district .

Description: During study of American Chlorophotas (Kaastra 1972) Chlorophora brasiliensis (Martius) Standley (= Maclura brasiliensis (Martius) Endlicher) and Chlorophora scandens Standley et Williams seemed not to be closely related to Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Bentham et Hooker. The taxonomic position of Maclura brasiliensis was already called dubious by Bentham & Hooker (1880) and more recently also by Macbride (1937); the same holds true for Chlorophora scandens (Standley & Williams 1950). Chlorophora brasiliensis and Chl. scandens show much resemblance to some other genera treated by Corner (1962) as sections of Maclura: Maclura Nuttall s.s. (= Maclura pomifera (Rafinesque) Schneider), Cardiogyne Bureau, and Cudrania Trécul. Corner, however, did not mention Chlorophora brasiliensis nor Chl. scandens. There is at least one other taxon that seems to be closely related to the group concerned here, the genus Plecospermum Trecul. Bentham & Hooker (1880) combined Plecospermum with Cardiogyne; Corner (l.c.) regarded it as a distinct but problematic genus. Richter (1895), on account of anatomical studies, pointed out that Plecospermum, Cardiogyne, and Cudrania could be regarded as a single genus.

Description: With the death of Dr. M. A. Donk on 2 September 1972 the mycological world has lost one of its great personalities. Born on 14 August 1908 at Situbondo, Java, of Dutch parents, Donk went to a secondary school at The Hague and entered the University of Utrecht in 1927. He received his doctor’s degree on 7 July 1933.

Description: Species currently assigned to Rhizopogon Fr. & Nordh. can be divided into at least two groups on the basis of basidial morphology and hymenophoral development. It is desirable that two genera should be recognized but problems of typification preclude a formal proposal to this effect. One group contains species with clearly dimerous basidia which are commonly associated with swollen, thickened or gelatinized basidioles and often arise laterally from these. The other is composed of species with clavate or cylindrical non-dimerous basidia which are not associated with modified basidioles. These observations show the potential value of using the developmental anatomy of the hymenophore in the taxonomy of Gasteromycetes. Fresh specimens in various stages of development are desirable; mature or dry specimens usually prove unsatisfactory.

Description: The shape of the surface hairs decides the affiliation to the genus. Since species with branched as well as with unbranched surface hairs are comprised in the genus Henningsomyces O. K., s. 1., I should like to suggest to divide this genus into two more homogeneous genera. Accordingly species with branched surface hairs would be adjoined to the genus Henningsomyces O. K., s. str., whereas species with unbranched surface hairs would be assigned to a new genus Rectipilus Agerer.

Description: Verschiedene Arten, die in der Literatur mit Leptonia babingtonii in Beziehung gebracht worden sind, werden hier aufs neue geprüft.

Description: The Lamippidae form a rather homogeneous family of copepods endoparasitic on octocorals. The great majority of the species (17 out of 24) is described from the Mediterranean Sea. These species are relatively well-known, thanks to the efforts of DE ZULUETA (1908, 1910, 1911) and BOULIGAND (various papers, summarized in BOULIGAND, 1966). Outside the Mediterranean, Lamippidae have only incidentally been recorded, from the eastern Atlantic (European coasts, Sierre Leone), Indonesia, the Red Sea, and the Antarctic (references in HUMES, 1957, BOULIGAND, 1960, and STOCK, 1972). Not a single species was recorded hitherto from the western Atlantic or Caribbean region. Entire specimens were studied and measured in lactophenol; the appendages were dissected and mounted in Reyne’s modification of Faure’s medium. These slides were studied under oil immersion magnification, with a Reichert interference microscope. Like LAUBIER (1972), I was unable to distinguish with certainty in my preserved material the various sclerites described by BOULIGAND (1960); so, for the purpose of this study, I had to rely entirely on classical alpha-taxonomy.

Description: 53 species are listed from the Pliocene of Antwerp (Belgium) and a boring at Ouwerkerk (Netherlands) and from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of the West Scheldt (Netherlands; a few dredged specimens). Only five were previously known from Antwerp. Descriptions of 13 new species: Trisopterus elongatus, T. pliocenicus, Micromesistius hochti, Melanogrammus conjunctus, Trachinus angustus. Otophidium compactum. Ammodytes rostratus, Gobius ornatus, (Gobiidarum) modestus, (G.) dorsoconcavus, (G.) bicornutus, (G.) rectangularis and Oncocottus asper, and three new subspecies: Gadichthys benedeni verticalis, Carapus nuntius elongatus and Ammodytes lanceolatus sculptus, are given. Within the family of the Gadidae three new genera are established, Colliolus, Gadichthys and Palaeomorrhua, as the first stage of a necessary revision of this family. A provisional family tree is set up. The Pliocene faunas of bony fishes exhibit a closer relationship with the recent one of the North Sea than with what is known from the Miocene. The Pliocene deposits of Antwerp were formed in a shallow marine environment close to the coast, whereas the faunas of bony fishes from the Pliocene of the Ouwerkerk borehole preferred a somewhat deeper sea on the shelf.

Description: The two indigenous species (both in the Mountain provinces of Luzon) are revised. R. luzoniensis Merr. is reduced to R. transmorrisonensis Hayata, R. philippinensis Merr. to R. luciae Crép. Five species, cultivated in Malesia (especially Java), are also keyed out, described, and annotated. Of these R. multiflora Thunb. and R. moschata J. Herrm. may occur escaped and ± naturalized.

Description: I re-described this genus in Blumea 19 (1971) 42. The principal characters there enumerated are: rhizome-scales broad, thin, with marginal hairs (some bearing mucilage glands) but rarely superficial hairs; lower pinnae, usually several pairs, reduced, the transition to reduced pinnae abrupt or gradual; aerophores at bases of lower pinnae ± swollen and white on young fronds, sometimes much elongate; pinna-lobes with cartilaginous margins which are often toothed at the ends of veins; veins usually anastomosing but free in some species which have deeply lobed pinnae; lamina ± pustular when dried; lower surfaces never densely long-hairy, sometimes with short acicular or capitate hairs; sessile spherical glands lacking on lamina, indusia and sporangia; body of sporangium often bearing club-shaped or capitate hairs, rarely setae; on stalk of sporangium a hair of 3 or 4 cells, terminal cell enlarged but not spherical; spores light brown with many small thin ± quadrate wings, thus spinulose in aspect. The majority of species here included in this genus conform to all the above characters, but there are some species which differ by showing one or two (rarely three) of the following characters: basal pinnae not or little reduced; scales on bases of stipes elongate and bearing many superficial hairs; spores with a ± continuous wing and anastomosing cross-wings. Almost all these aberrant species have distinctly pustular lower surface, and have the usual accompanying characters of rather thick veins and cartilaginous edges of pinna-lobes.

Description: Complementary notes on the taxonomy, distribution, and hybridization of a number of Rhododendron species in Malesia on the base of recent collections, and descriptions of 10 species new for the genus in Borneo and New Guinea.

Description: In August 1972, Dr. W. J. J. O. de Wilde and his wife, Mrs. B. E. E. de Wilde-Duyfjes, collected on Mt. Bandahara in North Sumatra besides the already known Swertia piloglandulosa another, yet unknown Swertia which gave rise to this preliminary revision. This plant occurs together with S. piloglandulosa but inhabits a moister place in the mountain heath, viz. along a small streamlet, and it appeared to represent a miniature form of S. piloglandulosa. Besides, it had a further reduced number of ovules. It may be worthwhile to point out first the difference between dwarf forms and miniature forms.

Description: A morphological comparison of Boucotinskia Brunton & Cocks, 1967 and Kozlowskiellina Boucot, 1957 makes a phylogenctic relationship between the two genera obvious. Boucotinskia is placed in the subfamily Cyrtinopsidinae. The subfamily Cyrtinopsidinae is probably very closely related to the Eospiriferinae and the Cyrtiinae.

Description: The name Delphinus melas, given by Schlegel (1841) to a Finless Porpoise from Japan, is a junior homonym of Delphinus melas Traill, 1809 (now: Globicephala melaena). The generic name Neomeris Gray, 1846 is preoccupied by Neomeris Costa, 1844; the valid nomen novum for Gray’s genus is Neophocaena Palmer, 1899. Neomeris asiaeorientalis Pilleri & Gihr, 1973 belongs to the same taxon as described by Schlegel. Therefore the correct name of the Japanese form described by Schlegel is Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis (Pilleri & Gihr, 1973).

Description: This report of lichomolgid copepods found for the first time associated with octocorals in the Pacific Ocean includes six species, two of them new. Paramolgus eniwetokensis n. sp. and Paramolgus ostentus n. sp. are associated with Lobophytum pauciflorum (Ehrenberg). New host records include Acanthomolgus fissisetiger (Humes & Ho, 1968a) from Pachyclavularia violacea (Quoy & Gaimard), Anisomolgus insolens (Humes & Ho, 1968b) from Lobophytum pauciflorum, Metaxymolgus aculeatus (Humes & Ho, 1968a) from Nephthea chabrolii Audouin, and Paradoridicola adelphus (Humes & Ho, 1968b) from Lobophytum pauciflorum.

Description: A biometrical analysis of preserved specimens of Bufo bufo, supplemented by a detailed examination of the shape of the skin warts, was performed in order to ascertain the taxonomic status of the form described as B.b.spinosus. Indications of a N.-S. clinal variation in the formation of wart thorns and in allometric relations of body elements were found. The validity of the form as a distinct subspecies seems accordingly very doubtful.

Description: Salpa younti nov. spec. is described from the Bermuda area. The new species is also reported from the South Atlantic and the Pacific. Its systematic position within the genus Salpa is discussed and general remarks are made on the taxonomic status of the known taxa of this genus.

Description: Records of 10 species of shallow water Pycnogonida from Western Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, and New South Wales, including Achelia shepherdi n. sp., Parapallene avida Stock, 1973 (\xe2\x99\x80 new to science), and Anoplodactylus pulcher Carpenter, 1907 (new to Australia).

Description: A biometrical analysis of preserved specimens of Bufo bufo, supplemented by a detailed examination of the shape of the skin warts, was performed in order to ascertain the taxonomic status of the form described as B.b.spinosus. Indications of a N.-S. clinal variation in the formation of wart thorns and in allometric relations of body elements were found. The validity of the form as a distinct subspecies seems accordingly very doubtful.

Description: The nasal complex of Kogia has been compared with that of Physeter and shown to be homologous with that of less specialized ondotocetes.\nThe nasal complex of the Physeterids is structurally related to that of the Platanistids and Ziphioids. The spermaceti organ unique to the Physeteridae forms a part of the functional morphology of the right naris and is not a bilaterally symmetrical structure like the melon of other odontocetes.\nSeparation of the two nares in the Physeteridae is caused by the asymmetrical development of the spermaceti organ. In Kogia part of the musculature of the left naris actuates the opening of the right naris, a feature unique amongst the Mammalia.\nThe right naris is not used in external respiration but forms an air reservoir subservient to phonation at extreme depths.\nThe spermaceti organ assists in evacuation of the lungs prior to a deep dive.\nThe fat depots of the spermaceti organ in Physeter and the spermaceti organ and adipose cushion in Kogia may serve to absorb nitrogen at extreme pressure. The air reservoirs could perform a useful hydrostatic function during the ascent from great depths.

Description: Herbs or shrubs, usually tomentose or silky pubescent. Leaves alternate, simple and entire or rarely 3-foliolate. Stipules deciduous. Inflorescence consisting of terminal racemes or flowers solitary in the leaf-axils. Bracts 2, opposite, foliaceous, adnate at or above the middle of the pedicels. Flowers irregular, rather large. Sepals 4 or 5, unequal, imbricate. Petals 5, the 3 upper ones long-clawed, free or partly united, the 2 lower ones shorter or even reduced to small, thick, fleshy scales. Stamens 3\xe2\x80\x944; filaments free or united; anthers basifixed, opening with terminal pores. Ovary sessile, uni-locular; style cylindric, acute. Ovules 2, collateral, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit globose or slightly compressed, indehiscent, spiny, 1-seeded. Endosperm wanting. Only one genus with about 20 species in tropical and warm-temperate America.

Description: Woody plants. Leaves alternate, simple. Stipules present. Inflorescence consisting of panicles or racemes. Flowers hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual, zygomorphic; receptacle saucer-shaped or tubular. Sepals free, imbricate. Petals free, imbricate or convolute or the petals wanting. Stamens (2\xe2\x80\x94) 10 to numerous, inserted on the rim of the receptacle, often partly infertile or inserted unilateral only; filaments sometimes somewhat connate. Ovary often excentric in the flower, 2\xe2\x80\x943-carpellary, of which usually only one well-developed; the style basal or lateral; stigma one. Ovules usually 2, anatropous, basal. Fruit a drupe. Seeds without endosperm. About 420 species in 17 genera in the tropics, mainly in America.

Description: Salpa younti nov. spec. is described from the Bermuda area. The new species is also reported from the South Atlantic and the Pacific. Its systematic position within the genus Salpa is discussed and general remarks are made on the taxonomic status of the known taxa of this genus.