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  • conservation  (49)
  • Springer  (49)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1995-1999  (49)
  • 1999  (49)
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  • Springer  (49)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
Years
  • 1995-1999  (49)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ecological research 14 (1999), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: biodiversity ; butterfly ; conservation ; landscape ecology ; Quercus forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We studied the effects of habitat mosaics on butterfly assemblage on multiple spatial scales: landscape, landscape element, local habitat, and microhabitat, based on the transect counts conducted along a 3.84 km route. The transect route, including 21 local habitats, passed through two distinct areas: 1.65 km of a secondary deciduous Quercus forest and the grove of a shrine in Hiraoka, and 2.19 km of a mosaic of secondary deciduous Quercus forest, grassland, and farmland in Narukawa. The diversity of the landscape elements and species richness were higher in Narukawa than in Hiraoka; the landscape mosaic enhanced the species richness in Narukawa. However, the diversity indices and specialist species (univoltine tree feeder) were decreased in this mosaic landscape. The species richness at local habitats was also increased by the mosaic of microhabitats, such as the herbaceous layer, glade, and mantle in the local habitats, whereas it was decreased by an abundant shrub layer. The ratios of species richness to abundance in the local habitats were lower than expected based on random sampling from the total of Hiraoka and Narukawa. This means that local assemblages were non-random samples from an assemblage on the landscape or regional scale, and were made up by the process of habitat selection of butterfly species in the assemblages on the landscape or regional scale. For conservation of butterfly assemblages, we recommend that woodlands should be kept without fragmentation, but with glades or small grasslands, and with clearance of the shrub layer along the path.
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  • 2
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    Environmental biology of fishes 55 (1999), S. 31-42 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: captive reproduction ; propagation ; recovery ; reintroduction ; conservation ; management ; boulder darter ; blackside dace ; spotfin chub ; fractional crevice spawners ; egg-clumper ; nest associate ; Cyprinella monacha ; Phoxinus cumberlandensis ; Etheostoma wapiti ; E. sanguifluum ; southeastern United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Species recovery efforts generally focus on in situ actions such as habitat protection. However, captive breeding can also provide critical life history information, as well as helping supplement existing or restoring extirpated populations. We have successfully propagated nine species in captivity, including blackside dace, spotfin chubs, bloodfin darters, and boulder darters. Threatened blackside dace, Phoxinus cumberlandensis, were induced to spawn in laboratory aquaria by exposing them to milt from a reproductively mature male stoneroller, Campostoma anomalum or river chub, Nocomis micropogon. The latter are nest-building minnows, with which Phoxinus may spawn in nature. Eggs are broadcast among gravel and pebbles. Blackside dace individuals reared in captivity were used for translocation. Threatened spotfin chubs, Cyprinella monacha, fractional crevice spawners, deposited eggs in laboratory aquaria in the spaces created between stacks of ceramic tiles. Captively produced spotfin chubs were used as part of a larger stream restoration and fish reintroduction project in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The bloodfin darter, Etheostoma sanguifluum, was first used as a surrogate to develop techniques for spawning a closely related species, the endangered boulder darter, E. wapiti. Both darter species mated in a wedge created between two ceramic tiles. Our efforts have had variable but generally high success, with survival rates of 50–90% of eggs deposited. Captive production of nongame fishes can aid recovery of rare species or populations, aid in watershed restoration, and can help to refine water quality standards. In addition, captive breeding allows discovery of important behavioral or life history characteristics that may constrain reproduction of rare species in altered natural habitats.
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  • 3
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    Environmental biology of fishes 55 (1999), S. 157-181 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: artisanal fisheries ; overharvest ; techno-fishing ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By the late 1980's, humans were removing 76 million metric tons (MMT) of marine fishes annually. The potential sustainable catch is somewhere between 69 and 96 MMT. As a result, major fisheries have collapsed or are in danger of collapsing. Many of these species school. Schooling is effective against gape-limited predators because of dilution and confusion. However, larger predators may exploit schooling behavior to sequester and consume a non-trivial fraction of the group. This is the strategy of fishers. Both gear and fisher behavior have ‘evolved’ to take advantage of the seemingly canalized response of schooling species. This paper examines the ways artisanal and western fishers have exploited knowledge of the behavior and ecology of schooling species to aid in fish capture. Topics include object association; use of light, sound, and chemicals; perceived barriers; predator-prey and other trophic interactions; inherent cyclical rhythms such as diel migration, lunar spawning, and seasonality; and correlations with the physical environment. Exploiting schooling allows fishers to increase efficiency through knowledge of when and where fish aggregate, or by extending the conditions under which aggregation occurs. However, knowledge of behavioral ecology can also be used to conserve schooling stocks. Gear selectivity, group size and population dynamics, and fisher efficiency are all potential areas of integration between behavioral ecology and fishery management. However, no amount of integration of behavioral ecology into fishery management will have the intended conservation effects if fishing effort is not limited to at least numerical if not behaviorally-sustainable levels.
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  • 4
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    Environmental biology of fishes 55 (1999), S. 65-79 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: conservation ; coral reef fishes ; habitat selection ; ideal free distribution ; marine protected areas ; spillover ; territory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reserves are being used increasingly to conserve fish communities and populations under threat from overfishing, but little consideration has been given to how fish behavior might affect reserve function. This review examines the implications of how fish use space, in particular the occurrence and size of home ranges and the frequency and direction of home range relocations. Examples are drawn primarily from the literature on coral reef fishes, but the principles apply to other habitats. Reserves can protect fish species only if individuals restrict their movements to a localized home range during at least part of the life cycle. Home range sizes increase with body size. In small reserves, a significant proportion of fish whose home ranges are centered within the reserve can be exposed to fishing mortality because their home ranges include non-reserve areas. Relocation of home ranges following initial settlement increases exposure to the fishery, especially if habitat selection is frequency-dependent. Distance, barriers, and costs of movement counter such redistribution. These considerations lead to predictions that population density and mean fish size (1) will form gradients across reserve boundaries with maxima in the center of the reserve and minima outside the reserve away from the boundary; (2) will increase rapidly in newly established reserves, only later providing ‘spillover’ to adjacent fisheries as density-dependent emigration begins to take effect; and (3) will be higher in reserves that are larger and have higher area:edge ratios, more habitat types, natural barriers between reserve and non-reserve areas, and higher habitat quality inside than outside the reserve. (4) Species with low mobility and weak density-dependence of space use will show the greatest increase in reserves and the strongest benefit for population reproductive capacity, but those with intermediate levels of these traits will provide the greatest spillover benefit to nearby fisheries.
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  • 5
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    Hydrobiologia 395-396 (1999), S. 411-418 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: still waters ; ponds ; conservation ; management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ecological and amenity values of fresh still waters do not depend primarily upon the size or permanence of the water body. The ecological importance of still waters may be recognised by global, European, national or local legislation or agreements. However, non-designated still waters may also be of great importance, both to their local human population and through their contribution to ecological processes. In particular, small still waters, whilst individually of low importance at the national scale, may nevertheless have a disproportionately high ecological and/or cultural value at the local scale. The uses to which we put our still water resources, and the land within their upstream catchments, exert pressure on both ecological and utility values. Historically, still-water protection has been addressed on a reactive basis. Although a considerable, and largely under-utilised, armoury of powers exist for their protection, resource limitations place real constraints upon the effort that regulatory Authorities can expend upon still waters. Broader public awareness and ownership of the key issues and values, and of the underpinning legislation, must therefore form part of protective strategies for the future. The Environment Agency has a key role to play in this education process, which may represent a cost-effective means for it to discharge its responsibilities to the water environment.
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  • 6
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    Hydrobiologia 415 (1999), S. 29-33 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: aquatic weed ; conservation ; life strategy ; rice field ; transpiration ; vulnerable species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two native annual species, Monochoria korsakowiiRegel et Maack and M. vaginalis (Burm. fil.) Kunth, occur in Japan. Although they show similar habitat preferences, these plants are now in contrasting situations in Japan; while M. vaginalis is a noxious weed, M. korsakowii, a once common weed of rice fields, has diminished its distributional range and is now listed as a vulnerable species. For the purpose of conservation and management of M. korsakowii, the life history traits of these species were investigated with particular emphasis on the seasonal growth cycles, patterns of dry matter distribution and photosynthetic and transpiration rates. We found significant differences in phenology and seasonal growth between M. korsakowii and M. vaginalis. M. korsakowii germinated about a month earlier and flowered one and a half months later than M. vaginalis. While shoot to root dry weight ratio in M. korsakowii was larger than 1.0, that in M. vaginalis was smaller than 1.0 during growth. Differences were also found in leaf life span, numbers of leaves and flowers per individual plant and transpiration rate. These findings support the belief that the decline of M. korsakowii relates, to some extent, to the recent changes in agricultural practices in Japan.
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  • 7
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: census ; conservation ; Lepidoptera ; population monitoring ; survey techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The use of light traps in sampling moth populations is an established technique used by entomologists and ecologists. However, trap data partly reflect the variable attractiveness of UV light to different species of moth. There are also potential problems of the practicality and expense of running traps in certain locations. An alternative method of recording moth populations is developed, using a modification of the transect count technique used for butterflies (Pollard and Yates, 1993) and recently applied to moths (Spalding, 1997). During transects, moths were observed by torch-light in a 5 by 5 m box, before the recorder walked on for 10 paces, and recorded moths in the next 5 m box. The transect approach was tested in the field, alongside traditional light trap and sugar methods. Transects recorded moth species for relatively little effort, produced repeatable measures of relative density, and provided habitat-specific data. This approach is likely to provide a valuable addition to light trapping in biodiversity inventories, species surveys, and in monitoring the effects of habitat management for conservation.
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  • 8
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: peat bogs ; relict insects ; ecological succession ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The isolated habitat of the Červené Blato bog (South Bohemia, Czech Republic) and its relict insect fauna have been the subject of long-term monitoring. The species composition and abundance of Lepidoptera (light traps) and Coleoptera (pitfall traps) were monitored for 4 years (1994–1997) simultaneously on two sites – in the edaphic climax pine forest and in wetland successional habitats. The method of statistical evaluation by RDA and CCA ordination, representing the habitat preference of species of Coleoptera (Carabidae only) and Lepidoptera (all nocturnal phototactic taxa) between the edaphic climax forest and succession stages, was used. All categories of the peatland taxa (tyrphobiontic, tyrphophilous and tyrphoneutral species) were analysed. Ten highly stenotopic tyrphobiontic species and 23 tyrphophilous species of Lepidoptera (out of 487) were most characteristic of the bog habitat. Only two tyrphophilous carabid species (out of 20) were characteristic of the bog. The most important relict species (tyrphobionts) of Lepidoptera are most diverse and abundant within the successional habitats and in the open wet forest. The relict fauna of the closed climax pine forest is much less diverse and composed mostly of abundant tyrphophilous and tyrphoneutral forest species. Preservation or restoration of sufficiently constant hydrological conditions, which prevents formation of the closed forest, is the basic management for habitat conservation of all relict tyrphobiontic species of the Červené Blato bog and similar peat land habitat islands. The peat bog is a unified complex system of specific diverse and relict taxa. The most specific taxa are tyrphobiontic Lepidoptera, but a number of other vulnerable tyrphophilous and tyrphoneutral insects are associated with the peat bog as well.
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  • 9
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 5-14 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: butterflies ; air-pollution ; soot ; extinction ; conservation ; Epping Forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Air-pollution has frequently been suggested as a cause of the decline of some butterfly species: a suggestion based mainly on lowered species richness close to industrial areas in Europe. There have been frequent calls, in vain, for research on the direct effect of air-pollution on Lepidoptera, recent research being confined to the indirect role via climate change. Based on studies of the species loss and natural recolonisation of Epping Forest (a large woodland area close to London, UK) I suggest that those species feeding as adults on sugar-rich fluids direct from the surface of trees or leaves (i.e. aphid honeydew on leaves or sap-runs on tree-trunks) were affected by particulate air-pollution. Species loss was high during the period of maximum smoke emissions. Since 1950 five species have recolonised naturally, of which four are honeydew feeders. It is possible that high levels of particulate air-pollution caused the extinction of butterflies feeding on honeydew from polluted leaves. Predictions are made which will allow this hypothesis to be tested.
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  • 10
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 85-95 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: saproxylic ; old growth ; forest management ; decaying wood ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The effects of commercial forestry harvest and regeneration practices (clearfelling and slash-burning) on the lucanid fauna of the wet sclerophyll forests of southern Tasmania and the dry sclerophyll forests of eastern Tasmania were examined using pitfall catches. Lucanids are saproxylic beetles, dependent on dead, moribund and decaying wood. Samples taken from old-growth forest and from a chronosequence of sites regenerating after logging, in each forest type, were used to compare the species richness and abundance of the lucanid assemblages. In both forest types, species richness and abundance was highest in the youngest regeneration sites (1–3 year), reflecting the species richness of the original and adjacent unlogged forest, lowest in the older (20–25 year) sites, and variable in the old-growth sites. TWINSPAN cluster analysis showed no clear distinction between regeneration and old-growth forest. The post-harvest slash and stump residue provided an important refugium and initial habitat, but our research indicates that some species may not maintain populations in the long term. Our results suggest that most species of lucanids will find a continuous supply of suitable habitat only in old-growth forests; and such species may become less common as clearfell harvesting leads to a replacement of heterogeneous old-growth forest with single-aged monospecific stands. Continuity of supply of wood in all decay stages, the maintenance of sufficient source areas, and biological connectivity between old-growth stands to enable dispersal, are all likely to be essential to maintain lucanid beetle community integrity. If similar principles apply to other saproxylic species of invertebrate, then clearfelling and slash-burning may cause a gradual extinction of an important element of the forest biota.
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  • 11
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 145-161 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: conservation ; dispersal ; forest management ; polypore fungi ; saproxylic insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Many insects dependent on dead wood are considered threatened by modern forestry. This may partly be due to substrate patches being too widely scattered to be effectively colonized. We studied how rates of colonization by insect species breeding in polypore fruiting bodies are affected by interpatch distance and habitat matrix characteristics. In field experiments, fruiting bodies of Fomitopsis pinicola and Fomes fomentarius were put out at different distances from natural sources of insects. The anobiid beetles Dorcatoma spp. were the most successful colonizers of distant patches, and they readily flew over open fields. Cis beetles were less successful colonizers, despite their generally higher abundance. We hypothesize that the Dorcatoma spp. are inferior competitors, but superior colonizers of distant resources compared with Cis spp. The flies Leucophenga quinquemaculata (Drosophilidae) and Medetera impigra (Dolichopodidae) appeared to be more affected by distance than the beetles studied in their colonization of fungal fruiting bodies. Lower rates of parasitism were recorded on distant patches, and parasitoids appeared more affected by distance than their hosts. Most of the insect species studied can probably persist in the managed forest landscape if suitable breeding substrate is created continuously on a 1 km2 scale.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Parnassius mnemosyne ; butterfly population ; dispersal ; oviposition behaviour ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A population of Parnassius mnemosyne L., an endangered butterfly species, was studied for two seasons by mark–release–recapture (MRR) techniques in the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area, Czech Republic. There were four distinct colonies in the area; the MRR data indicate that the largest colony contained over 1000 adult males during peak flight in 1996 suggesting that the area harbours one of the largest populations of the species in the Czech Republic. The detected rate of intercolony movements showed that the individual colonies were not genetically isolated, but the interchange of individuals was limited. Capture sex ratio and estimated sex ratios were both consistently male-biased. We suggest that this might be caused by different behaviour of the sexes which renders the males more catchable: the females spent most of their time either egg laying or resting, which makes them inconspicuous compared to the patrolling males. Preferred oviposition sites were open, sunny patches such as forest clearings which may be due to different hostplant quality compared to hostplants under closed canopy. The heliophily of the species and the dependency of females on open oviposition sites render the butterfly vulnerable due to a decline in coppice management and replacement of fine mosaic of sunny and shady patches by even-aged forest stands.
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  • 13
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 341-347 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: spiders ; conservation ; heritage programs ; databases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Although spiders play important roles in terrestrial ecosystems and are negatively impacted by human activity, they have received little attention from the US conservation community. Information gaps may prohibit the inclusion of spiders in conservation planning. Conservation priority setting, environmental review and local land-use planning activities in the US increasingly rely on information compiled by the Natural Heritage Network. A review of heritage database content and a survey of natural heritage programs both indicate a paucity of compiled data on the US spider fauna. Heritage programs are probably hampered by the unavailability of current species checklists, identification services and keys, and a general unfamiliarity with the fauna. Clearly, further development of information on rare or imperiled spiders will depend on increased communication and collaboration with arachnologists.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: habitat isolation ; thresholds ; quantification ; deciduous ; long-tailed tit ; Aegithalos caudatus ; forest management ; conservation ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We assessed the habitat patch occupancy of a deciduous-mixed forest specialist, the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), in a 1000 km2 conifer dominated landscape in relation to two landscape parameters, namely proportion and isolation of suitable habitat. Data from five consecutive spring seasons were used and within habitat variation controlled for. The occurrence of long-tailed tits was positively related to the amount of habitat within 1 km2 (p=0.0007) and negatively related to the distance between habitat patches (p〈0.0001). When combined, the two variables explained 〉78% of the variation in local patch occupancy. There were distinct thresholds in these landscape variables for the probability of local long-tailed tit presence. In the model the probability increased from 0.1 to 0.8 when interpatch distance decreased from 500 to 100 m with 5% total habitat coverage. With a total proportion of 15% suitable habitat, the same probability jump occurred when interpatch distance changed from 900 to 500 m. The general importance of defined measurements and quantified threshold levels for species conservation and landscape management is discussed.
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  • 15
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    Landscape ecology 14 (1999), S. 333-343 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: boundary effects ; conservation ; corridor ; ecotone ; fragment ; landscape ; matrix ; metapopulation ; patch ; spillover predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Life generates discontinuites (boundaries) in the distribution of matter and energy. One class of these constitutes the edges between habitat-types; these are fundamental structures in landscape functioning, and hence are of central importance in conservation biology. The symposium on which this series of papers is based focused on the responses of mammals to habitat edges. A diversity of views are represented, and a variety of edge related behaviors illustrated. A survey of general ecology texts dating back to 1933 demonstrates a decline of interest in ecotones and edge effects extending into the 1980's but showing a resurgence of interest in the 1990's. Habitat edges are defined operationally with respect to particular focal species leading to a number of important corollary features. The variety of phenomena subsumed under ‘edge effects’ is emphasized, and an initial attempt at classification is proposed based primarily on the presence or absence of emergent properties in edge response behaviors (matrix vs. ecotonal effects). This scheme provides for clear null hypotheses needed to distinguish the two types, enlightens mechanistic explanations of edge effects, and encourages predictions about the results of untested management schemes or other novel situations. The use and design of landscape corridors are tied to edge related behaviors. A functional and general definition of corridors is urged, so that their effectiveness can be judged with respect to specified attributes rather than to a general collection of things that might be termed corridors. Linear habitat patches are specifically excluded from the definition. Studies on small mammals have contributed to our understanding of the potential role of corridors in metapopulation dynamics. Fine versus coarse grained perceptions of environment by different species will generate ecotonal edge effects such as spillover predation. In general, the effects on landscape processes of various species operating on different spatial scales seems a fruitful direction for future research.
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  • 16
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    Mangroves and salt marshes 3 (1999), S. 117-125 
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: alien species ; biogeography ; bioregions ; conservation ; mangal ; pattern and process ; sustainable use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite an undeserved reputation for being dull and homogenous systems, mangal and saltmarsh in Australia have highly complex patterns and processes. Their role as key ‘edge’ systems between land and sea has implications for many species which have larval stages in mangal and saltmarsh, but spend adult life as benthic, pelagic or demersal species. Many such species are also important commercially. Mangal and saltmarsh are both highly dynamic systems, reacting rapidly to changes in hydrological condition and sedimentation. In many areas of the world mangal and saltmarsh are threatened systems, especially near human habitation. Appropriate management strategies for mangal and saltmarsh are therefore critical for both conservation and sustainable use, the two key objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Clearing and associated development, invasion of alien species, pollution effects and poor management are the key threats to these systems. Management at a bioregional level, including the development of a comprehensive system of protected areas, is identified as the key management strategy which will ensure an adequate future for these dynamic systems.
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  • 17
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 75-84 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: conservation ; dung beetles ; habitat and food selection ; domestic and wild ungulates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing concern about the conservation of dung beetles which are threatened by several peculiar dangers world-wide, both at the population and community level. A noticeable threat in Europe is the dramatic reduction in the number of cattle and sheep grazing in the open, which is associated with both intensive agriculture and the progressive reforestation of previously pastured areas. We studied dung beetle habitat and resource preferences at La Mandria Park (north-west Italy) which is a mosaic of open and wooded patches where domestic (cows and horses) and wild ungulates (deer and wild boar) co-exist. Scarabaeidae were numerically dominant, accounting for 61.5% of the approximately 3000 individuals sampled (Aphodiidae accounted for 32.5% and Geotrupidae for only 6%). However, when species richness was considered, Aphodiidae were dominant, with 17 of the 27 species found (Scarabaeidae with eight and Geotrupidae with two). Assuming a null hypothesis of equal probability of colonizing any habitat or faeces, we found that most species were significantly associated with one of the four dung types or with one of the two habitats considered. On average, Scarabaeidae preferred cattle dung and open habitats whereas most Aphodiidae used deer lumps and wooded habitats. In spite of the precise ecological choices observed at La Mandria, surveys from other European areas suggest that both habitat and food selection are quite flexible. From a conservation viewpoint, the ability of coprophagous beetles to choose herbivore faeces according to their availability and to select habitats that satisfy their own microclimate requirements may certainly be useful in preserving biodiversity. Agroecology, which implies some woodland and hedgerow management practices associated with pastoralism, could be the right approach to the management of the agricultural landscape. Conversely, in reforested areas, while wild ungulate populations should be preserved, some form of human disturbance, particularly clearings used for pastoralism, should also be maintained.
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  • 18
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    Landscape ecology 14 (1999), S. 493-507 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: area ; colonisation ; conservation ; extinction ; isolation ; metapopulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract (1) The presence and absence of 22 plant species of various growth forms and habitat associations were analysed in 423 habitat fragments totalling 10.4 km2 in a 268 km2 urban and suburban region, in Birmingham, UK. (2) Multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the effects of patch geometry and quality on the species distributions. Measures of geometry were area, shape (S-factor), distance from open countryside and various measures of isolation from other patches. Potential habitat for each species was determined quantitatively, and the distribution of each species was considered within a subset of patches containing potentially suitable habitat types. There was found to be a significant positive correlation between the density of patches available to a species and the proportion of these patches which were occupied. (3) Logistic analyses and incidence functions revealed that, for many of the species, occupancy increased with site age, area, habitat number and similarity of adjacent habitats, while increasing distance to the nearest recorded population of the same species decreased the likelihood that a species would be found in a patch. (4) Patterns of occupancy are consistent with increased extinction from small sites, and colonisation of nearby habitats, coupled with an important role for site history. We conclude that spatial dynamics at the scale of the landscape are of importance to the long-term persistence of many plant species in fragmented landscapes, and must be seriously considered in conservation planning and management. These results have direct implications for the siting and connectivity of urban habitat reserves.
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  • 19
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    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 585-598 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: uncertainty ; threatened plants ; risk ; conservation ; rule sets ; IUCN
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Australian state and federal agencies use a broad range of methods for setting conservation priorities for species at risk. Some of these are based on rule sets developed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, while others use point scoring protocols to assess threat. All of them ignore uncertainty in the data. In this study, we assessed the conservation status of 29 threatened vascular plants from Tasmania and New South Wales using a variety of methods including point scoring and rule-based approaches. In addition, several methods for dealing with uncertainty in the data were applied to each of the priority-setting schemes. The results indicate that the choice of a protocol for setting priorities and the choice of the way in which uncertainty is treated may make important differences to the resulting assessments of risk. The choice among methods needs to be rationalized within the management context in which it is to be applied. These methods are not a substitute for more formal risk assessment.
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    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: arable land ; conservation ; micro-structures ; stunted growth ; traditional land-use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Feldlerche (Alauda arvensis) sind Kleinstrukturen des Ackerlandes offenbar von großer Bedeutung. In zwei Untersuchungsgebieten (U1, U2) in SW-Deutschland bevorzugte die Feldlerche im Frühsommer Felder mit noch niedrigen Feldfrucht-Sorten, mit 88% (58%) der Reviere auf 35% (33%) der Gesamtfläche von U1 (U2), und mit 3,0–3,8 (4,1–4,3) R./10 ha. Im Vergleich mit Zufallsverteilungen zeigte die Verteilung der Feldlerchen-Reviere eine starke Bevorzugung von „Störstellen“ mit Kümmerwuchs, die durch traditionelle Bewirtschaftungsformen (kleinräumige Häufung von Richtungswechseln im Verlauf der Flurstücksgrenzen, Kleinsenken an den Längsseiten von Wölbäckern) oder mikrotopographisch-geologisch (Dolinen, staunasse oder steinige Stellen) bedingt waren; und eine starke Meidung von beliebigen Stellen frei im Feld; umgekehrt wurden durch moderne Bewirtschaftung bedingte Störstellen (aktuelle Schlaggrenzen, Erdwege) signifikant seltener genutzt als zu erwarten war (Abb. 1). Die bevorzugten traditionellen Störstellen entstanden ursprünglich oftmals an Grenzen von kleinräumiger traditioneller Bewirtschaftung, liegen aber heute meistens innerhalb der jetzigen Bewirtschaftungseinheiten und werden überackert. Aus Sicht des Naturschutzes ist zu fordern, daß solche Störstellen als Mosaik von Kleinstrukturen über Acker-Flächen möglichst gleichmäßig verteilt sein sollten.
    Notes: Summary Micro-structures in arable fields are apparently of great importance for the Skylark, a species which has declined over vast areas of Europe. In two study areas (U1, U2) in SW-Germany, in early summer the Skylark showed a preference for arable fields with low emergent crops, with 88% (58%) of the territories on 35% (33%) of the total area of U1 (U2), and with 3.0–3.8 (4.1–4.3) territories per 10 ha. The distribution of Skylark territories showed a strong preference for "places with stunted growth" caused by traditional cultivation practices (clumping of abrupt changes in the direction of the edges of plots, shallow depressions along the longer margins of plots with elevated central parts, i.e. furrow and ridge), or by microtopographical-geological conditions (doline over karst, wet or stony places); and a marked avoidance of arbitrary places anywhere in the fields; on the other hand, places with stunted growth caused by modern cultivation (edges of stands, clay- or grass-covered country-lanes) were used less frequently than expected (Fig. 1). The preferred places with stunted growth often originated around edges of plots in traditional small-scale cultivation, but are nowadays mostly situated within actual stands, the former edges having been tilled over. With respect to conservation, preferred places like these should be evenly dispersed over the arable fields, thus building up a mosaic of micro-structures.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1365-1381 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: biodiversity ; conservation ; human interference ; species abundance ; tropical forest ; Western Ghats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The composition, abundance, population structure and distribution patterns of all woody species (≥ 30 cm gbh) were investigated in an undisturbed and two adjacent human-impacted sites of a tropical wet evergreen forest in Kalakad National Park, Western Ghats, south India. Three 1-ha plots were established, one each in (i) an undisturbed site (named site UD), (ii) in a site selectively felled 35 years ago (site SF – small stems felled leaving the large trees (as shade) for developing it into a cardamom estate, on the failure of which the site was abandoned) and (iii) a frequently disturbed site (site FD – round woods logged for use in ovens for curing cardamom). These sites are 1 to 3 km apart in the same wet evergreen forest. In the three study plots a total of 2150 stems (mean density 716 ha−1) covering 122 species in 89 genera and 41 families were enumerated. Species richness was greatest (85 species ha−1) in the undisturbed site UD, intermediate (83) in SF and lowest (80) in FD. Tree density was greatest (855 stems ha−1) in site SF, intermediate (720) in UD and lowest (575) in FD. The forest stand was exceptionally voluminous in site UD (basal area 94.64 m2 ha−1), intermediate (66.9 m2) in SF and least (61.7 m2) in FD, due to tree removal for fuel in the latter sites. Species composition and abundance patterns markedly varied between the three sites. In UD and SF, primary forest species (Cryptocarya bourdillonii , Cullenia exarillata Myristica dactyloides etc.) occurred in greater density. In FD heliophilic secondary forest species (Elaeocarpus venustus, Litsea wightiana, Viburnum punctatum and Vitex altissima) were abundant, while these were absent in UD and SF. The species–area curve did not reach an asymptote in any of the sites on the 1-ha scale. The stand population structure was clearly reverse ‘J’ shaped in UD and SF, while small stems were 2- to 3-fold fewer in FD. Most trees exhibited clumped distribution of individuals on the 1-ha scale. Variation in the kind and richness of species and their abundance is related to human interference and the need for forest conservation is emphasized.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1435-1445 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: clay ; conservation ; pasture ; phytosociology ; ruderal plant ; trampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carex hordeistichos is a peri-Mediterranean species, which is rare over all its distribution range. In Lorraine (France), where the field investigations were conducted, as in other Western European areas, it is present only in secondary habitats, constituted of heavily trampled wet pastures and vehicle tracks on clayed soils. All plant communities with Carex hordeistichos described from Western European areas can be linked to the Carici hordeistichi-Trifolietum fragiferi association, classified in the Agropyro-Rumicion wet pasture alliance. The conservation of this threatened ruderal plant requires the maintenance of a high disturbance level through grazing, trampling and soil packing.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: conservation ; degradation ; Juniperus thurifera ; management ; mediterranean basin ; thuriferous juniperwoodland
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thuriferous juniper is only found in isolated parts of the western Mediterranean: France (Alps, Pyrenees and Corsican highlands), Spain, Algeria and Morocco. These semi-arid mountain stands, where thuriferous juniper trees grow in low-density open woodland, are seriously endangered: (i) In the Atlas mountains, the thuriferous juniper stands are heavily degraded as a result of the intensive wood removal and livestock activity in these densely populated areas. This situation, which will soon become irreversible unless remedial measures are urgently taken, has produced impoverished soils and hillside instability while contributing to desertification. (ii) In Spain, although livestock activity and cultivation have strongly reduced areas occupied by Juniperus thurifera, stands are still numerous and, in some regions, show a good regeneration due to conservation measures. (iii) In France, the decline in human and livestock activities over recent decades has led to a recolonization of some of the Juniper stands by pines or oak. A forest management system that enables these original stands to survive and regenerate must be undertaken without delay. The dynamics of evolution of these stands is quite different north and south of the Mediterranean. In both cases, conservation measures are urgently required to protect or rehabilitate these original stands with floristic, ecological and socio-economic interest.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1585-1593 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Argentina ; conservation ; rare ; sand dunes ; threatened
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Neosparton darwinii Benth. & Hook. is a ramose, almost leafless shrub, whose growth is restricted to an area on the southwestern coast of Buenos Aires province (Argentina). Its limited distribution could imply risks for its survival. In the present study, we evaluated population characteristics relevant to an assessment of its conservation status and made a preliminary characterization of its habitat. Historical data seem to indicate that the species has undergone a severe reduction in its geographic distribution. We estimated the actual population size to be around 44,000 plants, distributed in a clumped pattern. We found no significant differences between the environments immediately associated with the plants and other similar distant sites, in terms of position on the dune profile, percentage of bare soil and the richness and composition of accompanying plant species. A high proportion of the seeds produced each year is destroyed by parasite bruchid beetles. We have not seen seedlings of N. darwinii in the area. All the laboratory germination essays done to date have produced negative results. The species grows in an area intensively used by tourists. We can foresee quantitative and qualitative reductions in habitat availability. This information points out that N. darwinii is not just a rare species, but its survival is a matter for serious consideration. We suggest certain steps towards effective management to ensure its conservation.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1643-1661 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: African savannas ; biodiversity ; conservation ; multispecies animal production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The African savanna biome supports a higher diversity of ungulate species than is found in any other biome or continent. This exceptional faunal diversity and herbivore biomass density is directly linked to the high spatial heterogeneity of African savanna ecosystems. The dependence of herbivore dietary tolerance on body size translates into important size-related differences between savanna ungulate species in terms of habitat specificity, geographical range, and the share of community resources exploited. Intact savanna ungulate communities, with species distributed across body size classes and feeding guilds (grazer/browser), have strong regulatory influences on savanna ecosystem structure and function. Replacement with livestock systems of low diversity and high biomass density within a narrow body size range has occurred through the removal of competitors, pathogens, and predators, and the widespread provisioning of water. Overgrazing by livestock, coupled with episodic droughts, has caused widespread rangeland degradation and loss of floristic and faunal diversity which, by current models, is unlikely to recover to 'climax’ conditions even with destocking. In selected regions where potential still exists, African savanna biodiversity and human economic development will both be best served by the integration of sustainable wildlife utilization into multispecies animal production systems.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: biodiversity ; conservation ; rainforest ; snakes ; southern Nigeria ; savanna
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The taxonomic composition and the abundance of two communities of snakes were studied in two different areas of southern Nigeria. One community was studied in a derived savanna area (environs of Ejule, 06°54′N, 07°23′E), and one community was studied in a moist rainforest area (environs of Eket, 04°50′N, 07°59′E). Both the specific diversity and the mean frequency of observation of snakes were significantly higher in the forest area than in the savanna area, and the dominance index was higher in the savanna than in the forest site. However, most of the species were found in only one of the two areas, depending on their habitat requirements (e.g. Gastropyxis smaragdina, Dispholidus typus, Thelotornis kirtlandii, Dendroaspis jamesoni, Bitis nasicornis, Causus maculatus, etc). The forest community housed a significant number of arboreal and semiaquatic taxa, but in both sites most of the species were terrestrial. The commonest species in the forest area was an oviparous, semiaquatic, batracophagous natricine snake (Afronatrix anoscopus), whereas the commonest species in the savanna area was an oviparous terrestrial lacertophagous psammophine snake (Psammophis phillipsi). Some conservation implications of our biodiversity analyses are presented. It is suggested that the moist rainforest represents a critically endangered habitat, and should deserve special attention by the international scientific community. Oil industry activity is especially dangerous for snake communities, especially in the southernmost regions of Nigeria.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: biodiversity ; conservation ; ethnobotany ; useful plants
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Traditionally the Dusun indigenous people of Borneo consider Mt. Kinabalu the home of spirits and ancestors, and they are loath to climb the summit without good cause and plentiful propitiation. In apparent accordance with these beliefs, Projek Etnobotani Kinabalu has recorded few useful plants at high elevations on Mt. Kinabalu. We ask the question: is this an ecological relationship with fewer useful plants being collected at high elevations, or is it an ethnological product of belief with fewer plants collected where people fear to tread? With an indigenous Dusun plant expert (second author) well versed with all areas of Mt. Kinabalu, data on the number and kinds of useful plants were collected for dominant and indicator plant species (168 spp.) among all ecologically identified vegetation types. Results indicate that there are more useful plant species at lower elevations – but there are also more unused species. Once the data are corrected for change in the number of plant species with elevation (useful spp./total spp.), the proportion of useful species are not significantly different over elevation. Thus, useful species are a function of overall biodiversity (i.e., number of useful spp. are correlated with number of plant species, a secondary ecological factor) and not a direct ecological correlate with elevation. The number or kinds of uses also correlates with total number of plant species. In support of direct ecological causation, there is evidence that edaphic conditions (i.e., ultramafic and other poor soils) are associated with reduced proportions of useful species. Ultimately, both ethnological and ecological factors contribute to patterns of people's use of plants with many implications for conservation and biodiversity.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1519-1532 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Botrychium ; Pteridophyte ; grassland ; conservation ; plant community
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two species of Botrychium are present in the Bitcherland grasslands, B. lunaria and B. matricariifolium, and both are protected in this territory. They occur in five different continental grassland communities, (i) a dune grassland (Diantho-Armerietum), (ii) a mesotrophic sandy grassland (Viscario-Avenetum), composed of three sub-units, therophitic ( V.A. airetosum), meso-eutrophic (V.A. saxifragetosum) and acidic (V.A. violetosum caninae), and (iii) an oligotrophic sandy grassland (Aveno-Genistetum). Both species of Botrychium appear in the three sub-units of Viscario-Avenetum, but only one in Diantho-Armerietum (B. matricariifolium) and in Aveno-Genistetum (B. lunaria). These Botrychium species are present in quite similar habitats in other lowland areas in Central Europe. The conservation of these threatened species, sensitive to plant competition, requires the maintenance or restoration of extensive agricultural management with late cutting and no fertilization.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1697-1706 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: conservation ; fragmentation ; microclimate ; reedbed ; vegetation structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to describe microclimate (surface and air temperature, humidity, light and wind intensity) and vegetation structure (density and height of reeds, and reed shoot structure) across the first 20 m of a sharp reedbed edge at Lake Velence, Hungary, in June 1996. There was a significant edge effect, although different variables contributed differently to the pattern. The reedbed edge had three bands: the first is characterised by very dense stand, where the shoots were thin and short; in the second band density declined, but reed shoots were thick and very high, and in the third band both density and height declined, but not shoot diameter. Microclimate variables showed similar pattern: reedbed edges were warm, dry, bright and windy, further inside temperature, light and wind intensity declined, humidity increased, and still further temperature and light intensity increased, and humidity decreased. I estimated that the edge effect penetrates into the reedbed up to ca. 15 m. The great variation of variables across the edge inevitable has significant impact on the occurrence of animals species; our knowledge, however, is too limited to predict the expected extinction of species owing to edge effect.
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    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: rain forest ; conservation ; ecological stability ; fire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Environmental change during the Quaternary period has caused changes in the composition and structure of vegetation on the Sunda shelf of Southeast Asia. Climatic conditions drier than the present, particularly during the peak of the last ice age, led to a reduction in the extent of rain forests. Most recently, there has been a close association between drought and the occurrence of major, rain forest fires. Although many rain forest trees show adaptations to periodic drought, this is not the case for frequent or intense fires. Over evolutionary time-scales, major fires may thus have been largely confined to driver vegetation types, such as monsoon and deciduous forests, and only infrequently penetrated rain forest areas. Continental-scale distribution patterns for rain forest species reveal a number of biodiversity hotspots that are consistent for a broad range of taxonomically unrelated taxa. These biodiversity hotspots account for a relatively small part of the total extent of rain forest; they may also represent ecologically relatively stable areas. This paper discusses the location and extent of biodiversity hotspots on the Sunda shelf within the context of past and present environmental change. It finds that whatever the history of biodiversity hotspots, they are increasingly threatened by contemporary environmental change, notably a trend towards increasingly frequent and intense fires. The paper concludes that the trend is likely to continue, without major changes in those activities that degrade and precondition to fire remaining areas of rain forest.
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    Wetlands ecology and management 7 (1999), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: conservation ; management ; science ; wetlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wetland conservation and management in Australia is not supported by a comprehensive information base. A national inventory has not been compiled and we have very little information on the areal extent and loss of wetlands. Further, we have little information on the values and benefits (products, functions and attributes) derived from wetlands and how these have been degraded or lost. We do know, however, that in some areas at least, wetland loss and degradation has been severe and may even be still occurring. Much of the scientific attention to wetland management has been directed towards the apparent (or ecological) reasons for wetland loss and degradation – changes to the water regime, physical modification of the habitat, eutrophication and other pollution, and invasion by exotic pest species. Lists of threats to wetlands have been compiled, but these rarely address the non-ecological reasons that have resulted in so many wetlands being lost or degraded. In this paper we summarize the key points made from a number of case studies of Australian wetlands that highlight the non-ecological causes of wetland loss and degradation. From this analysis we conclude that awareness and understanding about the non-ecological causes of wetland loss and degradation need to be as well understood as the ecological causes. Foremost amongst these we highlight greater attention to the following issues: economic development in wetlands, bureaucratic obstacles, lack of information or poor access to information, and poor general awareness of the values and benefits derived from wetlands. We further conclude that wetland loss and degradation does not need to happen – our wetlands are valuable and already severely degraded. For this situation to be rectified we need to ensure that the knowledge and expertise of wetland scientists is heard and heeded by decision-makers and wetland users and owners.
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    Wetlands ecology and management 7 (1999), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: Australia ; conservation ; hydrology ; irrigation ; management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Humans remove considerable amounts of water from rivers in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin. As a result, many wetlands no longer flood for as long or as frequently as they used to. Even though the extent of ecological damage is becoming better understood, the policies which contributed to increased water use are not well known. The Border Rivers Region of Australia provides an opportunity to more closely examine these issues. Water use rose by more than 2,700% between 1969 and 1991, mostly to irrigate cotton crops. Between 1969 and 1984, only about 5% of the water, measured at Goondiwindi on the main river channel of the Macintyre River, was used for irrigation. Water use to irrigate cotton increased to 60–69% of this measure in the period 1992–1995, which included two extremely dry years. This development was driven primarily by Governments through building dams. The ecological and economic costs of such changes were never adequately measured or forecasted. The key question for the future is whether Government should insist on proponents paying these costs or continue to promote and build infrastructure for water resource developments. Whatever the verdict, there must be better recognition of the economic and ecological costs through transparent processes of environmental assessment. This includes the economic benefits of riverine and wetland conservation. In addition, governmental environment protection and conservation agencies should participate more fully in decisions of water resource management if there is to be balance between resource exploitation and protection.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1561-1583 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: carnivore ; cheetah ; conservation ; Geographic Information System ; habitat modeling ; habitat suitability ; discriminant analysis ; logistic regression ; status ; survey ; Uganda ; vegetation structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we examine whether the occurrence of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in Uganda can be predicted from habitat characteristics extracted from a vegetation map. We first established the status of the cheetah in Uganda through field-interviews that Gros conducted in 1990. Cheetahs occurred almost exclusively in the Karamoja region where we estimated 53–310 individuals. Based on 216 sightings, the average number of adults in all-adults sightings was 1.65 + SD 0.95 and the average number of cubs in family groups 2.5 + SD 1.65. Compared to Graham and Parker's 1965 East African survey, average adult group size was slightly smaller in 1990 and large family groups were rarer. Comparison with Gros 1990 survey showed considerably lower cub-to-adult ratio and percent of observations with cubs in Uganda than in Kenya. A Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis of vegetation structure in areas where cheetahs were observed and in those where none were reported suggested that cheetahs might favor habitats with 25–50% woody cover and grasses of medium height (50–100 cm). A discriminant analysis correctly classified 72.1% of ‘used’ habitats and 70.4% of ‘no-report’ habitats. A logistic regression analysis improved the correct allocation of ‘used’ habitats by 2.2%. Either the discriminant function or the logistic regression, which require only four easily obtainable vegetation characteristics, may help to pinpoint suitable cheetah habitats for conservation purposes. Our approach could be adapted for analyzing habitat suitability for other species of carnivores.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 927-955 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: bushmeat ; Central Africa ; conservation ; hunting ; tropical forest ; wildlife
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hunting of wild animals is an important component of household economies in the Congo Basin. Results from the growing corpus of quantitative studies show that: a) bushmeat remains the primary source of animal protein for the majority of Congo Basin families; b) bushmeat hunting can constitute a significant source of revenue for forest families; c) bushmeat consumption by low density populations living in the forest may be sustainable at present; d) demand for bushmeat by growing numbers of urban consumers has created a substantial market for bushmeat that is resulting in a halo of defaunation around population centres, and may be driving unsustainable levels of hunting, even in relatively isolated regions; and e) large bodied animals with low reproductive rates are most susceptible to over-exploitation compared with more r-selected species that apparently can tolerate relatively intensive hunting (Mangel et al. 1996). As urban populations continue to grow and economies revitalise, unless action is taken to alter the demand for, and the supply of bushmeat, the forests of the Congo Basin will be progressively stripped of certain wildlife species, risking their extirpation or extinction, and the loss of values they confer to local economies. Consequently, it is essential that a) logging companies are encouraged or coerced not to facilitate bushmeat hunting and transportation in their concessions, b) we develop a better understanding of the elasticity of bushmeat demand, c) that pilot bushmeat substitution projects are supported and their impact on demand evaluated, and d) social marketing activities are put in place to attempt to direct consumer preferences for animal protein away from bushmeat species that are particularly susceptible to over-exploitation.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Amazonia ; conservation ; Couratari spp. ; genetic diversity ; rare tropical tree species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We quantified the within-population genetic variation of Couratari multiflora and C. guianensis, two tree species found in terra firme forests of central Amazonia. Both species have some ecological features in common, but they differ in population abundance across their geographic ranges. While C. multiflora has been found only in low-density populations in all sites studied to date, C. guianensis is relatively common in some sites and very scarce in others. In a 400-ha plot, we found 41 and 29 adults of C. multiflora and C. guianensis, respectively. Twenty-two saplings of C. guianensis and 103 seedlings of C. multiflora were also examined. The mean expected heterozygosities (Hem) of seedlings and adults of C. multiflora were 0.431 and 0.436, and the mean fixation indices (Fm), 0.114 and 0.176, respectively. For C. guianensis, saplings and adults presented Hem equal to 0.425 and 0.429, and the Fm were 0.393 and 0.527, respectively. These low-density populations of two congeneric species did not differ in terms of genetic diversity, but rather they differed in terms of mean observed heterozygosity (Hom), and therefore Fm. The species with variable population density had lower Hom and greater Fm relative to the species that is always found in low-density.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1017-1031 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: botanical inventory ; conservation ; forest trees ; Philippines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides a botanical inventory of a forest community in the North Negros Forest Reserve that is disproportionately valuable from a conservation perspective. The forest fragment is one of the last remaining wet tropical rainforest ecosystems in the biogeographic region of the West Visayas and an important refuge for a large number of endemic species. Using standard methods of the Philippine Plant Inventory Project we described the structure and composition of this little known forest type in the transition zone between lowland and lower montane forest. A 1 ha inventory plot 500 × 20 m in size was established and all trees of 10 cm DBH or greater were measured and permanently labeled. Subsequently, fertile specimens were collected over a period of 18 months. We found 645 individuals belonging to 92 species, 54 genera and 39 families with a combined basal area of 58.8 m2 and an average canopy height of 30 m. This community was not dominated by dipterocarps. Species of Lauraceae, Burseraceae, Sapotaceae and Icainaceae were equally or more important. Diversity measured as Shannon–Wiener index (5.59), equitability index (0.86) and Simpson index (0.032) was high, and no single family or species dominated the plot.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Cape ; conservation ; insect borers ; insect diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of regional climate, biotope and host-plant variables on the frequency of occurrence of insect borers associated with infructescences of Protea species in the species-rich flora of the Cape Fynbos was investigated. Large samples of infructescences (n = 1000) were collected on a seasonal basis and borers identified and quantified. Data were analysed using DECORANA and CANOCO so as to correlate environmental variables with borer occurrence. Distinct differences in frequency of occurrence of the various insect taxa were recorded on the various plant species studied. These differences were primarily accounted for by physical host-plant characteristics (infructescence and seed set variables), and secondarily, by biotope variables and climatic factors. Fynbos plant characteristics therefore play a major role in determining insect abundance. Plant diversity in the Fynbos is maintained by burning. These management burns, however, should not be applied too frequently or over areas large enough to extirpate any borer species. As these borers are excellent umbrellas for many other insects, their conservation covers Fynbos insect diversity in general.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: ant species richness ; conservation ; Formicidae ; Karoo ; semi-arid rangeland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ground-foraging ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were used to assess the conservation value of road verges in a semi-arid region around Prince Albert, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Ant communities were sampled using pitfall traps on 50 sites along two roads. Four transects were sampled at each site, two in the road verge and two in adjacent rangeland. A total of 43,298 individual ants of 34 species were caught, with 31 and 32 species in the road verge and adjacent rangeland respectively, but on average road verges were the more species-rich. Road verges also contained relatively more rare species (i.e. those species that occurred in 〈10% of the traps. Ant species richness appeared to be influenced by food availability. Although ants appeared to be negatively impacted by higher grazing intensities in the rangeland, there was no difference in species richness between fenced and unfenced road verges. Species in the road verge may benefit directly from road kills, and indirectly from lower grazing pressure on plants, increased surface run-off and differences in soil surface temperatures. No alien ant species were observed or captured at any of the sites.
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  • 39
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 419-437 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Eastern Ghats ; tropical forest ; tree diversity ; population structure ; dispersion pattern ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Species diversity, density, population structure and dispersion patterns of all trees and lianas (≥30cm gbh) were inventoried in a tropical semi-evergreen forest in the Shervarayan hills of Eastern Ghats, south India. Such data are necessary for ecosystem conservation of the under-studied Eastern Ghats, as extensive forests here have already been converted to coffee and orange plantations and the landscape changed due to aluminium ore mining and quarrying. Four 1-ha plots were established in Sanyasimalai (SM) reserve forest of the Shervarayan hills, one plot (SM1) located close to mining and quarrying area, two other contiguous plots (SM2 and SM3) located in selective felling area and the fourth (SM4) in a relatively undisturbed forest. These are 1 to 4km apart in the same semi-evergreen forest tract. In the four study plots a total of 3260 stems (mean density 815ha−1) covering 80 species in 71 genera and 44 plant families were recorded. Species richness was greatest in the undisturbed plot SM4 (50), while lowest (33) in the selectively felled site SM2. The forest stand (SM4) was also denser (986 stemsha−1) and more voluminous (basal area 44.3m2ha−1 as compared with the site mean of 35m2ha−1) than the other plots. Four trees, Chionanthus paniculata, Syzygium cumini, Canthium dicoccum and Ligustrum perrottetii dominated the stand, collectively contributing to 〉50% of the total density. Species richness and stand density decreased with increasing tree girths. The forest stand contained a growing population, but there was considerable variation in basal area distribution between the plots. Trends in species population structure varied, particularly for selective-felled species. Most species exhibited clumped dispersion of individuals both at 0.25ha and 1-ha scales. Variation in plant diversity and abundance are related to site attributes and human impacts.
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  • 40
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 957-963 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: boa ; Boa constrictor ; Cozumel Island ; conservation ; insular fauna ; introduced predator ; introduction ; invasion ; Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We present evidence indicating that the boa (Boa constrictor) was introduced onto Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo, Mexico, in 1971. This snake is now firmly established and has a wide distribution on Cozumel. We recorded an encounter rate of 1.8 boas per 100 km of forest surveyed. The introduction of the boa onto Cozumel, where it has few predators, is a threat to the existence of endemic and other native terrestrial vertebrates of the island. We recommend the following immediate actions: (1) undertake research to confirm the origin of the boa on Cozumel; (2) assess the effect of the boa on the biota of Cozumel; and, (3) if an anthropogenic origin is confirmed, an eradication programme for the boa on Cozumel should be undertaken, obtaining information on the biology and ecology of the species. Options for the destiny of the eradicated boas are discussed.
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  • 41
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1007-1015 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: biodiversity ; conservation ; monograph ; Neotropics ; plant systematics ; tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Monographs provide fundamental data critical to making informed conservation decisions. Do modern monographs, however, contribute to our knowledge of the diversity of the Neotropical flora or has most of the enumeration of species already been accomplished in older monographs, floristic treatments, and other research? How well monographed is the Neotropical flora and what is the approximate number of Neotropical plant species new to science that await description? Authors of 76 recent monographs of the Neotropical flora recognized a total of 8711 species, of which 2487 (29%) were new species described by the author of the monograph during the course of the research. The number of species of flowering plants new to science remaining to be described is estimated to be ca. 22000, or about 25 percent of the total flora. These estimates show the critical importance of the contributions of monographers to an accurate and complete inventory of Neotropical plant diversity.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: alpha-diversity ; Amazonia ; conservation ; distribution patterns ; phytogeography ; Pleistocene ; refuge theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The alpha-diversity of trees found in the region of Manaus, Brazil is among the highest recorded for one-hectare plots in Amazonia or any tropical forest. Based on a survey of the distributions of 2541 Neotropical tree species, we analyzed the geographic distribution of 364 species of terra firme forest trees that occur in the region and that are not edaphic specialists. Fifteen distinct distribution patterns were recognized for trees occurring in Manaus. The great majority of species (84.9%) have continuous, somewhat restricted distributions, 35 (9.6%) show broad distributions and 20 species (5.5%) show disjunction between Amazonia and Eastern Brazil. A remarkable 150 (41.2%) of these species showed the region of Manaus as one of their distribution limits. Using the same pool of 2541 species distributions, the percentage of species with a distribution limit in Manaus was compared with that for other localities known to be centers of botanical collection. The null hypothesis that the difference in proportion of species with distribution limits among these localities and Manaus is insignificant was rejected. We conclude that the results are not an artifact of collecting density, that Manaus is indeed a crossroads of distinct phytogeographic regions, and that this explains part of the high species diversity of trees in the region of Manaus. A number of scenarios proposed for the Pleistocene in Amazonia postulate some degree of fragmentation of Amazonian forests or at least populations. As much as these theories may conflict with each other in some respects, they are compatible with the concept of Manaus as a region of re-convergence of isolated or disrupted floras and faunas. The significance of the vicinity of Manaus in the history of the Amazon flora and its current status as a repository for surprisingly high tree diversity highlights the need to make this region a conservation priority.
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  • 43
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    Biological invasions 1 (1999), S. 339-352 
    ISSN: 1573-1464
    Keywords: aquaculture ; Batillaria ; coexistence ; competitive exclusion ; conservation ; Cerithidea ; Crassostrea gigas ; displacement ; exploitative competition ; grazers ; impact ; introduced species ; invasions ; non-indigenous species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The estuarine mud snail, Batillaria attramentaria, was transported to the Pacific coast of North America with the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (C. gigas), imported from Japan in the early part of this century, and has proliferated in several bays where the oyster was introduced. Since the arrival of Batillaria there have been declines in populations of its native ecological equivalent, Cerithidea californica. This study documents the distribution of the exotic Batillaria throughout its entire introduced range, concentrating on the few bays in northern California where both snails exist sympatrically. Using dates of initial importation of C. gigas and dates of first documentation of Batillaria within a bay, I established the earliest possible date for the introduction of Batillaria in a particular area. In cases where Cerithidea also was, or had been, present within a bay, I calculated a range of time for either the continued coexistence of the two species or the time until local exclusion of the native. Density measurements of Cerithidea within these bays where the species co-occurred allowed comparison of present Cerithidea numbers to historical accounts. Results indicated that Batillaria is replacing Cerithidea in the northern marshes of California. This replacement of the northernmost Cerithidea populations is not only reducing Cerithidea's overall range, but also eliminating a race recently shown to be a genetically distinct from southern Cerithidea populations. Other studies that have demonstrated superior exploitative competitive ability by Batillaria provide a potential mechanism for this displacement pattern. Regardless, the results presented here indicate that the displacement process is slow, taking on average 〉50 years to complete. This study illustrates a gradual, but predictable process of exotic replacement of native species, and argues strongly against complacency toward invaders that may currently seem innocuous.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lichenized-fungi ; recolonization ; rRNA ; Parmelia sulcata ; SO2 ; genotypes ; conservation ; introns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variable internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rRNA gene cluster, and the termini of the large and small subunit genes, were amplified from 231 specimens of the lichen-forming fungusParmelia sulcata from the UK and Spain. Amplification products comprised three distinct size groups of 580, 622 and 835 base pairs (bp). Analyses of the collections from England, Wales and central Spain established the 622 bp genotype as the most widespread, and the 835 bp genotype as the next most frequent. The size difference was due to a group I intron at the 3′ end of the small subunit. The relative frequencies of the three genotypes were consistent between long established sites in Spain and the UK. The frequencies of the different size classes were examined in the vegetatively reproducing populations recolonizing following the amelioration of sulphur dioxide air pollution. Populations ofP. sulcata from long established sites where sulphur dioxide levels are known to have risen and then fallen contained two genotypes. Populations from recolonising sites whereP. sulcata had previously been lost consisted of a single genotype (622bp). This technology provides a powerful tool for testing hypotheses relating to the individuality and population structure of lichens, and has implications for lichen conservation.
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  • 45
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    Hydrobiologia 413 (1999), S. 47-52 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mangrove ; rehabilitation ; conservation ; sustainable production ; coastal protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The concept of mangrove ecosystem rehabilitation is considered. Four main reasons for rehabilitating mangroves are identified: conservation, landscaping, sustainable production and coastal protection. Practical aspects of mangrove rehabilitation, such as the causes of site degradation, site selection, source of seedlings and planting, monitoring and maintenance are then briefly mentioned. Future developments that may impact on mangrove ecosystem restoration such as the importance of biodiversity, biotechnology, ecological modelling, mapping, human ecology and data bases, are then briefly reviewed. Finally, the matter of choice and necessity is addressed.
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  • 46
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    Hydrobiologia 395-396 (1999), S. 309-323 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: eutrophication ; conservation ; phosphorus stripping ; biomanipulation ; Norfolk Broads
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses how the use of nature conservation targets can influence the practice of the management and rehabilitation of shallow lakes. It suggests that managers need to identify realistic targets, based on a sound understanding of the nature and ecological processes operating in the lakes in question. The constraints on effective management towards ecological targets are identified in the context of the rehabilitation of shallow lakes from eutrophication. It is recognised that most commonly, nature conservation is one of several objectives in lake management. Using the Norfolk Broads case study, it identifies a range of ecological and human use influences that need to be assessed in order to formthe basis of an integrated, sustainable approach to rehabilitation fromthe effects of eutrophication. The way in which nature conservation is taken account of through each stage in the planning of broads restoration projects is discussed, and the need for further specific advice for lake managers is indicated. This paper stresses the benefits of large scale experimental management, backed up by research and monitoring as a way of taking forward this applied science. The need for good communication with partner agencies and the local community when undertaking this management work, is also emphasised.
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  • 47
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    International journal of primatology 20 (1999), S. 803-826 
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: primates ; disease transmission ; health ; natural habitat ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We address the strategies to prevent disease transmission from human to non-human primates in natural settings. Some field research methods, such as gaining close proximity for observation, provisioning for habituation, or reintroducing for repopulation, may place primate subjects at risk for acquiring human-carried diseases. Additional risks arise through inadequate waste disposal or nonhygienic conditions of humans residing at the study site. We describe several disease outbreaks at primate field sites, emphasizing the need for proper protocols to diagnose, to treat, and to prevent recurrence. Finding solutions to the disease transmission problem requires effecting change in the behavior and policies of many individuals, including field researchers, veterinarians, human health care providers, park personnel, government officials, local villagers, and tourists. The prevention of exposure to infectious disease is an important, fundamental aspect of primate conservation; the assurance of good health and longevity in wild primate populations is paramount to the more traditional conservation issues of poaching control and forest protection.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Scrophulariaceae ; Penstemon ; Osmia ; Bombus ; Pollination ; breeding system ; bees ; pollinator effectiveness ; Rare plant ; conservation ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Penland's beardtongue, a rare endemic plant of the Colorado Plateau, displays a mixed breeding system. Plants are partially self-compatible but set more fruits when cross-pollinated than when self-pollinated. Fruit production is significantly increased by pollinators. However, in two years of study there was no indication that fruit set was being limited by inadequate pollinator visitation. Pollinator effectiveness was judged by correlating bee behavior at the flowers with analysis of the pollen carried on bee bodies. The most important pollinators were native megachilid bees, particularly in the genusOsmia. The bees that pollinate Penland's beardtongue are essential to its reproduction and must be preserved along with this rare plant.
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  • 49
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    Aquatic ecology 33 (1999), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: coasts ; conservation ; environmental law ; estuaries ; EU directives ; habitats ; management ; pollution ; UK ; Portugal ; The Netherlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many recent developments in European marine and estuarine science have been against the demands of European Union legislation. The implementation of certain statutes, the role of scientists and the nature of the data required are discussed using examples from the UK, the Netherlands and Portugal. This includes the implementation of the EU Directives on Urban Waste-water Treatment, the control of Nitrates, the designation of Species and Habitats, the control of Dangerous Substances, the statutory requirement for Environmental Impact Assessments and the recently proposed Water Framework Directive. For these, the integration of physical, chemical and biological monitoring and investigation is discussed in relation to the science dictated by the legislative and administrative requirements. Each of these Directives requires the development of generic guidelines and protocols for implementation and the use of national enabling legislation. This indicates that, in several cases, the science should concentrate on monitoring and assessment in a well-structured and quality-controlled manner. The paper concludes by summarising developments based on similarities in the implementation of present and proposed Directives across Europe.
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