ALBERT

Beschreibung: The sedimentation regime off Northwest Africa is shaped by: (1) structur~al factors. which result in generallv low relief on land. shelf widths between 40 and more than 120 km. and av-erage sfope inclinations between 10 30' and 30; (2) land climates. which contral the delivery of terrigenous particles to the margin: (3) water movements including boundary currents and upwelling; and (4) the post- Pleistocene sea level rise. This chapter combines published and new results arising from research into the sedimentation processes off Northwest Africa. and emphasizes particularly the activities of the Kiel marine geological group during the past few years. Reviews of cruise activities and results were given in Closs et al. (1969) (Meteor cruise 8. 1967. off Morocco) . Seibold (1972) (Meteor cmise 25 . 1971. off Sahara to Central Senegal). Seibold and Hinz (1976) (Meteor cmise 39,1975 . and Valdivia cruise 10. 1975, from Morocco to South Senegal), and Waiden et al. (1974) (Meteor cmise 30, 1973, off Sierra Leone). Some of these cmises were used for pre- or post-site surveys for the Deep-Sea Drilling Project, or to add undisturbed Quaternary cores to the Glomar Challenger cores (leg 41, ] 975; Lancelot, et al .• 1978); leg 47 A, Arthur er al .• 1979; Lutze et al., 1979). We have concentrated our geological investigations on a number of standard profiles from the shelf to the upper continental rise as given in Figure 1. The manuscript was finished May 1979.

Beschreibung: El género Plagiochila (hepatica) esta representada en las Islas Galapagos por ocho (8) especies diferentes: P. bursata (Desv.) Lindenbg., P. galapagona Inoue, P gradsteinii Inoue, P. guilleminiana Mont., P. inouei Grolle, P. scabrifolia Inoue, P. spinifera Ångstr. y P. subplana Lindenbg. El endemismo en este género es más alto que en otros géneros de las hepaticas, con cinco (5) especies que comienzan a conocerse solamente de los Galapagos ( P. galapagona, gradsteinii, scabrifolia, inouei, y spinifera). Las otras tres (3) son comunes y ampliamente distribuidas a lo largo de la America tropical. La mayoría de las especies estan restringidas a las zonas altas-húmedas de vegetación de las Islas Galapagos (matorrales de Zanthoxylum, Miconia y pampa) excepto P. guilleminiana muy común, la cual puede presentarse en la zona seca de transición de bosque. La más amplia variación de Plagiochila ha sido vista en Isabela (Cerro Azul), San Cristobal y Santa Cruz.

Beschreibung: Nanocyperion communities (s.l.) are considered here as “warp-and-woof” communities; the Nanocyperion components are described separately as synusiae. On the Netherlands Frisian Islands, four main synusiae have been recognized. Raunkiaer life form spectra show few differences between the communities. Life strategy spectra of the Nanocyperion synusiae, based on systems for phanerogams (modified after Bakker 1966) and bryophytes, yield the clearest patterns. A comparison of the ecology of the communities and an interpretation of the spectra in terms of avoidance of stress or competition suggest that inundations and standing crop of the communities are the main factors determining the distribution of the synusiae. Winter inundations overrule the influence of differences in productivity level, which becomes prominent in drier situations.

Beschreibung: The Colombian representatives of the lichen family Parmeliaceae with linear lobes and marginal cilia have been revised. A key is given and morphology, chemistry and distribution are treated of 12 species in three genera: Cetrariastrum Sipm. gen. nov, with C. andense (Kärnef.) Sipm. comb. nov., C. dubitans Sipm. spec. nov. and C. equadoriense (Sant.) Sipm. comb. nov., Everniastrum with E. catawbiense (Degel.) Hale, E. cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale, E. columbiense (Zahlbr.) Hale, E. fragile Sipm. spec. nov., E. planum Sipm. spec. nov., E. sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale and E. vexans (Zahlbr.) Hale, and Parmelina cleefii Sipm. spec. nov. and P. swinscowii (Hale) Hale.

Beschreibung: Nineteen species of Stereocaulon are treated from the northern Andes, mainly from Colombia. Descriptions and keys are given, with notes on the north-Andean distribution and ecology. Seven species are new for the Colombian flora, viz. St. atlanticum, St. claviceps, St. corticatulum (chem. strain with atranorin and perlatolic acid), St. delisei, St. microcarpum, St. pachycephalum and St. pomiferum. St. crambidiocephalum is reported for the first time from Costa Rica, as is St. didymicum from Venezuela, and St. delisei is reported for the first time from the New World (Colombia and Costa Rica). St. cornutum Müll. Arg. is reduced to synonymy under St. pityrizans Nyl.

Beschreibung: Gradstein et al. (1982) propose to conserve four generic names of Lejeuneaceae: Lopholejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Acrolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Trachylejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. and Taxilejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., each of which was introduced as a subgeneric name in Lejeunea by Spruce (1884), and subsequently raised to generic rank by Schiffner in his treatment of the Hepaticae in Engler-Prantl (preprint 1893) [see proposals to conserve 675-678 see p. 746]. Although Spruce (l.c.) used for his Lejeunea species a binary nomenclature by combining subgeneric names with specific epithets, it is clear (e.g. text, index) that the binomina are meant as Lejeunea combinations and they are considered as such by most authors (see Gradstein et al. for further details). Before 1893, however, the Sprucean subgeneric names were used in various papers by F. Stephani in a “seeming” generic rank; indeed Stephani now and then referred to them as “genus.” A chronological survey of a number of relevant papers by Stephani, mainly those published in Hedwigia, was given by Bonner et al. (1961), in conjunction with a brief discussion of the subject of this paper. These authors were the first to realize that on the basis of Art. 42 ICBN some generic names in Lejeuneaceae, e.g. Taxilejeunea and Trachylejeunea, can be considered as validly published by Stephani in Hedwigia 28, 1889. Later on Grolle (1979) demonstrated valid publication of monotypic new Lejeuneaceae genera by Stephani in the Bot. Gaz. 15, 1890, e.g. Lopho-Lejeunea and Acro-Lejeunea. For an evaluation of the status of Lopho- Lejeunea Steph., Acro-Lejeunea Steph., Trachylejeunea Steph. and Taxilejeunea Steph., one might consider these names against the background of the entire context of Stephani’s work on Lejeuneaceae until 1893. As the survey of Stephani’s papers in Bonner et al. is rather incomplete, and as there are several points of divergence in opinion, a new analysis of Stephani’s relevant papers (before Sep 1893) is presented below.

Beschreibung: During 1981 the Botanical Survey of India had again collections made. We list them in the same manner as on pages 3559-3560. In Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Great Nicobar, 300 specimens. In Andhra Pradesh: Anantagiri, Endrika Hills, Ganganaju-medugula, Paderu, 1590. In Arunachal Pradesh: Ganganagar, Hapoli, Naharlagan, Namdapha Biosphere Reserve of Tirap Distr., Tamer Road, Tiruli of Subansiri Distr., Ziro, 1054. In West Bengal: areas of Jalpaiguri, Bankura and Midnapur Districts, places of Bangaon, Tantulia and Basirhat of 24-Parganas Districts, Jaldapara Reserve, Totopara, &c., 2240. In Gujrat: Lalpur and vicinity, 1090. In Karnataka: vicinity of S. Karnataka River-Mulla Periyar and catchment areas, 500. In Kerala: Alleppey, Anathode, Cannanore, Devicolam, Kakki, Kasargod, Kokharjam, Munnar Peermade, Muzhiyar, Pachakanam, Pamba Dam areas, Peruvanzuzhi, Ponnambala Medu, Sabarigiri, 4150. In Madhya Pradesh; areas of Panna Distr., 800. In Maharashtra: Bhimsankar, Janar, Purandar, 985. In Meghalaya: Cherrapunjee, Nongapoh, Sunnapahar of Khasi Hills, Jowai, Jorain of Saintea Hills, Tura of Garo Hills Distr., 3500. In Nagaland: areas of Mekokchung, Tuensang, Wokha, Zunbebato Districts, 500. In Rajasthan: Jaisalmer and areas of Barmer Distr., 1000. In Sikkim: Burtuk Busty, Chakung, Changu, Chuten, Enchy Monastery, below Honuman Top, Jorethang, Lower Bustak, Ranipal, Reumtek, Sang Ratepani, Sinchey, Singtham East, Soren, Suntale forests, Tadong, 4800. In Tamil-Nadu: Kannayakumari, Sethur Hills, Srivilliputhur R.F., 2090. In Uttar Pradesh: Agra-Khal, Ballaieri, Chamoli Chakrata, Dudhwa Nat. Park, Govana, Khan-Khaliadha, Mussoorie, Pam Vali-Kantha, Panwali, Parbagi, Rajkhark, Saharshradhara, 2500.

Beschreibung: Because of their fleshy nature, thin leaves and membranous sepals and petals, Impatiens tend to make particularly poor herbarium specimens. If dried while still attached to the leafy part of the plant the flowers generally become badly crumpled and brittle. In such a state their more important characters become unrecognisable, and it is rarely possible to restore them to any useful degree. The leaves may also become badly crushed especially if they are not pressed absolutely flat. The collectors’ time may thus be completely wasted.

Beschreibung: Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy and his companions on the Celebes Expedition, Dr. E. Hennipman, Mr. G.J. de Joncheere and Dr. E.F. de Vogel left Leiden on 5 April 1979, visited the SING and BO-Herbaria on the way. In Celebes visit was paid to Hasanudin University at Ujung Pandang (olim Makassar), in Bali to the Botanical Garden at Bedugul. In the course of August they returned to Holland. See also Exploration. The Botanical Survey of India kindly sent the following list of changes: D.K. Banerjee: to the Industrial Section of the Indian Museum at Calcutta; N. Bhargava: to the Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; U.C. Bhattacharyya: Deputy Director, Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.N. Chakraborty: Assistant curator, Industrial Section, Indian Museum, Calcutta; U. Chatterjee: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; Mrs. Dr. S.J. Das: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; P.K. Hajra: to HQ, Howrah; B. Krishna: to HQ, Howrah; Ram Lall: Botanist, Central Circle, Allahabad; C.L. Malhotra: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; P.C. Pant: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.B. Pramanick: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah; M.K.V. Rao: to Andaman Circle, Port Blair; Dr. G.P. Roy: to Central Circle, Allahabad; B.D. Sharma: Deputy Director, Western Circle, Poona; Dr. R.C. Srivastava: Systematic Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; C.R. Tarafder: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah. Proficiat to all!

Beschreibung: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk. The SEM-observation of plant material normally requires dehydrated, dry specimens coated with carbon or metal. Unfortunately, the standard drying methods (including the critical-point-drying-technique) often cause shrinking and deformation of the specimen surface; therefore, SEMstudies on plant ontogeny are rather difficult, material- and time-consuming. Experiments using deep-frozen specimens have been carried out in England and in the USA, but have proved not satisfying.

Beschreibung: Loss of species is the key issue of conservation. Contrary to misuse of land which is visible to anybody with eyes to see, the issue of extinction is sly, treacherous, and open to clear perception only for experts. It touches on quality, and reaches far out in time: hard things to grasp for non-biologists. Thus an extra responsibility devolves on those who are in a position to know and to speak. The value of the genetic resource base has been set forth in e.g. the book by O.H. Frankel & E. Bennett, Genetic resources in plants (1970), and in the BIOTROP symposium edited by J.T. Williams e.a., South East Asian plant genetic resources (1975); Myers adds many striking facts: half the prescriptions in the U.S.A. contain a drug of natural origin. The cardiac drug reserpine, from Rauvolfia, costs $ 1.25 per gram to synthesize, $ 0.75 from natural sources. The anti-polio vaccin was developed in experiments in chimpanzees. The Amerindians in Amazonia know 750 medicinal plant species. Now the possibility of massive destruction of tropical forests — where most species are located — casts some frightening shadows on the future. The question how to cope with the threat appears to be connected with human ethics and the international order. Consequently, most publications on the subject suffer from a partial lack of maturity: don’t look to Myers for ethics, nor to the Routleys for biology. It seems therefore advisable that on the part of all disciplines a common fund of knowledge and insight be built up. In my efforts, great stimulation was received from correspondence with Dr. Willem Meijer (Botany, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 40506, U.S.A.), who in his disinterested manner never fails to come up with things true and shocking.

Beschreibung: Apocynaceae wanted — pickled. Mary E. Fallen, Systematische Botanik, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland, who has done considerable morphological work on development of the reproductive organs in Apocynaceae, has been frustrated in her many efforts to obtain suitable material of Lepinia and Lepiniopsis. Ample information on both can be found in Pacific Plant Areas 3, Blumea Suppl. 5 (1966) 112-113, with map and description. The very oddly shaped fruit of Lepinia (W. Pacific) has been depicted in Blumea 11 (1962) 302, Van Steenis’s paper on the Land Bridge Theory. The one of Lepiniopsis (E. Malesia) seems to be buoyant. Also material of Anechites (Central America) is needed; it may be closely related to Condylocarpon. Any stages of flowers can be used, from tiny green buds at initiation up through anthesis, as well as fruiting stages. They should be pickled in FAA. Expenses of handling and postage will gladly be refunded. Vials with the liquid can be provided. Thanks on her behalf!

Beschreibung: Several aspects of the sexuality in Mucorales are discussed. It is stated that neither heterothallism nor homothallism are absolute conditions and that a continuum exists between zygospores and azygospores. Mating type switching as known in ascomycetous yeasts would explain several up to now inexplicable phenomena.

Beschreibung: Twelve species are recognized of which five (P. womersleyi, P. brassii, P. hooglandii, P. schoddei. and P. clemensae) are described as new. Nine species are reduced to synonymy (P. warburgii, P. puberula, P. myriantha, P. paniculata, P. parvifolia, P. acuminata, P. habbamensis, P. pulchra and P. dallmannensis). All twelve species occur in New Guinea, only one (P. arfakiana) extending westwards into Sulawesi. P. incana, P. gracilis and P. hypargyrea may also occur in Queensland in addition to the three species already described from Australia.

Beschreibung: Two gynoecial primordia are initiated as discrete units but soon get interconnected by the occurrence of interprimordial growth between them. A rim of meristematic tissue thus produced gives rise to the ovary wall by zonal growth. The residual floral apex grows parallel to the gynoecial primordia in the form of a septum. The two placental ridges arise from the inner lateral walls of the ovary, grow into the ovarian cavity, and ultimately fuse with the axial septum. The anterio- posterior region of the ovary wall also grows into the ovarian cavity to form a false septum which divides each locule into two. The Labiatae show a placentation which is neither true axile nor true parietal but an intermediate condition between the two, as the septum grows like in a typical axile placentation and the placentae like in typical parietal placentation. The gynobase in Labiatae is considered to be carpellary in nature.

Beschreibung: Two new genera and nineteen new species of Dicotyledons from Papua New Guinea collected and described by A. Gilli (1980) have been examined by specialists. These families are Begoniaceae, Cruciferae, Elaeocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Hypericaceae, Leguminosae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Saxifragaceae, and Sterculiaceae. Both new genera are reduced: Melachone to Amaracarpus (Rub.), Disaster to Commersonia (Sterc.). Supposed new generic records to Malesia proved erroneous: a new Thelygonum belongs to Nertera (Rub.), and a Trochiscus to Nasturtium (Cruc.); the Viburnum from Papua is a Psychotria (Rub.). All species are reduced to those already known. It is advocated as undesirable to describe novelties from odd tropical plant collections.

Beschreibung: In the present work details are given in the first place for the Malesian Olacaceae, representing the basis of my forthcoming treatment of the family in ‘Flora Malesiana’, in which full descriptions of the Malesian genera and species will be given. As the Olacaceae of Malesia are connected with those of South and Southeast Asia on the one, and those of Australia and the Pacific on the other side, it has been necessary to study the respective materials too. A part of the Malesian genera is represented also in Africa inch Madagascar, and even in Central and South America; the appertaining species have been studied but are not mentioned in this paper. A critical elaboration of the family for Africa and America is urgently needed, but will, as far as can be seen, be of no influence of the delimitation and scientific names of the Asiatic-Malesian Olacaceae.

Beschreibung: The genus Badusa is transferred from the Cinchoneae to the Condamineae subtribe Portlandiinae: it is closely related to Morierina. A new species B. palawanensis is described from Palawan, and a new subspecies from Biak, B. corymbifera ssp. biakensis.

Beschreibung: The Australian genus Wilkiea is recorded for Papua New Guinea. One species, W. foremanii, is described from the Wharton Range.

Beschreibung: Sericolea is a genus endemic to New Guinea. The relevant literature is surveyed. Descriptions are given of all species and keys provided to the 15 species and all infraspecific taxa accepted. Two species are described as new: S. coodei and S. microphylla. A new subspecies of S. brassii A. C. Sm. is recognized: ssp. carrii. S. arfakensis Gibbs, S. gracilis (Laut.) Schltr., and S. novoguineensis Gibbs reduced by Coode in a recent paper are reinstated and S. glabra Schltr.. also reduced by Coode, is recognized as a variety of S. micans Schltr. Three new varieties are distinguished in S. gaultheria (F. v. M.) Schltr. and one in S. novoguineensis Gibbs.

Beschreibung: This publication presents a catalogue of the taxa of the neotropical family Loricariidae, the mailed catfishes, including about 600 described species and 70 genera. An attempt is made to assign each species to its proper genus and to arrange the genera into an approximate phylogenetic order. Numerous new combina tions have become necessary. A new tribe, consisting of two new subtribes, and three new genera are herein established. Notes on type-material, recorded in the literature subsequent to an original description, are added. Literature references aim to include all publications containing original descriptions and proposals of new names.

Beschreibung: The present study deals with the taxonomy of a family of the brown algal order Sphacelariales in Europe. The taxonomy of this order is much influenced by the works of Sauvageau as published between 1900 and 1914. A short survey of the work on Spacelariales by him and his phycological predecessors is given in the introduction. The order Sphacelariales is described and its nomenclatural history is given. Other paragraphs deal with distribution, morphology and the used descriptive terminology, ecology, variability and culture studies, reproduction and life-history, systematic position and classification. In the notes on morphology the history of the descriptive terminology is incorporated, as well as discussions on the correct use of this terminology. Most technical terms are also included in the glossary, located near the end of this book. In the sections on ‘Form range and cultures’ and on ‘Reproduction and life-history’ the methods used for unialgal cultures and methods for chromosome counts are discussed. Also a review of life-histories in Sphacelariales is incorporated, as well as a discussion on the criteria used for the distinction of taxa and the delimination of the order. A key to the families concludes the treatment of the order. The family Sphacelariaceae, which is the largest and most cosmopolitan family of the order, is treated in a similar way. The two genera in this family, the monotypic genus Sphacella and the complex genus Sphacelaria, which contains four subgenera, seven sections and 16 species in Europe, are also treated in comparable paragraphs. Keys to the taxa and to ecological growth-forms (ecads) are given. In the paragraph on relationship of genera, subgenera, sections and species, several approaches for the construction of a classification are mentioned. The phyletic-cladistic approach, based upon methods developed by Hennig (1950), is discussed in detail. One conclusion is that the genus Choristocarpus cannot be considered to belong to a monophyletic group together with the Sphacelariaceae. Further it can be concluded that the Sphacelariaceae all belong to one group with a monophyletic origin. The monotypic genera Battersia, Disphacella and Chaetopteris have to be included into the genus Sphacelaria. Sphacella, however, is maintained as a monotypic genus. For nomenclatural reasons Sphacelaria reticulata (formerly Disphacella reticulata) must be chosen as type-species of the genus Sphacelaria. The descriptions of family, genera and sections are usually short, but the descriptions of the species are comprehensive and contain a formal description and a list of dimensions. The paragraphs on distribution start with summaries of coastal regions where the species occur. Each summary is followed by an extract of the list of collections and relevant references. Distribution maps are added. Full lists of collections and references for all species are published separately. Important taxonomic conclusions occur in Sphacelaria reticulata (was Disphacella reticulata (Lyngb.) Sauv.), in S. radicans (ecad libera found in the Baltic), in S. nana (= S. britannica Sauv.) which include S. saxatilis and which is different from S. rigidula (= S. furcigera Kütz.), in S. plumigera (unattached growthform = ecad pinnata, found in the Baltic), in S. mirabilis (was Battersia mirabilis Reinke ex Batt.), in S. fusca (different from S. rigidula), in S. cirrosa (includes S. bipinnata (Kütz.) Sauv. and S. hystrix Suhr ex Reinke which are incorporated amongst the five different ecads of the species) and in S. sympodiocarpa (which cannot be incorporated into one of the described subgenera). Most details of morphology are depicted.

Beschreibung: This compilation of stratigraphic and structural data accompanying the (re)issue of the 1:50000 sheets completes the project initiated by Prof. L.U. de Sitter in 1950. The total area mapped comprises about 400 km² in a strip more than 150 km from east to west. This part of the Hercynian tectogene is characterized by a very consistent sequence of Palaeozoic shelf sediments only interrupted by syn- to late-orogenetic flysch-molasse development. Neither of these sequences lend themselves to a simple geosynclinal model. Only the suprastructures of the orogene are exposed here; essentially decollement thrusting and folding. Fold and thrust vergences vary through 180° giving the centripetal pattern of the well-known Knee of Asturias. Very minor amounts of igneous rock have been mapped although activity in some form has been registered throughout most of the systems represented. The degree of metamorphism is so slight to have been negligible for the mapping.

Beschreibung: Laboratory-reared larvae of the spider crab, H. araneus L., were studied with regard to their fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), and energy content (J; estimated from C). FW remains fairly constant in each larval stage, regardless of feeding or starving conditions. This is due to regular changes in water content as opposed to those in organic constituents. There is a considerable gain (by a factor of 2 to 3) within each of these two instars. In the magalopa also a high amount of C, N, H, and energy is accumulated, but most of this gain is lost again during the last third of its stage duration. In all larval stages, weight-specific energy (J/mg DW) follows rather a cyclic pattern with decreases before and after molts, and increases during intermolt periods. It shows a decreasing trend during larval development. During starvation, biomass declines in an exponential pattern. Larvae of all stages die, when ca. 40 to 60% of their living substance and energy is lost.

Beschreibung: Parasitological investigations on herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and greater black-backed gulls (L. marinus) from Heligoland showed a high occurrence and abundance of the nematode species Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Paracuaria tridentate, Tetrameres fissispina and Capillaria contorta. The species specific distribution of the nematodes in distinct areas of oesophageal and stomach compartments, the morphological adaptations to their environment, as with the change of host tissue caused by heavy infestations, are the theme of the present article. The pathogenity is discussed. (German)

Beschreibung: Filtration rate (F) and ingestion rate (I) were measured in the rotifer B. plicatilis feeding on the flagellate Dunaliella spec. and on yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ). 60-min experiments in rotating bottles servedas a standard for testing methodological effects on levels of F and I. A lack of rotation reduced F values by 40%, and a rise in temperature from 18 degree to 23.5 degree C increased them by 42%. Ingestion rates increased significantly up to a particle (yeast) concentration of ca. 600-800 cells/µl; then they remained constant, whereas filtration rates decreased beyond this threshold. Elemental analyses ofrotifers and their food suggest that B. plicatilis can ingest up to 0.6 mJ or ca. 14% of its own body carbon within 15 min. The long term average was estimated as 3.4 m/ind or ca. 75% of body carbon/d.

Beschreibung: Seasonal variations of size-frequency distribution, sex ratio, and percentage of egg-carrying females andjuveniles in a population of J. falcata inhabiting jetties at Helgoland Harbour are described. Reproductionoccurs all the year round, but 2 maxima and thus, 2 main generations per year can be observed: a weaker onein winter, and a more pronounced one in late spring/early summer. Biochemical composition and energycontents of J. falcata show only in part a seasonal cycle. There is an inverse relationship between the proteinand lipid fractions, whereas the former is negatively, the latter positively correlated with the amount ofsuspended food in the water. Protein, carbohydrates, lipid and the weight-specific energy equivalent show adecreasing trend with increasing size of the amphipods, while chitin significantly reveals an opposite trend.

Beschreibung: Daltonia fenestrellata Griffin was collected by A. M. Cleef in the Andes of Colombia in 1973. It is characterized by the cuspidate, incurved or recurved leaf tips, the elongated juxtacostal cells and the apically scabrous seta. It seems most closely allied to D. gomezii Crosby of Costa Rica.

Beschreibung: In the spring of 1966, the junior author (H. Inoue) made a bryophyte collecting trip to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) with the support of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The collections have served as a basis for reviews of individual liverwort genera or families occurring in Ceylon, e.g. Frullania (Hattori, 1979) and Plagiochila (Inoue, 1979). The present paper deals with the species of Lejeuneaceae subfamily Ptychanthoideae, which comprises the more robust members of this large tropical family. In his catalogue of the liverworts of Ceylon, Abeywickrama (1959) recorded 18 species of Ptychanthoideae, belonging to the genera Archilejeunea (1 sp.), Brachiolejemea (1 sp.), Lopholejeunea (2 sp.), Mastigolejemea (2 sp.), Ptychanthus (4 spp.), Ptychocoleus (5 spp.), Spruceanthus (1 sp.), Thysananthus (1 sp.), and Trocholejeunea (1 sp.). Unfortunately, his catalogue does not provide precise information on specimens or literature on which individual species records for Ceylon were based. Most of the species listed by Abeywickrama had been treated by Verdoorn (1934) in his monograph of Asiatic Ptychanthoideae. Some are now considered synonyms, however, whereas in other cases some doubts may be cast about the correctness of the identification. Since we have not been able to locate all specimens on which previous Ceylon records of Ptychanthoideae were based, the present review should be considered preliminary.

Beschreibung: In plots B1, 2, and 4 in 1978 only a single species once covered over 12.5% of the surface: Leontodon hispidus. A few species covered sometimes about 5-10%, like Briza media, Triselum flavescens, Lotus corniculatus, Leontodon hispidus, and Knautia arvensis. In the course of the study the occasional dominance of certain species disappeared (Table 2). Most species covered less than 5%, but the number of individuals often fluctuated strongly from one species to another. In plots B3 and B5 a much stronger dominance could be observed than in the non-fertilized plots (Fig. 5). In 1978 the grasses Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata covered from 10—40% of the surface, the coverage of other species, particularly forbs, amounting to less than 1%, e.g., Ononis repens, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus acris, and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. A few constantly present forbs, initially covering about 25%, like Centaurea pratensis and Lathyrus pratensis in plot B5 did not keep up this high coverage. This also holds for forbs that established themselves in the fertilized plots after a few years and attained a rather high coverage, like Heracleum sphondylium in plot B3.

Beschreibung: The well-known and widespread lichen species Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. is usually very constant in its chemistry: fumarprotocetraric acid is its main secondary metabolite, sometimes accompanied by atranorin. Recently a new chemical strain, characterised by the presence of psoromic acid instead of fumarprotocetraric acid or atranorin, was found in Portugal by the first two authors during phytosociological investigations of heath vegetations. The plants are preserved in the herbarium of the Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Utrecht (U), leg. Barendregt & v.d. Dries nr. 1-2 (U). Morphologically the plants with psoromic acid represent the slender form of C. furcata. which is the predominant form in lowland western Europe (fig. 1). The podetia are c. 3 cm long and up to 0.8 mm wide, branching regularly but not very densily dichotomously, and olivaceous green to brownish in colour. Their habit varies from creeping and loosely tufted to erect and densily tufted. Squamules are present only occasionally, on the lower parts of the podetia, and are roundish with a crenulated margin, up to c. 1.2 mm wide.

Beschreibung: The rice weeds project. In 1976, a joint project was set up under the aegis of the Netherlands University Foundation For International Cooperation (NUFFIC, Box 90734, The Hague), by the universities of Utrecht and Amsterdam and the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) on the Dutch side, and BIOTROP (Box 17, Bogor) on the Indonesian side. Coordinators are Professor R. van der Veen and Mr. P.J. van Rijn. Its objective is the study of weeds and their ecology in the rice fields of Indonesia. A sharp distinction between dry and wet rice fields cannot be made for this kind of work: the dikes in the wet rice areas often carry dry rice weeds, and where locally fields are irrigated but part of the time, the weed flora assumes a mixed or successional character. More workable is the distinction between permanent rice fields on the one hand, and those under shifting cultivation regimes on the other; the latter have been excluded from the study.

Beschreibung: BABU, C.R., Herbaceous Flora of Dehra Dun, 721 p., 1 map (1977, Publ. & Information Directorate, New Delhi). 8°. Rs. 144, $ 50.00, £ 22.00. A useful local Flora which will be very handy for schools, colleges, foresters, agriculturists and laymen as well. It is a very full flora, with a key to the families, and within the families keys to the genera and species respectively. Emphasis is on the species, which all carry a description; there are no generic descriptions, only a brief indication of the size of the genus and its occurrence in India.

Beschreibung: This book is designed as a practical guide for the identification of fossil and extant woods with the aid of a marginally perforated card key, based on the ones devised by Clarke and perfected in the well-known Hardwood and Softwood keys published by the Princes Risborough Laboratory in 1961 and 1948 (1966) respectively. Using the cards originally prepared for Metcalfe and Chalk’s Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, the Princes Risborough cards, and numerous additions to these sets, the authors have gained considerable experience with this time-honoured identification method. A microfiche of these cards can be purchased separately from the Botanical Museum of Harvard University. Besides general chapters and appendices on for instance wood structure and variability, and how to prepare wood for microscopic examination and how to use the key cards, the main body of the book consists of a richly illustrated catalogue of diagnostic characters to be used in wood identification. It is in this section that the book shows most of its weaknesses. This is because of numerous mistakes in the choice of illustrations or misleading legends to the latter. For instance: fig. 3c (p. 24) is said to show abrupt latewood in Larix laricina, but the earlywood-latewood transition zone is not included in the photomicrograph; on p. 68 the vessels of Nyssa are said to be predominantly in multiples of four or more but the photograph illustrates vessel pairs alternating with fibres (i.e., vessel multiples in a distinct radial pattern; the latter feature is illustrated on p. 69 with examples showing no sign of such a pattern at all!); the tangential vessel arrangement of fig. 4b, p. 70 is in fact oblique; Myrica is incorrectly credited with ephedroid perforations on p. 73; Sphenostemon pictured with the most beautiful example of scalariform intervessel pits is said to show spiral thickenings instead (p. 74); long and slender pit canals are mistaken for plasmodesmata on p. 83; essentially similar fibre-tracheids in Eucryphia are classified as belonging to two fibre types (p. 87); fibres of Sleumerodendron are mistaken for vascular tracheids and crystals in the Dicotyledons are illustrated with an example from Gnetum (p. 124). The quality of many of the photomicrographs leaves much to be desired.

Beschreibung: Acanthaceae. At C, Dr. Bertel Hansen took an interest in the family, and began by going through the many papers by C.E.B. Bremekamp. Annonaceae. Mr. Paul Kessler, Botanik, Universität, Box 3049, Kaiserslautern, W. Germany, has undertaken work on Orophea.

Beschreibung: Caudex erect, short-creeping or long-creeping, rarely scandent; vascular structure in all cases a radially symmetrical dictyostele; scales usually thin, not peltate, in almost all cases bearing both marginal and superficial Unicellular hairs which are either acicular or glandular. Vascular strands at base of stipe 2, linear in section (rarely with an additional pair of small ones), uniting upwards to a U-shape; a linear aerophore with stomata continuous along each side of stipe and rachis. Fronds usually pinnate with crenate or lobed pinnae, in a few cases simple or bipinnate, never with basiscopically enlarged basal pinnae; apical lamina usually triangular and lobed, grading into upper pinnae, in some cases pinna-like; lower pinnae in many cases gradually much reduced or with abrupt transition to a series of small rudiments; a small aerophore, sometimes swollen or elongate, present at the base of each pinna; a translucent membrane present in the base of each sinus between adjacent pinna-lobes; venation in each pinna consisting a costa bearing costules, each costule bearing pinnately-arranged veins in a pinna-lobe; veins free in deeply lobed pinnae, or basal veins in adjacent lobes anastomosing to form an excurrent vein, which may be joined by other veins, terminating at the base of a sinus-membrane, successive veins Passing to the sides of the sinus-membrane where this is elongate. Indument: scales always present at base of stipe, gradually smaller upwards, uunute (often consisting of a single row of cells) on the distal parts of fronds, often nearly all caducous; adaxial surface of rachis and costae a'ways bearing antrorsely curved acicular unicellular hairs, in a few cases a'so septate acicular hairs; abaxial surface of rachis and costae usually bearing a different indument consisting of more slender unicellular acicular and/or glandular hairs or sessile glands of various forms (forked hairs in Ampelopteris only); surface of lamina between veins either quite glabrous or more often with a distinctive complement of hairs and glands different adaxially and abaxially. Sori borne on abaxial surface of veins, orbicular or sometimes elongate, indusiate or not; indusia reniform, glabrous or bearing hairs and/or glands, in some cases very small, athyrioid in some species of Coryphopteris; sporangia sometimes bearing glands or short acicular hairs (setae) near annulus, often with a hair of distinctive form on the sporangium-stalk; spores in almost all cases monolete, with perispore of varied form, in Trigonospora trilete. Gametophyte in all cases symmetrical-cordate, with unicellular chlorophyllous hairs on all parts, these hairs with ± swollen rounded tips which become wax-encrusted; in most cases, usually as a late development, unicellular acicular hairs, comparable with those on the sporophyte, may occur; other types of hair may be distinctive of some genera. Distribution. Throughout the tropics, especially in wetter areas; species few in temperate regions (5 in Europe), almost 1000 in all. The majority are terrestrial ferns of forest, but a few (especially in Christella few and Macrothelypteris) occur in open places only, and a (Cyclosorus, Thelypteris) in open swamps; some are adapted to grow on rocks by streams; very few are scandent; a few are casually epiphytic.

Beschreibung: Cladobotryum penicillatum sp. nov. was isolated from Alnus twigs in New Forest, Hampshire, U. K., in 1971, and from Sebacina effusa in the Houtribbos Forest, O.- Flevoland Polder, Netherlands, in 1980. The species has conidia intermediate in dimension between C. varium and C. mycophilum, and it differs from both species by having rather slow-growing colonies and long conidiophores with apical penicillate branching. Conidiogenesis is basipetal and retrogressive.

Beschreibung: In this second report on types of entolomatoid fungi in the Velenovský Herbarium at Prague* (PRC and PRM) seven of Velenovský’s new species in Entoloma, two in Eccilia and one described in Clitocybe are treated. For each taxon microscopical characters are given, followed by a consize discussion on its status.

Beschreibung: An introduction is given to the taxonomy of Entoloma subgenus Leptonia, followed by a revision of its section Leptonia. Eleven species are recognized, fully described and illustrated, of which three are new, viz.: Entoloma carbonicola, E. tjallingiorum and E. allochroum.

Beschreibung: The article contains a discussion regarding the different identity of the specimens J. F. Duthie 3858 in the Kew (K), and the Calcutta (CAL) and Poona (BSI) herbaria. The specimens at CAL and BSI represent a new species of Arenaria, which is described here.

Beschreibung: The genera Microlaena R. Br., Petriella Zotov, and Tetrarrhena R. Br. are included in Ehrharta Thunb. (Gramineae-Ehrharteae), which necessitates four new combinations in the latter. In Malesia Ehrharta is represented by two taxa originally included in Microlaena: E. diplax F. v. Muel. var. giulianettii (Stapf) L. P. M. Willemse (M. giulianettii Stapf) and E. stipoides Labill. var. stipoides [M. stipoides (Labill.) R. Br. var. stipoides]. Descriptions of and notes on these taxa are given.

Beschreibung: Attention is drawn to the unusual distribution of flowers and inflorescences in a number of species, and to certain peculiarities of branching and phyllotaxy. The latter are explained by a heterophylly which so far has escaped notice, involving the formation and early disappearance of a pair of minute intercalary cataphylls. A similar branching pattern and flower distribution is evident in Helicanthes.

Beschreibung: In Malesia and Taiwan there are 6 species of Agrostis Linné (Gramineae). Agrostis rigidula Steud. has 8 varieties, 5 in Malesia and 4 (incl. one Malesian) in Taiwan. Agrostis clavata Trin. is native in Taiwan and once found in New Guinea. Agrostis gigantea Roth must be called A. stolonifera Linné var. ramosa (S. F. Gray) Veldk. and is partly native, partly introduced in Malesia. Agrostis hirta Veldk. is a new species from New Guinea. New combinations for varieties are proposed in A. rigidula and the Indian A. pilosula Trin.

Beschreibung: The present paper deals with the West Indian marine Haplosclerida incorporated in the collections of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. A total of 36 species is described and fully illustrated. Part of the material consists of the Duchassaing & Michelotti collection housed in Amsterdam; of all the Haplosclerid types of this collection an extensive redescription and a photographic illustration is given. Most of the type specimens are designated (para-)lectotypes. Eight new species are erected, viz. Reniera curaçaoensis, R. carmabi, Sigmadocia piscaderaensis, Niphates alba, Xestospongia wiedenmayeri, X. portoricensis, Petrosia weinbergi, and Strongylophora hartmani. The follwing new combinations are used: Niphates amorpha (for N. digitalis forma amorpha Wiedenmayer, 1977), Cribrochalina spiculosa (for Siphonochalina spiculosa Dendy, 1887), Pellina nodosa (for Phloeodictyon nodosum George & Wilson, 1919), and Pachypellina podatypa (for Haliclona podatypa De Laubenfels, 1934). Several new combinations are suggested for species not represented in the present collection, but studied for comparative reasons. A new classification of marine Haplosclerid families is proposed, based on the study of the present collection, and on the study of many type species of Haplosclerid genera. The new classification comprises five families, viz. Haliclonidae, Niphatidae (n.), Callyspongiidae, Petrosiidae (n.) and Oceanapiidae (n.). The proposed classification is discussed and some phylogenetic ideas are presented. The zoogeography of the West Indian sponges is studied and some ecological data are given.

Beschreibung: It is well known that many tropical marine shrimps live in close association with the larger members of a variety of marine phyla, although the precise status of the association in most cases is not established (BALSS 1957). The association between shrimps and other marine invertebrates in the Caribbean region has been little studied. At present following species are known to associate with Octocorallia and Antipatharia in this region: Pseudocoutierea antillensis Chace, 1972; two as yet undescribed species of Pseudocoutierea (Criales in press), Neopontonides beaufortensis (Borradaile) and undescribed species of Pseudocoutierea and Neopontonides (R. HEARD, pers. comm.). All these belong to the subfamily Pontoniinae. The hippolytid shrimps Tozeuma carolinensis, and species of the genus Hippolyte have been observed on octocorals (VOSS 1956, CHACE 1972).

Beschreibung: A new species of glassfish (Ambassidae) belonging to the genus Parambassis is described from 20 specimens collected in the Idenburg (Mamberamo) River of north-western New Guinea (Irian Jaya). Parambassis altipinnis n.sp. is distinguished by a combination of features which include a relatively tall dorsal fin, a high lateral-line scale count, and a lack of dark pigmentation.

Beschreibung: 13 new species and two new subspecies of Lunatipula Edwards are described. The new taxa are: Tipula (Lunatipula) mallorca from Mallorca, T. (L.) bimacula minos from Crete, T. (L.) simova from Thasos, T. (L.) artemis asiaeminoris, T. (L.) christophi, T. (L.) franzressli, T. (L.) horsti, T. (L.) huberti, T. (L.) neutra, T. (L.) ornithogona, and T. (L.) renate, T. (L.) trapeza T. (L.) ulrike from Turkey, and T. (L.) kinzelbachi and T. (L.) leeuweni from Syria. Also presented are the females of T. (L.) sciurus Theischinger and T. (L.) sigma Theischinger. Information on the geographical variation of some species is supplied. New records of a few very little known species are given. All but 2 holotypes, and some paratypes are lodged at Zoölogisch Museum Amsterdam (ZMA), 2 holotypes at Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM), the other specimens in the collection of the author (GT).

Beschreibung: The phylogeny and biogeography of the western Palaearctic species of Nephrotoma are analyzed. Phylogeny is dealt with in a cladistic sense. Briefly outlined are criteria developed for polarity decisions as well as the rôle assigned to parallelisms. Representatives of fourty-one Holarctic (sub)genera were examined in order to establish the sistergroup of Nephrotoma. The internal hypopygial stuctures of these taxa are discussed and the following cluster of closely related taxa is recognized: Dolichopeza s. str., Oropeza, Nesopeza, Prionocera, Trichotipula, and Scamboneura, Nephrotoma. The two last-mentioned taxa are considered sistergroups. The western Palaearctic Nephrotoma species are assigned here to four monophyletic groups: cornicina group, dorsalis group, brevipennis group, and crocata group. In the section dealing with biogeography, an attempt is made to correlate the phylogeny of the cornicina and crocata groups with glacial-interglacial cycles. In a further account the distribution patterns of all Palaearctic species are discussed in relation to Pleistocene and Holocene climatic fluctuations. The origin of the genus is situated in early Tertiary East Asia. The brevipennis group, restricted to Madeira, is assumed to date back from at least Pliocene times. The dorsalis group, widespread throughout the Holarctic, apparently achieved its present range before the late Pliocene. It is intimated that the Pleistocene climatic oscillations had little effect on speciation within groups adapted to northern temperate or even cooler climates. This in contrast to the southern temperate and Mediterranean species groups such as the flavescens and crocata subgroups. The relative success of these two subgroups in post-Cromerian times may well be associated with their shift to more open habitats.

Beschreibung: Cantharus (Pollia) vermeuleni n. sp. (Buccinidae) is described from material collected off St. Louis, Senegal, West Africa. Additional specimens from off the Cape Verde Islands and Ghana are recorded. The problems of classification of the genus are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that the species has a non pelagic development. Notes on associated organisms are given: four species of bryozoans Antropora tincta, A. minus, Rhyncozoon bispinosa and Hippopetraliella africana) and one species of cirriped were found on the gastropod shells, which also may be attacked by a boring bivalve (Lithophaga aristata).

Beschreibung: Dentectus barbarmatus, a new genus and species of mailed catfish of the subfamily Loricariinae, tribe Loricariini, is described from tributaries of the northern margin of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. Morphometric and meristic data of several specimens are presented and illustrations are given. The relationships of the new genus with other genera of the tribe are discussed. It is assigned to the subtribe Planiloricariina, together with Pseudohemiodon Bleeker, 1862, Rhadinoloricaria Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1974, Crossoloricaria Isbrücker, 1979, and Planiloricaria Isbrücker, 1971.

Beschreibung: Three new species are described from the Cameroun-Gabon-area : Ficus abscondita C. C. Berg, F. oresbia C. C. Berg and F. subsagittifolia Mildbraed ex C. C. Berg. A key to these and related species is given. F. gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) A. Rich. is reduced to a subspecies of F. sycomorus L.

Beschreibung: De las Islas Galápagos se conoce más de 200 especies de briófitas (el número total de los musgos y de las hepáticas es de mas o menos igual). Más que 2/3 partes de las especies occurren en la selva y matorrales perennifolias y húmedas limitadas a las zonas altas de algunas islas. Una proporción elevada (65-70%) de la brioflora trata de especies de una distribución amplia y neotropical o ampliamente tropical, que probablemente han llegado cón los vientos predominantes orientales del continente sudamericano. Generalmente las briófitas de las Islas Galápagos tienen una dispersión excelente, al contrario de otros grupos de organismos. Mas o menos 85% de las hepáticas produce esperes y/o gemmae y aproximadamente 40% de las especies son bisexuales. Además es interesante anotar que taxa sin diásporas están limitados hacia una sola isla, y que taxa con formación de diásporas tienen una distribución más ámplia según las condiciones ecológicas favorables. Una proporción bastante elevada (20%) de los musgos pertenece al elemento “oceánico-Caribe" probablemente llegado con los vientos alisios desde las costas de Centro-América o directamente de las Antillas via el Istmo de Panamá Este grupo de especies se encuentra en las Islas Galápagos en alturas más bajas, con preferencia cerca de la costa. Unas pocas especies templadas y disyuntas están presentes en las pampas frias y secas de Isabela arriba de 1200 m. Además taxa cosmopolitos y ciertos taxa endémicos son común en las pampas. La proporción de los taxa endémicos es más elevada entre las hepáticas (16%) que entre los musgos (6%). Taxa endémicos occurren con preferencia en las regiones abiertas y secas en las Islas Galápagos, probablemente debido a que este medio ambiente para selección natural y evolución existía ya hace más tiempo, como es corroborado por evidencia palaeobotánica. Se trata de caracterizar y comparar la brioflora de Galápagos, aunque las listas de recopilación para briofloras regionales del trópico hacen falta en una forma tremenda. En comparación con la brioflora del continente sudaméricano la de las Islas Galápagos es un poco pobre en especies; faltan marcadamente taxa de la selva húmeda tropical y de selva nublada. La proporción bastante elevada de hepáticas talosas del orden Marchantiales caracteriza la brioflora de las Islas Galápagos como mas o menos mesofítica y subtropical, a pesar de la presencia elevada de Lejeuneaceae.

Beschreibung: The 42 recognized species of Coussapoa are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Eleven new species are described: C. argentea Akkermans & Berg, C. arachnoidea. Akkermans & Berg, C. batavorum Akkermans & Berg, C. cupularis Akkermans & Berg, C. echinata Akkermans & Berg, C. floccosa Akkermans & Berg, C. longepedunculata Akkermans & Berg, C. macerrima Akkermans & Berg, C. napoënsis Akkermans & Berg, C. pachyphylla Akkermans & Berg, and C. scabra Akkermans & Berg. Some new combinations are made. Keys to the species of 8 regions are presented.

Beschreibung: The Lejeuneaceae are the largest family of the Hepaticae with over 1500 species in about 90 currently accepted genera (Gradstein, 1980). Much has already been written on the nomenclatural and taxonomic problems associated with the generic names in this family. A brief review of the problems is given, introductory to the proposals presented here. Current generic concepts in Lejeuneaceae are essentially based on Richard Spruce’s treatment of the group in his “Hepaticae of the Amazon and of the Andes of Peru and Ecuador” (Spruce, 1884). Spruce recognized, besides the monotypic Myriocolea Spruce, one single genus, Lejeunea, for several hundreds of species of Lejeuneaceae known at that time. This muchembracing genus was subdivided by Spruce into 37 subgenera. Each of the subgenera received a name in which the generic name “Lejeunea” was hyphenated with an appropriate, descriptive prefix: e.g. Acro-Lejeunea, Cerato-Lejeunea, Hygro-Lejeunea, Sticto-Lejeunea.

Beschreibung: Four new species of Dorstenia are described: D. panamensis C.C. Berg, D. boliviana C.C. Berg, D. peruviana C.C. Berg, and D. belizensis C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 21 Dorstenia species distinguished in north-western tropical America are presented, together with synonyms and distributions.

Beschreibung: Cystoliths were observed in the secondary xylem of Sparattanthelium (Hernandiaceae). Their shape, size, distribution and chemical composition is described. The systematic value of cystoliths in the Hernandiaceae as well as in general is discussed.

Beschreibung: In 1971 a number of permanent plots were established in an abandoned Dutch calcareous grassland, then belonging to the association Arrhenatheretum elatioris with some elements of Mesobrometum erecti and Poo-Lolietum. A part of the plots was treated with fertilizer of varying N.P.K.-content. Another part was treated with farm yard manure, calcium carbonate, or left untreated. All plots were mown once a year. Each year, species composition, including bryophytes, as well as peak standing crop were determined. After seven years the plots treated with fertilizer are sharply distinct from the others ones, both in species composition and above-ground biomass. In the fertilized plots the number of species decreased considerably due to dominance of a few species, whilst the above-ground biomass varied from about 550 to 900 g/m2. In the course of the experiment the species number of the unfertilized plots increased; the above-ground biomass varied from 150 to 350 g/m2. Constancy of species composition was highest in the unfertilized plots, especially after a period of extreme drought in 1976. In 1978 the vegetation of the non-fertilized plots could be reckoned to the Mesobrometum erecti; the vegetation of the fertilized plots to an Arrhenatheretum elatioris variant poor in species. The influence of sod removal is discussed in detail. The study will be continued and expanded in the forthcoming years.

Beschreibung: Arckenhausen, J.C.P. (1784-1855) The draftsman from Goslar, Germany, who was in the service of C.L. Blume, from 1829 till 1832 or probably later. He worked up many of the drawings Blume had brought from Bogor, for the Flora Javae, mostly vol. 1 and 2, fewer vol. 3 and 4. In a book by H.G. Griep e.a., published by the Museumsverein Goslar (1977), details are given, and several fine reproductions. Blume, C.L. (1796-1862) The botanist for Java, first director of the Bogor Botanic Gardens, and founder of the Rijksherbarium, is the subject of a typewritten study by A. den Ouden: C.L. Blume, periode 1826-1832, 136 + xii p. It is a preliminary paper (in Dutch) for a Ph.D. thesis. Author delved into various archives and came up with a large harvest. There is an impressive amount of documentation in this report already, and a useful 9-page chronological account from birth to 1832. During the period under study, Blume was in Java and founded the Rijksherbarium, which was transferred from Brussels to Leiden; many details are given. The financing of the Flora Iavae in a period when the nation was poor, is another subject elaborated. Blume was a man of remarkable keenness: besides his botanical work, he found time to amass zoological collections, and effectively introduced vaccination in Java. His character was generous on the one hand, stingy on the other; lofty in his intentions, abrasive in his manners. We hope that the work will be continued and come to fruition. Address of author: Biohistorie, Nieuwe Gracht 187, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Beschreibung: Recently I came across a paper on the pollination of the terrestrial orchid Listera ovata and I have observed with pleasure that the author also checked on the ’reverse’ side of pollination, viz. the question whether cross-pollination by insects is compulsory. This reminded me of the large list of Malesian orchids which Dr. J.J. Smith (1928) listed in which he had observed self-fertilization. Flower biologists will probably explain this as exceptions to the rule. So it may be, but how many experimental data are there to support this opinion? They largely base their opinion on observations of flower visits and visitors, how insects and other animals manage to utilize structural plant devices in order to attain their goal, nectar, pollen, scent-substances, etc. They have successfully correlated a number of structures of inflorescences or flowers with flower visitors and they have called these structure ’pollination syndromes’. These occur in taxonomically unrelated families.

Beschreibung: Flora Malesiana series i volume 9 instalment 1, pages 1-235, came from the press late in December 1979. This instalment contains three families: Araliaceae first part, Cyperaceae final part, and Liliaceae first part. The price is Dfl. 155, which equals c. US$ 78, post free. Orders can be placed with Sijthoff-Noordhoff, Box 4, Alphen a/d Rijn, Netherlands; inside the country the price is 18% higher because of Value Added Tax. W.R. PHILIPSON, Araliaceae — I (p. 1-105, fig. 1-39) deals with 118 species in 16 genera. The 17th, Schefflera, is still under study with D.G. Frodin, but is covered in the General Part, where a discussion is given on subdivision and generic delimitation; there are several reductions and exclusions. Novelties occur on p. 68, 87, 92. Gastonia spectabilis, the tallest araliad, attains 40 by 1¾ m.

Beschreibung: Ms. Wanda Ave, a student of biology at Leiden with interest in ethnobotany, prepared 30 maps with text for Pacific Plant Areas, then studied rattan species of Malaya, where she went in March 1982 to work on smallscale utilization of rattan by indigenous tribes. Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy, duly elected in the democratic manner, took over as Head of the Tropical Department at L, from Dr. W. Vink who felt that he had served his time.